UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA   SAN  DIEGO 


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UN     ERSITY  OF  CAL  FORNIA   SAN  DIEG 


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A    SYSTEM 


PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC 

PHYSIOGNOMY; 


OR, 


How  TO  READ  FACES. 


A  MANUAL  OF  INSTRUCTION   IN   THE   KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE  HUMAN  PHYSIOG- 
NOMY AND  ORGANISM,  EMBRACING  THE  DISCOVERIES  OF  LOCATED 
SIGNS  OF  CHARACTER  IN  THE  BODY  AND  FACE,  AS 
SHOWN  BY  THE  FIVE  NATURAL  DIVISIONS 
OF  THE  COUNTENANCE. 


JVIARY   OLMSTKD 

AUTHOR   OF   "A  PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  TREATISE   ON    PHYSIOGNOMY,"    "A  CHART  FOR   THE  DELINEATIONS 
OF   MENTAL   AND   PHYSIOLOGICAL   CHARACTERISTICS,"    ETC. 

VOL.    I. 


PHILADELPHIA   AND   LONDON: 

F.    A.    DAVIS,     PUBLISHER, 
1890. 


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Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  In  the  year  1889,  by 

MARY  OLMSTED  STANTON, 
la  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  O.  S. 


Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.  8.  A,: 

The  Medical  Bulletin  Printing  Home, 

1231  Filbert  Street. 


TO   THE 

LOVERS   OF   SCIENCE, 
TO    THE 

EARNEST    AND    ENTHUSIASTIC    SEARCHERS   FOR   TRUTH 
THROUGHOUT   THE   WORLD, 

THIS   WORK 
IS   AFFECTIONATELY   DEDICATED. 


PREFACE. 

To  THE  READER: — 

In  sending  forth  this  work  to  the  public,  I  am  impelled  thereto 
by  my  desire  to  benefit  the  masses  of  mankind  in  a  manner  which 
I  believe  they  very  much  need.  Man's  knowledge  of  himself 
seems  not  to  have  kept  pace  with  the  knowledge  of  his  surround- 
ings. It  is  time,  therefore,  that  there  should  be  an  accordance  of 
intelligence  between  the  two,  in  order  that,  through  man's  compre- 
hension of  his  powers  and  possibilities,  he  may  by  scientific  methods 
assist  in  improving  his  own  life  and  in  perpetuating'a  race  which 
shall  be  an  improvement  on  the  present  one.  This  can  come  only 
through  a  knowledge  of  anatomy,  physiology,  physiognomy,  and 
hygienic  law,  practically  applied.  I  have  endeavored  to  put  this 
science  in  as  plain  and  simple  language  as  possible,  in  order  that 
the  non-scientific  reader  may  not  be  confused  by  an  ambiguous 
terminology. 

The  method  of  classification  used  in  this  system  of  science  is 
in  accord  with  that  observed  by  all  naturalists  in  their  classifica- 
tions of  the  lower  animals,  and  is  based  .on  the  forms  of  the  human 
organism,  which  are  produced  by  the  intermingling  of  the  vegeta- 
tive, the  thoracic,  the  muscular,  the  osseous,  and  brain  and  nerve 
systems.  These  are  treated  in  the  order  of  evolution, — from  the 
first  evolved  to  the  latest  acquired,  the  true  and  perfected  cerebral 
system. 

Practical  and  scientific  physiognomy  gives  the  most  compre- 
"hensive  theory  of  mind  of  any  work  hitherto  presented  to  the 
world.  It  takes  the  position  that  mind  inheres  in  the  entire 
organism,  and  that  the  brain  is  only  one  source  of  the  mind  or  of 
mental  operations ;  that  the  mind  and  body  are  one  and  indivisible, 
and  cannot  be  judged  as  separate  entities ;  that  the  mind  is  not 

(v) 


vi  PREFACE. 

shut  up  in  the  skull,  as  is  taught  by  a  certain  class  of  metaphy- 
sicians. It  teaches  that  the  office  of  the  mind  is  threefold,  viz., 
to  produce  (1)  sensation,  (2)  consciousness,  and  (3)  ideation.  The 
chief  organ  of  sensation  is  the  outer  skin-covering,  and  this,  as 
well  as  the  "  five  senses,"  the  visceral  organs,  together  with  the 
hones  and  muscles,  contribute  their  share  of  sensation,  while  the 
att'nviit  and  efferent  nerves  assist  in  conveying  intelligence  to  and 
from  the  brain,  where  all  sensation  is,  as  George  Henry  Lewes 
expresses  it,  "  in  some  profoundly  mysterious  manner  elaborated 
into  ideas." 

This  view  of  the  diffusive  locale  of  mind  is  supported  by 
Alexander  Bain,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  Prof.  Ernst  Haeckel, 
J.  Lauder  Lindsay,  Herbert  Spencer,  Rudolph  Virchow,  Albert 
Ferrier,  and  all  of  the  most  advanced  students  of  mind  and  body. 
In  this  system  of  physiognomy  this  comprehensive  theory  has  been 
elaborated  and  carried  to  its  ultimate  by  proofs  which  I  believe  to 
be  incontrovertible. 

The  discoveries  in  this  system  of  physiognomy  include  many 
important  subjects.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  the  very 
comprehensive  one  shown  in  Fig.  1,  which  illustrates  the  three 
ruling  principles  in  Nature.  Another  great  discovery  is  the  local- 
izing of  fifty  mental  signs  of  character  in  the  face;  another  is  the 
localizing  of  the  facial  signs  of  all  the  internal  organs;  still  another, 
the  relating  of  every  mental  faculty  to  a  certain  physical  organ  or 
system  of  functions.  These  ideas  are  all  entirely  original,  and  are 
approved  by  many  able  anatomists.  They  are  extensively  figured, 
and  the  theories  expounding  them  thoroughly  elaborated. 

Furthermore,  the  relation  between  physical  functions  and 
mental  faculties  is  conclusively  proven,  and  each  mental  faculty  is 
traced  to  its  physiological  or  anatomical  base,  either  in  the  nervous, 
the  muscular,  the  osseous,  the  thoracic,  or  the  vegetative  systems. 

The  proofs  of  the  positions  which  are  here  offered  enable  me 
to  lay  claim  to  having  formulated  the  most  advanced  system  of 
mental  science  hitherto  presented  to  the  public,  inasmuch  as  it 
traces  the  several  mental  faculties  to  their  origin  and  proves  their 


PREFACE.  Vll 

existence  in  each  case,  and  locates  the  accompanying  mental  and 
functional  signs  in  the  face.  Its  practicability  is  such  that  children 
can  be  taught  the  sub-basic  principles,  as  well  as  its  methods  of 
localizing  the  signs  of  character  in  the  face  r  and  body.  Scientific 
and  practical  physiognomy  should  be  a  part  of  the  school  educa- 
tion of  youth,  and  if  life  and  health  are  spared  me  I  purpose  writ- 
ing a  primary  work  for  the  use  of  young  children  in  the  school  and 
family. 

The  study  of  physiognomy  commenced  in  childhood  and  its 
principles  applied  in  adult  life  would  advance  the  mental,  moral, 
and  physical  conditions  of  humanity,  and  carry  forward  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  race  on  the  basis  of  selected  types,  instead  of  by  the 
slow,  unsatisfactory,  and  animal-like  methods  at  present  employed, 
in  which  instinct  and  not  reason  governs  the  reproduction  of  the 
human  family.  The  majority  of  mankind  use  their  reason  in  re- 
production only  when  it  is  desired  to  obtain  a  finer  breed  of  fowls 
or  horses. 

I  am  fully  persuaded  that  a  knowledge  of  scientific  and  prac- 
tical physiognomy,  practically  applied,  will  give  almost  any  type  of 
character  that  is  desired,  and  this  is  its  highest  mission.  Consider- 
able repetition  of  the  same  ideas  was  unavoidable,  owing  to  the 
complex  nature  of  the  elements,  features,  and  faculties  under  con- 
sideration. 

The  nomenclature  used  in  designating  the  faculties  is  the  same 
in  ordinary  use  by  the  people  at  large,  and  is  therefore  retained, 
although  no  single  word  can  express  the  scope  of  a  faculty  in  its 
entirety. 

This  system  takes  into  consideration  every  feature  of  the 
human  body.  It  includes  the  investigation  not  only  of  facial  fea- 
tures and  signs  of  character  in  the  face,  the  body,  and  limbs,  but 
declares  that  the  outlines  and  proportions  of  the  form,  the  colors 
of  the  skin,  eyes,  and  hair,  as  well  as  the  voice,  the  attitude,  the 
gestures,  the  movements,  the  wrinkles,  dimples,  lines,  hands,  feet, 
and  muscles  in  action,  are  all  faithful  indices  of  character. 

One  of  the  advantages  which  this  physiognomy  possesses  over 


viii  PREFACE. 

all  others  is  that  it  is  a  complete  system, — not  scraps,  fragments, 
and  compilations  from  other  works  on  the  subject ;  furthermore,  it 
is  not  mingled  with  phrenological,  theological,  or  psychological 
theories.  It  deals  entirely  with  the  material  mind  in  a  material  body. 

Speculations  in  regard  to  the  soul,  the  hereafter,  as  well  as  to 
sectarian  creeds,  are  not  considered  in  this  connection.  Such  sub- 
jects I  think  should  be  left  to  their  own  proper  teachers,  for  I  deem 
it  as  inappropriate  to  mingle  these  subjects  with  physiognomy  as  it 
would  be  to  associate  algebra  and  theology. 

Earnest  and  religious  regard  for  the  welfare  of  mankind  has 
impelled  the  writing  of  these  ideas.  I  have  endeavored  to  treat  the 
subject  in  a  reverent  spirit,  believing  that  the  study  of  God's 
highest  manifestation  of  creative  energy  is  a  subject  which  should 
excite  our  holiest  aspiration. 

With    the   hope    that   these   ideas    may   lead   to   a   correct 
knowledge  of  man,  and  that  this   knowledge   may  conduce   to 
his  welfare,  physically,  morally,  and  intellectually, 
I  am,  sincerely,  your  friend, 

THE  AUTHOR. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  I. 


PREFACE, v 

INTRODUCTION, 1 

PART  I. 

THEORETICAL    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

CHAPTER  I. 
THE  BASES  OF  PRINCIPLES  OF  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Definition ;  Lavater's  work  ;  Theoiy  of  Practical  and  Scientific  Physi- 
ognomy ;  What  it  teaches  ;  How  the  discoveries  were  made ; 
General  laws  and  principles.  The  human  face  the  index  of  all 
Nature;  Three  grand  divisions — Chemical,  Architectural, Mathe- 
matical. Mineral  forms.  The  physical  basis  of  Mind,  .  .  7 

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  BASIC  PRINCIPLES  OF  FORM. 

Rotatory  motion  the  origin  of  Form  ;  The  movement  of  the  earth  has 
a  direct  bearing  on  the  form  and  destiny  of  created  beings. 
Relation  between  universal  existence  and  mathematical  law. 
Number  the  proper  index  to  the  volume  of  Being  ;  The  human 
countenance  the  index  to  these  laws  and  principles.  The  law  of 
Scalenism,  or  perversion  ;  Disease  a  temporary  return  to  abnor 
mal  or  perverted  t}rpes ;  Straightuess  of  the  bones  indicates 
straightness'of  the  mind.  The  normal  factors  of  Form  and 
Being  in  Nature,  Art,  and  Science, 27 

CHAPTER  III. 

THE  FIVE  ORGAN  SYSTEMS  WHICH  CREATE  FORM  AND  CHARACTER. 

All  is  symbolic  in  Nature  ;  Form  the  decisive  factor  in  the  interpreta- 
tion of  character.  The  five  different  organ  systems.  Form, 
character,  and  earliest  appearance  of  cell  life  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  animal  tissue  ;  The  structure  of  organized  bodies,  .  59 

THE  VEGETATIVE  SYSTEM, 67 

Characterization  of  the  vegetative  adult ;  The  organ  83-stems  in 
the  chemical  or  vegetative  division ;  Faculties  derived  from  the 
development  of  these  organs. 

(ix) 


x  CONTENTS   OF   VOL.    I. 

THE  THORACIC  SYSTEM,  .  .        .      71 

Facial  sin'iis  lor  the  internal  organs;  Diseases  which  assail  the 
thoracic  system. 

THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.         .  .       75 

Arrangement  of  the  muscles  ;  Voluntary  and  involuntary  ;  The 
varied  expressions  of  the  human  face  due  to  the  muscles ;  The 
mechanic:il  and  artistic  principles  included  in  the  action  of 
the  muscular  system  ;  Faculties  that  have  signs  located  in  the 
muscular  division  ;  Diseases  which  assail  the  muscular  system  ; 
The  dominant  systems  of  man's  organism  control  his  capacities. 

THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM, 83 

Classification  of  the  bones  ;  Firmness  and  integrity  of  character 
depend  upon  the  bones  ;  Composition  of  the  bony  structure  ; 
Kind  of  food  necessary  for  good  bones ;  Prominent  men  who 
have  excelled  in  morality,  endurance,  and  heroism  ;  Bony  people 
the  best ;  Faculties  derived  from  the  bony  system  ;  Faculties 
in  the  architectural  division  ;  Diseases  incident  to  the  bony 
svstem  ;  Remedy  for  an  excessive  development  of  bone.  The 
points  of  character  which  depend  upon  the  several  organ  sys- 
tems of  the  body. 

THE  BRAIN  AND  NERVOUS  SYSTEM,       .......      94 

Size  of  the  brain  alone  not  a  proof  of  great  mental  power; 
Form  and  congenital  quality  the  most  potent  factors ;  Texture 
of  the  skin  significant  of  mental  quality  ;  Physiology  of  the 
brain  and  nerves;  Diseases  which  assail  this  system. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  SUB-BASIC  PRINCIPLES  OF  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

FORM  AND  SIZE;  A  large  head  no  indication  of  superior  intelligence; 
The  nose  the  best  indication  of  power.  Quality  or  mental  power ; 
Fine  hair  and  skin  to  be  considered  first.  Form  ;  Persons  of 
creative  or  constructive  minds  are  round  in  form  ;  The  arch,  the 
curve,  the  circle,  the  ovoid,  the  square, and  straight  line;  Each 
illustrates  different  phases  of  character.  Color ;  The  mineral 
the  original  source  ;  Pure  air  the  best  cosmetic  ;  Color  and  heat 
synonymous,  ..........  101 

THE  LAW  OF  PROPORTION  OR  HARMONIOUS  DEVELOPMENT,   .        .        .     131 
Proportion   a  potent  factor  in  determining  character;  One  or 
more  faculties  excessively  developed  dominate  and   influence 
the   action   of    other  faculties ;   Secretiveness ;   Cautiousness  ; 
Acquisitiveness. 

HEALTH, 137 

The  basis  of  all  really  useful  character  founded  on  health  ; 
Organic  perfection  and  morality;  Precocious  children;  Sensi- 
tive, nervous  children;  Drug  medication;  Pure  air  the  best; 
Compensation  ;  The  established  laws  of  compensation. 


CONTENTS   OF   VOL.    I.  XI 


CHAPTER  V. 

RATIONALE  OF  PHYSICAL  FUNCTIONS  AND  MENTAL  FACULTIES,  AND 
THEIR  SlGNS  IN  THE  FACE. 

The  brain  not  the  sole  seat  of  the  mind.    Hope  directly  related  to  the 
liver.     The  source  of  moral  power. 

THE  KIDNEY  SYSTEM, 158 

Faculties  dependent  upon  it ;  Analysis  of  Conscientiousness ; 
Morality  dependent  on  the  action  of  the  kidneys  ;  Color-blind- 
ness ;  Analysis  of  Firmness. 

FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  DIFFERENT  SYSTEMS. 

THE  INTESTINAL  SYSTEM, 165,  185 

Digestion  or  Alhnentiveness  ;  Mental  power  of  the  nerves  of  the 
digestive  apparatus ;  Relation  of  the  visceral  organs  to  the  brain. 
Friendship  ;  Its  selfish  and  unselfish  action  ;  Its  connection  with 
and  dependence  on  other  faculties  :  Anal}- sis ;  The  liver  as  a 
clearing-house  of  the  entire  organism. 

THE  GLANDULAR  SYSTEM,       . 169 

Benevolence;  Value  of  the  lips  as  indicators  of  pathological  and 
morbid  states  of  the  body  ;  Econoin}^ ;  The  grade  of  intellectual 
development  shows  the  kind  of  economy  ;  Hospitality ;  Love 
of  Home ;  Patriotism. 

THE  REPRODUCTIVE  SYSTEM,  .         .        . 177 

Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  sexes;  Its  moral  and  physiological 
importance  should  be  taught ;  Love  of  Young  ;  Mirthfulness  ; 
Sanativeness ;  Pneumativeness. 

THE  LIVER, 182 

Hope  ;  Its  dependence  upon  the  liver. 

THE  NERVES  OF  THE  SKIN, 190 

Modesty  ;  Analysis  of  the  glandular  system  and  olfactory  gan- 
glia; Cautiousness;  The  correlation  of  function  with  faculty. 

THE  OSSEOUS  SYSTEM, 192 

Veneration  ;  Its  connection  with  the  stomach. 

THE  OSSEOUS  AND  MUSCULAR  SYSTEMS, 194 

Executiveness. 

THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM, 195,213 

Self-will ;  Credenciveness  ;  Uses  of  this  faculty.  Calculation  : 
Music ;  All  art  is  founded  on  a  circle  or  sections  of  it ; 
Analysis  of  Music;  Language;  Shown  by  a  high  quality  of  the 
muscular  system;  Musical  qualities  observed  in  hmguage. 


xii  CONTENTS   OF   VOL.    I. 

THE  OSSEOUS  AND  NERVOUS  SYSTEMS,   .  ...  .199 

Observation. 

THE  MUSCULAR  AND  BRAIN  SYSTEMS,    .        .  .    200 

Memory  of  Events  ;  A  faculty  of  the  five  systems  of  functions  ; 
A  great  memory  only  is  no  indication  of  intellect  or  wisdom ; 
.Memory  depends  upon  a  healthy  condition  of  the  body; 
Weight ;  A  high  development  of  the  muscular  system  a  power- 
ful ally  to  art;  Locality;  Large  in  those  whose  muscular  sys- 
tem is  supreme. 

THE  GLANDULAR  AND  ARTERIAL  SYSTEMS, 206 

Analysis  of  color. 

THE  BRAIN  AND  NERVE  SYSTEM,  .        .        .        .        .        .        .      209,  233 

Mental  order ;  Physical  order.  Intuition;  A  true  and  distinct 
sense ;  Division  of  the  nervous  system  into  two  parts ;  De- 
scription of  the  powers  and  action  of  these  two  departments  of 
the  brain  system  ;  Organs  and  functions  from  which  the  mental 
faculties  derive  their  powers. 

THE  FIVE  SUPERIOR  SYSTEMS, .        .210 

Time;  Lacking  where  the  vegetative  system  predominates; 
Time  as  well  as  Order  one  of  the  leading  characteristics  of  the 
bon}'  system. 

THE  BRAIN  SYSTEM, 227 

Comparison ;  Causality  ;  Reason  ;  Development  of  reasoning 
faculties  among  the  masses ;  Children  should  be  drilled  in 
logical  reasoning. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THEORIES  OF  THE  MODE  OF  ACTION  OF  CERTAIN  TRAITS. 

Analysis  of  Amativeuess;  Should  be  judged  by  the  adjoining  facial 
signs.  Analysis  of  Jealousy  ;  The  result  of  one  of  three  causes. 
Analysis  of  Revenge.  Analysis  of  Secretiveness ;  Intended  by 
Nature  to  conceal  the  lack  of  some  other  facuhy.  Theory  of 
Suspicion.  Analysis  of  Anger,  Will,  and  Temper;  A  dark  man 
has  the  strongest  temper ;  Its  effect  on  the  system ;  Self-will 
the  basis  of  Anger  and  Temper  ;  What  true  religion  consists  of. 
Analysis  of  Selfishness  ;  Two  distinct  and  opposite  methods  of 
action;  Caused  l\y  an  insufficient  development  of  the  glandular 
system.  Self-conceit;  Egotism.  Analysis  of  Scorn  and  Con- 
tempt. Anabysis  of  Enthusiasm  ;  Faculty  that  leads  to  great 
efforts.  Analysis  of  Laziness  ;  Obstinacy  ;  Contrariness  ;  Physi- 
ognomy teaclies  that  all  defects  can  be  remedied,  to  a  large 
extent, 239 


CONTENTS   OF   VOL.    I.  Xlll 

PART  II. 

PRACTICAL    PHYSIOGNOMY. 
CHAPTER  I. 

THE  THREE  NATURAL  AND  PRIMITIVE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE 
CREATED  BY  THE  MOUTH,  THE  NOSE,  AND  THE  EYES. 

The  month ;  The  centre  of  the  most  primitive  system  of  function. 
The  nose ;  Represents  the  mental  powers.  '  The  eyes  ;  Repre- 
sent the  muscular  development  of  the  entire  body.  Facial 
signs  of  the  physiological  organs  and  functions.  Digestion,  or 
Alimentiveness.  Location  of  the  signs  for  the  visceral  organs. 
Physiognomy  properly  a  part  of  medical  science.  The  glands. 
The  reproductive  system.  Lactation.  The  kidneys  ;  Conscien- 
tiousness dependent  on  this  system.  Method  of  localizing  the 
higher  developments  of  the  body  ;  The  lungs  and  heart ;  The 
Liver  ;  The  stomach.  The  muscular  or  motive  system  ;  The  eye ; 
Motion;  Vision;  Hearing.  The  osseous  system  ;  Denoted  by 
the  bones  of  the  eyebrow.  The  brain  and  nerve  system  ;  Train- 
ing the  feeble-minded  and  imbecile  ;  The  sense  of  touch,  .  .  273 

MENTAL  SIGNS  OF  CHARACTER  IN  THE  FACE, 287 

Five  practical  subdivisions  ;  The  width  and  length  of  the  face  ; 
The  nose  high  and  broad  the  entire  length  a  good  sign  ;  The 
lower  part  of  the  forehead  and  eyebrows  an  important  part  to 
consider ;  Great  size  of  the  forehead  no  criterion  of  mentality  ; 
Local  signs  for  the  mental  faculties;  Summary  to  the  five  prac- 
tical subdivisions  of  the  face. 

CHAPTER  II. 

LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  SIGNS  OF  CHARACTER  IN  THE  FACE. 

Fifty  separate  and  distinct  faculties  described ;  The  adaptability  of 
the  human  mind  ;  Man  does  not  possess  a  greater  number  of 
mental  faculties  than  woman  ;  Gestures  significant  in  disclos- 
ing character;  The  face  an  exact  register  of  all  mental  facul- 
ties  and  bodily  functions  and  conditions,  .....  297 

THE  FACULTY  OF  CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, 302 

Definition  ;  An  excess  and  deficiency  of  this  faculty  ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs  ;  The  color  of  the  face  an  indication  of  the 
general  integrity  of  a  person  ;  Bodily  signs  of  Conscientious- 
ness ;  Description  of  Conscientiousness ;  Conscientiousness 
large  where  the  bony  system  predominates. 

THE  FACULTY  OF  FIRMNESS, 312 

Definition;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  causes;  Facial  and 
bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Firmness  ;  A  receding  chin  an  in- 
dication of  weakness  ;  The  signs  for  Firmness  observed  all  over  . 
the  individual. 


xiv  CONTENTS   OF   VOL.   I. 

THE  FACULTY  OF  ECONOMY, 318 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Economy  ; 
A  normal  degree  of  Economy  indicates  a  normal  or  balanced 
condition  of  mind ;  Acquisitiveness  not  Economy. 

LOVE  OF  HOME, •  •     324 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Love  of 
Home ;  This  trait  should  be  cultivated  in  children. 

PATRIOTISM, .  -     329 

Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Definition  of  Patriotism. 

BENEVOLENCE, 335 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Benevo- 
lence; Faculties  in  combination  modify  and  influence  this  trait; 
Difference  between  benevolence  and  friendship. 

BlBATlVENESS, ,  .       339 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Bibativeness ; 
Situation  of  this  sign  most  suggestive;  Indicates  the  func- 
tional purity  of  the  entire  organism. 

ALIMENTIVENESS,  OR  DIGESTION, 348 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Alimentive- 
ness ;  The  mouth  by  its  shape  and  color  gives  the  general  tone 
or  grade  of  the  individual. 

AMATIVENESS, 355 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Amative- 
ness  ;  Training  in  sexual  morality ;  Works  that  all  young 
people  should  read ;  Signs  for  emotional  traits  found  in  the 
glands  and  muscles,  not  the  bones. 

LOVE  OF  YOUNG, 367 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  may 
lead  to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Love  of 
Young ;  Should  be  balanced  by  reason  and  justice ;  Does-  not 
necessarily  impart  a  tone  of  kindness  to  the  individual. 

MlRTHFULNESS, 373 

Definition ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  ;  Mental  uses 
of  Mirthfulness. 

APPROBATIVENESS,  .        .        . 378 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  indicates ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Approbativeness ;  Essential 
to  the  success  of  some  people. 

FRIENDSHIP,    .  385 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Friendship; 
Selfish  and  unselfish  friendship ;  Friendship  with  fine  inherited 
quality  shows  a  strong,  magnetic  nature ;  Diverse  manifesta- 
tions of  Friendship. 


CONTENTS   OF    VOL.    I.  XV 

HOSPITALITY, 392 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Hospitality. 

PNEUMATIVENESS,    . 397 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  may 
lead  to;  Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Pneumative- 
ness  ;  The  most  essential  factor  is  pure  air ;  Manifestations  of 
Pneumativeness ;  Acuteness  of  scent;  Great  energy  of  mind 
and  body. 

GLANDULAR  AND  ARTERIAL  SYSTEM. 
COLOR, 408 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodiby  signs  ;  Description  of  Color ;  A 
high  cultivation  of  the  color-sense  a  religious  duty ;  Aids 
toward  cultivating  this  sense  ;  What  the  color  of  the  face  reveals  ; 
Color-blindness. 

SANATIVENESS, .  .        .        .     427 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads  to  ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Sanativeness ;  One  of  the 
normal  and  primitive  functions  ;  Magnetic  healers ;  The  faculty 
of  Sanativeness  should  be  large  in  physicians  ;  Longevity  of 
life ;  Facial  signs  that  a  good  surgeon  or  physician  should 
possess. 

SELF-ESTEEM, 436 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Self-esteem  ; 
Its  relation  to  other  faculties  ;  Self-assertion  and  Positiveness  ; 
The  combination  of  Self-esteem  with  other  faculties;  What  a  short 
upper  lip. denotes. 

MODESTY, 445 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Modesty  ; 
Blushing  ;  Downcast  looks  not  an  indication  of  Modest}1" ;  Shy- 
ness sometimes  spelt  "  slyness." 

FORCE, 454 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Force ;  Possessors 
of  round  muscles  are  the  most  vigorous  ;  Children  should  be 
thoroughly  trained  in  gymnastics  ;  Force  gives  to  the  voice 
clearness  and  resonance  ;  Color  of  great  service  in  determining 
what  degree  of  force  will  be  exhibited. 

RESISTANCE, 463 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Resistance; 
Sometimes  takes  the  form  of  combativeness  or  contrariness ; 
Mental  resistance. 

SECRETIVENESS, 469 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Secret! veness  ; 
Physiological  peculiarities  of  secretive  men ;  What  deficiency 
of  faculties  Secretiveness  indicates  ;  This  faculty  large  in  priests 
and  physicians  ;  Characteristics  of  Secretiveness. 


Xvi  CONTENTS   OF   VOL.    I. 

('A!  Tlol  SNKSS,  .  .  •  •  •  479 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Cautiousness  ;  The 
nose  the  principal  sign  ;  Its  connection  with  other  faculties. 

HOPE,     .  486 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Hope  ;  Hygienic 
remarks  ;  Its  connection  with  and  indication  of  the  general  con- 
dition of  the  internal  organs  ;  Temporary  disorders  of  the  liver ; 
A  clear,  fresh-colored  complexion. 

ANALYSIS,       ...  .     493 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Fac-ial 
and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Analysis;  The  capacity  for 
analyzing  ;  Large  in  all  talented  persons;  Of  great  help  in  the 
investigation  of  human  character;  Must  be  judged  in  combina- 
tion with  other  faculties. 

MENTAL  IMITATION, .  .     499 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficiency  of  this  facult}'  indicates ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Mental  Imitation;  What  is 
the  basis  of  supply  of  Mental  Imitation  ;  All  features  subject 
to  the  modifying  action  of  the  law  of  Quality ;  Signs  for  literary 
and  artistic  faculties  grouped  about  the  tip  of  the  nose ; 
Nosology  ;  Normal  uses  of  Imitation. 

SUBLIMITY, 506 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads 
to ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  the  faculty  of 
Sublimity  ;  Mental  phase  of  Sublimit}' ;  This  faculty  an  attri- 
bute of  old  and  perfected  races  ;  Largely  observed  in  the  faces 
of  the  Hebrews ;  Prominent  Hebrews ;  Sublimity  in  combi- 
nation with  other  faculties. 

IDEALITY, 514 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodity  signs  ;  Description  of  Ideality  ;  Physi- 
ological base  of  Ideality ;  Great  diversities  of  degree  of  this 
faculty  exhibited ;  Natural  allies  and  assistants  of  Ideality ; 
The  dimpled  chin. 

HUMAN  NATURE, 525 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Human  Nature ; 
'  The  beneficial  uses  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature. 

ACQUISITIVENESS, 534 

Definition;  Facial  and*  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Acquisi- 
tiveness ;  Should  be  judged  in  combination  with  other  faculties  ; 
The  outline  of  each  feature  and  limb  revealst  the  entire  man  ; 
Acquisitiveness  useful  in  connection  with  literary  pursuits. 


CONTENTS   OF   VOL.    I.  XV11 

CONSTRUCTIVENESS, 544 

Definition  ;  What  a  deficienc}^  of  this  faculty  indicates  ;  Facial 
and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Constructiveness ;  Physio- 
logical and  anatomical  description  of  the  base  of  each  separate 
and  mental  manifestation  ;  A  predominance  of  the  muscular 
system  necessary  in  all  artistic  pursuits ;  Analyze  the  combina- 
tions of  systems  of  functions  observed  in  each  individual ;  With 
a  knowledge  of  physiognomy  a  knave  cannot  be  mistaken  for  an 
honest  man ;  Combination  of  Constructiveness  with  other 
faculties. 

VENERATION,  .  553 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs ;  Description  of  Veneration ; 
Large  where  the  bony  system  predominates ;  Exhibited  in  vary- 
ing degrees  and  in  diverse  ways  ;  The  "  scooped  "  or  pug  nose ; 
The  uses  of  Veneration  ;  Natural  religion. 

EXECUTIVENESS, 561 

Definition  ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Executive- 
ness  ;  Its  relationship  to  the  stomach  ;  All  power  not  in  the 
brain ;  Different  forms  of  Executiveness  ;  A  vigorous  thoracic 
system  a  great  adjunct. 

SELF-WILL, 569 

Definition  ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  facult}-  indi- 
cates ;  Facial  and  bodily  signs  ;  Description  of  Self-will ;  This 
faculty  sometimes  necessary  to  make  other  traits  conspicuous  ; 
Secondary  signs  of  Self-will  ;  Distinction  between  Self-will  and 
Firmness  ;  Self-will,  where  deficient,  can  be  cultivated  by  gym- 
nastic exercises. 

CREDENCIVENESS, 578 

Definition ;  What  an  excess  or  deficiency  of  this  faculty 
causes;  Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Credencive- 
ness  ;  This  faculty  universal ;  Its  uses  in  the  artistic  line  ;  The 
best  use  of  Credenciveness  ;  Rationale  of  Credenciveness. 

PRESCIENCE,    .  *  .  588 

Definition;  Facial  and  bodily  signs;  Description  of  Prescience; 
Its  action  best  observed  in  aged  persons  ;  The  possession  of  the 
Prescient  faculty  gives  a  love  and  desire  for  a  future  life ; 
Manifestations  of  Prescience  different  in  each  individual. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  VOL  I. 


FIG.    1.  THE  GRAND  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE, 15 

"       2.  MINERAL  FORMS, 19 

3.  A  NON-NUCLEATED  CELL,  THE  PROTAMCEBA  PRIMITIVA 63 

"      4.  NATIVE  AUSTRALIANS, 65 

"      5.  A  POLYP, 66 

"      6.  VEGETATIVE  INFANT, 67 

"      7.  VEGETATIVE  MAN, 67 

"      8.  THOMAS  H.  BENTON, 72 

"      9.  HERR  FLEISCHMAN, 75 

"     10.  ANDREW  JACKSON, 84 

"     11.  HERBERT  SPENCER 94 

"  12.  THE  NATURAL  AND  PRIMITIVE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE,       ....  273 

"     13.  THE  PRACTICAL  SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE 275 

"     14.  LOCATION  OF  THE  SIGNS  FOR  THE  VISCERAL  ORGANS, 277 

"     15.  LOCAL  SIGNS  FOR  THE  MENTAL  FACULTIES, 288 

"     16.  GEORGE  WASHINGTON 304 

"     17.  CHARLOTTE  CUSHMAN, 305 

"     18.  ANNA  DICKINSON, 314 

"     19.  GEORGE  WASHINSTON  (profile), 315 

"    20.  LUCRETIA  B.  MOTT, 318 

"     21.  BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN 319 

"    22.  MAD.  OCTAVIA  WALTON  LE  VERT 326 

"     23.  JAMES  FENIMORE  COOPER, 327 

"    24.  MAD.  MARIE  JEANNE  PHILLIPON  ROLAND, 330 

"    25.  THOMAS  STARR  KING 331 

"  26.  LADY  ANGELA  GEORGINA  BURDETT-COUTTS  BARTLETT-COUTTS,       .        .        .  336 

"     27.  HENRY  BERGH 337 

"     28.  ALEXANDRE  DUMAS, 340 

"     29.  MONSIEUR  D'AUBRAY, 341 

"    30.  SIR  JOHN  FRANKLIN, 350 

"     31.  A.  A.  Low, 351 

"    32.  THE  PUNDITA  RAMABAI 356 

"    33.  ANTHONY  RAPHAEL  MENGS, 357 

"    34.  THE  PRINCESS  ALEXANDRA,  OF  WALES 368 

"    35.  WILLIAM  PITT,  EARL  OF  CHATHAM, 369 

"     36.  ELIZA  COOK 374 

"    37.  DAVID  G.  FARRAGUT, 375 

11    38.  Miss  OTIS,         .  .380 

"     39.  JOHANN  CHRISTOPH  VON  GLUCK, 381 

"    40.  M.  Louis  ADOLPH  THIERS, 386 

"     41.  SIR  JOHN  LUBBOCK, 387 

"    42.  MARTHA  DANDRIDGE  CUSTIS  WASHINGTON 394 

"    43.  GEORGE  WILLIAM  CHILDS, 395 

"    44.  Miss  FLORENCE  NIGHTINGALE, 398 

"    45.  CHAUNCEY  M.  DEPEW, 399 

"    46.  MARIA  ANGELICA  KAUFFMANN 410 

(xix) 


XX  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS  OF   VOLUME   I. 

FIG.  47.  HANS  HOLBEIN 411 

••  18.  DR.  NELLIE  BKKIIILE 428 

U>.  PIEATRO  ANDREA  MATTIOLI, 429 

"  50.' "MOTHER"  BYCKERDYKE, 432 

11  ~>1.  CLEMENCE  S.  L'OziER 433 

•  ~>2.  THOMAS  JEFFERSON, 438 

13.  HENRY  WARD  BEECHER 439 

"  ~>4.  BELVA  A.  LOCKWOOD, 446 

"  55.  JOHN  WILLIAM  DRAPER, 447 

41  56.  JOHN  L.  SULLIVAN, 456 

"  "i7.  ARCHIBALD  FORBES, 457 

"  58.  MARTIN  LUTHER, 464 

"  59.  GROVER  CLEVELAND, ».  .  .  .  465 

"  60.  MRS.  M:, 470 

"  61.  FRANCOIS  MAXIMILIEN  JOSEPH  ISIDORE  ROBESPIERRE, 471 

"  62.  SIGNOR  CRISPI, 480 

"  63.  JOHN  Fox 481 

"  64.  ELLEN  TERRY, 186 

"  65.  PAUL  GUSTAVE  DORE, 487 

"  66.  JOHN  RUSKIN 494 

"  67.  MATTHIAS  JACOB  SCHLEIDEN, 495 

"  68.  PETER  CORNEILLE, 500 

"  69.  WILKIE  COLLINS, 501 

"  70.  SIR  JOHN  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  HERSCHELL,  .  508 

"  71.  CHARLES  DARWIN, 509 

"  72.  Miss  ADELAIDE  NEILSON, 516 

"  73.  MR.  H.  RIDER  HAGGARD .  .  .  .517 

"  74.  MARY  ANDERSON, 526 

"  75.  WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE, 527 

"  76.  JOHANN  KASPAR  LAVATER,  ...'.......  529 

"  77.  MATTHEW  VASSAR 536 

"  78.  JAY  GOULD ...  537 

"  79.  JOHN  ERICSSON,  ....  ...  544 

"  80.  JOHN  BUNYAN,  ..'*... 545 

"  81.  BENJAMIN  MOORE, 554 

"  82.  THOMAS  PAINE, 555 

"  83.  Miss  CLARA  BARTON .  562 

"  84.  WILLIAM  H.  SEWARD .  563 

85.  EX-QUEEN  NATALIE,  OF  SERVIA, .  570 

"  86.  JOSEPH  GARIBALDI 571 

"  87.  JOANNA  SOUTHCOTT, .  580 

88.  ROBERT  SOUTHEY .  581 

"  89.  ALICE  GARY 590 

.  "  90.  JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER, .  591 


INTRODUCTION. 


IF  the  most  learned  man  of  the  twelfth  century  were  to  return 
to  earth  and  become  cognizant  of  our  advance  in  the 
sciences  and  industrial  arts,  he  would  doubtless  believe,  at 
first,  that  he  was  in  the  midst  of  works  of  magic  more  won- 
derful and  powerful  by  far  than*the  mysterious  and- occult 
operations  of  the  Magi  of  his  own  age.  He  would  note  the  use 
of  natural  forces  turned  to  the  economies  of  life  by  ingenious  and 
complicated  machinery  ;  he  would  be  shown  the  wonders  of  steam 
navigation,  of  the  art  of  printing,  of  electricity  in  its  numerous 
developments  and  uses,  of  the  telegraph  and  telephone,  together 
with  the  telescopic  and  microscopic  discoveries  which  astonish  even 
this  progressed  age.  The  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  sound,  motion, 
light,  and  color,  which  this  epoch  has  evolved,  would  unfold  to  his 
senses  a  world  of  realities  as  new  to  his  mind  as  if  he,  in  verity, 
were  transported  to  quite  another  planet  than  the  one  which  had 
been  his  former  habitation.  After  taking  note  of  all  our  increased 
knowledge  of  science  in  its  various  departments,  and  after  examin- 
ing our  museums  and  institutions  of  learning,  if  he  were  to  ask, 
What  do  you  now  know  of  man  1 — of  his  powers  and  properties  1 
what  reply  could  we  make  I  We  might  answer  that  we  understand 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  a  little  about  the  nervous  system, 
somewhat  of  the  process  of  digestion  ;  that  we  know  the  number 
of  the  bones  and  have  named  them,  and  also  the  action  of  the 
muscles ;  that  we  are  in  a  state  of  uncertainty  as  to  the  function 
of  the  brain  ;  that  we  know  very  little  of  the  prevention  of  dis- 
ease, much  less  about  its  cure,  and  nothing  at  all  as  to  the  meaning 
of  his  physiognomy.  What  think  you  woidd  be  his  opinion  of 
our  progress  in  useful  knowledge  1  Surely,  he  would  conclude 
that  we  had  vexed  our  minds  with  many  tilings  that  could  be  dis- 
pensed with,  and  had  neglected  the  most  useful  of  them  all.  The 
knowledge  of  man  and  how  to  improve  his  capacities,  how  to  pro- 
tect his  bodily  powers,  how  to  prevent  and  remedy  the  diseases 
which  assail  him,  is  surely  of  more  importance  than  many  of  the 
studies  upon  which  valuable  time  has  been  spent  without  advanc- 
ing the  knowledge  of  man  one  step.  All  through  the  ages  of 
which  we  have  any  recorded  history  we  find  inklings  of  an 
instinctive  perception  of  physiognomy. 

(1) 


2  INTRODUCTION. 

The  writings  of  Moses  show  him  to  have  been  a  profound 
student  of  human  nature,  and .  possessed  of  a  power  to  read  and 
understand  countenances  and  features.  His  knowledge  of  sanitary 
law,  ill  regard  to  food  and  diet  and  the  protection  of  the  body,  and 
the  success  attending  the  application  of  these  laws,  place  him  even 
beyond  the  sanitarians  of  to-day.  Among  the  earliest  Greek 
writers,  Aristotle,  Plato,  and  Galen  may  be  named  as  having 
written  and  taught  physiognomy.  Hippocrates  also  formulated  a 
system  based  upon  the  several  colors  of  the  human  complexion. 
This  classification  has  passed  down  to  the  present  day,  and  has 
been  accepted  by  naturalists  in  its  application  to  man,  while  at  the 
same  time,  with  singular  inconsistency,  the  lower  animal  kingdom 
has  been  classified  on  the  basis  of  form,  and  correctly  so,  as  color 
is  an  effect,  not  a  cause ;  it  is  dependent  on  climate,  food,  habit, 
and  other  accidental  surroundings.  Even  phrenologists,  who  ought 
to  know  better  (since  their  researches  extend  widely  among  the 
animal  kingdom),  have  retained  the*  classification  which  Hip- 
pocrates set  up.  The  differences  observable  in  the  human  family 
he  denominated  temperaments — a  word  which  has  no  intelligent 
application  even  to  the  false  basis  upon  which  the  old  Greek  phy- 
sician founded  his  system,  long  before  the  circulation  of  blood  was 
discovered  by  Harvey,  and  before  the  functions  of  the  liver,  heart, 
and  -brain  were  at  all  understood. 

Each  age  has  added  its  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of 
physiognomy,  and  if  these  contributions  have  not  given  us  hereto- 
fore a  correct  system,  at  once  practical  and  scientific,  they  have 
maintained  an  interest  and  a  belief  in  this  science.  This  interest 
and  belief  have  served  as  a  beacon-light,  which  has  flashed  far 
down  the  ages  made  brilliant  by  the  works  of  the  most  renowned 
philosophers  and  literates.  Among  the  Grecians,  Aristotle  wrote 
extensively  on  this  subject.  Pliny,  Cicero,  and  others  of  ancient 
Rome  found  this  science  worthy 'of  their  consideration,  while,  later 
in  the  advancing  centuries,  we  find  Petrus  d'Abbano  lecturing  on 
physiognomy  before  the  students  of  the  University  of  Paris.  After 
him  followed  the  renowned  Avicenna,  Averroes,  Michael  Scott,  and 
the  Italian  sculptor  and  naturalist,  J.  Baptista  Porta,  the  discoverer 
of  the  camera  obscura.  Later  still,  many  German,  French,  Eng- 
lish, and  American  observers  left  their  writings  among  us  to  be 
added  to  and  built  upon.  Lavater,  in  1801,  wrote  numerous 
volumes  on  the  subject,  copiously  illustrated,  in  which  he  had  the 
assistance  of  some  of  the  best  artists  in  Europe.  It  is  through  his 
works,  and  from  his  associations  that  this  science  is  best  known  to 
modern  students.  His  purity  of  life  and  high  position  (he  having 
been  an  eloquent  clergyman,  pastor  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  at 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

Zurich)  placed  physiognomy  on  a  footing  of  credibility.  His 
works  are  what  he  named  them — "  Fragments  " — merely,  without 
system  and  largely  impractical.  His  efforts,  like  those  of  his 
predecessors,  have  assisted  in  continuing  the  belief  and  interest  in 
the  science. 

Prominent  among  the  German  and  French  observers  and 
writers  are  the  eminent  Blumenbach,  Spurzheim,  Camper,  Bichat, 
Broussais,  and  De  la  Sarthe  ;  among  the  English,  Sir  Charles  Bell 
and  Alexander  Walker ;  and  among  Americans,  James  W.  Red- 
field.  In  1817,  Dr.  John  Crosse  published  from  the  University 
Press,  at  Glasgow,  a  series  of  lectures  on  physiognomy  which  he 
had  delivered,  setting  forth  a  system  which  contains  practical 
knowledge,  susceptible  of  proof  and  capable  of  application  by  any 
ordinary  observer. 

Prof.  Joseph  Le  Conte,  of  the  University  of  California,  in  an 
able  article  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly*  describing  the 
advance  of  science,  says : — 

*'  In  all  sciences,  but  especially  in  the  higher  and  more  com- 
plex departments,  there  are  three  distinct  stages  of  advance.  The 
first  consists  in  the  observation,  collection,  and  arrangement  of 
facts — Descriptive  Science.  The  second  is  the  reduction  of  these 
to  formal  laws — Formal  Science.  Thus  far  the  science  is  inde- 
pendent of  all  other  sciences.  The  third  is  the  reference  of  these 
laws  to  the  more  general  laws  of  a  more  fundamental  science — in 
the  hierarchy  as  their  cause — Causal  Science.  It  is  this  last  change 
only  which  necessarily  follows  the  order  indicated  above.  Its 
effect  is  always  to  give  great  impulse  to  scientific  advance,  for  then 
only  does  it  take  on  the  highest  scientific  form,  then  only  does  it 
become  one  of  the  hierarchy  of  sciences,  and  receive  the  aid  of 
all.  Thus,  to  illustrate,  Tycho  Brahe  laboriously  gathered  and 
collated  a  vast  number  of  facts  concerning  planetary  motions — 
Descriptive  Astronomy.  Kepler  reduced  these  to  the  three  great 
and  beautiful  laws  known  by  his  name — Formal  Astronomy.  But 
it  was  reserved  for  Newton,  by  means  of  the  theory  of  gravitation, 
to  explain  the  Keplerian  laws  by  referring  them  to  the  more  gen- 
eral and  more  fundamental  laws  of  mechanics  as  their  cause,  and 
thus  he  became  the  founder  of  physical  arid  causal  astronomy. 
In  other  words,  astronomy  was  at  first  a  separate  science,  based  on 
its  own  facts.  Newton  connected  it  with  mechanics,  and  thus 
made  it  one  of  the  hierarchy.  From  that  time  astronomy  advanced 
with  increased  rapidity  and  certainty.  Astronomy  first  rose  as  a 
beautiful  shaft,  unconnected  and  unsupported,  except  on  its  own 
pedestal.  In  the  meantime,  however,  another  more  solid  and 

*  Popular  Science  Monthly,  January,  1879,  p.  325. 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

central  shaft  had  grown  up  under  the  hands  of  many  builders, 
viz.,  mechanics.  Newton  connected  the  astronomical  shaft  with 
the  central  column  of  mechanics,  and  thus  formed  a  more  solid 
basis  for  a  yet  higher  shaft." 

This  description  truthfully  and  beautifully  shows  the  progress 
of  scientific  research.  The  system  which  this  work  presents  to 
the  reader  has  advanced  to  the  third  stage  of  progression.  It 
presents  a  description  of  facts  in  relation  to  the  human  physiog- 
nomy and  organism  which  have  been  observed  and  collected ;  it 
reduces  these  facts  to  laws,  and,  lastly,  shows  the  correspondence 
of  this  science  to  the  general  and  fundamental  laws  which  under- 
lie all  matter,  viz.,  those  of  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathe- 
matics. The  sum  of  all  human  action  is  based  on  these  three 
fundamental  principles  of  Nature,  and  man's  organism  illustrates 
the  influence  of  these  laws.  I  would  like  to  see  the  facts  contained 
in  this  work  in  the  hands  of  all  who  love  their  kind,  and  who  de- 
sire its  elevation  by  scientific  methods.  In  the  years  to  come  I  do 
not  doubt  that  more  ample  knowledge  of  physiognomy  will  be 
disseminated  by  greater  minds,  with  better  opportunities  of  obser- 
vation than  have  fallen  to  me.  It  would  seem  a  very  appropriate 
time  for  spreading  the  knowledge  of  man,  now  that  so  much  is 
known  of  his  environment,  and  while  so  many  hitherto  unknown 
applications  of  the  forces  and  substances  of  Nature  are  coming 
daily  to  light  which  are  immediately  connected  with  his  welfare. 
Earnest  and  religious  regard  for  the  advance  of  mankind  to  grander 
heights  of  purity  and  nobility  of  life,  added  to  the  belief  that 
nothing  short  of  the  knowledge  of  scientific  laws  and  their  appli- 
cation can  regenerate  the  human  race,  has  impelled  the  writing 
of  these  ideas. 


PART  I. 

THEORETICAL  PHYSIOGNOMY. 


CHAPTER  I. 
BASIC  PRINCIPLES  OF  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

"  The  mind  is  invisible  to  those  who  understand  not  the  body  of  physiognomy." 

— WlNKLEMAN. 

EATER  defines  physiognomy  to  be  the  "  art  or  science  of 
iscerning  the  character  of  the  mind  from  the  'features  of 
the    face,  or  the   art  of  discovering  the  predominant 
temper  or  other  characteristic  qualities  of  the  mind  by 
the  form  of  the  body,  but  especially  by  the  external 
signs  of  the  countenance,  or  the  combination  of  the  features." 

This  definition  scientific  physiognomy  accepts  in  so  far  as  it 
relates  to  the  human  species,  but  extends  it  in  a  more  compre- 
hensive manner  so  as  to  include  all  animate  and  even  inanimate 
nature.  The  form  of  every  rock,  tree,  animal,  and  object  in  ex- 
istence has  come  by  design,  and  is  self-revealing  as  to  its  true 
character.  That  we  fail  in  many  instances  to  comprehend  the 
meaning  of  certain  forms  observed  in  Nature  is  due  to  our  lack 
of  acute  observation,  or  want  of  comparison,  or  ignorance  of  the 
meaning  and  significance  of  the  basic  principles  of  form, — a  science 
which  this  system  of  physiognomy  undertakes  to  unfold  and  apply 
to  the  human  and  animal  face  and  body,  as  well  as  to  vegetable 
and  mineral  formations. 

It  is  logical  to  infer  that  form  has  general  laws  which  are  self- 
revealing.  Without  knowledge  of  these  general  laws  we  must 
forever  remain  in  ignorance  of  most  of  Nature's  meanings  in 
regard  to  the  myriad  things  in  the  universe.  Without  some 
principles  of  form  to  guide  us,  character  remains  a  sealed  book  ; 
but  Nature  has  equipped  many  if  not  most  of  her  children  with 
faculties  suited  to  the  true  interpretation  of  signs  which  are  thrown 
out  in  the  most  affluent  manner  by  every  form  in  existence. 

Nature's  hieroglyphics  are  easily  deciphered  by  the  keen  ob- 
server, and  the  facial  signs  of  every  human  creature  can  be  under- 
stood by  those  who  are  willing  to  study  and  apply  the  basic  prin- 
ciples of  form. 

In  entering  upon  the  study  of  physiognomy,  or  mental  science, 
it  will  be  well  if  we  consider  briefly  the  methods  formerly  employed 
by  metaphysicians  in  the  investigation  of  the  science  of  mind,  and 
then,  as  we  proceed  to  contrast  them  and  their  results  with  the 


8  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

i 

system  which  I  shall  present  to  your  attention, — a  system  which 
has  occupied  the  best  thought  of  thirty-five  years  of  my  life, — you 
will  doubtless  ask  what  relation  there  is  between  the  human  phys- 
iognomy and  metaphysical  theories.  If  we  were  intending  to  con- 
fine our  study  to  ancient  metaphysics  or  even  modern  metaphysics 
and  theological  theories  of  the  mind,  I  should  be  compelled  to 
answer  that  there  is  no  relation  between  them,  since  these  two 
classes  of  thinkers  confined  themselves  to  speculations  merely  and 
MHight  no  solution  in  the  investigation  of  the  mechanism  through 
which  mind  is  manifested.  Modern  scientific  observers,  however, 
pursue  the  study  of  mind  by  investigating  the  body  it  inhabits  and 
of  which  it  is  a  part,  and,  as  the  face  is  proven  to  be  the  index  or 
register  of  the  entire  organism  (which  you  will  acknowledge  as  we 
proceed),  we  are  compelled  to  study  the  mechanism  within  the 
body  which  we  find  to  be  the  moving  cause  of  those  expressions, 
forms,  and  colors  that  reveal  to  us  the  mind  or  character  of  the 
individual. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  history  of  mental  science  reaches  far 
back  into  the  age  of  Grecian  civilization.  The  philosophical  or 
metaphysical  method  of  studying  the  human  mind  was  coeval  with 
the  age  in  which  configuration  or  sculpture  reached  its  acme.  It 
was  also  coeval  with  the  creation  of  the  greatest  epic  poems,  of 
some  of  the  grandest  dramas  and  most  sublime  orations  known  to 
man.  In  short,  it  was  an  age  of  art,  not  of  science.  The  great 
metaphysicians  of  Greece,— Socrates,  Plato,  Aristotle,  Thales, 
Pythagoras,  Anixamander,  and  many  other  ancient  philosophers, 
— however  they  may  have  differed  in  their  several  systems  of 
philosophy,  all  alike  believed  in  and  used  one  common  method  of 
investigating  mind.  This  method  consisted  in  the  investigation  of 
self-consciousness,  that  is  to  say,  an  observation  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  mental  processes — viz.,  those  of  memory,  reason,  will, 
Comprehension,  and  perception — were  carried  on  in  the  mind  of 
the  observer.  Each  philosopher  sat  in  judgment,  as  it  were,  on  his 
own  method  of  thought,  etc.,  and  then  gave  to  his  investigations 
the  name  of  "  mental  science."  Observations  were  pursued  in  this 
manner  by  all  of  the  Greek  thinkers,  without  any  reference  to 
bodily  conditions,  with  the  single  exception  of  Aristotle,  whose  re- 
searches in  natural  history  among  insects,  birds,  and  beasts,  had 
given  him  greater  insight  into  the  origin  and  development  of  mind, 
both  in  the  lower  animals  and  in  man.  He,  beyond  all  the  other 
philosophers  of  his  age,  possessed  a  better  comprehension  of  the 
physiology  and  anatomy  of  animal  organisms,  together  with  a  very 
moderate  knowledge  of  the  physiology  of  man.  The  superstitions 
of  his  age  prevented  the  dissection  of  human  bodies,  and  thus  these 


BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY.  \  9 

philosophers  were  cut  off  from  pursuing  one  practical  and  scien- 
tific method  of  studying  mind. 

For  two  thousand  years  these  impractical  systems  of  mental 
science  dominated  the  world  of  thought,  then  the  great  Bacon 
arose  and  began  the  study  of  mind  from  an  entirely  different  stand- 
point. His  studies  in  the  practical  sciences — he  having  been  the 
inventor,  it  is  said,  of  the  telescope,  air-pump,  diving-bell,  and  of 
gun-powder,  besides  having  written  very  learnedly  upon  optics, 
chemistry,  medicine,  mathematics,  and  many  other  sciences — natu- 
rally led  him  to  adopt  a  scientific  method  of  investigating  mind ; 
but  as  very  little  more  of  physiology  was  known  in  his  day  than 
in  the  age  of  Aristotle,  His  writings  on  mental  science  are  not  as 
reliable  as  those  of  the  more  modern  thinkers,  yet  his  method  was 
an  advance  on  those  preceding  him.  The  circulation  of  the  blood 
was  not  discovered  by  Harvey  until  four  hundred  years  after  the 
death  of  Bacon ;  the  construction  and  operation  of  the  heart,  liver, 
lungs,  and  brain  were  not  known  until  still  later  periods.  How, 
then,  can  it  be  expected  that  a  knowledge  of  the  mind  of  man 
could  be  studied  or  comprehended  without  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  his  bodily  functions  ? 

The  subjective  method  (as  it  is  denominated)  of  the  ancients 
would  not  have  seemed  so  impractical  a  mode  of  studying  mind, 
had  all  persons  been  alike  normally  constituted ;  but  so  large  a 
proportion  of  persons  are  insane  (it  is  now  estimated  that  one  in 
five  hundred  is  so  at  the  present  day,  and  there  are  also  many  un- 
developed races  in  existence,  and  were  then,  as  well  as  children 
who  are  also  in  a  state  of  undevelopment),  that  if  the  subjective 
method  is  to  be  employed,  we  should  never  know  anything  at  all 
about  these  several  classes  of  beings  who  form  a  large  proportion 
of  our  population.  Now,  in  any  system  of  mental  science,  to 
ignore  the  knowledge  of  the  character  of  all  children,  of  all  un- 
developed races,  and  persons  such  as  idiots,  imbeciles,  and  the  in- 
sane, as  well  as  those  who  are  laboring  under  temporary  aberration 
and  weakness  of  mind  of  every  degree  whatsoever,  is  to  deprive 
mankind  of  the  most  useful  and  necessary  part  of  the  knowledge 
of  himself;  hence  any  system  of  mental  science  which  fails  to  treat 
of  these  several  classes,  together  with  the  means  for  their  improve- 
ment, cannot  be  considered  either  practical  or  scientific. 

In  order  to  understand  the  human  mind  practically,  we  must 
commence  with  its  first  manifestations  in  childhood.  It  was  in 
this  manner  that  Locke,  so  justly  celebrated  for  his  wonderful 
essay  on  the  "Human  Understanding,"  commenced  the  investiga- 
tion of  mind  in  the  eighteenth  century.  He  considered  the  nature 
of  children  and  of  savage  races.  He  was  the  first  metaphysician 


10  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

who  made  any  decided  advance  in  the  method  of  studying,  inves- 
tigating, and  interpreting  the  human  mind,  and  this  advance  was 
due  to  his  observation  of  Nature,  by  his  discarding  the  old 
metaphysical  methods,  and  by  basing  his  laws  upon  observations 
made  on  living  subjects.  He  first  observed  natural  phenomena  in 
children  and  savages,  and  then,  by  generalizing,  was  able  to  dis- 
cover the  laws  underlying  the  actions  of  the  individuals  thus  ob- 
served. He  also  made  observations  among  animals,  and  here 
the  investigator  will  find  corroboration  of  many  laws  which  are 
recognized  in  the  human  family. 

Modern  writers  of  the  greatest  eminence,  among  whom  we  find 
the  celebrated  M.  de  Quatrefages,  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  Mr. 
Darwin,  Dr.  H.  Maudsley,  and  Professor  Huxley,  all  agree  in  their 
methods  of  investigating  character  by  first  observing  plailts  and 
animals.  M.  de  Quatrefages,  in  his  celebrated  work  on  "The 
Human  Species,"  remarks: — 

Now,  plants  and  animals  have  been  studied  for  a  much  longer  period 
than  man,  and  from  an  exclusively  scientific  point  of  view,  without  any 
trace  of  the  prejudice  and  party  feeling  which  interferes  with  the  study  of 
man.  Without  having  penetrated  very  deeply  into  all  the  secrets  of  animal 
and  vegetable  life,  science  has  acquired  a  certain  number  of  fixed  and  indis- 
putable results,  which  constitute  a  foundation  of  positive  knowledge  and  a 
safe  starting-point.  Whenever  there  is  any  doubt  of  the  nature  or  signifi- 
cance of  a  phenomenon  observed  in  man,  the  corresponding  phenomena  must 
be  examined  in  animals  and  even  in  plants.  They  must  be  compared  with 
what  takes  place  in  ourselves,  and  the  results  accepted  as  they  are  exhibited. 
What  is  true  of  other  organized  beings  cannot  but  be  true  of  man.  This 
method  is  incontestably  scientific.  Every  solution  which  makes  or  tends  to 
make  man  an  exception  from  those  laws  which  govern  other  organized  and 
living  beings  is  unsound  and  unscientific.* 

Dr.  Maudsley  asserts : — 

The  study  of  the  plan  of  the  development  of  mind  as  exhibited  in  the 
animal,  the  barbarian,  and  the  infant  furnishes  results  of  the  greatest  value, 
and  is  as  essential  to  a  true  mental  science  as  the  study  of  its  development 
is  to  a  full  knowledge  of  the  bodily  organism. 

Those  who  have  read  Lavater's  renowned  work  on  physiog- 
nomy, will  doubtless  look  for  some  theoretical  testimony  from  his 
facile  and  prolific  pen.  Now,  although  Lavater  wrote  many  volumes 
on  physiognomy,  and  was  himself  a  great  intuitional  physiognomist, 
he  was,  unfortunately,  not  a  scientific  student.  He  says  of  him- 
self that  he  did  not  understand  anatomy  and  physiology,  and 
without  a  thorough  knowledge  of  these  sciences  it  is  impossible  to 
found  a  system  of  physiognomy.  At  the  same  time,  such  was  his 
rare  gift  of  observation  and  correct  intuition,  and  such  his  ardor, 

*  The  Human  Species,  M.  de  Quatrefages,  p.  27. 


THEORY    OF    PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY.  11 

that,  added  to  his  noble  character  and » purity  of  life,  it  enabled 
him  to  revive  the  belief  in  physiognomy,  which  had  waned  during 
the  middle  ages,  or  had  become  classed  with  the  "  black  art "  and 
works  of  magic.  And  this  pure-minded  minister  of  the  gospel 
was  received  at  the  courts  of  kings  and  princes,  and  his  observa- 
tions and  researches  were  hailed  with  enthusiasm  by  the  most  emi- 
nent men  of  his  day.  His  writings,  although  they  lack  system  and 
are  really  what  he  terms  them,  "Fragments"  merely,  restored 
physiognomy  to  that  rank  which  it  had  held  in  the  estimation  of 
man  two  thousand  years  before,  when  such  great  minds  as  Plato, 
Galen,  Aristotle,  Pliny,  Cicero,  Seneca,  Hippocrates,  and  others  as 
learned  and  renowned,  had  written  upon  and  taught  physiognomy 
as  an  art.  From  Lavater's  day  to  the  present,  a  period  of  over 
one  hundred  years,  inventions  and  discoveries  of  mechanical  in- 
struments and  principles  have  given  us  means  of  investigating  the 
human  body  and  mind,  wholly  unknown  to  any  former  age  of  the 
world. 

THEORY    OF    PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  theory  of  mental  science  which  I  shall  present  to  you  is 
the  most  advanced  and  comprehensive  that  has  ever  been  offered 
to  the  world,  and  to  the  discoveries  made  by  the  microscope  and 
in  anatomy  and  physiology  I  am  largely  indebted  for  the  discov- 
eries which  I  have  made  in  this  department  of  science. 

Let  it  be  understood  at  the  outset,  that  physiognomy  teaches 
and  proves  that  the  mind  and  body  are  a  unity,  acting  in  unison 
and  harmony ;  that  all  mental  power  is  originated  primarily  by 
sensation ;  that  all  parts  of  the  body  contribute  to  mental  action  ; 
that  the  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  kidneys,  the  glands,  the 
muscles,  the  bones,  the  nerves,  and  all  other  organs  are  each  in- 
strumental in  creating  and  assisting  mental  efforts.  This  system 
also  teaches  that  there  is  a  unity  of  action  and  universality  of  law 
running  from  the  lowest  creation,  the  inorganic  or  mineral,  up  to 
the  highest,  the  animal  and  human  kingdoms.  It  shows,  too,  that 
all  form  has  meaning  and  character,  that  every  form  observed  in 
Nature  is  shaped  by  law  and  design,  and  discloses  the  character 
of  the  mineral,  plant,  tree,  or  animal  under  observation.  This 
system  of  physiognomy  goes  still  farther.  It  proves  that  certain 
physical  functions  are  directly  related  to  and  sustain  certain  mental 
faculties.  The  idea  that  all  or  nearly  all  parts  of  the  body  con- 
tribute to  mental  action  was  vaguely  perceived  by  some  anatomists 
in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  Sir  Charles  Bell  re- 
marks that  he  had  a  dim  though  strong  conception  that  it  was  an 


12  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

error  to  limit  sensation  to  the  action  of  the  special  senses,     lie 
observes  :  — 

It  appears  to  me  thai  the  frame  of  the  body  exclusive  of  the  special 
organs  of  seeing,  hearing,  etc.,  is  a  complex  organ,  —  I  shall  not  say  of 
,  but  which  ministers,  like  the  external  senses,  to  the  mind.* 


George  I  lenry  Lewes,  one  of  the  most  philosophic  and  scien- 
tific writers  of  our  era,  remarks  :  — 

If  every  distinct  part  of  the  organism  which  is  the  source  of  distinct 
sensation  is  to  be  called  a  sense,  we  must  necessarily  include  the  muscles 
and  viscera  among  the  senses,  for  the  sensation  derived  through  the  muscles 
are  as  specific  MS  those  derived  through  the  eye  or  tongue,  and  the  glandular 
sensations  are  assuredly  distinct  from  those  of  the  muscles.  The  sensations 
derived  throuyh  the  viscera  are  not  less  specific  nor  less  important  than 
those  of  the  eye  or  ear.  We  are  not  at  liberty  to  reject  this  fact,  because  it 
is  capable  of  proof  as  rigorous  as  the  proof  of  the  existence  of  sight  or 
la-ite.  Mind  is  the  sum  total  of  the  whole  sensitive  organism;  no  one  exclu- 
sive organ  of  mind  can  be  said  to  exist.  "\ 

In  this  theory  and  its  proof  lies  the  greatest  advance  made  in 
mental  science  in  this  era.  The  celebrated  gentlemen  whom  1  have 
mentioned  as  having  taught  that  mind  inheres  in  the  entire  or- 
ganism stop  short  at  that  theory,  but  scientific  physiognomy,  as 
taught  by  this  system,  goes  farther,  and  proves  the  relation  between 
Conscientiousness  and  the  kidney  or  fluid  system  of  the  body  ; 
between  Benevolence  and  the  glandular  system  ;  the  relation  of 
Amativeness,  or  the  love  of  the  sexes,  to  the  reproductive  system  ;  of 
Hope  to  the  liver  ;  and,  in  short,  proves  that  all  so-called  sentiments 
have  a  />////.svVW  base  as  well  as  a  representation  in  the  brain,  which 
origin  may  be  likened  to  the  counting-house  of  a  manufactory,  the 
emotions  being  manufactured  by  the  muscles,  nerves,  and  viscera, 
and  registered  in  the  brain,  where  consciousness  and  abstract 
thought  has  its  home  and  origin  ;  and,  lastly,  shows  that  all  this 
is  revealed  in  the  face,  as  well  as  by  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  color, 
movement,  gesture,  etc. 

A  practical  application  of  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy 
is  the  only  method  that  can  make  possible  race  improvement  by 
intelligent  design.  As  long  as  the  human  face  is  a  sealed  book, 
men  and  women  cannot  intelligently  choose  partners  in  marriage, 
and  the  progress  of  the  race  will  be  left  to  natural  selection,  which 
is  a  slow  process,  as  we  observe  in  the  present  instinctive  methods. 
But  where  reproduction  is  the  result  of  laws  intelligently  under- 
stood and  applied,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  races  of  man  should 
not  advance  in  nobility  as  rapidly  and  surely  as  have  the  scientifi- 
cally-bred animals  of  the  past  few  years.  Aristotle  tells  us  that 

*  The  Anatomy  and  Philosophy  of  Expression,  Sir  Charles  Bell,  M.D..  p.  83. 
t  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  194. 


THEORY   OF    PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY.  13 

"  a  life  devoted  only  to  sensual  enjoyments  is  brutish,  an  ethico- 
political  life  is  human,  but  a  scientific  life  is  divine."  If  by  a 
scientific  life  he  meant  living  up  to  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  by 
the  laws  of  Nature,  I  can  wholly  and  heartily  agree  with  him. 

In  announcing  the  discoveries  which  I  have  made  pertaining 
to  the  human  physiognomy,  it  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  the 
reader  to  know  in  what  manner  they  were  reached,  what  mental 
process  or  scientific  observation  was  required  to  elaborate  the  sys- 
tem setting  forth  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  face,  and  why  I 
denominate  them  the  Chemical,  the  Architectural,  and  the  Mathe- 
matical. In  the  first  place,  my  studies  in  anatomy  and  physiology 
had  shown  me  that  the  action  of  the  glands  is  purely  chemical, 
and,  as  I  found  that  the  development  and  normal  action  of  this 
system  were  most  apparent  in  the  lower  part  of  the  face, — in  the 
cheeks  (as  is  observed  in  healthy  infants),  in  the  lips,  and  adjacent 
parts, — it  occurred  to  me  that  this  part  of  the  face  must  represent 
the  purely  chemical  or  vegetative  department  of  the  human  or- 
ganism. Knowing  as  I  did  that  nearly  all  the  principles  of  me- 
chanical forces  were  illustrated  by  the  action  of  the  several  lever 
powers  in  the  movements  of  the  muscles  and  bones,  of  the  hinge 
in  the  joints,  of  the  pulley  in  the  muscles  of  the  eye,  of  valves  in 
the  heart  and  arteries,  while  the  principles  of  optics  are  exhibited 
in  the  eye,  the  principles  of  acoustics  in  the  construction  and  action 
of  the  ear,  the  principles  of  hydrostatics  and  capillary  attraction  in 
the  veins,  tubes,  and  tissues  of  the  several  parts  of  the  body ; 
knowing  that  electricity  is  a  property  of  the  nerves  and  magnetism 
of  the  muscles,  I  saw  that  these  several  systems  constituted  a 
mechanical  or  an  architectural  system,  the  signs  for  which  I  have 
discovered  are  located  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  face. 

When  I  had  discovered  and  located  the  signs  for  the  heart, 
the  lungs,  the  liver,  the  muscular,  the  nervous,  and  bony  systems, 
logic  came  to  my  aid,  and  I  argued  that  if  the  signs  for  chemical 
action  and  architectural  powers  were  to  be  found  in  the  human  face 
I  must  look  there  for  the  signs  of  the  mathematical  powers  also. 
I  had  years  previously  ascertained  by  observation  and  reflection 
that  these  three  laws  or  principles  govern  all  matter.  Reflection 
soon  convinced  me  that  in  the  upper  part  of  the  face  I  should  find 
the  signs  for  mathematical  power  indicated,  and,  as  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  forehead  we  have  the  signs  for  Logical  Deduction,  or 
reason,  so  in  the  lower  part  of  the  forehead  are  located  the  signs 
for  Form,  Size,  and  Calculation.  I  at  once  saw  that  here  were  the 
signs  for  the  last  of  the  three  ruling  principles  needed  to  complete 
the  harmonic  system  of  laws  which  underlie  nil  matter,  and  of 
which  man  is  the  highest  expression  and  exponent. 


14  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Is  it  not  logical  to  infer  that  in  the  countenance  of  man  (which 
is  certainly  the  most  perfected  object  that  the  human  mind  has  ever 
studied)  should  be  found  concentrated  and  combined  all  the  general 
principles  which  assist  in  the  formation  of  man's  organism?  I 
know  that  this  is  a  novel  theory,  and  one  perhaps  as  startling  and 
revolutionary  as  was  Newton's  theory  of  the  law  of  gravitation,  but, 
as  time  rolls  on,  a  scientific  knowledge  of  man  and  of  his  physiog- 
nomy is  as  certain  to  evolve  as  is  the  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  light, 
sound,  color,  and  other  abstruse  departments  of  natural  law.  The 
proof  of  my  theory  is  so  easy  of  verification  that  any  person  of 
ordinary  observation  and  reflection  can  satisfy  himself  experi- 
mentally of  its  truth.  I  now  address  myself  to  scientific  thinkers 
and  those  accustomed  to  investigating  the  correlations  of  the  laws 
and  forces  of  Nature,  and  I  ask  them  if  it  seems  to  them  unreason- 
able or  illogical  that  the  basilar  laws  of  all  the  lower  creations 
should  find  illustration  in  man  and  his  countenance  1  When  we 
reflect  that  man  is  the  outcome  or  evolutionary  product  of  all  the 
lower  kingdoms,  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal,  it  should  not  seem 
improbable  that  man's  face,  read  scientifically, — that  is,  according 
to  his  physiological  and  anatomical  organization, — should  typify 
and  disclose  the  action  of  all  these  formative  and  creative  powers. 

The  general  laws  and  principles  enunciated  in  this  chapter, 
together  with  the  connection  of  physical  functions  with  mental 
faculties,  will  appeal  the  strongest  to  naturalists,  scientists,  and  phy- 
sicians,— those  who  are  accustomed  to  observe  in  Nature's  processes 
the  action  of  that  law  discovered  and  set  forth  by  the  eminent 
Baron  Cuvier,  viz.,  the  law  of  the  correlation  of  organs,  "  accord- 
ing to  which  a  certain  conformation  of  structure  in  one  organ  is 
always  found  in  conjunction  with  a  certain  conformation  in 
another."  Now,  under  the  operation  of  this  law  it  is  quite  safe  to 
predict  the  existence  and  presence  of  certain  mental  faculties  by 
observing  the  signs  for  certain  physical  functions  in  the  face ;  as, 
for  example,  where  the  signs  for  Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young 
are  exhibited  in  a  highly  developed  degree  the  sign  for  the  glandu- 
lar system  is  also  well  defined,  and  the  same  is  true  of  other 
faculties  and  functions.  Not  only  do  we  find  that  certain  faculties 
are  correlated,  but  that  certain  physical  functions  and  mental 
faculties  are  always  observed  to  develop  paripassu.  Another  proof 
of  this  interaction  is  shown  where  the  sign  for  a  faculty  is  small  in 
the  face  and  the  action  of  its  related  function  is  weak  and  corre- 
spondingly undeveloped  in  the  body,  as,  for  instance,  where  the 
sign  for  Hope  is  small  in  the  face  the  activity  of  the  liver  is  corre- 
spondingly feeble.  Later  on  all  of  the  various  organs  will  be 
treated  of  in  this  connection. 


THE    HUMAN    FACE    THE    INDEX    OF    ALL    NATURE. 


15 


THE    HUMAN    FACE    THE    INDEX    OF    ALL    NATURE. 

Standing  at  the  <  pex  of  all  creation  is  man,  the  very  epitome, 
sublimification,  and  essence  of  creative  energy.  What  more  natu- 
ral, then,  that  in  this  high  and  complex  organization  should  be 
found  in  combination  all  of  the  components  of  what  may  be  termed 
the  lower  creations  ] 

Man  is  literally  made  of  the  "  dust  of  the  earth."  Considered 
as  a  chemical  compound,  man  will  be  found  upon  analysis  to  be 
composed  not  only  of  the  "dust  of  the  earth,"  but  also  of  nearly 
all  the  primitive  elements  contained  in.  the  earth.  In  his  composi- 


FiG.  1.— THE  THREE  GRAND  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE. 
1,  Chemical ;  2,  Architectural ;  3,  Mathematical. 

tion  will  be  found  oxygen,  nitrogen,  carbon,  hydrogen,  calcium, 
iron,  sodium,  chlorine,  sulphur,  phosphorus,  potassium,  and  a  small 
amount  of  other  minerals. 

In  the  face  of  man  will  be  found,  by  dividing  it  into  three 
grand  divisions,  the  signs  of  character  representing  the  three  basilar 
principles  underlying  all  matter,  as  well  as  man's  own  organism, 
viz.,  those  of  Chemistry,  Architecture,  and  Mathematics. 

If  one  examine  closely  a  grain  of  sand,  and  enters  into  an 
analysis  of  its  constituents,  he  finds  that  it  has,  first,  chemical 
properties, — a  portion  of  one  kind  of  element,  another  particle 
of  some  other  sort ;  perhaps  several  other  elements  enter  into 


16  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

its  constitution.  These  various  elements  have  an  affinity  for 
each  other  and  harmonize  in  their  combination.  This  is  the 
power  which  binds  them  in  one  and  forms  them  into  a  chemical 
compound. 

Upon  further  examination  it  will  be  found  to  possess  a  definite 
/a/-///.  In  the  case  of  crystals  of  the  various  minerals  this  form  is 
always  defined  by  law,  and  the  mineralogist  recognizes  each  object 
by  its  form.  This  natural  law  of  shaping  of  all  objects,  both  ani- 
mate and  inanimate,  is  an  illustration  of  architectural  law.  If  the 
crystals  be  reduced  to  their  elementary  particles  the  number  of 
their  constituents  is  discovered.  This  is  the  mathematical  law 
exemplified. 

All  creations,  from  a  grain  of  sand  up  to  the  planetary  bodies, 
have  their  chemical  properties,  their,  architectural  formation,  or 
shape,  and  the  number  of  particles  which  mathematical  law  re- 
quires for  their  completion. 

The  same  constituents  which  compose  planets,  which  form 
minerals  as  well  as  plant,  insect,  and  animal  life,  form  also  man's 
organism.  These  elementary  constituents  bring  with  them  into 
man's  body  their  basic  principles,  and  wherever  we  find  man  we 
can  but  observe  that  in  the  chemical  action  of  the  elements  com- 
posing his  body  and  surrounding  him, — that  in  his  form  and^/'o- 
/Htrflons,  and  in  the  number  of  elements  entering  into  his  consti- 
tution,— the  same  laws  of  chemical  action,  of  architectural  forma- 
tion, and  of  mathematical  quantities  .or  particles  which  govern  all 
other  departments  of  life  are  as  potential  in  fashioning  him  and  in 
determining  his  character. 

In  this  wonderful  microcosm,  as  exhibited  in  man's  face,  we 
find  illustrated  in  its  three  divisions  the  signs  of  character  which 
denote  man's  ability  to  be  either  chemical,  architectural,  or  mathe- 
matical, or,  in  other  words,  exhibiting  vegetative,  constructive,  or 
reasoning  power.  We  shall  find,  upon  investigating  the  lower 
organisms,  whether  of  plant,  insect,  or  animal  life,  that  chemical 
action  is  the  primary  mode  of  organization,  next  that  the  formative, 
or  architectural,  follows  chemical  action,  and  the  perfection  or  com- 
pletion of  the  life  of  all  organisms  requires  the  full  and  complete 
n  umber  of  particles  of  matter  which  compose  its  entirety,  thus  illus- 
trating the  mathematical  law  which  dominates  every  department 
of  organic  and  inorganic  life. 

In  the  mineral  world  we  find,  as  I  have  previously  stated, 
that  chemical  action  precedes  formation,  and  that  formation  pro- 
duces the  number  of  faces  or  sides  and  angles  which  each  species 
of  mineral  assumes,  and  mineralogists  are  able  to  classify  each 
mineral  by  its  architectural  or  geometrical  formation. 


MINERAL  FORMS.  17 

MINERAL  FORMS. 

The  first  and  most  primitive  formations  of  any  kind  whatso- 
ever are  found  in  the  crystals  of  minerals.  Here,  at  the  very  be- 
ginning of  inanimate  organization  on  the  globe,  the  law  of  Form 
discloses  its  supremacy.  This  law  is  dominated  by  the  law  of 
Number,  which  lies  at  the  base  of  all  things  in  existence,  and  from 
Number  Form  proceeds.  Although  minerals  are  inanimate,  they 
have  their  precise  laws  of  shaping  as  set  and  rigid  as  those  that 
form  the  plant,  the  animal,  or  man.  They  fall  into  shape  by  law 
and  design.  They  are  not  chaotic,  shapeless  masses  of  matter,  but 
in  their  interior,  microscopic,  molecular  construction,  as  well  as  in 
their  completed  outward  shape,  they  afford  us  fine  illustrations  of 
the  dominance  of  the  law  of  Form,  which  is  exhibited  in  a  much 
more  complex  manner  in  higher  organizations,  in  the  vegetable, 
animal,  and  human  kingdoms.  After  minerals  have  become 
solidified  by  passing  through  the  chemical  processes  of  heat,  incan- 
descence, vaporization,  or  by  condensation,  as  water  does  in  freez- 
ing, they  each  assume  a  definite  and  diverse  fixed  form,  each  one 
differing  from  every  other,  and  by  their  forms  alone  mineralogists 
are  able  to  say  to  which  class  each  belongs,  and  can  also  state  their 
properties  by  inspection  of  their  forms.  An  inherent  law  of  shap- 
ing causes  one  mineral  to  form  crystals  which  are  cubical  in  form, — 
salt,  for  example, — while  another  assumes  six-pointed  sides  or 
prisms,  as  exhibited  by  quartz. 

The  most  plentiful  mineral — water — becomes  solid  at  32°  F.,  and 
then  crystallizes  and  constitutes  snow  or  ice.  Flakes  of  snow  consist  of 
a  congeries  of  minute  crystals  and  stars,  and  may  be  detected  by  a  glass.* 

One  significant  fact  in  regard  to  snow-crystals  is  that,  although 
many  hundreds  of  different  shapes  have  been  observed  and  figured, 
they  all  with  singular  unanimity  show  that  the  laws  both  of  Form 
and  Number  preside  over  their  construction,  for  without  exception 
they  present  six  points  or  rays,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  E,  F,  G, 
regardless  of  the  peculiarities  of  their  formation.  Thus  it  is  shown 
that  the  number  six  is  the  underlying  law  which  controls  water 
when  it  assumes  a  solid  form. 

Of  the  identity  of  the  various  mineral  species,  Professor  Dana 
tells  us : — 

The  true  foundation  of  a  species  in  mineralogy  must  be  derived  from 
crystallization,  as  the  crystallizing  is  fundamental  in  its  nature  and  origin  ; 
and  it  is  now  generally  admitted  that  identity  of  crystalline  form  and 
structure  is  evidence  of  identity  of  species.^ 

*  Manual  of  Mineralogy,  .1.  B.  Dana,  p.  78. 
t  Ibid.,  p.  74. 

2 


18  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

As  we  proceed  in  the  study  of  physiognomy  the  reader  will 
find  that  the  highest  expression  of  divine  architecture — the  human 
ia,.(. — combines  and  illustrates  all  of  the  primary  elements  of  Form 
which  are  exhibited  in  the  structure  and  form  of  all  minerals. 
These  elements  are  the  point  (or  central  axis),  the  sphere,  the  line, 
the  angle,  the  square,  and  cube.  The  sphere  is  represented  by 
the  spherical  molecule,  which  it  is  now  known  that  the  mineral 
assumes  while  in  a  state  of  fusion  or  incandescence,  as  I  have  shown 
in  the  chapter  entitled  "  The  Basic  Principles  of  Form."  From 
these  few  primary  elements  of  Form  all  other  forms  are  derived  by 
multiplication  or  combination.  Of  the  constancy  of  crystalline 
forms  in  the  mineral  kingdom  Professor  Dana  observes:— 

Each  mineral  may  be  properly  said  to  have  as  much  a  distinct  shape  of 
its  own  as  each  plant  or  each  animal,  and  may  be  as  readily  distinguished 
by  the  characters  presented  to  the  eye.  Crystals  are  therefore  the  perfect 
individuals  of  the  mineral  kingdom.  The  mineral  quartz  has  a  specific 
form  and  structure  as  much  as  a  dog  or  an  elm,  and  is  as  distinct  and 
unvarying  as  regards  essential  characters,  although,  owing  to  counteracting 
caul's  (luring  formation,  these  forms  are  not  always  assumed.  In  whatever 
part  of  the  world  ciystals  of  quartz  may  be  collected  they  are  fundament- 
ally identical.  Not  an  angle  will  be  found  to  differ  from  those  of  crystals 
obtained  in  any  part  of  this  country.  The  sides  of  the  faces  vary  and  also 
the  number  of  the  faces,  according  to  certain  simple  laws  hereafter  to  be 
explained,  but  the  corresponding  angles  of  inclination  are  essentially  the 
same,  whatever  the  variations  or  distortions. 

Other  minerals  have  a  like  constancy  in  their  crystals,  and  each  has 
some  peculiarity,  some  difference  of  angle,  or  some  difference  of  cleavage — 
structure— which  distinguishes  it  from  every  other  mineral.  In  many  cases, 
therefore,  we  have  only  to  measure  an  angle  to  determine  a  species.  Both 
quartz  and  carbonate  of  lime  crystallize  at  times  in  similar  six-sided  prisms, 
with  terminal  pyramids,  but  the  likeness  here  ceases,  for  the  angles  of  the 
pyramids  are  quite  different  and  also  the  internal  structure.* 

Minerals,  like  plants,  animals,  and  human  beings,  possess 
many  other  properties  besides  form,  number,  and  chemical  con- 
stituents. These  are  primitive,  or  fundamental,  common  to  each 
kingdom  of  Nature.  The  mineral  possesses  other  properties,  among 
which  are  lustre,  color,  diaphaneity,  refraction,  taste,  odor,  mag- 
netism, electricity,  specific  gravity,  density,  luminosity,  and  phos- 
phorescence. It  is  thus  shown  that  although  minerals  are  not 
vital,  animate  objects,  they  yet  possess  many  characteristics  which 
are  observed  in  plant  and  animal  life ;  it  is  from  these  fundamental 
sources  that  these  very  qualities  are  obtained,  for  the  higher  mani- 
festations of  life  derive  these  qualities  from  the  foods  grown  upon 
the  mineral  soil,  and  bring  up  into  the  plant,  animal,  and  human 
being  the  same  elements  of  form  and  color,  and  other  properties 
with  which  the  mineral  abounds.  All  the  primitive  mineral  ele- 

*  Manual  of  Mineralogy,  J.  B.  Dana,  p.  22. 


MINKHAL    FORMS. 


19 


mcnts  and  primary  forms  of  the  mineral  are  found  in  the  human 
body  and  arc;  illustrated  and  revealed  in  his  face, — the  most  wonder- 
ful evidence  of  the  harmony  of  Nature's  laws  in  the  universe. 

Fig.  2,  shown  below,  discloses  the  supremacy  of  the  law  of 
form  in  several  of  the  best-known  minerals. 

In  the  shells  of  the  ocean  we  observe  that  the  same  laws  govern 
their  formation,  and  that  the  "  mollusk  forms  a  perfect  geometrical 
curve,  and  proportions  the  size  of  its  valves  to  the  distance  between 
them." 


FIG.  2.-MINERAL  FORMS. 

A,  B,  C,  common  salt;  D.  quartz;  E,  F,  G,  snow;  H,  sulphur;  I,  J,  gold  :  K,  L,  diamond.  Common 
salt  crystallizes  in  cubical  forms,  as  shown  in  A,  B,  C.  Quartz.  D.  always  crystallizes  in  six-sided  pyramids. 
Snow  assumes  many  forms,  yet  they  all  express  the  dominance  of  the  number  six,  as  exhibited  by  the  diagrams 
E,  F,  G.  Sulphur  appears  in  octahedral  forms,  and  is  yellow  in  color,  as  in  H.  Gold,  I,  J,  has  several  forms 
and  is  of  a  yellowish  color  ;  its  crystals  are  cubical.  The  diamond,  K,  L,  is  a  crystallized  carbon,  and  is  found 
in  octahedrons,  dodecahedrons,  and  other  complex  forms.  After  cutting  it  appears  in  various  forms,  as  seen 
in  the  above  figure.  [NOTE. — These  illustrations  are  from  works  on  mineralogy  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Dana.] 


Mathematical  law  governs  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and 
Tegulates  by  number  the  petals,  sepals,  stamens,  pistils,  and  leaves 
upon  every  blossom  and  branch.  In  the  human  family  the  mini  her 
of  bones,  muscles,  joints,  etc.,  proves  its  dominance,  and  wherever 
we  look  we  must  admit  that  these  three  great  laws  are  universal 
and  general.  It  is  thus  shown  that  man,  in  himself,  in  his  own 
person,  typifies  all  creation,1  proving  that  he  is  the  very  essence, 
the  subtle,  refined  organization  or  force  evolved  from  all  forces, 
powers,  causes,  and  chemical  activities  in  the  universe,  and  that  the 
Jace  of  man  reveals  the  action  of  all  these  laws. 


20  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  correct  understanding  of  this  grand  organization  is  the 
first  science  in  the  world,  the  first  in  importance  to  each  one  of  us. 
It  lias  its  laws,  which  are  exact  and  yet  complex;  but  where  is 
the  reader  skillful  enough  to  understand  them  ?  As  Nature  is  per- 
fect in  her  works,  and  has  made  few  laws  so  mysterious  as  not  to 
be  comprehended,  is  it  not  natural,  then,  to  infer  that  man  is 
capable  of  understanding  his  own  organization  and  the  laws  which 
govern  it "?  He  mav,  if  he  will  but  seek  the  truth  and  fear  not. 

f   7 

As  the  dial  is  to  the  clock,  so  is  the  face  to  man ;  it  is  his 
exponent,  morally,  mentally,  and  physically ;  on  it  are  written  not 
only  his  mental  powers,  his  moral  strength  or  weakness,  but  also 
his  physical  capacities,  powers,  weaknesses,  predispositions  to 
health  and  disease,  and  there  is  no  one  of  ordinary  capacity  who 
cannot  perceive  these  signs  almost  at  a  glance.  The  importance 
of  this  knowledge  is  incalculable.  'Inasmuch  as  we  all  have  to 
pass  our  days  in  intercourse  with  our  fellows,  it  is  of  the  greatest 
importance  not  only  that  we  should  understand  ourselves,  but  also 
that  we  should  be  able  to  comprehend  to  a  nicety  all  with  whom 
we  associate,  not  merely  for  our  protection  and  the  pleasure  we 
may  derive  from  it,  but  also  for  the  good  we  may  do.  Again,  this 
knowledge  will  teach  us  that  what  we  now  call  "  charity"  in  over- 
looking the  faults  and  weaknesses  of  others  is  but  simple  justice, 
for  it  is  not  just  to  expect  something  different  of  an  organization 
than  Nature  has  given  it  power  to  accomplish.  Therefore,  we  may 
spare  our  charity  and,  through  knowledge,  give  justice. 

The  three  grand  divisions  of  the  face — namely,  the  Chemical, 
the  Architectural,  and  the  Mathematical — have  also  their  sub- 
divisions. The  Chemical  includes  and  reveals  the  signs  for  the 
moral,  the  domestic,  and  the  supplyant  powers ;  the  Architectural, 
the  faculties  which  indicate  the  building,  artistic,  religious,  and 
literary  traits;  and  the  Mathematical  includes  the  reasoning  powers, 
which  are  the  chief  faculties  in  numerical  demonstration. 

Within  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  face  we  find  the  facial 
indications  of  five  different  systems  of  functions  which  create,  the 
different  forms  of  man,  and  which  are  always  found  in  combination, 
but  in  different  degrees  of  development  in  different  persons.  These 
are  named  the  Vegetative,  the  Thoracic,  the  Muscular,  the  Osseous, 
and  the  Brain  and  Nerve  systems.  Upon  the  different  degrees  of 
development  of  these  several  conformations  depends  man's  power 
for  being  mainly  either  chemical,  architectural,  or  mathematical 

The  organization,  which  is  mainly  chemical  in  its  operation 
and  effects,  is  known  by  a  predominance  of  the  vegetative  system, 
and  is  accompanied  most  largely  by  all  those  functions  which  serve 
to  supply  the  body  with  material,  and  for  the  protection  and  pro- 


MINERAL    FORMS.  21 

creation  of  the  race.  The  functions  included  in  this  division  of 
the  organism  are  those  of  digestion,  reproduction,  respiration 
(through  the  mouth),  secretion,  excretion,  and  growth.  These 
functions  are  productive  of  the  following  faculties :  Conscientious- 
ness, Firmness,  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Children, 
Mirthfulness,  Approbativeness,  Modesty,  Self-esteem,  Friendship, 
Digestion,  Bihativeness,  Sanativeness,  Hospitality,  Pneumativeness, 
Color,  Economy,  Love  of  Home,  and  Patriotism.  These  include 
in  their  action  all  the  laws  common  to  vegetable  life,  and  the  de- 
velopment of  all  these  traits  proceeds  mainly  from  chemical  action, 
as,  for  instance,  the  sustentation  of  the  body  and  the  procreation 
of  the  race.  These  operations  are  almost  entirely  chemical. 

The  architectural  division  is  shown  by  a  predominance  of  the 
muscular,  thoracic,  and  osseous  systems,  which  embrace  within 
their  own  action  almost  all  of  the  principles  of  mechanical  forces, 
such  as  the  different  lever  powers,  different  principles  of  valves, 
and  the  representation  of  a  pulley  (in  the  action  of  the  superior 
oblique  muscle  in  rotating  the  eye) ;  also  other  mechanical  powers 
which  will  be  mentioned  hereafter.  The  traits  indicated  in  this 
•division  are :  Force,  Resistance,  Secretiveness,  Hope,  Cautiousness, 
Analysis,  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Construct- 
iveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Cre- 
denciveness,  Prescience,  Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Form, 
Size,  Weight,  Order,  Calculation,  Locality,  Music,  Time,  Language. 
You  will  observe  by  these  names  that  the  artistic  and  religious 
faculties  are  included  in  this  as  subdivisions. 

The  mathematical  division  of  the  face  has  its  work  performed 
mainly  by  the  brain  and  nerve  system.  The  faculties  shown  in  this 
division  are  named  Time,  Order,  Causality,  Comparison,  Intuition. 
The  several  systems  of  the  body  and  faculties  of  the  mind  act  and 
react  upon  each  other  and  sustain  inter-relations  to  each  other,  but 
•each  division  is  mainly  sustained  by  the  action  of  the  system  to 
which  the  several  different  parts  of  the  face  indicate  it  as  belonging. 

As  I  have  before  stated,  the  principles  of  physiognomy  are 
founded  on  the  same  general  laws  which  underlie  all  matter,  but 
they  have  for  their  demonstration  special  laws.  When  we  reflect 
that  brain-matter  in  the  form  of  nerves  and  nervous  ganglia,  as 
well  as  the  muscles,  are  instrumental  in  producing  mental  mani- 
festations, we  must  at  once  conclude  that  the  rather  contracted 
views  and  theories  of  the  ancient  metaphysicians  and  modern 
phrenologists  must  give  way  to  more  extended  and  well-demon- 
strated/^m.  The  entire  surface  of  the  body,  being  covered  with 
a  cuticle  upon  which  a  fine  net-work  of  nerves  ramifies,  <rives  us  a 
very  extensive  sense-organ,  and  makes  us  cogni/ant  of  temperature, 


22  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tactile  sensations,  and  pressure,  and  by  the  aid  of  these  several 
sensations  very  many  menhd  impressions  are  conveyed. 

The  theory  of  mind  which  is  set  forth  in  this  system  of  physi- 
ognomy is  more  comprehensive  than  any  which  has  been  given 
hitherto.  Many  advanced  and  eminent  scientists  and  physicians  to- 
the  insane  have  recently  become  imbued  with  the  idea  that  the 
brain  is  not  the  sole  and  exclusive  mental  organ,  but  that  the 
muscles  and  the  nervous  ganglia  and  plexuses  of  human  and  ani- 
mal organisms  may  be  of  a  mental  character  and  exhibit  or  assist 
in  illustrating  mental  manifestations.  Not  only  is  the  idea  held 
that  the  nerves  and  muscles  are  contributive  to  mental  power  and 
expression,  but  it  is  found  that  the  several  organ-systems  within  the 
body,  as,  for  example,  the  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  glands,  and 
kidneys,  also  promote  and  are  the  direct  cause  of  what  has  hitherto 
been  held  to  be  produced  by  brain-power  exclusively.  This  sup- 
position arises  probably  from  the  fact  that  all  of  these  organs  have 
representation  in  the  brain  through  their  connection  with  the  great 
sympathetic  chain  of  nerves  and  ganglia,  entitled  the  nervus  vagus. 
Among  those  who  advocate  this  theory  as  probable  I  may  mention 
George  Henry  Lewes,  Dr.  Henry  -Maudsley,  Dr.  Alexander  Bain, 
and  Dr.  J.  Lander  Lindsay, — men  whose  opinions  are  received 
with  credence  and  respect.  , 

Those  who  have  passed  years  in  the  study  and  investigation 
of  any  branch  of  science  are  presumed  to  be  more  learned  on  the 
subject  of  their  pursuit  than  those  who  have  given  it  little  atten- 
tion, and  I  hold  that  the  opinions  of  the  former  are  entitled  to  the 
credence  and  respect  of  the  latter.  Believing  this  most  fully,  I 
append  the  following  extract  from  the  work  of  Dr.  Alexander  Bain, 
who,  in  his  celebrated  volume  entitled  "  Mind  and  Body,"  remarks 
as  follows: — 

Yet  although  the  brain  is  by  pre-eminence  the  mental  organ,  other 
organs  co-operate ;  more  especially  the  senses,  the  muscles,  and  the  great 
viscera.  So  far  as  concerns  the  entire  compass  of  our  feelings  or  emotions 
it  is  the  universal  testimony  of  mankind  that  these  have  no  independent 
spiritual  subsistence,  but  are  in  every  case  embodied  in  our  fleshly  form. 
This  very  strong  and  patent  fact  has  been  kept  out  of  view  in  the  multi- 
farious discussions  respecting  the  immaterial  soul.  Apparent  as  it  is  to  the 
vulgar,  and  intently  studied  as  it  has  been  by  the  sculptor,  the  painter,  and 
the  poet,  it  has  been  disregarded  both  by  metaphysicians  and  by  theologians 
when  engaged  in  settling  the  boundaries  of  mind  and  body.* 

On  this  same  point  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley  observes : — 

We  cannot  limit  a  stud}*  of  mind  even  by  a  full  knowledge  of  the 
functions  of  the  nervous  and  muscular  systems  ;  the  organic  s^-stem  has 
most  certainly  an  essential  part  in  the  constitution  and  functions  of  mind.f- 

*  Mind  and  Bodv,  Alexander  Bain.  LL.D.  (Humholdt  Library),  pp.  1>  and  3. 
t  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  34. 


MI  NEK  A  L    FORMS.  23 

Elsewhere  he  remarks  : — 

The  internal  organs  are  plain!}'  not  the  agents  of  their  special  functions 
only,  but  by  reason  of  the  intimate  consent  or  sympathy  of  functions  they 
are  .essential  constituents  of  our  mental  life.* 

In  corroboration  of  the  views  of  the  highly  respected  gentle- 
men above  quoted,  I  add  the  following  from  the  pen  of  George 
Henry  Lewes,  who  observes: — 

I  do  not  agree  in  the  opinion  respecting  the  brain  as  the  organ  of  the 
mind ;  one  of  the  principal  conclusions  to  which  fact  and.  argument  will 
direct  us  in  these  pages  will  be  that  the  brain  is  only  one  organ  of  the  mind, 
and  not  by  any  means  the  exclusive  centre  of  consciousness.  It  will  be 
understood  by  the  word  Mind  we  do  not  designate  the  intellectual  opera- 
tions only.  But  the  word  Mind  has  a  broader  and  deeper  signification  ;  it 
includes  all  sensation,  all  volition,  and  all  thought.  It  means  the  whole 
psychical  life,  and  this  psychical  life  has  no  one  special  centre  any  more 
than  the  physical  life  has  one  special  centre ;  it  belongs  to  the  whole  and 
animates  the  whole.  The  brain  is  a  part  of  this  whole,  a  noble  part,  and  its 
functions  are  noble,  but  it  is  only  the  organ  of  special  mental  functions.  It 
is  not  the  exclusive  sensorium,  and  its  absence  does  not  impl}'  the  absence 
of  all  consciousness.  It  cannot,  therefore,  be  considered  as  the  organ,  but 
only  as  one  organ  of  the  mihd.f 

The  following  from  the  work  of  Dr.  J.  Lander  Lindsay,  en- 
titled "  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,"  will  not  be  without  interest, 
and  is  entitled  to  our  respect  in  consideration  of  the  source  whence 
it  emanates.  Dr.  Lindsay  has  been  for  many  years  at  the  head  of 
an  institution  for  the  insane  in  Scotland,  and  is  also  a  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  England.  His  investigations  of  diseased 
mental  peculiarities  of  the  insane  have  opened  the  way  to  an  un- 
derstanding of  the  locale  of  the  mind,  and  he  states  his  belief  of 
its  location  and  action  thus.  He  remarks : — 

The  student  of  comparative  psychology  cannot  too  soon  divest  himself 
of  the  erroneous  popular  idea  that  brain  and  mind  are  in  a  sense  synony- 
mous ;  that  the  brain  is  the  sole  organ  of  the  mind  ;  that  mind  cannot  exist 
without  brain  ;  or  that  there  is  any  necessary  relation  between  the  size, 
form,  and  weight  of  the  brain  and  the  degree  of  mental  development. 
Even  in  man  there  is  no  necessary  relation  between  the  size,  form,  and 
weight  of  the  brain  and  the  degree  of  mental  development,  while  the  phe- 
nomena of  disease  in  him  show  to  what  extent  lesions  of  cerebral  substance 
occur  without  affecting  the  mental  life.  Physiologists  are  gradually  adopt- 
ing or  forming  a  more  and  more  comprehensive  conception  of  mind,  and 
are  coming  to  regard  it,  as  a  function  or  attribute  not  of  any  particular 
organ  or  part  of  the  body,  but  of  the  bod;/  ax  n  ir/m/r. 

Long  ago  the  illustrious  Milton,  discoursing  of  mind  and  its  sent, 
properly  described  the  human  mind  MS  an  attribute  of  man's  body  as  a 
whole.  In  various  forms  and  words  this  view  has  been  expressed  in  recent 
times  by  Muller,  Lewes,  Laycock,  Bashman,  Bastian,  Maudsley,  Carpenter, 

*  Ibid.,  p.  38. 

t  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  Part  II.  p.  3. 


24  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Mini  others.  According  to  these  authors,  "  the  sent  of  mind  Is  throughout 
the  body  "  (Muller);  "mind  pervades  tlie  body  "  (Lay cock  and  Bashman); 
-mind  comprehends  the  bodily  life"  (Mandsley)  ;  "psychical  life  has  no 
one  especial  centre"  (Lewes);  -the  whole  nervous  system  is  the  sent  or 
or<>-an  of  the  mind,  the  brain  being  only  its  chief  seat  or  organ"  (Bastian). 
The  brain,  then,  is  only  <>»<'  onjan  of  mind, — the  organ,  it  may  be  said,  only 
of  *) x'dii!  mental  functions.  The  old  doctrine  or  assumption  of  the  phre- 
nologists, as  represented  by  Gall  and  Combe, — the  doctrine  in  which  the}- 
have  so  greatly  prided  themselves  and  foolishly  continue  to  do  so, — that, 
namely,  which  regards  the  brain  as  the  sole  organ  of  the  mind,  must  un- 
questionably be  given  up.  We  must  henceforth  regard  the  true  site,  seat. 
or  organ  of  the  mind  as  the  whole  body,  and  this  is  (he  onbj  sound  basis  on 
which  the  comparative  psychologist  can  begin  his  studies.  There  would  be 
the  less  difficulty  in  accepting  such  a  basis  were  it  only  borne  in  view  that 
the  muscular  as  well  as  the  nervous  system,  that  muscular  action  has  an 
intimate  relation  to  mental  phenomena, — to  ideas  as  well  as  feelings.  '•,!/">/.<- 
cii/ar  action  is  essential  in  certain,  if  not  in  a//,  mental  processes, — e.g.,  in 
feeling  or  emotion,  outward  muscular  expression  (i.e.,  facial),  and  inward 
ideas  and  feelings  are  in  separately  correlated  "  (Maudsley).* 

There  are  many  more  of  our  leading  physicians,  anatomists, 
and  naturalists  of  every  nationality  who  believe  and  demonstrate 
the  theory  of  the  physical  basis  of  mind,  but  enough  evidence 
from  the  writings  of  the  most  eminent  has  been  adduced  to  assist 
the  reader  in  gaining  a  knowledge  of  the  course  I  propose  to  take 
in  this  work.  Further  evidence  will  be  presented  as  the  reader 
advances. 

It  has  been  reserved  for  me  to  extend  their  theories  and  ob- 
servations to  a  finality,  and  to  show  that  mental  faculties  are  directly 
related  to  and  sustained  by  the  action  of  physical  functions,  and 
also  to  prove  by  the  face  the  direct  connection  of  physical  functions 
with  mental  faculties.  The  diffusive  locale  of  the  mind  will  be- 
come more  and  more  apparent  as  the  rationale  develops,  and  I 
believe  that  the  proofs  will  not  be  wanting  to  substantiate  my 
position. 

I  maintain  that  nearly  all  errors  in  regard  to  man — his  life,  his 
surroundings,  his  relations  to  them  and  their  relations  to  him,  his 
religion,  his  sense  of  right,  his  misconceptions  of  beauty,  his  ex- 
ceedingly scant  knowledge  of  governmental  principles — proceed 
directly  from  utter  ignorance  of  himself;  and,  while  he  has  a 
knowledge  of  the  planets,  stars,  winds,  rocks,  beasts,  birds,  snakes, 
and  animalculse,  he  does  not  know  the  laws  which  govern  his  own 
body.  He  understands  not  one  single  sign  of  character  as  indi- 
cated by  the  face  ;  he  knows  not  the  meaning  of  different  voices ; 
the  walk  of  man  conveys  to  him  no  meaning ;  the  color  of  the  eyes 
and  hair  declare  nothing  to  his  sense  of  sight.  He  is  like  a  mole 

*Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals.  .T.  Lander  Lindsay,  M.D.,  Part  II,  pp.  3,4. 


MINERAL    FORMS.  25 

groping  in  daylight.  He  plans  and  executes  grand  enterprises ; 
he  spans  continents ;  he  examines  the  character  of  the  uttermost 
stars ;  calculates  eclipses ;  traces  the  paths  of  comets  to  remote 
ages  ;  understands  to  a  nicety  the  great  world  and  the  little  world 
as  shown  by  the  telescope  and  the  microscope,  and  yet  cannot 
sound  the  depths  of  his  child's  character,  which  appear  to  him 
unfathomable.  Why  is  this  ?  Is  it  because  the  science  of  man  is 
more  abstruse  and  occult  than  all  others  1  Because  it  belongs  to 
the  unknowable  ?  Not  so.  It  is  because  he  has  not  thought  of 
these  things,  and  because  he  has  not  been  taught  them  as  he  has 
the  other  sciences.  I  regard  it  as  the  most  simple  of  all  sciences, 
the  most  easily  demonstrated,  the  most  essential  to  human  happi- 
ness and  welfare. 

And  until  the  science  of  physiognomy  is  commonly  under- 
stood, government,  as  a  science,  cannot  go  forward.  Legislating 
for  beings  of  the  laws  of  whose  existence  one  is  in  utter  ignorance 
is  an  absurdity  and  will  fail.  Not  until  the  masses  can  put  them- 
selves in  harmonious  relations  to  their  environment  can  government 
go  forward,  and  this  can  result  only  from  a  complete  knowledge 
of  man,  his  capacities,  his  needs,  and  his  possibilities.  This  knowl- 
edge proceeds  only  from  a  scientific  study  of  himself.  When  man 
becomes  convinced  that  his  face  registers  his  life,  and  that  "  he 
who  runs  may  read  "  what  he  has  been  about,  and  that  he  cannot 
hide  his  inner  self  from  the  gaze  of  the  world,  he  will  endeavor  to 
make  his  life  so  good  and  so  noble  that  he  will  not  be  ashamed  of 
the  most  rigid  scrutiny,  because  it  is  only  in  thus  doing  that  he 
will  be  enabled  to  have  either  a  character  or  a  reputation.  "  Ex- 
perience daily  declares  that  certain  irregular  and  vicious  propensi- 
ties impress  very  sensible  traces  on  the  countenance.  The  surest 
method,  then,  to  embellish  our  physiognomy  is  to  adorn  the 
mind." 

Physiognomy  as  a  science,  with  rules  and  established  prin- 
ciples so  plainly  set  forth  as  to  be  comprehended  by  the  masses, 
had  never  been  given  to  the  world  until  my  recent  publication. 
Lavater  possessed  the  power  of  reading  the  human  face  intuitively, 
but  he  has  left  among  his  writings  no  rules  nor  principles"  by  which 
students  can  learn  this  science.  The  best  book  and  school  for 
students  is  Nature.  Still,  a  keen  observer  may  record  such  dis- 
coveries in  this  field  as  to  be  a  benefit  to  coming  generations.  This 
science  is  gigantic  in  its  proportions,  and  when  we  reflect  that 
there  are  in  the  world  no  two  organizations  with  exactly  the  same 
combinations  of  traits  we  see  that  the  field  is  wide,  with  room  for 
many  observers.  I  leave  the  case  in  the  hands  of  the  scientific. 
the  logical,  the  unprejudiced  reader.  My  motives  are  based  on  a 


26  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

love  of  humanity,  nature,  and  truth,  and  will  enable  me  to  reject 
any  idea,  however  much  I  may  respect  it,  if  it  be  found  untrue  and 
unscientific. 

All  true  lovers  of  humanity  must  surely  take  as  great  interest 
in  promoting  the  right  generation  of  the  race  as  in  regenerating 
the  defectively  organized.  A  scientific  knowledge  of  the  face  of 
man  is  the  first  step  toward  this  great  work ;  the  next  is  the  union 
of  suitably  adapted  men  and  women  for  parentage, — those  who,  by 
the  union  of  their  traits  and  physiological  powers,  would  produce  a 
higher  type  of  children  than  they  could  were  they  unsuitably  united. 
In  order  to  bring  about  this  much-to-be-desired  result  a  certain 
degree  of  positive  knowledge  of  the  human  face  and  body  is  essen- 
tial. This  course  demands  that  some  factors  other  than  "  blind 
love  "  be  brought  into  the  marriage  relation  to  sanctify  it.  In  this 
sacred  relation  there  should -be  no  "blindness."  Cupid  should  be 
all  eyes.  This  course,  then,  presupposes  a  recourse  to  observation 
and  reason,  to  love  of  purity,  noble  traits,  and  righteousness, — in 
short,  to  scientific  religion. 

The  motive  which  attracts  the  majority  of  men  and  women  to 
matrimony  could  be  shown  to  be  nothing  higher  than  animal  mag- 
netism or  instinct,  if  the  truth  were  told.  Probably  most  people 
never  pause  to  analyze  their  feelings  on  this  subject.  It  is  upon 
this  self-same  plane  that  animals  mate.  Should  not  lovers  of  hu- 
manity and  of  religion  act  from  higher  motives  than  those  which 
move  the  lowly  beasts  of  the  field  1  The  object  of  this  book  is  to 
afford  the  assistance  necessary  toward  the  right  generation  of  man- 
kind and  the  creation  of  the  highest  types  of  human  beings  possible 
under  our  present  limitations.  Its  laws  and  principles,  being 
founded  on  Nature,  will  teach  how  to  distinguish  the  false  from  the 
real,  for  the  "  laws  of  Nature  are  the  thoughts  of  God,"  and  science, 
being  an  exposition  of  the  laws  of  Nature,  deals  with  realities  and 
demonstrable  theories. 


CHAPTER   II. 

t 
THE  BASIC  PRINCIPLES  OF  FORM. 

"The  philosophy  of  expression  is  based  on  the  science  of  human  nature.  The 
science  of  human  nature  involves  a  knowledge  of  universal  and  eternal  nature. 
The  microcosmos  is  an  epitome  of  the  cosmos.  Man  when  thoroughly  compre- 
hended is  a  key  to  eternal  nature,  but  again  he  who  fails  to  comprehend  nature  fails 
to  comprehend  himself." — J.  BUCK,  M.D. 

"The  human  frame,  unlike  that  of  the  animal,  is  co-ordinate  with  the  whole 
eternal  universe.  It  is  an  organization  correlated  and  responsive  to  the  entire  series 
of  the  natural  creation.  The  brain  is  a  form  of  the  elemental  kingdom,  the  lungs  of 
the  atmospheric  world,  and  the  abdomen  of  the  terraqueous  globe." — SWEDENBOKG. 

THE  basis  of  all  form  is  motion.  The  basis  of  time  is  also 
motion.  The  basis  primarily  of  form,  motion,  and  time 
is  numerical,  or  mathematical.  These  profound  truths 
were  wrought  out  by  the  Greek  philosophers;  for  it  was 
Plato  who  exclaimed  :  "  God  perpetually  geometrizes." 
All  motions,  forms,  distances,  spaces,  and  chemical  products  are 
resolvable  into  numbers.  The  chemical  constitution  even  of  all 
matter  is  a  question  of  atomic  proportions  or  quantitative  particles, 
and  primordial  chemical  atoms  must  present  specific  forms,  or 
possess  weight,  and  are  posited  in  space,  and  subject  to  the  laws 
of  time  or  duration.  These  chemical  atoms  or  gaseous  quantities 
as  they  rise  into  form,  (as  in  the  motion  and  shape  of  the  planets) 
become  more  and  more  the  subjects  of  mathematical  laws,  as  they 
become  more  and  more  complex  in  their  structure  and  movements. 
The  laws  of  all  structures  whatsoever  are  deducible  from  this 
single  science,  mathematics.  In  the  first  condition  of  atoms,  the 
number  of  particles  of  which  they  are  composed,  or  their  weight 
(as  in  gases)  is  their  prime  factor.  The  next  ruling  principle  is 
the/orm  which  they  eventually  assume.  This  is  geometrical  and 
numerical  as  well,  for  all  lines  running  in  any  direction  create 
shapes;  more  particularly  is  this  the  case  when  concreted  witli 
substance,  as  in  the  form  of  planets  or  of  vegetable  or  animal  cells 
or  structures. 

Another  property  of  an  atom,  a  planet,  a  mineral,  a  plant,  or 
an  animal  cell,  is  its  chemical  or  real  character-condition.  Which 
comes  first"?  The  chemical  quality  of  the  atom,  the  numerical 
quality,  or  the  form  which  is  necessarily  a  part  of  these  objects  ? 
It  must  be  supposed  that  the  elementary  or  primordial  nebula  is 

(27) 


28  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

homogeneous,  without  "form  or  void."  Yet  the  principle  of 
number  presides  over  this  state  of  being,  for  nebulous  matter  must 
possess  weight,  and  this  is  the  fundamental  basis  of  all  shapeless 
substances,  ethers,  and  gases,  as  well  as  of  objective  forms  ;  hence 
chemical  character  and  the  principle  of  number  or  of  weight  are 
co-existent  in  primordial  matter,  and  thus  represent  the  positive 
and  the  negative  principles, — the  father  and  mother, — substance 
and  number,  or  the  parental  and  conjugal  condition  of  the  first 
beginnings  of  planetary  life.  Stated  in  other  words,  there  must 
be  something  to  weigh  or  measure  before  it  can  be  measured  or 
weighed,  and  this  something  must  have  a  qualitative  basis,  and 
this  again  is  reducible  to  mathematical  condition  by  its  specific 
gravity  or  weight ;  thus  substance  and  number  are  a  unity  and 
convertible  terms.  They  become  a  trinity  when  a  form  is  assumed ; 
thus  we  have  the  basis  of  the  universal  trinity,  three  in  one,  and 
this  trinity  is  well  illustrated  in  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the 
human  face. 

View  the  question  as  we  may,  we  are  led  by  the  irresistible 
force  of  truth  and  logic  to  the  conclusion  that  number  or  mathe- 
matics lies  back  of  all  these  phenomena ;  also,  that  number  and 
form  are  indissolubly  united,  and  that  in  the  structure  of  every- 
thing in  Nature  the  chemical  property  is  equally  essential.  It  is 
thus  we  find  that  number,  form,  and  quality  are  at  once  the  unity 
and  the  trinity  which  preside  over  the  initiation  of  being,  either 
animate  or  inanimate.  In  other  words,  chemistry,  architecture, 
and  mathematics  rule  everywhere.  These  three  ruling  princi- 
ples are  dominant  in  every  minute  microscopic  cell  of  animal 
and  vegetable  life,  and  their  action  can  be  analyzed  and  verified. 
The  same  principles  govern  man's  entire  organism,  and  their  action 
can  be  discovered  and  demonstrated  in  his  face, — the  highest 
specimen  of  divine  architecture  in  the  universe. 

The  form  of  the  ultimate  mineral  atom,  or  the  smallest  par- 
ticle conceivable  by  the  human  mind,  has  been  demonstrated  by 
the  most  eminent  physicists  to  be  spherical.  Silliman,  in  his 
44  First  Principles  of  Philosophy,"  page  6,  tells  us  that  "  the  second 
theory  brought  forward  by  Wollaston,  in  1824,  but  more  fully  de- 
veloped by  Ampere,  supposes  each  ultimate  atom  to  be  a  sphere, 
possessed  of  certain  forces  of  polarity,  which  tend  to  produce  the 
various  forms  which  crystallized  bodies  assume."  The  verification 
of  this  theory  has  been  made  and  still  further  elaborated  by  the  re- 
searches of  a  French  chemist,  as  mentioned  by  Comte ;  he  says : — 

A  French  chemist,  M.  Brand,  has  quite  recently  made  a  wonderful  dis- 
covery, which,  if  it  be  established,  shows  that  previous  to  crystallization 
certain  bodies  assume  an  embrj'onic  cellular  condition,  the  outgrowth  and 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES    OF    FORM.  29 

consequence  of  which  is  a  crystal ;  juid  what  is  still  more  remarkable  in  this 
cellular  embryo,  not  only  has  the  microscopic  cell  an  enveloping  membrane, 
inclosing  within  it  a  soft,  semi-transparent  matter  containing  vapor,  which 
when  condensed  forms  a  crystal,  thus  furnishing  a  "  cell-membrane "  and 
"cell-contents,"  but  these  cells  assume  an  arrangement  analogous  to  that  of 
the  organic  tissues.* 

In  observing  the  external  forms  of  the  various  mineral  crys- 
tals, we  find  that  they  have  assumed  various  angular  shapes,  such 
as  hexagonal,  rhomboidal,  cubic  or  tetragonal.  Now,  these  forms 
are  built  upon  a  number  of  spherical  cells,  which  shapes  have  been 
assumed  by  the  minute  molecules  of  mineral  matter  while  in  a 
state  of  incandescence  or  while  gaseous.  On  this  point,  Professor 
Silliman  observes: — 

The  form  of  the  ultimate  crystalline  molecules  is  supposed  to  be 
spherical  for  the  cube  and  other  mesometric  forms,  spheroidal  for  the 
square  prism,  and  ellipsoidal  for  forms  of  the  last  four  systems.  The 
ellipsoid  is  either  that  of  revolution,  that  is,  a  form  produced  by  the  revo- 
lution of  an  ellipse  upon  one  of  its  axes,  or  it  is  a  flattened  ellipsoid.f 

The  further  elucidation  of  primitive  or  Nature  forms  is  thus 
stated.  He  observes : — 

The  raindrop  falling  from  the  cloud,  the  mottled  lead  from  the  tower, 
each  assumes  the  form  of  spheres  before  reaching  the  ground.  The  celestial 
bodies,  it  will  be  remembered,  also  approach  this  form.| 

The  evidence  here  presented  by  Professor  Silliman  of  the 
uniformity  of  the  spherical  form  in  elementary  mineral  molecules 
might  be  added  to  indefinitely  from  the  writings  of  other  physicists, 
but  sufficient  is  here  noted  to  prove  that  the  universal  law  of 
primitive  forms  is  expressed  by  spheroidal  shapes.  Now,  this 
evidence  is  not  as  accessible  to  the  general  observer  as  is  the  action 
of  the  same  law  in  primitive  vegetable  and  animal  cells,  and  these, 
as  all  know,  are  of  the  same  form,  or  modifications  of  it,  caused  by 
pressure  or  other  external  circumstances.  Not  only  do  the  germs 
of  all  life  assume  this  form,  but  the  perfected  or  matured  shape  of 
all  things  in  Nature ;  such,  for  example,  as  the  planets,  the  shape  of 
the  trunks  of  trees,  of  men  and  of  animals  and  of  their  several  parts, 
also  present  this  form  or  some  one  of  its  numerous  modifications. 
When  the  earth  took  on  its  rotatory  motion,  its  vibrations  caused 
it  to  assume  a  spherical  shape,  and  this  shape  became  the  type  of 
all  forms.  This  form,  then,  prefigured  the  ruling  or  type-form  of 


*  Comte's  Philosophy  of  the  Sciences,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  154. 
1  Silliman'sF" 
Ibid.,  p.  27. 


t  Silliinan's  First  Principles  of  Philosophy,  p.  51. 


30  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

(•\rrything  to  come.  Its  motion,  also,  set  up  a  mechanical  law  of 
shaping.  So  the  molecule,  the  primitive  cell  of  all  organic  life, 
and  the  perfected  vegetable,  animal,  and  man,  are  of  necessity 
rounding,  ovoid,  or  spherical,  like  their  prototypes,  the  atom  and 
the  earth.  It  is  true  that  the  square-built  man  presents  an 
angular  outline  as  compared  with  the  form  of  the  vegetative  infant; 
yet  the  primitive  law  of  shaping  in  the  direction  of  the  spherical  is 
dominated  -by  his  squared  or  perfected  outline ;  the  manner  of  the 
conversion  of  the  ovoid  to  the  square  form  will  be  explained  later. 
The  underlying  principle  of  form,  o'r  the  force  which  is  the  cause  of 
all  formative  effort,  comes  along  up  the  line  of  progressive  growth, 
bringing  with  it  this  dominant  law,  as  well  as  all  other  laws  and 
principles,  just  as  the  chemical  elements  of  lower  organizations  are 
brought  up  into  the  human  organization,  from  the  mineral  to  the 
vegetable,  and  from  the  vegetable  up  through  the  animal  to  man. 
The  vegetable  and  animal  derive  their  support  from  the  mineral, 
and  man  is  a  compound  of  all. 

Here,  then,  we  have  the  most  primitive,  elemental,  or  Nature 
form,  as  the  archetype  or  basic  plan  of  all  form  whatsoever.  This 
form  could  only  be  created  by  motion  and  developed  by  time. 
The  rotatory  motion  of  our  planet  undoubtedly  influences  both  the 
form  and  motion  of  all  natural  objects  upon  it,  as  well  as  all  of 
the  processes  of  Nature,  such  as  the  circulation  of  the  sap  in  the 
cells  of  vegetation  and  in  the  corpuscles  of  blood ;  in  short,  rota- 
tory motion  is  the  origin  of  form,  both  animate  and  inanimate  ; 
thus,  u  when  a  crystal  is  broken  there  is  a  tendency  to  repair  it ; 
it  continues  to  increase  in  every  direction,  but  the  growth  is  most 
active  upon  the  fractured  surface,  so  that  the  proper  outline  of  the 
figure  is  restored  in  a  few  hours."*  This  healing  process  takes  place 
through  the  laws  of  polarity ;  as  its  result  shows,  it  is  a  movement 
of  forces  along  its  line  of  formation.  The  reparative  and  creative 
forces  in  vegetable  and  animal  cells  are  regulated  by  rotatory  motions 
of  the  liquid  of  which  they  are  composed.  Building  proceeds  from 
a  central  nucleus  outward  in  all  directions  equally,  producing  a 
globular  or  spherical  form.  The  nucleus  of  the  cell  answering  to 
the  axis  of  the  crystal  and  the  electric  and  magnetic  forces  at  work 
in  building  up  both  the  cell  and  the  crystal  are  doubtless  identical, 
as  they  operate  in  the  same  manner  and  their  results  are  shown  by 
orderly  arrangements  of  forms,  which  reveal  a  wonderful  symmetry 
in  the  plan  of  Nature.  The  central  axis  of  the  mineral  molecule, 
where  the  creative  forces  cross  each  other  to  form  the  angular 
external  shape,  is  doubtless  the  most  elementary  illustration  of 
the  law  of  the  angle  translated  into  form,  and  is  the  least  element 

*  Youinan's  New  Chemistry,  p.  56.    New  York. 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES    OF    FORM.  31 

of  the  square  and  cube  which  is  cognizable  to  our  senses,  although 
abstractly  we  can  think  of  it  in  a  yet  more  primitive  state.  The 
lines  of  force  cross  each  other  here ;  hence  its  force  is  central,  just 
as  with  the  forces  which  set  up  development  in  the  vegetable  and 
animal  cell,  and  which  finally  are  the  forces  which  are  situated 
centrally  in  man's  organism,  and  there  continue  the  processes  of 
growth  and  development  outwardly  in  all  directions  to  every  part 
of  his  body.  The  law  of  motion  as  related  to  organic  life  is  thus 
described  by  Spencer.  He  observes: — 

Development  of  life  is  primarily  central.  All  organic  forms  of  which 
the  entire  history  is  known  set  out  with  a  symmetrical  arrangement  of  parts 
around  a  centre.  In  organisms  of  the  lowest  grade  no  other  mode  of 
arrangement  is  ever  definitely  established,  and  in  the  highest  organisms 
central  development,  though  subordinate  to  another  mode  of  development, 
•continues  to  be  habitually  shown  in  the  changes  of  minute  structure. 
Leaving  out  the  rhizopods,  which  are  wholly  structureless,  every  plant  and 
animal  in  its  earliest  stages  consists  of  a  spherical  sac  full  of  liquid  con- 
taining organic  matter  in  which  is  contained  a  nucleated  cell,  more  or  less 
distinct  from  the  rest ;  and  the  changes  that  occur  in  the  germ  thus  con- 
stituted are  changes  that  take  place  around  centres  produced  by  division  of 
the  original  centre.* 

The  nucleus,  or  germinating  spot,  and  the  axis  of  the  molecule 
are  similar  in  action,  and  the  point  is  the  form-analogue  of  both  as 
well  as  the  form-analogue  of  the  sphere  and  of  motion  ;  for  motion 
is  produced  primarily  by  rotating  spheres  and  continued  by  the 
laws  of  centrifugal  and  centripetal  motion,  in  the  planet  and  in  the 
organic  cell.  No  other  form  but  a  globular  one  could  create 
motion ;  hence  it  creates  rounding  forms.  The  addition  of  axial 
or  longitudinal  law  of  motion  to  the  spherical  shows  up  in  pro- 
gressive evolution  very  early  in  development.  Of  this  more  com- 
plex mode,  Mr.  Spencer  says: — 

From  central  development,  we  pass  insensibh'  tp  that  higher  kind  of 
development  for  which  axial  seems  the  most  appropriate  name.  A  tendency 
toward  this  is  vaguely  manifested  almost  everywhere.  The  originally  cel- 
lular units,  out  of  which  higher  organisms  are  mainly  built  up,  usually  pass 
into  shapes  that  are  subordinate  to  lines  rather  than  to  points,  and  in  higher 
organisms  considered  as  wholes  an  arrangement  of  parts  in  relation  to  an 
axis  is  distinct  and  universal.  Of  animals,  the  advanced  are  without  excep- 
tion in  this  categoiy.  There  is  no  known  vertebrae  in- which  the  whole  of 
the  germ-product  is  not  subordinate  to  a  single  axis.f 

All  mechanical  forces  and  powers  are  rotatory  in  action.  Even 
the  lever  acts  upon  the  same  principle,  for  when  wielded  by  the 
hand  of  man  it  describes  a  segment  of  a  circle,  and,  like  a  gesture, 
produces  a  circnloid  shape  through  the  atmosphere,  thus  coming 

*  Biology,  Herbert  Spencer,  p.  133.  f  Ibid.,  p.  135. 


32  I'KACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

under  the  head  of  abstract  form.     "  For  motion  is  the  form  of 
f      force  as  form   proper  is  that  of  substance ;  and  hence  the  exist- 
ence and  law  of  force  express  themselves  only  through  the  motions 
which  it  causes."  * 

Mr.  Andrews  also  says : — 

It  facilitates  the  conception  of  force  to  ally  it  with  some  object  which 
maml'i'sts  it  or  in  which  it  is  manifested, and  no  object  is  more  favorable  for 
tliis  purpose  than  the  human  bodA*.  Force  herein  derived  from  its  interior 
source  in  the  mind,  and  then  outwardly  upon  the  limbs  and  members,  and 
finally  through  them  upon  the  external  objects  surrounding  the  body.f 

It  is  logical  to  infer  that  the  shape  of  any  object  would  bear  a 
direct  relation  in  its  external  form  to  the  internal  force  creating 
and  governing  it.  This  is  undoubtedly  true  of  all  natural  objects, 
for  as  I  have  shown  that  the  countless  motions  of  the  fluids  within 
the  body  are  circular,  so  the  external  form  in  every  part  partakes 
somewhat  of  the  same  shape.  The  motions  of  the  celestial  bodies, 
our  own  planet  included,  also  rotate  upon  thek  axes  about  a  com- 
mon centre,  and,  all  combined,  influence  the  form  of  everything  in 
the  universe.  The  "  ultimate  atom"  is  proven  by  scientists  to  be 
spherical.  This  being  the  case,  why  may  not  the  spirit  or  law  of 
the  primitive  atom  come  into  the  human  body  and  there  form  a 
nucleus  around  which  all  the  elements  of  nutrition  arrange  them- 
selves after  the  patteni  and  ideas  of  the  great  archetypal  plan  of 
the  entire  universe"?  There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  of  this 
being  the  fundamental  plan  and  design  of  creative  wisdom.  It  is 
our  high  privilege  to  be  able  to  trace  out  the  operations  and  rela- 
tions of  this  grand  and  universal  plan,  and  to  interpret  the  mean- 
ing of  the  innumerable  forms  about  us.  This  can  be  readily  done 
if  we  succeed  in  comprehending  the  basic  principles  of  form  as 
revealed  throughout  Nature,  who,  like  the  prodigal  mother  that  she 
is,  has  strewn  the  world  broadcast  with  the  signs,  symbols,  and 
revelations  of  her  designs.  This  singular  coincidence  of  form  is 
something  more  than  mere  analogy ;  it  is  the  analogy  of  law  show- 
ing its  power ;  first,  in  the  most  infinitesimal  atom  of  which  it  is 
possible  to  conceive;  afterward,  manifesting  its  action  in  the  most 
perfected  form  in  Nature, — in  the  head,  and  body,  and  face  of  man. 
Of  the  influence  of  the  motion  of  the  earth  upon  man,  Comte 
remarks : — 

The  double  movement  of  the  earth,  and  especially  its  rotation,  may 
probably  be  as  necessary  to  the  development  of  life  as  to  the  periodical  dis- 
tribution of  heat  and  light.  Too  much  care,  however,  cannot  be  taken  to 
avoid  confounding  the  motion  produced  by  the  organism  itself  with  that  by 
which  it  is  affected  from  without,  and  analysis  had  therefore  better  be 
applied  to  communicated  than  spontaneous  motion.  J 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  S.  P.  Andrews,  p.  438.  t  Ibid.,  p.  437. 

J  Comte's  Positive  Philosophy,  p.  358. 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES   OF    FORM.  33 

In  this  paragraph  the  great  philosopher  shows  that  he  recog- 
nizes the  influence  of  the  motion  of  the  earth  upon  our  lives  in  a 
limited  manner  only,  but  at  the  same  time  proves  that  he  did  not 
go  to  the  foundation  of  the  subject,  for  had  he  done  so  he  would 
have  found  that  the  motions  of  the  planet,  or  the  motions  of  the 
entire  solar  system,  primarily  are  instrumental  not  only  in  "  develop- 
ing life,"  but  that  they  also  give  form  to  all  organic  life,  for,  as 
the  rotatory  motions  of  the  planets  and  solar  system  produce  the 
spherical  shape  of  the  bodies  influenced,  so  these  same  motions 
in  connection  with  electricity,  gravitation,  and  magnetism  set  up  a 
sphericity  of  motion  in  all  of  the  created  processes  of  cell-building. 
The  same  motion  is  characteristic  of  the  motion  of  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  in  its  entire  course  through  the  heart  and  veins,  and 
is  also  manifested  by  the  rotatory  motions  of  all  the  juices  of  the 
body,  as  well  as  of  the  sap  and  juices  in  the  various  classes  of  vege- 
table life.  We  might  follow  out  the  course  and  influence  of  this 
law  of  motion  (although  it  is  complex,  I  admit),  and  show  that  as 
it  is  influential  and  all-pervading,  not  only  in  the  initiation  of  life 
in  its  most  comprehensive  sense,  but  is  equally  potent  in  declaring 
its  effects  upon  our  pathway  through  life ;  in  short,  it  must  exert 
a  regulative  influence  upon  all  our  movements,  in  individual  and 
associated  efforts,  hence  controls-  our  destiny. 

It  must  be  apparent  to  all  those  who  observe  closely  and  reflect 
deeply  that  the  movements  and  conditions  of  the  earth,  and  other 
planets  as  well,  have  a  direct  bearing  upon  the  life  and  destiny  of 
all  created  beings.  There  were,  doubtless,  many  grand  truths 
mingled  with  grave  errors  in  ancient  astrology,  but,  inasmuch  as 
our  forms  are  dependent  primarily  upon  the  movements  of  the  solar 
system,  it  would  not  be  too  great  a  tax  upon  our  credulity  to  be- 
lieve that  in  many  ways  the  various  aspects,  conditions,  and  move- 
ments of  the  heavenly  bodies  exert  a  mighty  and  controlling  influ- 
ence upon  our  lives.  The  subject  may  be  too  vast  and  complex 
for  finite  minds  to  grasp  completely,  yet  we  know  that  the  appear- 
ance of  the  "  sun-spots  "  is  simultaneous  with  great  and  important 
changes  in  the  atmospheric  conditions  of  our  own  planet.  These 
changes  and  conditions  affect  the  health  and  lives  of  thousands,  as 
the  reports  of  the  meteorologists  prove ;  hence,  their  destiny  is  in- 
fluenced by  certain  changes  in  the  sun,  for  whatever  produces 
changes  in  the  health  of  men  affects  their  plans  and  purposes.  The 
ideas  of  the  ancient  astrologers  may  yet,  in  part  at  least,  be  proven 
to  have  a  scientific  foundation. 

As  our  present  knowledge  of  chemistry  grew  out  of  ancient 
alchemy,  and  as  astronomy  derived  many  of  its  important  truths 
from  the  observations  and  the  speculations  of  the  superstitious 


34  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

astrologers,  and  as  astronomy  lies  at  the  foundation  of  all  laws  and 
sciences  and  is  based  upon  mathematical  certainty,  it  would  seem 
that  its  laws  should  be  in  direct  relation  to  our  pathway  through 
life  and  have  a  governing-  influence  upon  human  affairs  and  des- 
tinies. I  am  greatly  influenced  in  the  belief  that  this  may  be  (in 
the  course  of  time)  scientifically  proven  through  my  knowledge  of 
the  astronomical  basis  of  form,  as  well  as  by  the  striking  coinci- 
dences which  exist  between  the  calculations  of  certain  astrologers 
and  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy.  I  am  aware  that  I  am 
now  getting  into  deep  water,  but  if  science  is  to  be  useful  to  man 
its  most  important  application  is  in  the  line  of  prevision  (foreknow- 
ing), as  has  been  noted  by  the  most  eminent  minds,  and  astronomy 
and  the  sciences  arising  out  of  it  are  dependent  upon  mathematical 
calculations  which  predict  from  certain  present  indications  what 
the  future  progress,  aspects,  and  conditions  of  the  planets  and  the 
weather  of  our  own  habitation  will  be  at  certain  fixed  and  definite 
times.  The  meteorologist  foresees  and  predicts  a  storm  which  will 
pursue  a  certain  path  and  affect  a  certain  area,  and  directly  the 
signal  service  telegraphs  its  warnings,  and  thus  the  mariner  is  en- 
abled to  shape  his  course  so  as  to  avoid  the  threatened  danger. 
The  astronomer  by  his  calculations  is  able  to  predict  with  certainty 
the  eclipses  for  hundreds  of  years  to  come,  and  other  planetary 
changes  which  affect  life  here.  Hence  this  science  is  most  emi- 
nently "  previsional "  in  its  operations.  The  physiognomist,  read- 
ing the  face  of  man,  reveals  his  weaknesses  as  well  as  his  powers, 
and  by  this  knowledge  is  able  (with  as  great  certainty  as  the  as- 
tronomer) to  prognosticate  what  will  be  the  result  of  the  weak- 
nesses which  threaten  if  not  averted  by  hygienic  measures.  He  is 
also  able  to  state  what  will  be  the  future  course  of  conduct,  mentally 
and  morally,  to  a  certain  large  extent,  for  a  square-built  man  will, 
in  the  main,  act  from  conscientious  motives,  and  exhibit  scientific 
or  mechanical  powers  ;  a  friendly  man  will  always  have  friends,  on 
the  principles  that  "  like  attracts  like  "  and  that  "  we  receive  that 
which  we  give."  Here,  again,  prevision  (foreseeing)  provides 
against  suffering  and  assists  man  in  shaping  his  pathway  through 
life.  This  same  application  of  the  previsional  character  of  every 
science  may  be  extended  indefinitely,  and  is  applied  constantly  in 
mechanism  particularly  (for  this  is  based  upon  mathematical  laws), 
as  well  as  to  all  trades  and  professions,  the  followers  of  which  may 
make  the  application  unconsciously,  yet  it  is  nevertheless  present 
and  potent. 

The  elementary  principles  of  form,  weight,  motion,  and  num- 
ber, as  in  mechanical  movements,  are  all  embodied  in  the  human 
organism,  and  are  outwardly  exhibited  by  mechanism,  artistic  and 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES    OF    FOK.M.  35 

scientific  works.  Man  is  but  a  part  of  "  one  stupendous  whole," 
as  we  shall  have  every  reason  to  believe  as  we  progress  in  the 
study  of  scientific  physiognomy.  The  great  French  philosopher, 
Comte,  recognized  the  intimate  relation  between  universal  existence 
and  mathematical  law,  and  he  expresses  his  sense  of  it  thus.  He 
observes : — 

It  is  necessary  for  physiologists  to  have  geometrical  and  mechanical 
knowledge  to  understand  the  structure  and  the  play  of  the  complex  appa- 
ratus of  the  living,  and  especially  of  the  animal,  organism.  The  laws  of 
equilibrium  and  motion  are,  as  we  saw  when  treating  of  them,  absolutely 
universal  in  their  action,  depending  wholly  on  the  energy  and  not  at  all  on 
the  nature  of  the  forces  considered,  and  the  only  difficulty  is  in  their 
numerical  application  in  cases  of  complexity.  Thus,  discarding  all  idea  of 
a  numerical  application  in  biology,  we  perceive  that  the  general  theorems 
of  statics  and  dynamics  must  be  steadily  verified,  in  the  mechanism  of 
living  bodies,  on  the  rational  study  of  which  they  cast  an  indispensable 
light.  The  highest  orders  of  animals  act  in  repose  and  motion  like  any  other 
mechanical  apparatus  of  similar  complexity,  with  the  one  difference,  of  the 
mover,  which  has  no  power  to  alter  the  laws  of  motion  and  equilibrium. 
The  participation  of  rational  mechanics  in  positive  biology  is  thus  evident. 
Mechanics  cannot  dispense  with  geometry,  and,  besides,  we  see  how  ana- 
tomical and  physiological  speculations  involve  considerations  of  form  and 
position.  * 

America  has  given  to  the  world  a  philosopher  who  has  perhaps 
grasped  a  profounder  idea  of  the  unity  of  law  than  any  philoso- 
pher of  ancient  or  modern  times,  and  from  his  work  I  have  received 
much  instruction,  as  well  as  the  verification  of  my  theories  upon 
the  "  Basic  Principles  of  Form."  Mr.  Stephen  Pearl  Andrews,  in 
his  "  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,"  formulates  a  universal  basis 
for  everything  in  existence,  and  this  basis  is  Number.  It  is  a  dar- 
ing, comprehensive,  and  masterly  undertaking,  and  its  laws  can  be 
applied  to  all  other  theories,  facts,  systems,  and  objects  in  the  uni- 
verse if  they  present  truthful  aspects.  I  had  made  all  the  dis- 
coveries pertaining  to  the  law  of  form  as  applied  to  scientific  physi- 
ognomy before  I  read  Mr.  Andrews'  work,  and  I  was  both  delighted 
and  sustained  by  the  support  which  his  larger  conceptions  and 
generalizations  afforded  me.  In  my  own  department  of  research 
I  am  constantly  surprised  and  gratified  at  the  breadth  of  his 
philosophy  and  the  manifold  applications  of  its  logic  which  I  am 
enabled  to  make.  Just  here  a  temptation  arises  to  give  the  reader 
some  extended  quotations  from  his  work,  trusting  that  as  they  pro- 
gress in  physiognomy,  more  particularly  as  they  advance  in  the 
practical  division,  they  will  see  more  and  more  the  use  and  beauty 
of  his  discoveries,  which  both  indorse  and  assist  in  explaining  my 
own  theories  on  the  symbolism  and  signification  of  form  generally. 

*  Comte's  Positive  Philosophy,  pp.  325, 326. 


36  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I  am  here  undertaking  perhaps  a  most  difficult  task,  that  is,  to 
give  the  reader  a  tolerably  clear  idea  of  what  Mr.  Andrews  deems 
the  absolute  basis  of  all  thought  and  all  things.  The  more  I  study 
the  subject,  the  more  difficult  becomes  the  undertaking;  but,  as  it 
corroborates  my  own  theories,  and  more  particularly  that  of  the 
geometric  outlay  of  the  face,  as  shown  in  Fig.  1,  and  as  his  basis 
corresponds  to  and  confirms  my  own  ideas  of  the  ruling  principles 
of  Nature  in  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathematics,  and  also 
that  these  three  are  a  unity,  or,  in  other  words,  are  resolvable  into 
number  primarily,  I  shall  attempt  in  as  brief  a  manner  as  possible 
to  make  it  clear  to  my  readers,  for  in  order  to  comprehend  the 
"grand  man  "  we  must  have  some  knowledge  of  basic  or  universal 
principles.  No  intelligent  person  should  be  satisfied  with  less. 
And  now  let  us  proceed  to  investigate  why  and  how  ic  Number  is 
the  proper  index  to  the  whole  volume  of  Being,  the  inventory  and 
label  of  the  contents  of  the  universe."* 

I  shall  now  give  the  statement  of  Mr.  Andrews  in  regard  to 
the  scope  of  his  discoveries,  and  shall  then  proceed  to  show  the 
correspondencies  existing  between  his  discoveries  and  my  own.  I 
hold  this  to  be  the  mutual  corroboration  of  the  truth  of  both  his 
and  my  own  observations  and  deductions,  for  all  sciences,  if  based 
upon  natural  law,  will  coincide  and  mutually  expound  and  verify 
each  other.  Mr.  Andrews  has  made  a  very  free  use  of  capitalsr 
and  I  have  retained  his  style  of  printing  as  nearly  as  possible. 
This,  together  with  the  coinage  of  some  new  verbal  forms,  shows 
the  marked  individuality  and  strongly  assertive  selfhood  of  the 
man.  The  same  attributes  and  tendency  to  originate  a  new  vo- 
cabulary are  observed  in  all  original  minds;  besides,  the  demands 
of  a  newly  discovered  science  or  principle  require  new  forms  of 
style  and  expression. 

Scientific  laws  and  observations  that  harmonize  are  a  part  of 
eternal  truth,  hence  incontrovertible  and  immortal,  for  "  a  law  once 
demonstrated  is  good  for  all  time."  The  definition  given  by  Mr. 
Andrews  of  the  science  which  he  has  formulated  is  stated  thus. 
He  observes : — 

Universology  is  therefore  based  on  finding  in  the  determinate  particular 
(any  one  thing,  however  minute)  a  General  Law,  or,  more  properly  speaking, 
a  Group  of  Universal  Laws,  as  a  new  basis  of  Generalization  distinct  from 
and  traversing  the  law  or  laws  of  Being  gathered  from  observation  ;  all 
generalization  (Universal)  as  distinguished  from  observational  generalization 
(namely,  the  collection  of  numerous  facts  and  the  deductions  made  there- 
from). This  is  analytical  generalization  (Universal)  as  distinguished  from 
observational  generalization  (always  partial  or  fragmentary,  or,  at  all  events, 
less  than  Universal).  It  is  the  Interior  and  Vital  Law  of  All  Organization, 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  S.  P.  Andrews,  p.  191. 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES   OF    FORM.  37 

and  hence  of  the  Constitution  of  Being  itself  (transcendental),  as  distin- 
guished from  the  external  and  dead  law.  It  is  a  new  or  a  newty  discovered 
Scientific  Entity,  a  New  Element  in  Science,  revolutionary,  exact ify ing, 
inaugurative  of  New  Careers,  and  Scientifically  Supreme.  * 

This  new  element  which  Mr.  Andrews  proposes  to  introduce 
is  Number,  the  same  by  which  Plato,  Pythagoras,  and  other  emi- 
nent Greek  philosophers  sought  to  pierce  the  veil  of  the  infinite 
and  open  up  to  the  world  the  secrets  of  creation.  Many  modern 
philosophers  have  sought  from  this  basis  to  deduce  a  law  of  uni- 
versal application.  Comte,  in  his  "  Philosophic  Positive,"  has 
come  perhaps  the  nearest  to  it  of  the  moderns  up  to  the  time  of 
the  appearance  of  "  Universology."  In  his  system  he  endeavors 
to  make  mathematics  the  basis  of  all  things,  yet  Mr.  Andrews 
goes  farther,  both  in  simplicity  and  complexity,  and  founds  upon 
very  simple  numbers  the  whole  scheme  of  being,  viz.,  the  domi- 
nance of  the  law  which  he  terms  "  the  spirit  of  the  numbers  1,  2, 
and  3."  The  arithmetical  reader  will  immediately  recognize  the 
fact  that  these  are  basic  numbers,  from  the  combinations  of  which 
all  other  numerical  powers  proceed.  He  says : — 

Comte  has  furnished  the  rational  basis  for  the  first  of  these  beliefs,  viz., 
that  the  fundamental  principles  of  all  science  are  to  be  sought  in  the  mathe- 
matics by  establishing  the  fact  that  the  mathematics  are  the  basis  or  fttnda- 
mentum  of  the  pyramid  of  the  sciences,  in  virtue  of  their  greater  simplicity 
and  generality, — properties  which  constitute  the  elementary  character  of 
this  as'  of  other  elementary  domains.  He  failed,  however,  to  draw  from  the 
demonstration  the  consequence  which  I  am  here  deducing  from  it,  namely, 
that  it  is  in  this  elementary  domain  of  science  that  the  first  principles  of  all 
science  must  be  sought,  f 

I  shall  now  proceed  to  show  Mr.  Andrews'  ideas  of  the 
supremacy  of  the  'first  of  these  three  units,  and  thence  how  they 
come  to  stand  as  representatives  of  the  science  of  morphology  or 
form  ;  how,  in'  fact,  they  create  the  sphere  and  cube,  which  he 
terms  the  "  morphic  measurers  "  of  the  universe,  and  which  I  find, 
when  applied  to  the  forms  of  man,  to  be  the  measurers  and  revela- 
tors  of  his  character.  On  page  102  he  remarks  that  "the  number 
two  (2)  is  the  virtual  basis  of  the  whole  of  mathematics;  more 
properly  speaking,  it  is  not  a  sum.  Two  (2),  the  first  sum,  is  the 
simplest  form  of  division  ;  its  included  units  being  divided  even 
before  it  is  a  sum,  and  division  by  thought  lines  or  real  lines  is  the 
Essence  of  Form"%  Of  the  dominance  of  simple  numbers  in  all 

domains  of  thought  and  substance,  he  remarks  : — 

» 

If  mere  number  is  the  simplest,  most  general,  and  hence  the  most  ele- 
mentary of  the  Domain  of  Thought  and  Being,  we  have  next  to  inquire 
what  is  most  simple,  most  general,  and  most  elementary  within  this  whole 

*  IbM..  i>.  590.  t  Ibid.,  i>p.  137,  138.  t  Mitl.,  page  103. 


38  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Domain  of  Being.  Here  the  numbers  (1),  two  (2),  three  (3)  answer  to  our 
call,  and  appear  as  the  first  heads  or  principles  prima  capita  of  the  whole 
positive  numerical  Domain.  It  is  here  that  the  Child  begins  to  acquire 
Science  in  the  pure  and  exact  meaning  of  the  term,  and  it  is  with  these 
numbers  or  with  the  recognition  of  the  Spirit  or  Meaning  of  these  Numbers, 
enlarged  into  the  Universal  Principles  of  Being,  that  the  Thinking  World 
will  pass  from  its  infancy — the  stage  of  mere  observation  and  vague  specu- 
lation— to  an  exact  comprehension  of  the  Universe.* 

The  First  law  of  Universal  Being,  in  the  natural  order  of  precedence,, 
has  relation  to  the  number  one  (1),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  spirit  of 
one,  whence  it  is  denominated  Unism,  from  the  Latin  unus,  one.  It  ramifies 
or  permeates  all  thought,  all  existence,  and  all  movement,  and  is  one  of  the 
two  organizing  forces,  or  factors,  or  principles  of  all  things  in  the  Universe 
of  Matter  and  Mind.  The  second  law  of  Universal  Being,  in  the  natural 
order,  has  a  similar  relation  to  the  number  (2),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the 
spirit  of  two,  whence  it  is  denominated  Duism,  from  the  Latin  duo,  two.  It 
likewise  ramifies  or  permeates  constitutively  all  thought,  all  existence,  and 
all  movement,  and  is  the  remaining  one  of  two  antagonistic  but  co-operative 
organizing  forces,  or  factors,  or  principles  of  all  tilings  in  the  Universe  of 
Matter  and  Mind.  The  third  law  of  Universal  Being  has  relation  to  the 
number  three  (3),  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  spirit  of  three,  whence  it  is 
denominated  Treism  or  Trinism,  from  the  Latin  tres,  three. 

From  these  three  laws  or  principles  the  whole  Universe  is  wrought  out 
by  their  successive  repetitions  in  new  forms  of  manifestation  in  infinite 
variety,  but  in  serial  order  and  traceable  regularity  of  structure  from  the 
lowest  to  the  highest  domain,  from  the  basis  of  the  scientific  pyramid  in  the 
Abstract  Mathematics  up  to  its  culminating  point  in  Theology,  or  the  sci- 
ence of  God. 

In  quoting  so  copiously  from  universological  laws  as  I  shall, 
I  leave  out,  as  far  as  possible,  all  that  pertains  to  the  transcendental  r 
the  abstract,  and  abstruse,  and  come  as  quickly  as  possible  to  the 
practical  applications  of  number  to  form,  and  as  an  application  of 
the  evolution  of  form  from  number  I  quote  the  following,  which  is- 
simply  and  concisely  stated.  Mr.  Andrews  says: — 

Posit  through  the  imagination  two  points  anywhere  in  space,  and  let 
these  two  points  represent  two  units.  Conceive  of  them  as  the  sum  called 
two,  that  is  to  say,  collectively,  or  as  co-existing  at  the  same  time  in  the 
mind ;  and  this  conjoining  of  the  two  individual  or  separate  units  into  a 
collective  twoness  is  necessarily  effected  by  drawing  a  line  of  abstract 
thought  as  a  trait  d1  union  or  connection  between  them.  This  line  so  impro- 
vised and  interposed  by  the  operation  of  the  mind  itself  is  then  Limit,  and 
as  such  it  is  the  governing  element  of  Form.  Form  is  thus  generated  from. 
Number.'}' 

The  preceding  shows  how  the  mind  first  by  abstract  reflection 
and  imagination  creates  Form  mentally.  We  can  illustrate  the 
process  practically  by  placing  two  articles  of  any  sort  whatsoever 
in  space,  as,  for  example,  two  pencils,  and  we  create  a  third  object, 
viz.,  the  form  resulting  from  the  space  inclosed  between  the  pen- 
cils ;  that  is  the  most  simple  form  that  can  be  shaped. 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  pp.  139,  140,  et  seq.  t  Ibid.,  p.  356. 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES   OF    FORM.  39 

Number  is,  then,  the  simplest  or  most  elementary  and  primitive  kind  or 
variety  of  Limitation.  The  mathematical  unit  representing  the  Individual 
Thing  is  in  turn  represented  Geometrically  by  the  mere  point,  and  Number 
is  an  aggregation  of  Geometrical  Points.  This  is  lower  down  in  the  Ele- 
mentismus  of  Limitation  than  the  line  which  pertains  to  figure  or  Form,  and 
hence  to  Geometry,  above  the  domain  of  mere  Arithmetic.  It  is  here,  there- 
fore, in  Number  and  in  the  First  Elements  of  Number  that  the  definite 
limitations  of  Being  must  first  be  considered.  * 

Mr.  Andrews  includes  a  system  of  comprehensive  analogies, 
by  which  Form  is  made  to  echo  to  or  repeat  Number,  and  this  idea 
of  echo  or  analogy  is  carried  through  everything  in  Nature,  as  well 
as  into  every  human  scheme,  plan,  government,  system,  and  all 
modes  of  conduct  whatsoever.  I  can  only  refer  in  a  meagre  man- 
ner to  these  manifold  subjects,  as  I  need  all  my  space  for  the  con- 
sideration of  my  own  particular  branch  of  science.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  all  thinking  persons  can  apply  his  system  infinitely  and 
absolutely  unlimitedly.  To  return  to  the  consideration  of  the  anal- 
ogies of  form  and  number,  Mr.  Andrews  observes: — 

The  Morphic  Analogies  of  the  4,  the  3,  and  the  7  are  the  square,  the 
equilateral  triangle,  and  the  House,  Edifice,  or  Temple  with  its  body  and  its 
roof.  The  Compass  (dividers)  associates  with  the  Circle.  This,  together 
with  the  Square,  the  Triangle,  and  the  Edifice  or  Temple,  again  reminds  us 
of  the  Symbolism  of  Masonry,  as  the  Instinctual  Stage  of  the  religion  of 
science  and  of  the  science  of  morals. f 

The  point  is  a  very  important  factor  of  Form  and  Being. 
Aside  from  its  significance  as  a  unit  in  mathematics  and  its  import 
as  the  type  of  the  "least  element  of  roundness"  in  general 
morphology,  it  is  the  analogue  of  the  nucleus  or  "starting-point 
of  development"  in  all  organic  processes,  and  it  must  also  type 
the  centre  of  the  mineral  crystal,  where  the  polar  forces  ci*oss  each 
other  in  the  development  of  that  object.  Although  here  the  angle 
is  formed,  yet  it  corresponds  to  the  point.  It  is  the  analogue  of 
motion,  and  hence  of  development  in  the  egg  or  vegetable  cell, 
because  it  is  from  this  central  point,  as  in  the  germ  spot  in  the 
animal  egg,  that  the  forces  of  the  egg-substance  are  set  in  motion 
which  commence  the  evolution  or  progressive  development  of  the 
chick  or  mammal.  It  is,  therefore,  the  type-form  of  Nature  domi- 
nated by  art  in  its  inceptive  or  embryotic  state.  Motions  are  the 
essential  forces  of  art  acting  upon  substance. 

We  all  know  that  the  ovoid  is  the  primitive  type-form  of  the 
mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  cell.  How,  then,  do  we  arrive  at 
the  square,  cube,  and  angle  in  primitive  forms  \  By  motion,  by 
segmentation. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  190.  t  Ibid.,  p.  541. 


40  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  yelk  or  true  mass  of  nutritive  matter  in  the  egg  begins  its  course 
of  development  by  being,  as  it  were,  completely  cut  up,  segmentized,  or  sec- 
tionized.  Nor  is  this  process  of  segmentation  a  merely  random  cutting  up, 
but  an  orderly  succession  of  central  and  equal  divisions  of  the  spheroidal 
yelk  into  halves,  quarters,  eighths,  etc.,  thoroughly  hemispheroid,  quadratoid, 
cuboid.* 

It  is  in  this  manner  that  we  obtain  the  angular  and  squaring 
principles  of  form  in  living  organizations,  primarily  illustrated  to 
our 'senses.  The  law  of  the  square  and  angle,  of  the  line,  the 
point,  and  the  cube,  are  all  contained  in  the  spherical  egg,  just  as 
all  of  the  "potencies  and  possibilities  of  life  "  are  contained  in  the 
human  ova  or  embryo.  I  think  I  have  now  demonstrated  the  pri- 
mary origin  of  the  several  factors  of  form  ;  later  I  shall  make  the 
application  to  matured  or  developed  form,  as  seen  in  the  various 
shapes  of  perfected  human  beings.  I  use  the  term  "  primary  " 
here  in  a  limited  sense.  The  most  elementary  principle  of  form 
lies  back  of  anything  of  which  the  human  senses  can  take  cogni- 
zance. If  we  believe  these  principles  to  have  existed  in  nebulous 
matter,  we  should  be  obliged  to  look  -back  of  that  for  the  law  which 
is  existent  in  that  chaotic  state  of  evolution.  It  is  as  inconceivable 
to  our  minds  as  are  the  laws  of  squaring  to  our  senses  in  the  egg- 
substance  before  the  motions  of  the  forces  which  develop  it  have 
shown  themselves  by  segmentation.  Let  it  be  understood,  then, 
that  the  terms  primary  and  primitive  are  used  by  me  in  this  second- 
ary sense  unless  otherwise  stated.  The  segmentizing  of  the  ova 
into  lines  or  furrows  of  latitude  and  longitude  shows  the  influence 
of  the  measuring — the  geometric  or  formative  power — of  the  law 
of  number.  From  this  law  proceeds  exactness,  scientific  or  posi- 
tive illustration  (diagrammatic  as  in  form),  and  demonstrable  as  to 
the  number  of  lines,  etc.,  exact,  scientific  ;  the  primitive  compound 
of  form  and  number, — primal  principles  which  repeat  themselves  in 
the  perfected  man  in  every  part  of  his  body  and  mind  in  infinite 
number  and  variety.  As  before  stated,  the  sphere  is  capable  of 
bisection  into  equal  halves,  and  these  must  cut  each  other  at  ri</ht 
angles ,  and  here  we  have  the  beginning  of  the  orderly,  exact,  and 
scientific — the  type  of  truth,  accuracy,  conscientiousness — of  accu- 
rate measurement,  the  prime  elements  of  the  cube  and  square, 
which  last  is  (as  shown  by  Mr.  Andrews)  to  be  the  "type  or 
analogue  of  exactified  science."  The  correspondence  of  this  basic 
law  is  wonderfully  illustrated  in  the  form  of  the  natural  scientist, 
moralist,  and  mechanic ;  all  square-built  men.  I  have  shown  else- 
where that  the  square-built  individual  illustrates  the  scientific 
aspect  of  humanity,  and  exhibits  this  character  by  his  pursuit  of 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p.  76. 


THE   BASIC    PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  41 

scientific  subjects  and  discoveries  of  natural  laws,  as  is  demon- 
strated by  the  body  and  face  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  whose  counte- 
nance could  easily  be  made  to  fit  into  a  rectangular  frame,  thus 
showing  the  uprightness  and  downrightness,  the  squareness,  and 
integrity,  or  wholeness  of  the  man,  and  uprightness  and  squareness 
of*  form  gives  the  shape  the  best  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of 
scientific  law  as  well  as  to  the  illustration  of  conscientious  con- 
duct, for  all  forms  exhibited  in  the  human  body  disclose  their  mean- 
ing if  the  true  and  natural  significance  of  the  primal  principles  of 
form  be  applied  to  them.  George  Washington  stands  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  law  of  the  rectangle,  as  applied  to  human  form 
and  conduct ;  he  was  over  six  feet  in  height,  perfectly  upright  in 
his  bearing,  and  his  general  outlines  and  features  were  at  right 
angles  to  each  other ;  hence,  his  uprightness  and  obedience  to  the 
laws  of  rectitude  and  morality  was  in  accord  with  the  law  of  his 
form.  He  was  also  a  surveyor  by  profession, — a  scientific  pursuit 
based  on  number  and  form. 

A  spherical  or  primitive  type-form  is  exemplified  in  the  ovoid 
shape  of  the  physiognomy  of  Herbert  Spencer,  the  creator,  as  it 
were,  of  theories  which  possess  a  universal  application  to  the 
beginnings  of  life,  as  they  are  basilar  or  underlying.  This -round- 
ing form  is  observed  in  the  faces,  heads,  and  limbs  of  all  the  great 
creative  artists,  for  the  ovoid  is  the  most  primitive  type-form,  and 
art-forms  and  nature-forms  are  nearly  identical,  while  scientific- 
forms,  such  as  the  square,  angle,  and  cube,  belong  to  later  and 
more  developed  shapes,  as  seen  in  the  mineral  crystal  after  it  is 
cooled.  Thus,  the  ovoid  or  globose  form  represents  infancy, — 
creation, — the  first  beginnings  of  life  ;  and  this  form  confers  ability 
to  represent  the  same  shape  in  external  works,  as  in  art,  in 
gesture",  dancing,  painting,  acting,  or  singing;  for  all  art  is 
founded  on  the  circle  or  sections  of  it,  and  art-forms  and  nature- 
forms  more  nearly  coincide  than  nature-forms  and  scientific  forms, 
yet  both  partake  of  the  nature  of  each,  for,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
scientific  form  has  arisen  out  of  the  natural  or  primitive  spheroidal 
shape  by  motion  primarily,  and  the  artist  combines  all  these  forms 
by  motions  of  his  hands  and  eyes. 

The  making  of  lines  of  latitude  and  longitude  upon  a  globe 
is  an  unconscious  repetition  of  the  law  of  development,  as  exem- 
plified in  the  segmentation  of  the  ova  of  the  mammal,  outworking 
according  to  the  law  of  inherent  geometry,  the  primal  principles 
of  which  have  come  up  from  the  mineral  to  the  vegetable,  and 
from  this  to  the  animal;  from  the  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral 
to  man.  The  same  forces  and  principles  of  form  which  shape  the 
crystal  come  along  up  the  line  of  progressive  evolution,  and  find  at 


42  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

last  their  highest  manifestation  in  the  shape  of  the  body,  the  head, 
and,  pre-eminently,  in  the  face  of  man. 

By  going  back  of  animal  organizations  for  our  demonstrations 
of  the  universality  of  the  law  of  form,  we  shall  find  that  geomet- 
rical and  mathematical  laws  and  principles  are  equally  potent  and 
equally  well  illustrated  in  all  the  forms  of  crystallization  bf 
mineral  and  other  substances. 

Ice  and  snow  exhibit  the  most  beautiful  forms  of  crystals,  and 
always  crystallize  according  to  law  in  six-pointed  rays.  Although 
many  hundred  diverse  forms  of  these  crystals  have  been  observed, 
this  number  always  rules.  In  the  human  kingdom  the  law  of 
form  dominates,  and  each  individual  acts  according  to  the  law  of 
his  form  as  infallibly  as  the  crystal  obeys  the  inherent  laws  of  its 
shaping. 

I  have  shown  previously  that  the  first  or  primitive  form  of 
the  mineral  molecule  is  spherical.  I  have  also  evidenced  the  fact 
that  the  primitive  cell  of  vegetable  and  animal  life  is  spheroidal, 
globose,  or  ovoid ;  as,  for  example,  the  germ  of  all  mammals,  and 
the  eggs  of  fowls,  reptiles,  fishes,  insects,  etc.  I  have  put  in  evi- 
dence the  manner  in  which  the  form-principle  of  the  line,  angle, 
square,  and  cube  manifests  itself  in  the  germs  of  organized  life. 
Now  it  is  in  order  for  rne  to  explain  how  and  when  the  square 
principle  of  form  makes  its  appearance  in  the  crystal,  and  how  it 
becomes  the  type  or  symbol  of  scientific  form,  as  expressed  by  the 
square-built  man.  I  am  now  again  coming  to  deep  water,  yet  not 
so  deep  but  the  eye  of  man  can  penetrate  below  the  surface.  In 
the  first  place,  let  me  state  that  mineralogy  shows  that 

The  lines  of  force  have  a  general  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  at 
right  angles  to  each  other.  This  is  primarity  seen  in  the  constructive  or 
polar  axes  of  crystals;  the  magnetic  and  electric  currents  cross  each  other 
in  the  earth  and  in  minerals.  The  truths  of  science  fully  justify  the 
importance  attached  by  the  ancients  to  the  ideas  of  the  cross  and  the 
correctness  of  its  use  as  a  symbol.  A  great  truth  underlies  its  symbolism ; 
it  is  the  expression  of  a  universal  law  of  structure,  growth,  and  action. 
The  polarity  of  all  the  great  forces  is  recognized  as  a  truth  by  the  most 
eminent  scientific  men.  The  forces  are  positive  and  negative,  repulsive 
and  attractive,  masculine  and  feminine. 

The  studies  of  antiquarians,  and  the  whole  history  of  phallic  worship, 
prove  that  the  cross  was  anciently  used  to  symbolize  the  organs  of  repro- 
duction, the  generative  forces  in  creation  and  in  man.  At  first,  it  was  a 
symbol  of  the  masculine  forces  only,  but  afterward  it  was  used  to  represent 
those  of  both  sexes.  • 

The  ancients  looked  upon  these  forces  with  profound  wonder  and 
respect.  Here  was  the  greatest  of  all  Nature's  mysteries.  Back  of  these 
were  the  mightiest  passions  of  the  human  soul.  Here  was  wrapped  up  the 
future  of  the  human  race,  the  molding  forces  of  the  world  of  life.* 

*  Book  of  Wisdom,  p.  188,  Chicago,  1882. 


THE    BASIC   PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  43 

It  is  here  shown  that  from  the  earliest  ages  the  idea  of 
crossing  and  of  generation  were  instinctive  in  the  human  mind, 
and  the  cross,  a  right-angled  object,  was  symbolically  used  to 
represent  the  generative  forces  of  the  human  family.  Certainly 
the  law  of  crossing,  of  creating  angles  by  the  motions  of  the  chem- 
ical contents  of  the  ova  (in  which  sulphur  plays  an  important 
part),  is  instrumental  in  developing  the  germ,  for  without  the 
bisection  or  crossing  of  the  ova  no  further  development  could 
take  place.  Let  it  be  noted  that  sulphur  wherever  found  is 
crystallized,  and  it  is  probably  present  in  a  state  of  angularity  in  the 
ova  of  mammals,  but  of  less  than  microscopic  proportions,  hence 
will  never  be  observed  by  the  use  of  the  microscope.  The  mightiest 
works  of  Nature  are  conducted  on  so  infinitesimal  a  scale  as  to  elude 
the  senses  and  instruments  of  man,  yet  we  know  that  when  a  cer- 
tain form  makes  its  appearance  in  a  perfected  or  completed  object 
the  basic  or  ruling  principle  of  that  form  was  present  from  the 
beginning. 

In  the  cooling  of  the  mineral  crystal  the  polarity  of  action 
tends  to  equation,  and  thus  changes  the  primitive  spherical  form 
(which  all  mineral  molecules  assume  when  in  a  state  of  fusion  or 
incandescence)  to  a  square  or  cube,  as  is  observed  in  alum  and  rock- 
salt,  or  to  a  right-angled  form,  as  in  many  minerals.  Thus  the 
square  and  cube  become  the  type-forms  of  exact  science,  because 
the  crystallization  or  squaring  of  the  crystal  by  cooling  perfects  its 
shape;  that  is  to  say,  it  assumes  the  form  which  it  always  retains, 
and  thus  shows  the  finished  or  completed  stage,  which  is  a  state 
depending  upon  exact  mathematical  law  for  its  completion.  Now, 
in  the  transformation  of  the  egg  of  the  frog,  or  in  the  development 
of  the  human  germ  or  ova,  what  takes  place  after  the  ova  has  been 
carried  along  the  Fallopian  tube  and  deposited  in  the  uterus? 
Why,  a  formative  process  analogous  to  that  which  changes  min- 
eral substances  from  numerous  spheroidal  forms  to  an  angled  or 
cubical  one.  The  polarity  of  the  forces  involved  in  development 
(call  them  electric,  magnetic,  or  what  you  will)  operate  in  such  a 
way  as  to  commence  a  system  of  equation  according  to  geometric 
law,  and  this  system  is  expressed  by  lines  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles,  and  creating  equal  areas  within  given  spaces.  Now, 
here  we  have  the  same  straight-lined,  angled,  and  geometric  law  of 
the  cube  and  square  many  times  repeated  in  the  evolution  of  a  germ- 
form  as  low  down  as  that  of  the  toad  or  frog  (and  this  process  is 
known  to  be  repeated  in  the  germs  of  all  mammals).  This,  then, 
is  the  law  of  form-development;  first,  the  ovoid  or  sphere;  later, 
the  angle,  square,  and  cube.  The  perfected  crystal  and  the  germ 
or  ova  in  taking  on  its  completed  form  presents  lines,  angles,  and 


44  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

plain  cubes,  and  these  are  typical  of  exactitude,  measurement, 
geometric  law,  and  are  the  analogues  of  the  equator  and  lines  of 
latitude  and  longitude  which  man  uses  to  illustrate  equal  areas  of 
equal  distances  upon  the  globe ;  an  unconscious  outworking  of  the 
law  of  geometric  form  which  dominates  not  only  his  own  germ- 
form,  but  also  that  of  the  form  of  the  perfected  human  being,  as 
observed  in  the  ovoid  or  rounded  form  of  the  artist,  and  the  square 
or  rectangular  form  of  the  man  of  science. 

The  bony  framework  of  man  is  composed  mainly  of  mineral 
matters, — lime,  etc, — and  it  is  these  mineral  substances  which  give 
solidity,  integrity,  and  angular  form  to  his  outline.  The  more 
bone  the  man  possesses  the  more  integrity,  morality,  and  capacity 
for  the  comprehension  of  mechanical  laws  will  he  exhibit.  Again, 
bone  is  formed  of  innumerable  crystals  of  angular  shape.  In  con- 
firmation of  this  idea,  Mr.  Andrews  remarks  thus : — 

The  whole  bony  fabric  not  only  of  man  but  of  every  animal,  as  well  as 
the  muscles  and  nerves  and  the  organs  and  systems,  is  laid  out  in  accord- 
ance with  a  primitive  typical  plan,  derived  from  the  typical  sectionizing  of 
the  Globe  Figure,  and  then  from  a  similar  sectionizing  of  the  cube.  The 
whole  carpentry  of  every  organized  body  is  thus  devised  or  self-arranged, 
as  we  choose  to  regard  it,  in  orderly  obedience  to  these  simplest  and  most 
primitive  divisions  of  form.  Whether  it  is  urged,  therefore,  as  the  true 
theory  of  this  subject,  that  they  are  derived  from  the  operations  of  Reason 
in  the  Mind  of  a  Conscious  Creator,  or  that  Reason  itself  is  a  mere  Echo  in 
the  Mind  of  Man  from  the  Inherent  Necessity  and  Universality  of  these 
primitive  Congruities  of  Form,  it  is  for  the  purely  Scientific  result  wholly 
indifferent.  The  two  theories  are  brought  into  a  complete  reconciliation 
upon  the  scientific  arena,  from  the  fact  that  under  the  operation  of  either 
theory  the  phenomenal  result  is  the  same.  * 

The  four  points  of  the  compass  are  also  illustrations  of  the 
angle  and  cube. 

Besides  the  spherical  and  square  forms  in  the  human  being, 
and  in  all  Nature  there  is  found  an  infinite  number  of  diverse 
forms  composed  of  a  blending  of  the  square  and  sphere  ;  each  ex- 
presses by  its  dominance  which  type  of  character  prevails.  If  the 
form  is  more  round  than  square,  the  artistic,  the  emotional,  and 
imaginative  type  is  exhibited.  If  the  square  form  is  slightly  in 
the  ascendancy,  the  mechanical,  exact,  scientific  and  moral  type  is 
illustrated,  and  so  of  all  the  manifold  varieties  of  form  produced 
by  the  varying  quantities  of  each  chemical  and  numerical  principle 
within  the  human  organism. 

In  the  segmentation  or  right-angled  furrowing  of  the  ovum  in 
its  development  from  a  globose  unit  to  an  angled,  progressive  con- 
dition, we  find  all  the  basic  principles  of  form  which  are  afterward 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p.  609. 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES   OF   FORM.  45 

repeated  in  incalculable  diversity  in  every  part  of  man,  both  inter- 
nally and  externally,  in  his  thoughts  as  well  as  in  his  own  shape ; 
afterward  the  thoughts  are  represented  in  his  motions  and  in  his 
life-work  and  pursuits.  A  round  man  will  think  round  thoughts; 
if  mental,  he  will  be  metaphysical, — a  creator  of  ideas  and  theo- 
ries. If  less  mental,  and  more  muscular  than  mental,  he  will 
pursue  some  form  of  art.  He  may  be  a  singer,  and  singing  is 
founded  on  the  curve ;  the  voice  impinging  upon  the  atmosphere 
sets  it  in  vibration,  and  these  vibrations  are  curvilinear.  The 
organs  of  speech  and  hearing  are  also  circular  or  curved,  or  are 
flexible,  and  thus  capable  of  receiving  and  emitting  sounds.  He 
may  as  an  athlete  repeat  his  rounded  form  in  his  motions  and 
attitudes ;  if  an  actor,  his  speech  and  gestures  will  repeat  the 
forms  of -his  head,  body,  and  limbs,  by  describing  the  circle  or 
sections  of  it,  as  in  the  curvilinear  motions  of  his  gestures  and 
poses,  as  well  as  in  the  wavy  motions  produced  in  the  atmosphere 
by  his  voice. 

In  the  orderly  progress  of  the  evolution  of  mind  and  thought^ 
theories  and  plans  naturally  precede  acts  or  results;  hence,  meta- 
physics— logic,  the  discussion,  investigation,  and  elaboration  of 
laws  and  principles — precede  their  practical  application.  Meta- 
physics in  all  ages  have  preceded  the  discovery  and  application  of 
scientific  laws.  The  form  must  first  be  in  the  thought  before  it  can 
outwork  in  acts  or  objects,  and  in  this  observation  we  can  make 
another  practical  application  of  the  basic  laws  of  form,  for  we  find 
that  the  forms  of  all  the  eminent  metaphysicians  of  ancient  and 
modern  times  are  rounded,  their  faces  inclined  to  the  ovoid  or  pyri- 
form  shape,  and  their  heads  globose.  Now  comes  the  application : 
The  ovoid  form  represents  creation,  infancy,  the  first  beginnings  of 
life,  and  the  works  of  the  great  creative  philosophers  and  artists 
originate  in  the  domain  of  the  ovoid  or  spherical, — the  primitive 
form  ;  for  all  art  is  based  upon  the  circle,  or  sections  of  it,  as  in 
painting,  speaking,  gesturing,  posing,  dancing,  and  athletics,  all 
included  by  me  under  the  general  term,  Art.  In  the  evolution  of 
the  mind  of  the  world,  art  and  metaphysics  preceded  the  discovery 
of  science,  which  in  our  age  is  tending  to  the  illustration  of  exact 
scientific  and  demonstrable  law  through  the  practical  application 
of  those  external  and  immutable  laws  which  lie  at  the  foundation 
of  universal  existence,  and  which  find  their  highest  expression  in 
man,  and  are  indexed  more  particularly  and  unmistakably  upon  his 
physiognomy, 

In  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  the  Greek  mind  we  find 
that  the  metaphysics  or  first  principles  of  thought  in  regard  to  the 
laws  of  being  and  existence  were  investigated  and  carried  to  great 


46  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

perfection.  We  also  find  that  the  science  of  number,  of  geometry, 
was  also  one  of  the  dominating  pursuits.  The  result  naturally  of 
these  two  studies  showed  itself  in  architecture  and  art,  the  branch 
of  art  dependent  directly  upon  weight  and  measurement,  viz.,  sculp- 
ture. These  two  forms  of  art  reached  their  acme  in  Greece,  and 
culminated  in  the  works  of  Agesander,  Ageladas,  Phidias,  Poly- 
cletus,  Agasias,  and  Praxitiles. 

Now,  the  science  of  number  is  naturally  related  to  logic  or 
reason.  This  evolves  metaphysical  discussion.  Number  and  logic 
develop  not  only  forms  of  thought,  but,  as  a  natural  consequence, 
produce  concrete  forms,  as  exhibited  in  buildings,  works  of  art,  etc. 
Sculpture  is  the  offspring  of  number,  as  in  measurement  and  weight, 
balance  or  equilibrium,  and  is  dependent  mainly  upon  the  spherical 
form  for  its  perfection,  for  the  curves  of  the  outlines  of  all  figures 
are  sections  of  the  circle.  Architecture,  on  the  other  hand,  al- 
though it  proceeds  primarily  from  number,  arises  from  a  distinct 
branch  of  number  from  that  of  art.  It  proceeds  from  geometry,  and 
is  evolved  from  or  built  upon  the  square,  angle,  and  cubic  form, — 
upon  exact  scientific  measurement, — and  is  severely  simple,  accu- 
rate, defined,  and  no  less  beautiful  in  its  perfected  outlines  than  is 
the  statue  with  its  curving,  undulating  lines  of  blended  beauty. 
Compare,  for  example,  the  figure  of  the  Apollo  Belvedere  in  the 
Vatican  with  the  symmetrical  and  finished  rectangular  form  of  the 
Parthenon  at  Athens,  and  we  shall  find  that,  although  these  two 
types  are  so  entirely  distinct,  the  statue  and  the  building  are  equally 
grand,  beautiful,  and  perfect. 

The  figures  and  physiognomies  of  the  best  types  of  the  ancient 
Greeks  exhibit  the  dominance  of  the  brain  and  muscular  forms,  or  of 
the  muscular  and  brain  forms ;  the  former  represented  in  the  "  roomy 
arches"  of  the  head  of  Socrates,  the  metaphysician,  the  latter  in 
the  more  curving,  yielding,  elastic  form  of  the  sculptor.  Yet  both 
these  "creations  "  belong  to  the  ovoid  class  of  forms,  hence  belong 
to  the  "  infantoid  "  order  of  mind.  (The  term  "  infantoid  "  is  here 
used  in  a  relative  sense,  and  regards  metaphysics  as  being  prior  to 
the  discovery  of  scientific  laws  or  of  the  positive  knowledge  of 
scientific  law.  The  course  of  mind-development  is  always  in  this 
manner :  first,  observation  ;  then  surmise  ;  then  theory  ;  next,  dis- 
covery, and,  finally,  demonstration,  resulting  from  the  combination.) 
If  we  contrast  the  forms  and  physiognomies  of  these  men  with  our 
more  modern  scientists  we  shall  have  a  practical  illustration  of  the 
harmony  existing  between  the  forms,  thoughts,  and  works  of  the 
former  and  the  figures,  faces,  and  works  of  the  latter.  Compare, 
for  example,  the  square-boned  figure  and  rectangular  face  of  Pro- 
fessor Tyndall  with  the  rounded  head  and  body  of  "  old  Socrates," 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES    OF    FORM.  47 

or  the  squared  face  and  form  of  Francis  Bacon,  Copernicus,  and 
Michael  Faraday,  eminent  scientists,  with  those  of  Plato  and  Her- 
bert Spencer,  ovoid-faced  men, — grand  theorizers.  Inventors,  as 
a  rule,  possess  a  blending-  of  the  square  with  a  rounding  form  of 
the  forehead,  face,  and  figure.  In  some  the  angular  appearance 
predominates,  in  others  the  form  is  slightly  more  round  than 
square.  In-  either  case  the  inventions  made  will  coincide  with  the 
peculiarities  of  the  form.  The  intricacies  and  subtleties  of  the  sig- 
nificance of  human  forms  are  very  profound,  and  too  minute  and 
complex  to  enter  into  detail  here.  These  differences  in  form  and 
variations  in  character  will  he  elaborated  in  later  pages. 

In  concluding  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  the  two  most 
universal  type-forms,  viz.,  the  sphere  and  cube,  I  would  state  that 
my  theory  will  prove  by  the  laws  of  Form  what  I  have  enunciated 
from  the  very  beginning  of  my  system,  viz.,  that  the  human  mind 
and  body  are  an  epitome  or  index  of  all  the  laws  and  principles 
which  exist  in  and  govern  the  universe.  I  have,  however,  gone 
farther,  and  have  shown  that  the  human  countenance  is  the  index 
or  verification  of  all  these  laws  and  principles,  and  have  elaborated 
a  system  wherein  archetypal  or  normal  type-forms  can  be  applied 
to  every  distinct  feature,  line,  outline,  and  most  minute  portion  of 
the  human  body,  and  thus  make  them  yield  up  the  secrets  of 
human  conduct,  moral,  physical,  and  intellectual,  proving  that 
Form  is  the  true  "  philosopher's  stone,"  at  whose  bidding  Nature's 
most  secret  arcana  is  laid  bare  to  human  sight  and  knowledge. 

The  basic  laws  of  form,  when  rigorously  applied  to  all  parts 
of  the  human  body,  yield  the  most  striking  results  in  the  line  of 
actual  and  positive  knowledge.  When  we  come  to  consider  that 
these  laws  are  just  as  rigorous  and  just  as  applicable  to  the  begin- 
nings of  all  life,  organic  and  inorganic,  and  that  they  are  as  self- 
revealing  in  the  completed  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  as  in  the 
perfected  man,  we  learn  that  there  is  a  universality  of  law  showing 
everywhere  by  a  universal  method  of  expression.  In  short,  we 
shall  be  obliged  to  concur  with  Mr.  Andrews  when  he  states : — 

Form  is  the  most  determinate  and  exact  of  all  the  domains  of  Being-. 
A«s  Number  furnishes  the  Universal  Principles  of  Things  and  their  Tech- 
nical Namings,  so  Form  furnishes  their  Precise  and  Diagrammatic  Illus- 
tration. * 

The  law  of  the  angle,  the  square,  and  the  cube  (and  these 
include  the  perpendicular  and  horizontal),  as  exemplified  by  the 
highest  and  most  perfected  of  human  forms,  is  shown  to  be  the  law 
of  completion,  as  well  as  the  form  which  in  man  is  capable  of  the 
greatest  moral  force,  scientific  judgment,  and  comprehension  of 

*  Husic  Outlines  of  Vniversology,  p.  014. 


48  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mechanical  laws,  which  last  are  the  universal  principles  upon  which 
all  nature  is  founded  and  operated.  Those  whom  I  have  selected 
to  represent  these  laws  are  Martin  Luther,  who,  by  his  cubosity, 
squareness,  and  integrity  was  able  to  successfully  defy  the  whole 
ecclesiastical  world  in  the  cause  of  right,  was  a  moral  giant ;  but  the 
one  in  whose  form  is  embodied  the  very  highest  degree  of  scientific 
principles  is  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  and  the  one  in  whose  structure  may 
be  seen  the  square,  upright,  and  downright  form  of  the  most  exact 
of  the  mechanical  forms,  viz.,  the  straight  line,  the  angle,  the  cross, 
and  square,  is  Thomas  Jefferson.  These  are  all  typical  men.  Their 
characters,  life-work,  and  results  were  in  accord  with  their  forms, — 
moral,  straight,  square,  and  in  harmony  with  the  mechanical  laws 
of  the  universe. 

Mr.  Andrews'  recognition  of  the  meaning  of  these  several  laws 
of  form  is  stated  thus.  He  observes: — 

Next  above  the  sti'aightened  point  is  the  straight  line.  The  Straight 
Line  is  the  Type  of  Laws  in  Science,  as  derived  from  the  Primordial  Prin- 
ciples represented  by  these  minims  of  Straight  Form,  as  the  Heads  or 
Beginnings  of  Laws.  The  Square  is  representative  of  Exactified  Specu- 
lations and  Explanations  under  the  guidance  of  known  laws,  or,  in  other 
words,  of  Pure  Abstract  Spientific  Theories,  not  as  yet  confirmed  by  the 
induction  or  accumulation  of  corresponding  facts. 

The  Cube  is  the  Type  Symbol  or  Representative  of  Science,  or  a  Sci- 
ence as  a  Completed  Structure  as  to  its  main  outline.  It  is,  then,  the  body 
of  a  Temple  or  Edifice  having  in  it  by  Subdivision  various  apartments  or 
rooms. 

The  Cube  is,  then,  in  all  ways  the  Grand,  Elaborate,  Scientific  Emblem, 
while  it  is  also  the  Grand  Type  of  Structure  or  Architectural  Plan.  Im- 
buing the  Mind  with  Science  or  Knowledge  is  instinctively  called  Instruc- 
tion (Latin  in,  in;  struere,  to  build),  or  Building-in.  The  Cube  presents^ 
better  than  any  other  figure,  the  Conjoined  Conceptions  of  Length,  Breadth. 
and  Thickness,  which  are  in  an  important  sense  the  radical  conceptions  of 

all  Form It  results  from  what  has  been  shown  that  the  Cube 

or  Main  Elevation  of  an  Edific  Fane  or  Temple  is  by  an  obvious  echo  of 
Analogy  the  Standard  Emblem  or  Symbol  or  Type  of  the  Total  Elaborate 
Construction  of  Being.* 

The  careful  reader  and  acute  observer  in  scientific  physiognomy 
will  find  himself  enriched  by  these  extensive  extracts  from  "  Uni- 
versology."  Not  only  so,  but  he  will  see  how  accurately  they 
coincide  with  my  system  down  to  the  last  detail  even.  It  affords 
me  great  satisfaction  to  find  the  corroboratioh  of  my  theories  of 
form  so  logically  indorsed  by  this  great  philosopher's  ideas  as  well 
as  by  several  other  eminent  men  mentioned  in  this  and  other  chap- 
ters. Other  principles  of  form  will  now  come  forward  for  consider- 
ation. 

Considerable  attention  has  been  given  in  the.  preceding  pages 

*  Basic  Outlines  of  Universology,  p,  591  et  seq. 


THE    BASIC    PRINCIPLES   OF    FORM.  49 

to  the  investigation  only  of  the  normal  or  regular  factors  and  laws 
of  form.  The  thought  will  present  itself  to  the  careful  reader, 
How  come  those  innumerable  perversions  of  character  which  are 
observed  in  the  feeble-minded,  idiotic,  insane,  eccentric,  and  con- 
genital criminal  ?  To  which  class  of  form  do  their  peculiar  shapes 
belong,  and  what  law  of  form  shall  we  apply  to  their  singularly 
malformed  features,  organs,  limbs,  and  bodies]  This  question  is 
pertinent,  for  regular,  natural  law  does  not  apply  to  them,  nor 
would  its  application  produce  an  intelligible  and  satisfactory  answer. 
In  order  that  there  should  be  room  for  evolution,  for  progress,  the 
creative  power,  or  Nature,  has  set  in  motion  primarily  the  law  of 
the  sphere.  This  form  is  the  only  one  which  could  produce  regular 
rotatory  motions  in  every  direction  ;  hence,  it  is  the  form  of  flexi- 
bility, and  when  we  have  an  instrument  which  is  capable  of  curved 
motions,  we  then  have  an  instrument  which  can  by  interference  be 
arrested  in  its  perfect  curvation,  and  by  its  very  flexibility  be  per- 
verted or  changed  in  its  original  design  from  its  natural  course ; 
hence,  its  movements  can,  if  interfered  with,  originate  discordant 
and  abnormal  manifestations  of  form,  sound,  and  motion.  The 
muscular  apparatus  is  the  principal  motive  apparatus  of  the  body, 
and  is  built  upon  the  plan  of  perfect  curvation,  and  in  its  normal 
state  will  produce  perfect  curves  in  every  outline,  motion,  and 
movement  of  the  body,  hands,  and  vocal  organs.  Now,  when 
human  ignorance,  or  ignorant  and  already  vitiated  human  parents 
or  ancestors  have  brought  forth  perverted  offspring — an  idiot,  a 
congenital  criminal,  or  defective  child,  for  example — we  observe 
some  one  or  more  of  the  following  phenomena,  viz.,  obliquity  of 
the  vision  (as  in  crossed  eyes),  angularity  of  the  head,  which  should 
be  rounding ;  or,  in  others,  the  slanting  of  one  foot,  and  skew  of 
the  eye  (cat-like),  the  extreme  slope  of  the  shoulders,  the  crooking 
of  the  mouth  (the  normal  type  of  which  is  the  straight  line) ;  crook- 
ing of  the  lower  joint  of  the  leg,  the  normal  form  of  the  bone 
being  also  straight ;  a  devious,  winding,  serpentine  gait,  or  else  a 
purposeless,  unintelligent  shuffle  from  side  to  side ;  angular  ges- 
tures, or  awkward,  half-curving  ones ;  crooked  features  of  the  iiirr; 
much  too  flexible  fingers,  hands,  and  limbs,  and  voices  either  ex- 
tremely harsh,  discordant,  and  bass,  or  else  extremely  soft,  silly 
sweet,  and  insincere,  lacking  in  volume  and  reality,  or  lisping.  We 
know,  when  we  observe  all  these,  that  there  has  been  an  infraction 
of  the  laws  of  normal  form,  and  that  (ignorantly,  of  course)  parents 
or  ancestors  have  united  who  were  unfit  and  wholly  inadapted  to 
perpetuate  normal  types,  as  is  often  observed  in  the  union  of  two 
consumptives,  or  those  with  a  tendency  to  insanity,  epilepsy,  or  pos- 
sessed of  a  torpid  liver,  and  other  defects  of  form  and  organization. 


50  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

These  are  some  of  the  signs  and  forms  of  perverted  or  defect- 
ive beings,  who  are  neither  natural,  artistic,  nor  scientific.  They 
are  the  products  of  violations  of  the  laws  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Sci- 
ence— true  illegitimates,  having  upon  their  escutcheon,  the  face, 
the  bar  sinister.  These  signs  and  forms  have  been  observed  in 
association  and  singly  in  congenital  criminals,  such  as  liars,  sneak- 
thieves,  confidence-operators,  and  in  the  several  grades  of  defective 
mentality,  weak  morality,  or  idiocy,  and  in  the  several  stages  of 
eccentricity  tending  sometimes  to  madness,  and  sometimes  to  the 
border-land  of  genius.  Observe  these  peculiarities  of  form,  sound, 
and  motion  where  we  may,  they  indicate  that  a  separate  and  dis- 
tinct principle  of  form  must  be  applied  to  them  in  order  to  unravel 
the  hidden  depths  of  their  characters  and  to  seek  the  mainspring 

of  their  motives. 

». 

THE    LAW   OF    SCALENISM,    OR   PERVERSION. 

This  is  the  law  which  will  apply  to  such  defective  beings,  and 
is  the  only  one  which  will  interpret  their  true  character.  The  law 
and  form  of  the  skew  is  their  normal  type,  and  in  order  to  improve 
or  alter  their  natures  for  the  better  the  most  enlightened  scientific 
treatment  is  demanded.  For  the  credit  of  humanity  I  will  say  that 
idiocy,  feeble-mindedness,  and  dipsomania  are  regarded  as  diseases 
and  defects  and  are  treated  as  such.  In  former  ages  they  were 
regarded  as  possessions  by  demons. 

Very  little  justice  is  accorded  the  congenital  criminal  who 
daily  violates  some  of  the  ten  commandments.  He  is  regarded  as 
being  a  willful  violator  of  these  moral  laws,  and  is  not  understood 
to  be  acting  under  an  irresistible  and,  to  7w'm,  a  natural  impulse. 
The  law  of  his  being  is  oblique,  askew,  and  slanting ;  not  straight, 
square,  upright,  and  downright.  His  form  or  features  are  also  of 
similar  shape.  If  he  have  no  rich  or  influential  friends  to  shield 
and  pay  for  his  delinquencies,  he  is  thrust  into  prison,  where  he 
meets  hundreds  even  more  defective  than  himself,  and  here,  in- 
stead of  being  purified  and  elevated,  raised  above  his  former  self  by 
being  straightened  and  squared  by  intelligent  scientific  treatment, 
he  graduates  in  crime,  and  is  able  upon  making  his  exit  to  outdo 
all  his  former  criminal  exploits,  and  add  his  quota  to  the  criminal 
element  of  the  country  by  propagating  a  brood  of  his  own  sort,  and 
so  perpetuate  skewism,  or  the  law  of  the  abnormal. 

In  geometry  a  scalene  is  a  triangle,  having  its  sides  and  angles 
uneven ;  in  fact,  it  is  all  awry  and  askew,  a  ludicrous  burlesque 
upon  a  true  triangle,  and  looks  like  a  good  triangle  on  a  "  spree." 
Just  so  do  the  poor  victims  to  man's  ignorant  building  look  when 
contrasted  with  the  best  forms ;  they  are  awry,  out  of  joint,  not  in 


THE    LAW   OF    SCALENISM,    OR    PERVERSION.  51 

harmony  with  the  persons  and  conditions  about  them.  They  de- 
mand our  largest  philosophy,  justice,  and  love,  and,  like  the 
Arabian  philosopher,  we  should  pray :  "  Oh  God,  be  good  to  the 
wicked  (defective),  for  Thou  hast  been  sufficiently  kind  to  the  good 
in  making  them  such." 

It  is  this  abnormal  principle  of  the  skew  which  we  have  now 
under  consideration,  and  which  produces  the  various  and  innumer- 
able malformations  which  are  the  result  of  the  ignorant  human 
builders  or  defective  parents,  who  unite  in  producing  such  WTetched 
burlesques  upon  human  nature  as  are  found  in  every  community. 
The  title  of  this  law  I  have  adopted  from  Mr.  Andrews,  and  will 
now  make  its  practical  application.  There  is  a  law  operative 
throughout  Nature  by  which  an  attempt  in  prenatal  life  is  made  to 
return  to  normal  types.  Were  not  this  the  case  the  world  would 
be  now  filled  with  monstrosities  instead  of  the  passably  regular 
forms  which  prevail.  Another  principle  of  form  and  growth  is 
observed  in  the  artistic  modifications  which  occur  in  the  changing 
of  the  form  of  the  infant  from  a  globular  vegetative  shape  to  the 
later  ovoid,  curved,  or  square  form  which  it  assumes  in  adult  life, 
and  which  becomes  its  final  or  completed  shape.  The  vegetative 
adult  always  retains  this  form,  and  its  accompanying  comparative 
infantile  condition  of  intellect.  The  same  soil,  fluidic,  fatty  form 
is  characteristic  of  some  idiots,  feeble-minded  persons,  and  many 
who  are  lacking  in  good,  square,  moral  natures,  or  strong  and 
sound  judgment. 

The  law  of  the  skew  obtains  to  some  extent  in  the  lower 
orders,  among  vegetables  and  animals,  as  witnessed  in  the  several 
malformations  of  form  and  perversions  of  character.  The  latitude 
allowed  to  Nature,  coupled  with  ignorant  interference,  is  the  cause 
of  these  "  freaks,"  as  they  are  termed.  In  order  that  progress  or 
evolution  should  have  scope  a  certain  degree  of  freedom  of  action 
is  essential ;  hence,  these  abnormal  phenomena. 

Disease  is  a  temporary  return  to  abnormal  or  perverted  types ; 
so  true  is  this,  that  we  find  that  even  the  handwriting  of  those  who 
have  had  nervous  shocks  becomes  altered  and  appears  irregular, 
skewed,  shaky,  or  angular, — like  the  features  and  limbs  of  the  par- 
alytic. Interference  witli  the  normal  law  of  form  by  the  union  of 
inadapted  parents  or  by  disease,  afterward  produces  similar  results, 
viz.,  perversions  of  function  and  form.  It  need  not  be  supposed 
that  all  criminals,  feeble-minded  or  insane  persons  are  incarcerated 
in  jails  and  asylums.  Moving  about  in  society  are  large  numbers 
of  the  skewed,  oblique  criminal,  eccentric,  semi-insane,  semi- 
idiotic,  and  feeble-minded  individuals,  but  often  in  such  compara- 
tively slight  degree  or  so  shielded  as  to  escape  these  penalties. 


52  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  elegantly-dressed  dames  have  been  detected  in  .the  act  of 
shoplifting  and  "kleptomania,"  as  stealing  is  termed  when  exhib- 
ited by  the  rich,  but  is  set  down  to  individual  "peculiarities"  of 
the  subject,  and  is  hushed  up  by  the  payment  for  the  articles  taken. 
Congenital  liars  and  the  congenitally  feeble-minded  (in  varying 
degrees)  are  observed  in  every  circle  and  sphere  of  society.  It  is- 
only  when  their  acts  become  unendurable  that  they  are  restrained 
(either  publicly  or  privately)  of  their  liberty.  One  class  of  detest- 
able criminals,  as  a  rule,  are  seldom  punished,  never  adequately. 
I  refer  to  those  lecherous  fiends  who  are  prowling  about  in  every 
community  seeking  to  debauch  innocence,  and  who  leave  death 
and  destruction  in  their  train.  These  immoral  monsters  (for  they 
are  neither  brute  nor  human)  should  be  deprived  of  their  power 
to  perpetuate  such  crimes  as  are  often  proved  upon  them ;  for 
it  is  perhaps  impossible  to  teach  them  better  or  to  make  them 
able  to  control  their  morbid  sexual  impulse  in  any  reasonable 
manner  whatsoever,  for  this  impulse  is  a  primitive  one,  the  next 
most  powerful  to  hunger ;  hence,  a  part  of  the  real  being  itself. 

As  before  stated,  straightness,  perpendicularity,  and  horizon- 
tality  are  inherent  properties  of  bone,- — true  curving  of  muscle. 
If  the  bone  has  not  sufficient  mineral  matter  in  its  composition  to- 
make  it  straight  arid  firm  the  character  suffers  through  a  deficiency 
of  integrity.  If  the  muscle  is  rigid  and  does  not  curve  properly  and 
easily,  then  we  find  the  excess  either  of  will  or  stupidity.  If  the 
muscle  curves  imperfectly,  we  find  awkwardness  of  movement, 
gesture,  position,  and  inability  to  execute  mechanical  move- 
ments with  dexterity,  precision,  and  accuracy,  as  is  observed  in 
the  feeble-minded  and  in  many  professional  criminals.  When  the 
ravages  of  paralysis  are  discernible  in  the  face,  at  times  they  as- 
sume a  skewed  or  crooked  appearance  owing  to  the  perversions  of 
the  nervous  system.  This  is  another  proof  that  abnormal  action 
tends  to  abnormal  form  and  skews  the  features  affected.  When 
the  muscles  are  too  soft  and  flexible  and  the  bones  small  and  soft, 
abounding  in  animal  matter,  the  subject  is  apt  to  be  too  flexible, 
too  yielding  for  morality,  and  shifts  his  position  and  opinion  with 
every  wind  that  blows ;  hence,  suffers  through  want  of  firmness, 
decision,  rectitude,  or  a  positive  opinion.  Many  sneak-thieves 
possess  great  flexibility  and  the  capacity  for  turning  and  shifting ; 
hence  has  arisen  the  vague,  instinctive  idea  that  a  man  too  supple 
in  his  movements  is  dangerous. 

The  peculiar  lack  of  grace,  beauty,  and  aptness  on  the  part 
of  professional  or  congenital  criminals  has  long  been  the  subject 
of  observation  on  the  part  of  prison  surgeons  in  Europe,  where 
there  exists  an  hereditary  class  of  criminals,  born  in  and  bred  to 


THE    LAW   OF    SCALENISM,    OK    PERVERSION.  53 

crime.  All  classes  of  defective  beings  also  exhibit  peculiarities  of 
slant,  skew,  or  oblique  lines  and  movements,  which  are  observed 
in  the  gait,  attitude,  position  of  the  body  and  limbs,  the  set  of  the 
feet,  and  slant  of  the  shoulders ;  all  these  reveal  perverseness. 
In  some  cases  it  does  not  assume  criminal  or  idiotic  proportions, 
but  simply  tends  to  awkwardness  and  willfulness,  to  cranky  or 
inapt  methods  of  working,  walking,  etc.  This  is  the  method  of 
operation  of  the  principle  or  spirit  of  the  skew,  slant,  or  oblique 
line,  often  observed  more  particularly  in  .the  various  features, 
members,  and  outlines  of  the  human  family.  It  produces  neither 
a  true  curve  nor  a  straight  line,  nor  a  true  angle  and  square ;  yet 
tends  or  attempts  to  evolve  both.  Where  the  slant  predominates 
it  will  show  in  some  one  or  more  of  the  features,  limbs,  or  out- 
lines of  the  body,  or  in  the  walk,  the  gesture,  the  voice,  and  pur- 
suits. In  some  persons  it  is  indicated  by  sophistical  writings,  or 
in  poor  attempts  at  works  of  art,  or  in  hoarse,  discordant,  or  shrill 
vocalization,  and  in  various  and  numerous  social  and  commercial 
irregularities. 

Eccentricity  of  manner  is  another  manifestation  of  abnormal 
development,  It  sometimes  results  in  insanity  as  well  as  talent, 
as  in  Dean  Swift  and  Mary  Lamb,  the  gifted  writers.  In  others  it 
is  allied  to  genius,  and  is  sometimes  characteristic  of  criminals. 

The  law  of  the  slant  or  skew  operates  differently  from  the 
law  of  the  angle ;  yet  angular  people  are  sometimes  judged  by 
the  law  of  the  slant.  It  is  true  that  angular  persons  are  slightly 
eccentric  and  peculiar,  yet,  as  a  rule,  are  honorable,  sometimes  un- 
pleasantly so  in  their  manifestations  of  the  square  principle,  and 
show  it  by  projecting  their  opinions  (as  well  as  their  elbows)  for- 
ward at  inopportune  times.  They  lack  tact,  and  are  disagreeably 
blunt  in  their  enunciation  of  unpleasant  truths.  What  this  class 
of  persons  lack  is  the  rounding,  yielding,  agreeable  curving  prin- 
ciple, the  angular  element  being  disproportionately  great,  thus 
opposed  to  symmetry  of  form  as  well  as  to  symmetry  of  character, 
yet  harmonizing  with  the  elements  and  principles  of  form  which 
are  dominant  in  them. 

There  is  always  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  dominating 
forces  of  being  to  produce  harmony,  equilibrium,  and  symmetry  in 
all  things.  This  is  Nature's  method  pre-eminently ;  it  also  is  the 
endeavor  of  Art  and  is  the  supreme  law  of  Science.  When  a  failure 
to  produce  these  ends  occurs  it  results  from  interference  in  some 
way  with  the  laws  involved.  The  monstrosities  and  abnormal  de- 
velopments observed  in  the  vegetable,  animal,  aiid  human  kingdoms 
aje  the  result  of  violated  laws,  whether  we  are  able  to  trace  them 
to  their  origin  or  not.  Giants,  dwarfs,  hunchbacks,  two-headed 


54  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

women  and  animals,  and  those  with  superfluous  members,  as  well 
as  congenital  idiots,  drunkards,  and  criminals,  are  proofs  and  illus- 
trations of  a  falling  away  from  righteousness  in  the  past  of  our- 
selves or  of  our  ancestors. 

"  Genius  is  ofttimes  to  madness  near  allied,"  and  the  infraction 
of  certain  laws  by  some  has  produced  sometimes  very  talented 
persons.  This  infraction  of  laws  on  the  part  of  others  has  evolved 
an  idiot  or  criminal.  Maudsley  tells  us  "  insanity  in  one  generation 
often  induces  immorality  in  the  next,"  and  vice  versd.  When  the 
law  of  the  slant  is  allowed  to  govern  we  cannot  predict  where  the 
warping  will  end,  nor  yet  what  form  it  will  assume  and  exhibit. 
Of  one  thing  we  may  be  sure, — that  it  will  produce  biased,  warped, 
eccentric,  insane,  or  criminal  characters.  How  essential,  then,  the 
constant  study  of  what  I  have  named  the  "  divine  sciences,"  viz.,. 
Anatomy,  Physiology,  Heredity,  Hygiene,  and  Physiognomy !  How 
necessary  the  application  of  their  laws  !  For,  "  beyond  the  prin- 
ciples of  each  science  there  is  a  philosophy  of  the  sciences.  The 
principles  of  one  science  fully  comprehended  are  a  key  to  the  inter- 
pretation of  all  sciences.  They  are  the  same  footsteps  of  Nature 
treading  upon  several  subjects."* 

This  philosophy  or  universal  law  is  illustrated  at  its  comple- 
tion by  forms  which  possess  the  normal  principles  of  form.  The 
highest  expression  of  divine  architectural  skill  is  in  the  human 
body  and  face.  To  comprehend  the  basic  laws  which  produce  the 
most  perfection  in  this  direction  should  be  our  aim,  and  the  three 
domains  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Science  are  the  fields  wherein  the 
human  being  may  co-operate  with  the  Creator  in  improving  by 
design,  through  law,  the  human  family.  Nature,  Art,  and  Science 
are  the  true,  factors  of  Being  which  are  found  in  varying  degrees- 
of  power  in  all  natural  objects.  The  plant,  cultivated  up  to  a  high 
state  of  perfection  (as  most  of  our  garden  vegetables  have  been 
from  wild  stock,  wholly  uneatable),  is  a  product  of  Nature,  Art, 
and  Science  combined,  the  scientific  factor  here  dominating  because 
the  perfection  has  arisen  through  the  application  of  scientific  laws 
in  regard  to  the  best  soil,  location,  treatment,  etc.  Here  Nature 
and  Art  are  subdominant,  and  the  triumphs  of  science  in  vegetable 
products  are  every  day  witnessed  upon  our  tables.  Let  any  one 
follow  the  course  of  the  development  of  the  potato,  the  cucumber^ 
the  radish,  the  beet,  the  tomato,  the  celery,  or  other  vegetable,  and 
he  will  receive  a  most  instructive  lesson  in  the  scientific  culture  of 
natural  products  which  will  be  quite  astonishing.  In  some  in- 
stances the  cultivation  seems  to  have  left  but  a  mere  suggestion  of 
shape  and  flavor  of  the  original  wild  edible.  Just  so  it  would  b§ 

*  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  185. 


THE    LAW    OF   SCALENISM,    OR    PERVERSION.  55 

with  the  human  race  if  scientific  law  were  allowed  scope  in  the 
matter  of  reproduction,  instead  of  childish  instinct,  blind  passion, 
or  selfish  indulgence.  These  are  not  the  forces  we  put  into  horti- 
culture or  horse-breeding,  for  here  they  would  not  pay. 

The  blending  or  co-operation  of  Nature,  Art,  and  Science  in 
the  evolution  of  the  human  race  is  shown  in  many  ways.  To  those 
accustomed  to  take  the  very  limited  view  of  Art,  that  it  consists 
merely  in  painting  pictures,  singing,  acting,  etc.,  the  idea  of  man 
being  in  part  an  art-product,  will  appear  strange,  but  this  will  seem 
plainer  when  it  is  stated  that  those  born  in  barbarism  are  more 
nearly  children  of  Nature;  those  born  in  civilization  are  more 
nearly  children  of  Art,  i.e.,  born  under  the  influences  of  education 
and  refinement,  and  are  hence  cultivated  products  by  preponder- 
ance. Children  whose  parents  have  intermarried  according  to  the 
laws  of  fitness  and  adaptation,  with  the  intention  of  becoming  the 
progenitors  of  superior  offspring,  are  more  particularly  the  product 
of  Science,  with  a  subdominance  of  Nature  and  Art  intermingled  in 
their  make-up.  Such  children  may  not  necessarily  be  superior  to 
all  other  children,  but  are  undoubtedly  superior  to  what  either  of 
those  parents  would  have  perpetuated  had  they  intermarried  with 
more  unsuitable  mates. 

The  law  of  "  natural  selection,"  so  happily  elaborated  by  Mr. 
Darwin,  is  the  method  which  Nature  pursues  to  improve  the  human 
race  and  all  races,  in  accordance  with  a  law  of  progressive  develop- 
ment, which,  it  appears,  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in 
carrying  forward  the  evolution  of  the  race  toward  a  higher  grade 
of  development.  Those  born  under  the  spontaneous  operation  of 
this  law  are  almost  purely  natural  products. 

In  civilization,  the  choice  of  the  woman  by  the  man,  on  the 
ground  of  some  real  or  fancied  excellence,  is  an  aid — a  slight  one — 
to  the  former  slow  method  of  improvement.  This  is  the  triumph 
of  Art  over  Nature.  The  third  method,  that  which  is  pursued  by 
a  very  limited  number  of  persons,  indeed,  in  civilized  life, — the 
plan  of  intermarrying  because  of  mutual  adaptation  and  fitness, — 
produces  a  scientific  result  in  offspring,  born  according  to  law, 
bred  with  the  design  of  improving  the  race  by  scientific  culture. 
This  method,  if  universally  practiced,  would  carry  forward  the  evo- 
lution of  the  race  with  great  rapidity,  and  if  the  higher,  scientific 
plan  of  reproduction  were  followed  instead  of  the  instinctive  or 
animal-like  method  (which  is  the  lowest  form  of  reproduction,  and 
the  one  commonly  pursued  in  civilization  as  well  as  in  barbarism, 
in  obedience  to  a  blind,  sexual  impulse  or  selfish  gratification), 
there  would  be  evolved  a  race  of  wonderful  beings  far  transcending 
any  which  have  ever  appeared  on  earth. 


56  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  principal  and  most  important  use  of  the  knowledge  of 
the  Basic  Principles  of  Form  is  found  in  its  application  to  scientific 
physiognomy,  and  the  most  important  use  of  this  science  is  toward 
the  scientific  culture  of  the  human  race.  To  study  the  science  for 
the  simple  desire  of  knowing  what  certain  faces  and  forms  reveal 
is  mere  childish  curiosity.  The  application  of  its  principles  is  its 
highest  use.  My  motive  in  elaborating  this  system  proceeds  pri- 
marily from  a  desire  to  improve  the  race  by  practical  methods,  to 
bring  it  up  to  a  higher  grade  of  moral,  physical,  and  intellectual 
excellence,  instead  of  relying  upon  the  slow  and  uncertain  natural 
way  advised  by  theologists,  which  is  the  merely  sentimental  phase 
of  improvement,  slow  and  uncertain,  not  radical  and  certain.  I  do 
not  wish  to  underrate  theology  or  any  other  system  of  ethics  which 
promotes  in  any  degree,  however  slight,  the  morality  and  integrity 
of  humanity ;  but  what  I  urge  is  that  fundamental  principles  of 
life  are  now,  at  this  particular  stage  of  the  world's  development, 
greatly  needed,  and  I  add  this,  my  contribution,  in  a  true  mission- 
ary spirit,  as  being  the  attitude  of  benevolence  I  hold  and  have 
ever  held  toward  my  fellow-beings.  The  form  of  its  expression  has, 
however,  changed  with  advancing  years  ;  for,  whereas  in  my  youth 
I  thought  it  my  duty  to  proceed  to  Africa  and  Christianize  the  bar- 
barous races,  I  now  believe  it  my  duty  to  remain  at  home  and 
appeal  to  the  most  enlightened  and  refined  of  the  Christian  races, 
and  to  instruct  them  in  divinely  constituted  scientific  law  instead 
of  teaching  inspirational,  intuitive  beliefs  to  the  heathen.  The 
latter  belongs  to  the  infantile  stage  of  man  and  the  race  and  the 
former  to  the  adult  stage  of  mind. 

In  the  preceding  pages  each  primal  principle  of  form  has  been 
considered.  There  now  remains  only  the  duty  of  giving  a  tabulated 
summation  of  the  several  discriminations  of  form,  together  with 
their  related  symbols  or  significations.  The  six  simple  mechanical 
powers  involved  in  Nature,  or  the  working  forces  which  operate 
the  world  and  man's  organism  alike, — viz.,  the  lever,  the  wheel, 
the  axle,  the  pulley,  the  inclined  plane,  the  wedge  and  screw, — will 
be  treated  of  when  we  arrive  at  the  discussion  of  the  moving  forces 
or  dynamics  of  the  human  mind  and  body.  This  chapter  is  de- 
voted more  particularly  to  the  application  of  the  factors  of  Form  to 
the  human  organism,  regardless  of  the  operation  and  effects  of 
the  mechanical  forces  and  visceral  organs  which  produce  them, 
except  in  the  most  primitive  and  elementary  sense,  as  connected 
with  primitive  geometry  or  the  form  and  motions  of  the  planets.  Let 
it  be  understood  in  the  following  summary  that  the  term  "  artistic" 
is  used  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense,  including  not  only  the 
art-side  of  Nature,  but  also  all  of  the  arts  of  man,  such  as  sculpture, 


THE    LAW   OF    SCALENISM,    OK    PERVERSION. 


57 


painting,  acting,  singing,  musical  instrumentation,  athletics  of  all 
sorts,  and  the  semi-artistic  professions,  such  as  photography,  pho- 
nography, telegraphy,  and  all  other  arts  which  are  a  combination 
of  art  and  science,  with  the  art  principles  dominant,  and  a  sub- 
dominance  of  the  scientific  laws. 

The  term  "  scientific"  is  also  used  comprehensively,  and  in- 
cludes mechanism,  invention,  and  all  scientific  pursuits  in  which 
mechanical  or  scientific  principles  dominate  the  artistic. 


THE  NORMAL  FACTORS  OP  FORM  AND  BEING  IN  NATURE,  ART,  AND  SCIENCE. 
The  Sphere,  the  Curve,  the  Square. 


Beaut  v 


Perfection. 


THE  POINT,    .         .         .     Motion,  Germination,  Progress. 
THE  SPHERE,          .         .     Nature,  Art,  Infantile  Stage. 

Product,         .        .     The  curvilinear  or  artistic  man  (normal 
type.) 

THE  LINE,      .        .        .     Science,  Determinate  form. 

THE  ANGLE,  .        .        .     Regularity,      Precise       "Diagrammatic 

Illustration." 
THE  SQUARE,          .        .     Stability,     Rectitude,     Morality,     "The 

Measure  of  a  Man." 
THE  CUBE,     .        .        .    Integrity,  Wholeness,  Completion,  Adult 

Stage. 

NATURAL,  ARTISTIC,  SCIENTIFIC. 
Product,        .       :    The  square  or  scientific  man  (normal  type). 


THE  LAW  OF  IMPERFECT  CURVATION,  ILLUSTRATED  BY  THE  ABNORMAL 
FACTORS  OF  FORM  AND  BEING,  SKEWISM  OR  SCALENISM. 

OBLIQUITY,     .        .        .     One-sidedness,  Immorality. 
ECCENTRICITY,       .        .     Non-stability,  Genius,  Ugliness,  or  Mad- 

ness,   Contrariness    of   Thought    and 

Action. 
IMPERFECT  CURVATION,     Sophistry,    Knavery,    Defective    Func-  [•  Imperfection. 

tions. 
Perversion  of  Form  and  Motion,  as  in  — 

SlNISTRALITY  OR  LEFT- 

HANDEDNESS,      .        .     Awkward  and  Inapt  Movements. 

Imperfect  curvation,  or  crookedness  of  the  features,  the  head,  the  limbs,  the 
organs,  and  body,  producing  malformation  of  the  organs  of  speech,  hearing,  and 
sight. 


Product,  • 


UNNATURAL,  INARTISTIC,  UNSCIENTIFIC. 

.     The  crooked  or  perverted  man  (abnormal  type). 


CHAPTER   III. 

THE  FIVE  ORGAN  SYSTEMS  WHICH  CREATE  FORM  AND  CHARACTER. 

"The  history  of  the  evolution  of  form,  which  primarily  occupies  us,  is  at  the 
same  time  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  functions,  and  this  is  equally  true  of  the 
human  and  all  other  organisms."  * 

"Habits  and  the  use  and  disuse  of  organs  are  certainly  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance as  efficient  causes  of  organic  form."f 

VICTOR  COUSIN,  in  his  admirable  essay  on  the  beautiful, 
remarks:     "All  is  symbolic  in  Nature.     Form  is  not 
form  only;  it  unfolds  something  inward."^:     This  phi- 
losophy is  scientifically  correct,  for  it  is  a  law  of  Nature 
that  form  indicates  character ;  if  this  be  so,  then  the 
form  or  shape  of  the  individual  must  bear  a  strong  relation  to  his 
actions.    Not  only  is  this  true,  but  it  is  also  true  that  if  in  attending 
to  the  detail  of  a  man's  physiognomy  we  observe  with  the  eye  of 
science,  we  shall  be  able  to  discern  not  alone  his  mental  powers  and 
his  moral  proclivities,  but  likewise  his  physical  qualities  and  predis- 
positions to  health  and  disease. 

The  natural  shape,  or  the  one  with  which  one  is  born,  can  be 
modified,  it  is  true,  by  attention  to  diet,  rest,  exercise,  mental  occu- 
pation, etc.,  but,  as  little  attention  is  paid  to  modifying  inherited 
forms,  we  can  safely  say  that  the  majority  of  men  attain  manhood 
with  the  form  which  was  inherited,  unless  disease,  diet,  or  una- 
voidable circumstances  have  modified  the  inherited  form:  In 
investigating  the  laws  and  forms  of  organic  life  and  their  mean- 
ings, we  must  be  governed  by  the  methods  of  reasoning  that  are 
observed  in.  all  other  departments  of  scientific  research.  We  must 
first  collect  the  facts  as  to  forms  and  their  related  characters,  then 
we  must  pursue  a  course  of  generalizing,  as  it  is  termed.  This 
consists  in  collecting  a  certain  number  of  facts  relating  to  forms, 
together  with  the  characteristics  which  accompany  such  forms, 
and  then  compare  facts  and  forms,  and  if  in  the  majority  of  in- 
«t«n<;es  the  facts  and  forms  agree  we  have  sufficient  evidence  upon 
which  to  found  a  law.  This  is  the  method  pursued  by  all  scientists. 
The  safest  and  surest  way  of  discovering  the  laws  and  truths 


*  Haeckel's  Evolution  of  Man,  vol.  i,  p.  86. 

t  Ibid..  p.  111. 

t  Philosophy  of  the  Beautiful,  Victor  Cousin,  p.  129. 


(59) 


60  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  Nature  is  to  follow  her  indications,  to  use  one's  sense  of  obser- 
vation and  comparison,  and  to  interpret  Form  according  to  its 
indications,  assisted  by  the  "  basic  laws  of  form." 

That  all  form  indicates  character  is  a  principle  so  well  estab- 
lished throughout  Nature  as  to  need  little  testimony  from  me.  In 
the  study  of  the  science  before  us,  it  is  absolutely  essential  that 
this  principle  should  be  thoroughly  comprehended,  and  the  char- 
acter of  its  various  phases  understood  at  first  sight,  in  order  to 
render  the  interpretation  of  character  certain  and  beyond  all 
doubt, — for  upon  the  conformation  of  the  physiognomy  (and  here 
I  mean  the  entire  body)  are  we  mainly  dependent  for  knowledge 
of  the  character  of  the  entire  man.  It  is  true  that  size,  color, 
texture  of  the  skin  and  hair,  health,  etc.,  play  their  part  in  deter- 
mining characteristics ;  still,  Form  is  primarily  the  grand  deter- 
mining, dominating  principle  underlying  all  others.  Its  meanings 
should  be  completely  mastered  before  proceeding  to  the  considera- 
tion of  other  branches  of  our  subject. 

The  more  advanced  phrenologists,  who  commenced  the  inves- 
tigations of  phrenology  on  the  basis  of  classification  by  color  of  the 
complexion,  hair,  and  eyes,  have  gradually  arrived  at  the  conclu- 
sion that  form  is  the  most  decisive  factor  in  the  interpretation  of 
character.  O.  S.  Fowler  declares,  in  his  work  on  "Human  Sci- 
ence," that  the  correct  way  is  to  classify  character  by  the  forms  of 
the  body,  and  that  these  forms  are  produced  by  the  predominance 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  five  principal  systems  of  functions  in- 
cluded in  the  human  organism.  These  systems  and  forms  he 
designates  the  "  Vital,  Motive  or  Mechanical,  and  Mental 
Temperaments." 

I  cannot  comprehend  how  Mr.  Fowler  can  consistently  retain 
the  word  "  Temperament "  in  his  designation  of  forms.  Tempera- 
ment is  the  word  used  by  Hippocrates  to  indicate  the  several  colors 
of  the  complexion.  It  has  no  relation  to  Form,  whatever  it  may 
have  to  color.  If  we  wish  to  use  language  at  once  intelligent 
and  comprehensive,  it  must  be  rejected,  as  well  as  the  method  of 
deciding  character  by  so  small  a  portion  of  the  organism  as  the 
skull  alone.  Why  should  not  the  face  (where  the  most  active  and 
expressive  muscles  are  located)  and  the  contour  of  the  entire  body 
be  taken  into  account  I  It  is  certainly  a  great  deal  more  difficult 
to  feel  the  head  (which  has  no  active  expression,  and  is  not  so 
practicable  for  every-day  and  instant  observation  as  the  face  and 
the  outlines  of  the  body)  than  it  is  to  scan  the  face.  "A  cat 
may  look  at  a  king,"  and  so  one  may  study  the  features  of  his 
fellow-men,  without  saying  "By  your  leave."  This  system  of 
physiognomy  classifies  upon  the  basis  of  the  forms  that  are  de- 


FIVE    ORGAN    SYSTEMS   WHICH    CREATE   FORM   AND   CHARACTER.    61 

rived  from  the  development  of  the  several  organ  systems  which  are 
comprised  in  the  human  body.  It  also  shows  the  influence  of 
color  and  health,  as  well  as  all  the  other  conditions  which  deter- 
mine character. 

In  the  human  organism  there  are  five  different  organ  systems,, 
which,  in  their  development,  produce  different  configurations  of  the 
body  and  corresponding  differences  of  mental  development.  These 
systems  are  always  found  in  combination,  but  in  different  degrees 
of  power  in  every  individual,  and  to  these  variations  are  we  in- 
debted for  the  infinite  variety  of  the  human  race.  These  fh7e 
systems  are  named  the  Vegetative,  the  Thoracic,  the  Muscular, 
the  Osseous  or  Bony,  and  the  Brain  and  Nervous  Systems, — the 
last  mentioned  forming  one  system  and  producing  one  conforma- 
tion. Each  of  these  systems  evolves  and  exhibits  a  different  set 
of  physical  functions  and  mental  faculties  peculiar  to  itself,  but 
they  are  so  constituted  that  neither  can  exist  without  the  action 
and  interaction  of  a  certain  proportion  of  each  of  the  others. 

In  order  to  create  a  normal  and  healthful  condition  of  the 
organism,  there  must  always  be  a  due  development  of  each  of  these 
systems,  else  incompetency,  disease,  and  early  decline  will  be  the 
result.  The  system  which  is  the  first  in  the  order  of  development 
of  all  organized  life,  and  which  is  also  the  underlying  or,  basilar 
system  of  man's  organism,  is  the  Vegetative,  and  it  has,  in  common 
with  the  various  growths  of  vegetable  life,  the  functions  of  susten- 
tation,  imbibition  from  the  air  and  water  (through  the  pores,  in 
plants,  and  the  mouth,  in  man),  of  reproduction,  assimilation, 
absorption,  secretion,  excretion,  respiration,  circulation,  and  grojvth; 
but  the  Vegetative  System  gives  no  power  for  the  expression  of  the 
phenomena  of  either  thought  or  volition.  Every  plant,  tree,  vege- 
table, and  shrub  has  the  power  of  absorbing,  excreting,  and 
reproducing,  circulating  its  sap  and  juices  through  its  cells  and 
tubes  (and  this  by  hydrostatic  law  and  the  law  of  gravitation). 

All  the  lower  animals  have  the  same  powers  and  functions. 
Not  until  other  systems  of  functions  are  superadded  do  we  discover 
any  capacity  for  volition  or  conscious  sensation.  It  is  true  that 
the  lowest  animal  organisms,  such  as  the  Amoeba,  give  indications 
of  possessing  a  certain  form  of  sensation,  yet  these  are  all  in  the 
vegetative  condition.  No  organs  for  the  expression  of  sensation, 
as  we  find  it  illustrated  in  higher  animal  organisms,  have  yet 
been  evolved,  and  until  these  organs  or  systems  of  functions  are 
added, — such,  for  example,  as  bones,  muscles,  and  brain, — volition, 
sensation,  and  thought,  in  their  most  complete  sense,  are  not 
present.  The  intelligent  reader,  who  has  followed  the  course  of 
the  evolution  of  man  from  the  lowest  organisms,  or  from  the  primi- 


(j'J  PRACTICAL    AND.  SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

tive  human  germ,  will  have  observed  the  order  in  which  the  sev- 
eral systems  of  functions  and  their  accompanying  faculties  of  mind 
(as  it  is  called)  have  evolved  or  developed.  As  Nature  has  indi- 
cated this  order  as  her  supreme  law  of  progression,  I  shall  endeavor, 
in  the  exposition  of  this  system  of  physiognomy,  to  follow  her 
methods,  believing  the  laws  of  Nature  to  be  divine  and  infallible. 
These  laws,  if  allowed  free  scope,  and  not  impeded  by  the  ignor- 
ance or  wilfulness  of  man,  will  always  result  in  harmonious  devel- 
opment and  equilibrium. 

A  study  of  the  laws  of  natural  progression  shows  that  all 
organic  life  commences  with  the  development  of  the  functions  of 
sustentation,  reproduction,  secretion,  and  excretion.  Here,  then, 
is  the  physical  basis  of  organic  as  well  as  of  mental  life. 

In  the  first  chapter  I  took  for  illustration  the  first  develop- 
ments of  Form  and  Character  as  shown  in  the  mineral  kingdom. 
In  this,  I  shall  continue  the  study  by  taking  up,  first,  the  consider- 
ation of  the  form,  character,  and  the  earliest  appearances  of  cell- 
life  in  the  organization  of  animal  tissue  or  of  animal  bodies  which 
have,  like  all  vegetables  and  young  animals,  no  object  in  life  but 
to  grow.  It  is  probable  that  the  first  races  of  men  were  stomach 
men  merely — that  is  to  say,  they  lived  in  the  lowest  range  of  func- 
tions and  faculties,  viz.,  those  of  sustentation  and  reproduction, 
just  as  do  the  lowest  races  at  the  present  time — and  that  the 
powers  which  assist  man  in  his  architectural  and  mathematical 
efforts  were  not  developed  at  that  stage  of  evolution  to  any  appre- 
ciable extent,  but  were  merely  rudimentary. 

In  elaborating  my  theory  that  "mind  inheres  in  the  entire 
organism"  I  shall  quote  from  an  able  writer  in  order  to  show  that 
all  the  basic  elements  and  principles  of  Mind  are  present  in  the 
lowest  or  earliest  forms  of  cell-organisms.  These  organic  elements 
are  characterized  by  the  same  properties  that  are  exhibited  by  the 
most  developed  organisms.  These  properties  are  those  of  nutrition, 
reproduction,  growth,  development,  and  sometimes  of  motion  and 
irritability,  all  of  which  are  present  in  the  Amoeba,  the  most  primi- 
tive of  animal  organisms.  The  extract  hereto  appended  will  explain 
the  manner  of  development  of  primitive  tissues  which  contribute 
to  mental  as  wrell  as  to  physiological  power.  It  will  also  exhibit 
the  dominance  of  the  basic  principles  underlying  all  matter,  viz., 
those  of  Chemistry,  Architecture,  and  Mathematics : — 


THE    STRUCTURE    OF   ORGANIZED   BODIES. 


Chemical  analysis  has  shown  that  all  organized  bodies  are  capable 
of  resolution  into  simple  chemical  elements  which  in  themselves  do  not 
differ  from  the  elements  out  of  which  all  matter  is  composed  ;  in  other 
words,  that  the  simple  elements  of  which  organized  bodies  are  built  up 


FIVE    ORGAN    SYSTEMS    WHICH    CREATE    FORM    AND    CHARACTER.    63 

are  universally  distributed  throughout  Nature,  and  that  no  one  element 
is  peculiar  to  organized  matter.  The  characteristic  of  organized  bodies  is 
therefore  not  to  be  found  in  any  peculiarity  of  the  matter  of  which  they  are 
composed,  but  in  the  manner  in  which  the  atoms  composing  that  matter  are 
grouped.  In  an  inorganic  body  we  are  accustomed  to  attribute  its  chemical 
properties  to  the  nature,  number,  and  mode  of  association  of  its  constituent 
elements,  while  its  physical  properties  are  attributable  to  the  mode  of 
arrangement  of  its  molecules. 

Analysis  of  organized  bodies  shows  that  in  them  we  have  certain 
elements  constantly  present  in  certain  definite  proportions;  it  is  therefore 
warrantable  to  assume  that  the  chemical  properties  of  organized  bodies  are, 
as  in  the  case  of  inorganic  matter,  due  to  the  number,  nature,  and  mode  of 
association  of  their  elements.  Further,  we  find  in  all  organized  living 
bodies  a  certain  identity  of  pl^sical  properties  ;  it  is,  therefore,  warrantable 
to  assume  that  the  physical  processes  seen  in  organized  bodies  are  dependent 
on  the  mode  of  arrangement  of  their  constituent  molecules.  The  elements 
constantly  associated  in  living  matter  are  carbon,  nitrogen,  ox}Tgen,  hydro- 
gen, and  sulphur,  forming  a  complex  combination,  to  which  the  term  proto- 
plasm has  been  applied.  This  matter,  protoplasm,  whether  found  in  the 
tissues  of  the  highest  animals  or  plants,  or  in  the  lowest,  unicellular  members 
of  either  kingdom,  has  always  the  same  composition  and  is  always  possessed 
of  nearly  the  same  attributes ;  with 
the  restriction  that  we  have  al- 
ready referred  to,  as  to  the  differ- 
ence in  functions  possessed  by 
animals  and  plants, — differences 
which  will  probabl}'  in  the  future 
be  cleared  up,  and  found  not  to 
be  in  contradiction  to  the  state- 
ment that  protoplasm  is  the  uni- 
versal basis  of  organization.  Fm  3_A  NON.  NUCLEATED  CELL,  THE 

All  organized  bodies  are  built  PROTAMCEBA    PRIMITIVA.    (AFTER 

up   of  associations  of  masses  of  HAECKEL.) 

i  i  •   i,    f  4-1.    •  A,  original  condition  ;  B,  commencement  of  repro 

protoplasm,  which   trom   their   ap-         duction  by  fission ;  C,  after  complete  separation. 

pearance  are  termed  cells,  or,  from 

the  functions  which  they  fulfill,  elementary  organisms;  and  as  the  phj-sical 
properties  of  inorganic  matter  are  dependent  on  the  arrangement  of  their 
molecules,  so  the  physiological  peculiarities  of  organized  bodies  are 
dependent  on  their  cellular  structure. 

Physiology  is,  therefore,  the  studj-  of  the  properties  of  cells.  Cells 
possess  the  properties  of  Nutrition,  Reproduction,  Growth,  Development, 
and  in  many  cases  their  contents  are  capable  of  Motion  and  manifesting 
Irritability. 

Microscopic  examination  teaches  that  every  living  object,  from 
man  down  to  the  smallest  animalcule  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  from  the 
largest  tree  down  to  the  most  microscopic  plant,  is  built  up  on  the  same 
general  plan.  In  each  the  same  element  of  organization  is  found,  and  every 
living  form  is  built  up  of  associations  of  these  microscopic  units,  each  of 
which,  even  in  the  most  complex  forms  of  life  may  be  regarded  as  separate 
individual  organisms 

The  best  known  of  such  undifferentiated  forms  of  cell-life  is  the 
amoeba,  one  of  the  simplest  examples  of  an  animal  organism. 

In  its  lowest  form  the  amoeba  (Protamceba  primitiva,  Haeckel)  consists 
of  a  mass  of  jelly-like,  structureless,  albuminoid  substance  (protoplasm), 
which,  so  far  as  its  chemical  composition  and  general  attributes  are  con- 


64  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

cerned,  cannot  be  distinguished  from  the  contents  of  all  active  forms  of 
cells.  (See  Fig.  3.)  The  amoeba  is  capable  of  spontaneous  motion,  both  as 
regards  change  of  external  form  and  of  progressing  from  place  to  place. 
Motions  may  also  be  evoked  by  various  stimuli;  hence  free  protoplasm,  in 
common  with  muscular  fibre  and  ciliated  organisms,  is  contractile. 

The  peculiarity  of  protoplasmic  motion  as  seen  in  the  amoeba  is  that 
motion  does  not  occur  around  a  fixed  point,  but  rather  is  a  flowing  motion, 
such  as  might  occur  in  the  particles  of  a  fluid.  Thus,  in  an  amoeba  the 
dumges  in  form  and  location  are  effected  through  the  thrusting  out  of  lobe- 
like  prolongations  of  the  periphery  (pseudopodia)  and  their  subsequent 
withdrawal  or  the  flowing  into  these  extensions  of  the  remainder  of  the 
body. 

Occasionally  one  or  more  of  these  pseudopodia  become  gradually  more 
and  more  constricted,  until  finally  a  portion  becomes  entirely  separated  from 
the  original  mass,  increases  in  size,  and  itself  possesses  all  the  properties 
of  the  parent  stock ;  hence  protoplasm  is  reproductive,  and  possesses  the 
power  of  growth.  Moreover,  the  movements  of  an  amoeba  are  not  neces- 
sarily the  consequences  of  external  stimuli,  but  m&y  be  self-originating ; 
hence  protoplasm  is  also  automatic.  If  watched  for  some  time  an  amoeba 
will  often  be  seen  to  take  into  its  interior  by  flowing  around  them  small 
vegetable  organisms,  of  which  portions  are  dissolved  and  converted  into 
the  substance  of  its  body,  while  the  undigested  remainder  is  extruded; 
therefore,  protoplasm,  even  in  the  absence  of  all  digestive  organs,  possesses 
the  power  of  nutrition.  The  amoeba  requires  for  its  existence  an  atmos- 
phere of  oxygen,  which  is  absorbed,  and  which  it  again  partly  exhales  as 
carbon  dioxide.  Protoplasm  is,  therefore,  respiratory.* 

The  above  clear  and  explicit  statement  of  cell-powers  shows 
that  the  common  basis  of  mind-organization  is  present  in  the 
simplest  forms  of  organized  life.  In  this  phase  of  existence  the 
animal  appears  to  be  stomach  all  over;  formless,  yet  possessing  all 
the  possibilities  of  form ;  unorganized,  yet  exhibiting  all  the  attri- 
butes of  organization,  viz.,  capacity  for  motion,  reproduction, 
growth,  secretion,  excretion,  respiration,  and  digestion.  In  this 
stage  it  seems  to  be  a  chemical  compound,  merely;  the  rudi- 
mentary stage  of  all  organic  life  is  mainly  chemical,  yet  possessing 
as  we  have  seen  all  the  "  potencies  and  possibilities "  of  archi- 
tectural and  mathematical  development.  The  primitive  germ  of 
the  human  embryon  is  nothing  more  at  its  inception  than  a  minute 
mass  of  non-nucleated  protoplasm,  yet  possesses  all  the  properties 
of  mind  which  in  its  developed  state  may  exhibit  the  transcendent 
genius  of  an  Humboldt  or  a  Newton.  It  is  hence  important  that 
we  should  study  the  primitive  origin  of  man,  in  order  that  we  may 
comprehend  the  physical  basis  of  his  mind.  It  is  to  further  this 
purpose  that  I  have  introduced  the  preceding  description  of  the 
Amceba.f 

•Physiology  of  the  Domestic  Animals,  Robert  Meade  Smith,  pp.  11-14.  Philadelphia: 
F.  A.  Davis. 

t  A  study  of  embryology  or  of  the  evolution  of  man  would  be  most  advantageous  to  the 
student  who  desires  a  thorough  knowledge  of  this  most  interesting  phase  of  mental  development. 
My  limits  forbid  further  elaboration  here.— THE  AUTHOR. 


FIVE    ORGAN    SYSTEMS    WHICH    CREATE   FORM    AND    CHARACTER.    65 

The  lowest  animal  organisms  exist  in  and  upon  watery  or 
fluid  nutriment;  and  man  in  his  embryonic  state,  while  he  is  devel- 
oping from  his  protoplasmic  condition,  as  well  as  for  months  after 
his  birth,  lives  upon  fluid  nutriment. 

The  native  Australian  is  a  fair  sample  of  this  stage  of  evolu- 
tion. Of  course,  the  germs  of  all  the  five  systems  are  present  in 
the  lowest  types  of  man,  but  in  this  stage  of  development  they 
lack  both  size  and  quality,  and  are  not  perfected  as  in  perfected 
races.  The  other  systems  of  functions,  and  many  faculties  now 
seen  in  combination  with  the  vegetative,  have  been  very  largely 
perfected  since,  particularly  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  which  is 


FIG.  4.— NATIVE  AUSTRALIANS.    (AFTER  D'URVILT,E.) 
Showing  absence  of  muscular  tissue. 

now  in  a  more  active  state  than  ever  before  in  the  world's  history. 
From  being  a  stomach  race  we  are  becoming  a  brain  race.  What 
evolution  will  do  for  us  in  the  ages  to  come  it  is  difficult  to  predict. 
The  law  of  pregress  is  always  from  the  lower  to  the  higher,  and 
surely  we  can  say  of  human  nature  that  it  has  need  of  higher 
growth  or  a  higher  development  in  quality. 

The  next  class  of  animals  above  the  Amoeba  is  that  of  the 
Infusoria,  also  of  microscopic  proportions.  Above  these  we  find 
the  Polyp  (Fig.  5),  a  soft,  round-bodied  animal,  that  seems  to  be 
merely  a  gelatinous  mass,  yet  with  quite  a  distinct  digestive  appa- 
ratus in  the  form  of  a  tube.  These  creatures  multiply  by  what  is 
termed  gemmation  or  budding.  They  respire  through  the  skin  ; 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


they  have  no  blood-vessel  system,  but  are  supplied  with  a  nourish- 
ing fluid  analogous  to  the  blood  of  higher  animals. 

From  this  stage  of  animal  life  until  we  reach  Amphibia,  a 
class  of  animals  which  are  capable  of  living  both  in  water  and  on 
land,  we  find  no  true  lung  or  perfected  breathing  apparatus.  To 
be  able  to  inhale  air  is  the  next  great  step  in  progressive  develop 
ment  of  animal  powers,  and  in  Amphibia  we  observe  a  development 
of  both  lung  and  heart  power.  The  next  stage  of  development 
is  shown  by  an  increase  of  the  muscular  system.  This  increased 
power  is  necessitated  by  a  life  on  land,  as  the  amphibious  animals 
seek  their  food  on  land  as  well  as  in  the  water  ;  hence,  they  require 

more  muscular  power  to  enable  them 
to  gain  a  livelihood  in  both  realms. 

A  life  in  the  open  air  under  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  causes  .the  bony 
structure  to  become  perfected.  A  life 
in  the  water  exclusively  gives  to  the 
bony  structure  a  cartilaginous  or  soft 
condition.  We  find  in  the  human  and 
animal  races  that  those  classes  that 
have  led  an  outdoor  life  for  generations, 
as,  for  example,  farmers,  laborers,  etc., 
have  the  best-developed  bony  structure. 
The  animals  and  birds  that  skulk  and 
come  out  mainly  at  night  have  not  so 
good  a  bony  system  as  those  that  live 
in  the  open  air  exposed  to  the  sun. 
Compare  the  tiger,  the  coon,  the  opos- 
sum, the  polecat,  and  skunk,  with  the 
sheep,  the  goat,  and  dog,  the  owl  with 
the  sparrow-hawk,  etc.,  and  we  shall 
have  a  very  good  idea  of  what  the  sun  can  do  in  developing  and 
perfecting  a  bony  structure. 

In  the  plan  of  progressive  development  in  the  lower  animals 
we  find  that  the  order  observed  is  as  we  have  indicated :  First,  the 
vegetative  functions,  or  the  ability  to  eat,  drink,  respire,  secrete, 
reproduce,*and  grow  ;  the  next  step  is  to  breathe  ;  the  next  is  the 
development  of  the  muscular  system,  then  that  of  the  osseous  or 
bony  system ;  later  on,  as  we  advance  above  the  fish  family,  we 
find  a  beginning  of  a  true  brain  system.  Not  until  we  arrive  at 
the  order  Mammalia  do  we  find  a  perfected  brain  and  nervous  sys- 
tem, represented  first  in  the  several  races  of  animals,  both  wild 
and  domestic.  This  is  the  order  which  Nature  unfolds,  whether 
we  look  for  it  in  her  manifestations  through  the  long  ages  of  pro- 


FIG.  5.— A   POLYP.    (MUCH   EN 

LAKGED.) 

A  simple  animal  organism. 


THE    VEGETATIVE    SYSTEM. 


67 


gressive  development  from  the  simple  Amoeba  up  through  fish, 
reptile,  bird,  and  beast,  to  man,  or  whether  we  trace  it  through 
the  embryonic  life  of  the  human  being  and  find  it  written  on  man's 
face,  which  is  the  register,  if  we  read  it  scientifically,  of  all  these 
changes  and  growths.  The  order  above  described  I  shall  follow  in 
my  exposition  of  the  five  systems  of  functions. 


THE    VEGETATIVE    SYSTEM. 

We  observe  the  signs  for  the  action  of  the  vegetative  func- 
tions in  the  lower  part  of  the  face  mainly,  the  signs  for  the  devel- 
opment of  the  animal  or  motive  functions  and  faculties  in  the 

middle  range,  and  the  highest  por- 
tion of  the  physiognomy  discloses 
the  intuitional  and  the  reasoning 
powers.  Man's  face  is  truly  a 


FIG.  6.— VEGETATIVE  INFANT. 


FiG.  7.— VEGETATIVE  MAX. 


microcosm,  or  miniature  world.  How  wonderful !  How  beautiful ! 
How  divine !  It  seems  to  me  that  religion  can  go  no  farther  than 
to  know  the  human  face  scientifically,  and  then  to  use  this  knowl- 
edge for  race-improvement  by  intelligent  and  scientific  methods. 

If  the  theory  of  the  evolution  of  man  had  never  been  promul- 
gated, the  human  face  read  scientifically  would  have  necessitated 
its  promulgation,  for  the  face  of  man  proves  the  order  of  his  de- 
velopment, and  the  course  of  embryonic  life  corroborates  the 
methods  which  have  governed  the  gradual  unfolding  of  all  animal 
organisms,  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest.  In  the  highest  animal 
organization  in  the  world,  the  first  few  years  of  life  are  passed  with 


68  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

apparently  no  purpose  but  to  assimilate  nutriment  and  grow ; 
these  fill  out  the  infant  years  of  the  human  race.  The  counte- 
nance in  infancy  is  comparatively  expressionless,  the  bony  parts  of 
the  lace  and  body  are  cartilaginous  and  scarcely  perceptible  owing 
to  the  amount  of  fatty  tissue  which  the  constant  absorption  of 
liquid  food  has  produced.  What  will  eventually  be  bone  is  in  an 
almost  gelatinous  state  ;  the  glands  are  active  and  give  a  large 
quantity  of  juices  which  soften  the  tissue.  The  cheeks  and  chin 
are  round,  the  nose  small  and  depressed,  the  mouth  large,  the 
cheeks  protuberant,  the  forehead  small,  narrow,  rounding,  and 
bulging  at  the  centre.  There  is  a  sleepy  look,  with  little  inclina- 
tion to  move.  The  infant  while  in  this  state  may  be  said  to  be  in 
the  vegetative  condition,  that  is  to  say,  it  assimilates  food,  it  respires., 
it  secretes,  and  grows.  This  is  precisely  what  all  vegetable  life 
does,  only  vegetables  never  get  beyond  this  stage.  They  never 
develop  the  powers  of  voluntary  will  and  motion ;  these  require 
bones  and  muscles.  The  entire  existence  of  vegetables  is  passed 
in  absorbing  and  growing,  and  these  functions  being  common 
alike  to  plant  and  animal  existence  are  named  vegetative. 

If  these  functions  and  faculties  remain  dominant  in  adult  life., 
then  the  individual  is  mainly  vegetative,  and  although  in  the  adult 
there  are  bones,  muscles,  and  nerves,  and  other  animal  powers, 
still  the  individual  thus  built  will  be  childlike  as  compared  to  those 
who  possess  more  muscle  and  larger  bones  with  less  soft,  fatty 
tissue.  The  judgment  of  this  class  in  matters  of  literature,  mathe- 
matics, and  art  will  be  defective,  and  the  domestic  faculties  will  be 
found  in  the  ascendant. 

The  vegetative  adult  is  characterized  by  large  mouth,  small, 
depressed  nose,  globular  cheeks  and  chin,  slow  motions,  slow  pulse, 
large  abdomen,  voracious  appetite,  love  of  liquid  foods,  and  of 
sleep  and  ease,  mind  free  from  anxiety  or  care,  and  apparent 
deficiency  of  capacity  for  mental  effort  except  in  the  most  limited 
degree.  This  class  of  persons  is  found  generally  with  the  mouth 
open  and  the  eyes  shut,  and  this  is  in  accord  with  the  principles 
upon  which  they  are  built.  The  stomach  in  this  sort  being  more 
capacious  than  the  intellect,  they  naturally  put  themselves  in  a 
position  to  favor  their  dominant  powers.  By  keeping  the  eyes 
closed  the  individual  is  able  to  shut  out  sights  which  might  cause 
ideas,  and  as  thought  is  foreign  to  his  nature  and  eating  the  highest 
enjoyment,  he  is  by  this  attitude  in  a  condition  to  favor  the  pecu- 
liarities of  his  structure. 

As  it  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  we  are  inclined  to  use 
the  faculties  and  functions  which  are  most  developed  or  strongest 
in  us,  those  with  this  formation  will  be  inclined  to  gluttony  and  to 


THE   VEGETATIVE    SYSTEM.  69 

the  diseases  which  an  overcharged  system  engenders.  These  are 
shown  by  dropsical  tendencies,  rheumatism,  scrofula,  gout,  tumorous 
growths,  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart,  liver,  and  kidneys,  apo- 
plexy, inflammations,  and  fevers.  The  character  is  unambitious, 
indolent,  contented,  lacking  in  integrity  and  enterprise,  selfish  in 
its  enjoyments,  and  only  willing  to  give  after  being  fully  satisfied 
itself.  Fortunately  for  the  world,  there  are  in  it  very  few  of  this 
class  of  individuals. 

We  often  meet  with  men  of  eminent  talent  who  have  a  large 
degree  of  the  vegetative  system,  but  who  have  inherited  with  it  a 
fine  and  large  brain  system  and  well-developed  bones  and  muscles. 
Among  this  class  I  may  mention  Hume  and  Gibbon,  the  historians  ; 
Dumas,  the  novelist ;  Samuel  Johnson,  the  philologist ;  and  Ark- 
wright,  the  eminent  inventor.  Robert  Ing.ersoll  is  also  a  representa- 
tive of  this  combination.  These  men,  by  reason  of  their  having 
such  a  great  store  of  vitality  as  the  vegetative  system  yields,  were 
enajbled  to  perform  immense  mental  labor.  This  formation  gives 
the  power  and  warmth  necessary  to  sustain  great  mental  effort  by 
reason  of  the  juices  which  the  glands  secrete  and  absorb  from  the 
large  quantity  of  nutriment  taken  into  the  stomach.  Food  of  the 
liquid  sort  is  especially  desired  by  persons  with  the  vegetative 
system  large. 

This  system  and  formation  can  be  made  a  useful  and  normal 
•one  by  using  hygienic  measures :  First,  by  taking  less  sleep  and  on 
a  hard  bed,  then  by  restraining  the  appetite  in  eating,  and  espe- 
cially in  drinking,  by  avoiding  carbonaceous  foods,  such  as  white 
flour,  sugar,  eggs,  potatoes,  butter,  milk,  beer,  and  spirits,  drinking 
water  only  and  sparingly.  By  thus  doing  in  a  short  time  the  ex- 
cess of  fat  will  disappear,  the  mind  will  become  clearer,  the  indi- 
vidual will,  by  reason  of  the  increased  activity  of  the  liver  and 
lungs,  grow  more  active,  more  unselfish  and  thoughtful  of  others. 
Especially  should  the  society  of  active,  bright  people  be  cultivated, 
as  we  all  are  more  influenced  by  association  with  others  than  we 
are  aware  of  or  are  willing  to  allow. 

The  illustrations  Figs.  5  and  6  are  perfect  types  of  the  vege- 
tative class,  with  but  a  small  development  of  the  bony  or  muscular 
systems.  The  man  is  a  sort  of  human  polyp  or  human  cabbage ; 
yet  such  persons  can,  by  a  persevering  application  of  hygienic  laws, 
develop  a  fairly  useful  organization.  The  infant  illustrates  the 
normal  condition  of  the  infant,  which  is  the  vegetative. 

In  the  lower  animal  world  we  find  that  the  upward  progress 
of  the  organism  was  caused  mainly  by  the  evolution  of  a  breathing 
<f/>/><M'atm.  The  power  to  inhale  air  was  a  great  step  forward, 
and  the  order  of  the  development  of  animal  organs  is  precisely  the 


70  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

same  as  that  which  the  human  animal  observes  in  his  progress  to 
perfected  manhood.  Ernst  Haeckel  tells  us,  in  his  celebrated 
work  on  evolution: — 

Man,  in  his  embryonic  life,  passes  through  all  the  various  stages  <>(' 
progress  and  development  which  the  lower  organisms  pass  through  in  their 
evolution  from  the  merely  vegetative  existence  to  the  highest  degree  of 
sensation  attained  by  animal  organisms.* 

At  his  birth  he  possesses  all  the  functions  and.  faculties  which 
characterize  all  vegetable  and  animal  organisms,  with  the  addition 
of  a  higher  grade  of  intellectual  apprehension  and  with  more  per- 
fected and  sensitive  members  and  faculties.  These  are  arranged 
in  the  body  in  the  exact  order  in  which  they  have  evolved  from 
the  lower  organisms — the  vegetative  functions  occupying  the  lower 
portion  of  the  trunk,  and  the  brain,  the  latest  organ  to  become 
developed,  the  highest  portion  of  the  body.  In  the  human  face 
the  signs  indicating  these  several  organs  and  functions  with  their 
accompanying  faculties  will  be  found  to  follow  precisely  the  same 
plan. 

A  good  proportion  of  the  vegetative  system  is  essential  to 
health,  and  those  who  are  lacking  in  the  right  proportion  of  it 
suffer  from  dyspepsia,  nervousness,  sleeplessness  and  consumption. 
What  is  required  to  make  a  well-balanced  individual  is  equilibrium 
in  the  several  functions,  and  this  law  of  equilibrium  is  universal, 
controlling  and  regulating  all  created  things.  It  is  the  law  which 
keeps  the  planets  in  motion,  and  holds  them  true  to  their  orbits. 

Some  of  the  finest  traits  are  evolved  from  the  vegetative  system ; 
the  domestic  and  social  here  find  their  origin.  If  we  wish  to  lead 
happy,  healthy,  and  moral  lives,  we  must  seek  to  obtain  a  fair  share 
of  this  system,  and  then  keep  it  in  repair  by  applying  hygienic 
law  to  its  conservation ;  yet  an  excess  must  be  avoided,  unless  wo 
wish  to  sink  to  the  level  of  a  mere  vegetable  existence. 

The  vegetative  system  will  always  play  an  important  part  in 
the  human  economy.  It  is  the  base  of  many  fine  traits  of  character 
as  well  as  being  the  sustaining  power  of  the  organism.  The 
absence  of  a  due  admixture  of  this  system  produces  an  impoverished 
body  and  a  mind  devoid  of  many  beautiful  and  useful  traits. 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Parental  Love,  and  Amativeness  are 
directly  related  to  this  system  and  are  all  sustained  by  its  develop- 
ment and  action. 

The  signs  for  the  following  organ  systems  are  within  the 
chemical  or  vegetative  division:  The  intestines,  the  kidneys,  the 
glands,  and  reproductive  system.  Their  action  is  chemical  mainly 
and  does  not  involve  the  action  of  the  muscles  or  bones,  except  as 

*  Evolution  of  Man,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  5 


THE    THORACIC    SYSTEM.  71 

a  secondary  cause.  The  faculties  derived  from  the  development 
and  functional  action  of  these  organs  are  Conscientiousness,  Firm- 
ness, Digestion,  Bibativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Self- 
esteem,  Friendship,  Amativeness,  Mirthfulness,  Approbativeness, 
Economy,  Hospitality,  Love  of  Home  and  of  Country. 
*•  The  vegetative  system  shows  all  the  functions  and  facilities 
which  are  dominant  in  childhood,  and  the  physiognomies  of  all 
children,  if  they  are  healthy,  exhibit  a  larger  development  of  these 
signs  than  of  other  divisions  where  the  signs  of  the  Mechanical, 
Artistic,  and  Mathematical  powers  are  located. 

The  three  grand  natural  divisions  of  the  face,  by  the  very 
order  of  their  arrangement  and  locality,  indicate  the  order  of  pro- 
gressive growth  and  development  of  the  body  and  mind.  First, 
the  vegetative  system,  which  is  supreme  in  childhood;  afterward, 
the  mechanical  faculties  assert  their  dawning  powers  just  in  the 
ratio  that  the  bones  and  muscles  strengthen;  and  when  children 
commence  to  understand  the  use  and  management  of  material  sub- 
stances, they  can  become  expert  in  light  manual  labor,  both  artistic 
and  mechanical.  Later  in  life,  the  brain  becomes  more  mature 
and  pure  abstract  reason  dominates  all  the  previous  developments, 
and  mechanical  calculation  serves  also  to  assist  mental  processes. 

The  faculty  of  Conscientiousness  is  located  in  the  chemical  or 
underlying  system,  proving  conclusively  that  morality  commences 
in  the  physical  basis, — just  where  it  should,  to  be  of  the  greatest 
value  to  the  organism.  If  a  cultivated  and  quickened  moral  sense 
were  brought  to  bear  upon  all  the  faculties  and  functions  of  this 
division  of  the  human  organism,  many  of  the  sins  and  evils  affect- 
ing the  human  family  would  be  unknown.  A  judicious  mingling 
of  this  system  with  a  suitable  proportion  of  the  other  systems  of 
the  organism  creates  health  and  happiness;  how  .to  accomplish 
this  result  will  be  shown  as  we  proceed  to  investigate  the  science 
of  physiognomy.  This  system  constitutes  the  chemical  division 
of  the  body  and  mind ;  the  faculties  set  in  action  by  its  laws  are 
mainly  chemical  in  their  operation. 

ARCHITECTURAL  DIVISION. 
THE  THORACIC  SYSTEM. 

The  thoracic  system  is  located  in  the  highest  portion  of  the 
trunk,  and  contains  the  organs  of  respiration  and  circulation,  the 
heart  and  lungs,  as  well  as  the  liver,  which  is  an  active  agent  in 
purifying  the  blood  that  has  been  created  by  the  assimilation  of 
nutriment  in  the  intestines  and  glands.  The  blood  is  poured  into 
the  heart  through  the  thoracic  duct ;  from  the  heart  it  is  carried  to 


7-2 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIKXTIFIC    IMIYSIOGXO.MY. 


the  lungs  by  the  pulmonary  artery.  This  system  therefore  includes 
the  heart,  liver,  and  lungs,  together  with  the  several  ducts,  veins, 
arteries,  and  tubes  Comprised  in  its  action.  These  physical  func- 
tions give  rise  to  the  following  faculties:  Pneumativencss,  Hope, 
Analysis,  and  Color,  and  exert  an  influence  upon  Human  Nature, 
Imitation,  and  Sublimity.  4 

The  Architectural  Division  has  three  subdivisions.  One  is 
composed  of  the  heart,  liver,  and  lungs;  the  second,  of  the  muscles, 
including  the  stomach,  which  is  a  muscular  organ;  and  the  third, 
the  osseous  or  bony  system.  Each  of  these  organ  systems  origi- 
nate a  different  class  of  mental  efforts. 

The  outward  facial  sign  for  the  lungs  is,  of  course,  the  nostrils, 
as  it  is  through  these  organs  that  we  are  enabled  to  respire.  The 

facial  sign  for  the  heart  is  also  the 
nostrils,  as  well  as  bright  color  of  the 
complexion.  The  heart  and  lungs 
being  correlated  organs,  they  mu- 
tually condition  each  other;  hence 
large  nostrils  are  indicative  of  good 
heart  and  lung  power.  A  predom- 
inance of  the  thoracic  system  is 
known  by  large  rounding  chest,  wide 
nostrils,  rather  high  cheek-bones,  full 
throat,  bright  eyes,  and  elastic  step, 
while  the  abdomen  and  brain  are  com- 
paratively small.  The  greyhound  is 
a  fine  illustration  of  this  system,  also 
the  various  deer  tribes.  This  system 
in  its  highest  manifestation  shows  that 
the  aeration  of  the  blood  is  performed 
on  a  large  scale,  inducing  buoyancy 
of  spirits,  quickness  and  clearness  of  apprehension,  ambition, 
hope,  and  progressive  mentality.  It  causes  the  individual  to  be 
cheerful,  happy  and  pure-minded,  owing  to  the  large  quantity  of 
oxygen  taken  into  the  system  and  the  purifying  effect  which  a 
large  heart,  liver,  and  lungs  give  to  the  whole  organism. 

History  abounds  in  the  record  of  men  with  large  thoracic  de- 
velopment and  small  brains,  who  have  made  of  life  a  brilliant  suc- 
cess, but  it  is  almost  void  of  those  possessed  of  small  lungs  and 
large  brains.  Pioneers,  discoverers,  warriors,  orators,  and  aggres- 
sive people  in  thought  and  action  the  world  over  will  be  found 
within  this  class.  Where  this  system  is  well  marked,  the  indi- 
vidual will  be  fond  of  outdoor  sports  and  pursuits,  quick  at  appre- 
hending everything  perceived,  and  as  quick  to  drop  it.  This 


FIG.  8.— THOMAS  H.  BENTON. 
(UNITED  STATES  SENATOR.) 

Thoracic  System  dominant. 


THE   THORACIC    SYSTEM.  73 

peculiarity  causes  them  to  excel  in  pioneering  and  geographical 
discovery,  and  in  all  pursuits  where  great  activity  and  constant 
motion  is  required.  « 

Children  of  this  formation  of  body  are  restless,  eager,  and 
apt,  but  dislike  close  and  continuous  study  and  dull  routine  and 
drudgery,  and  will  run  from  it  if  pressed  too  closely.  This  class 
will  make  better  students  later  in  life,  and  study  better  after  thirty 
years  of  age,  yet  will  pick  up  and  store  away  thousands  of  useful 
facts,  apparently  without  effort,  in  childhood.  They  will  excel  in 
outdoor  pursuits  and  enjoy  outdoor  labor  even  in  early  life.  It  is 
cruel  to  compel  them  to  study  closely  and  continuously  in  youth. 
The  study  of  the  sciences  is  natural  to  them.  This  class  of  per- 
sons (with  a  suitable  brain  system  in  addition)  can  become 
botanists,  orchardists,  navigators,  naturalists,  stock-breeders,  geolo- 
gists, hygienists,  and  succeed  in  similar  occupations.  By  follow- 
ing these  pursuits,  their  health,  happiness,  and  usefulness  will  be 
promoted. 

People  of  this  type  make  cheerful  and  safe  companions,  for, 
as  their  organisms  are  filled  with  the  oxygen  and  ozone  of  the 
atmosphere,  their  moral  sense  andjwriYyof  mind  are  stronger  than 
in  weaker  developments  of  the  thoracic  system.  They  are  also,  as 
a  rule,  high-minded,  filled  with  noble  and  philanthropic  ideas,  or 
ambitious  to  hold  prominent  and  distinguished  positions  in  society. 

Persons  with  large  lungs  become  poisoned  Avith  noxious  air 
sooner  than  do  those  with  small  lungs.  The  reason  of  this  is  owing 
to  the  greater  quantity  of  bad  air  which  is  inhaled  in  a  given  time. 
A  large  development  of  the  thoracic  system  engenders  a  cheerful, 
sportive,  ardent,  courageous,  and  magnanimous  disposition,  and 
those  who  inherit  and  conserve  this  system  will  retain  their  youth- 
ful feeling  and  vivacity  to  an  advanced  age ;  hence  it  is  that  we 
find  in  the  countenances  of  many  aged  persons  a  fine  complexion, 
skin  of  a  fine,  soft  texture,  and  but  few  wrinkles,  as  compared 
with  others  who  do  not  possess  as  large  a  development  of  the 
thorax. 

Among  the  eminent  persons  who  have  been  endowed  with  a 
fine  thoracic  system,  I  may  mention  Julius  Caesar.  Cicero,  Well- 
ington, Cromwell,  Bonaparte,  Patrick  Henry,  William  Pitt,  Henry 
Clay,  and  many  other  well-known  warriors  and  orators. 

The  diseases  which  assail  this  system  are  acute  and  inflamma- 
tory, such  as  pneumonia,  pleurisy,  cerebral  and  pulmonary  con- 
sumption, rupture  of  the  heart,  hypertrophy  of  the  left  ventricle 
of  the  heart,  and  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  These  disorders 
are  caused  by  the  intense  activity  of  this  system.  It  is  a  law  of 
human  nature  that  we  love  to  use  most  our  strongest  faculties. 


74  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Hence,  those  persons  possessing  a  large  thoracic  system  are  apt  to 
be  too  energetic,  and  to  consume  their  vital  forces  by  undue  use  of 
them.  Such  persons  should  avoid  exciting  scenes  and  all  kinds  of 
commotions  in  which  the  emotions  take  a  leading  part.  They 
should  live  on  some  simple  vegetable  diet,  sleep  much,  and  pursue 
a  steady  unexciting  occupation. 

Those  who  inherit  a  feeble  development  of  the  thorax  should 
live  in  hilly  regions,  engage  in  walking,  running,  boating,  horse- 
back exercise,  and  gymnastics,  especially  those  which  develop  the 
upper  part  of  the  body.  It  is  a  circumstance  worth  noting  that 
all  the  high-flying  birds  have  larger  lungs  relatively  than  those 
that  remain  in  marshes  and  fly  low.  The  bones  of  the  former  are 
permeated  with  air-cells  which  contain  air,  and  thus  their  flight 
is  assisted  by  their  frame  being  lightened  by  this  peculiarity  of 
construction. 

All  those  races  of  men  and  animals  that  inhabit  mountainous 
regions  have  larger  thoracic  systems  than  those  who  dwell  in 
the  plains.  Naturalists  tell  us  that  fishes  inhabiting  mountain 
streams  have  larger  air-vessels  than  those  found  in  other  waters, 
and  the  reason  of  it  is  that  the  atmosphere  in  those  regions  is  rarer 
or  more  attenuated,  hence  the  lungs  are  compelled  to  respire  more 
in  order  to  get  the  same  quantity  of  air.  Persons  with  small  or 
weak  lungs  will  find  it  advantageous  to  inhale  the  atmosphere  of 
the  hills,  because  it  induces  activity  of  the  lungs'  and  heart,  and 
this  causes  a  demand  for  more  blood.  The  appetite,  under  the 
stimulus  of  this  atmosphere  will  call  for  more  food,  the  digestive 
processes  will  derive  more  nourishment  from  the  aliment  consumed, 
and  thus  the  entire  system  will  become  invigorated  by  the  improved 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  air,  while  the  lungs  will  be  compelled 
to  greater  activity ;  and,  as  use  increases  capacity,  many  persons 
who  have  inherited  weak  lungs  have  been  benefited  and  almost 
renewed  by  early  change  from  low  to  higher  altitudes.  Thus  much 
will  capacity  for  and  a  full  supply  of  pure  air  do  for  the  individual. 

A  system  of  ventilation  for  public  buildings  and  homes  is  the 
greatest  necessity  of  the  present  age.  We  cannot  expect  pure- 
minded,  noble  characters  to  thrive  and  expand  in  close,  ill-smell- 
ing, noxious  dwellings.  If  we  desire  moral  men  and  women,  and 
those  who  are  truly  religious,  our  systems  of  drainage,  sewerage, 
ventilation,  and  water  supply  will  have  to  be  amended  before  such 
result  can  be  secured ;  for  any  system  of  Theology  or  Ethics  which 
does  not  include  Natural  Law  as  its  ruling  principle  will  create  no 
improved  types  of  the  human  family,  and  will  only  succeed  in  pro- 
ducing a  class  of  theoretic  sentimentalists,  irithout  the  power  to  be 
either  pure-minded,  noble,  or  truly  religious.  Fresh  air,  pure 


THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM. 


75 


water,  bathing,  hygienic  diet,  and  self-control,  used  according  to 
law,  contain  all  the  fundamental  principles  of  true  religion,  and 
will  advance  civilization  to  grander  heights  of  purity,  morality,  and 
truth  than  all  the  dogmatic  theories  of  centuries.  Pure  water  and 
«pure  air  are  the  first  necessities  of  life,  and  must  be  obtained  if  a 
fine  development  of  the  thoracic  system  is  desired. 


THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM. 

The  next  system  in  the  order  of  development  or  evolution  is 
the  Muscular.  It  is  in  the  Architectural  Division,  and  assists  for- 
mative effort  of  every  kind  whatsoever,  whether  literary,  artistic, 
mechanical,  or  in  the  rebuilding  of  the  human  race.  In  analyzing 
the  salient  points  of  features 
of  the  Muscular  System  and 
Form,  we  must  make  a  dis- 
tinction between  muscle  and 
fat,  as  these  two  classes  of 
tissues  create  and  exhibit  two 
distinct  and  opposite  kinds  of 
character.  The  predominance 
of  the  Muscular  System  is 
known  by  a  rather  broad  form, 
with  well-developed  muscles 
and  tendons;  quick,  elastic 
step ;  shoulders  broad  in  pro- 
portion to  the  body ;  rather 
low  or  high  and  rounding 
forehead ;  the  nose  rather  short 
and  broad;  full  convex  eye; 
round,  short  ears;  short,  thick  neck,  with  a  tendency  to  develop 
long,  perpendicular  wrinkles  on  the  face. 

Writers  of  works  on  physiology  and  anatomy  arrange  the 
muscles  into  two  general  divisions,  viz,  the  voluntary  and  the 
involuntary  ;  but  scientific  physiognomy  finds  it  necessary  to  take 
cognizance  of  and  describe  every  formation  which  the  muscles  may 
assume,  in  the  outward  conformation  of  the  human  body.  The  six 
classes  of  muscles  which  we  are  obliged  to  take  into  consideration 
in  the  reading  of  character  are  as  follow  : — 


FIG.  9.— HERR  FLEISCHMAN. 
(GERMAN  ARTIST.) 

Muscular  System  supreme. 


Straight  muscles. 
Crooked  muscles. 


Round  muscles. 
Thin  muscles. 


Long  muscles. 
Short  muscles. 


Combinations  of  these  produce  the  following  forms : — 


Round  and  long  forms. 
Round  and  short  forms. 
Thin  and  long  forms. 


Thin  and  short  forms, 
('rooked  and  thin  forms. 
Crooked  and  round  forms. 


76  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  two  divisions  which  are  made  by  anatomists  tiro  termed 
the  "Voluntary"  and  the  "In  voluntary."  The  voluntary  muscles 
are  those  which  arc  moved  by  the  will  and  are  the  muscles  involved 
in  motion,  such  as  the  muscles  of  the  arms,  legs,  trunk,  and  Dice. 
These  are  moved  whenever  the  individual  desires,  and  are  the 
muscles  of  motion.  The  involuntary  muscles  are  those  which 
move  automatically  and  are  riot  controlled  by  the  will  or  wish 
of  man.  These  muscles  are  the  large  organs  of  the  viscera,  com- 
posed of  fibrous  material,  and  are  moved  by  inward  motions  pro- 
duced by  the  circulation  of  the  air  and  the  periodic  movements  of 
the  heart,  and  the  involuntary  contractions  of  the  stomach  in 
digestion;  hence  the  heart,  lungs,  and  stomach  are  involuntary 
muscles,  together  with  the  valves  of  the  veins  and  the  several 
septums  of  the  heart  and  other  organs.  The  muscles  of  the  larynx 
belong  to  a  mixed  class.  In  the  production  of  sound  they  are 
wholly  under  the  control  of  the  will  and  are  then  voluntary ;  but 
in  deglutition  and  respiration  they  are  spasmodic  and  automatic, 
and  are  then  involuntary. 

A  minute  description  of  all  these  combinations  is  unnecessary 
for  the  general  reader.  Those  who  design  becoming  teachers  and 
examiners  can  refer  to  the  rules  laid  down  for  the  "  Basic  Principles 
of  Form,"  and  apply  those  principles  to  the  combination  which  they 
have  under  consideration.  After  learning  the  sort  of  character 
exhibited  by  the  straight,  the  crooked,  the  round,  the  thin,  the  long 
muscles,  etc.,  he  can,  upon  observing  any  given  combination  in  a 
character,  make  such  observations  upon  it  as  the  basic  rules  of 
Form  declare  to  be  correct. 

The  combination  of  muscles  which  are  most  commonly 
exhibited  are  the  short  and  round,  and  the  long  and  thin;  yet  they 
are  sometimes  found  mingled  in  just  the  opposite  manner,  and 
then  they  point  to  characteristics  easily  understood  by  those  who 
learn  the  principles  upon  which  they  act  and  the  kind  of  character 
which  each  simple  uncombined  sort  discloses.  Those  with  short 
and  round  muscles  have  relatively  broad  and  short  figures,  with 
thick  chests,  broad  shoulders,  thick  neck ;  low,  broad  heads,  and 
particularly  broad  above  the  ears ;  the  joints  small  and  well  covered ; 
the  fingers  tapering  and  nails  oval ;  the  feet  short  and  thick,  with 
high  instep;  the  forehead  broad  and  rounding  outwardly  at  flic  s/V/r.s 
and  rising  in  an  almost  straight  line  from  the  eyebrows  upward. 
The  face  is  round  or  oval,  cheeks  full,  nose  round,  eyes  large  and 
convex,  chin  often  dimpled,  hands  and  feet  small,  and  the  limbs 
short,  round,  and  tapering.  The  functions  most  active  in  this  class 
are  those  of  digestion,  circulation,  and  motion,  and  the  heart,  lungs, 
and  stomach  are  strong  and  large.  The  mental  constitution  dis- 


THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  77 

inclines  to  study,  for  love  of  motion  here  works  against  close 
application  to  books. 

The  predominance  of  the  vital  organs,  as  shown  by  the  strong 
development  and  action  of  the  muscular  organs,  the  heart,  the 
lungs,  the  stomach,  the  reproductive  system,  and  veins,  gives  great 
muscular  strength,  love  of  eating  and  drinking,  social  enjoyments, 
athletics,  music,  dancing,  etc.,  and  love  of  the  opposite  sex,  animals 
and  children.  This  type  of  character  is  inclined  to  commercial 
business  and  speculation,  contracting,  brokerage,  and  all  classes 
of  trades  which  bring  in  the  social  element  and  allow  of  motion 
without  hard  labor.  The  noted  Jim  Fisk,  of  Erie  Railroad 
notoriety,  is  a  good  specimen  of  this  class.  Those  with  a  good 
brain  development  in  combination  will  exhibit  capacity  for  surgery 
and  military  life.  Napoleon  I  illustrates  this  combination.  The 
army  includes  many  surgeons  of  this  build. 

Where  the  muscles  are  of  the  long  and  thin  type,  the  character 
has  less  of  the  aggressive  and  more  of  the  sentimental  cast,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  internal  viscera  are  relatively  less  round  and 
the  motor  muscles  longer  and  thinner  than  in  the  former  class. 
This  difference  in  muscular  structure  shows  in  the  face  in  several 
ways.  The  face  is  relatively  long  and  the  chin  oval.  The  nose 
is  higher,  thinner,  and  longer  than  with  the  former,  the  cheeks  not 
so  full  and  round,  and  the  eye,  although  as  large  and  round,  not 
as  convex  or  full  as  the  above.  The  affectional  and  intuitional 
traits  are  well  developed ;  yet  the  sentiment  of  love  of  the  opposite 
sex  and  of  children  will  exhibit  itself  in  a  more  refined  manner, 
and  the  commercial  instinct  will  not  be  so  pronounced  as  with  the 
former!  The  head  rather  high  and  narrow,  the  limbs  and  body 
long,  the  joints,  knuckles,  etc.,  appear  rather  prominent,  the  bones 
of  the  fingers  pronounced,  and  the  body  lithe  and  flexible.  Men- 
tally, this  build  will  have  capacity  for  some  form  of  art,  will  enjoy 
domestic  ties  and  possess  true  conjugal  feeling,  sincere  friendship, 
and,  with  a  suitable  brain-formation,  will  be  inclined  to  languages, 
belles-lettres,  and  metaphysical  studies. 

These  two  different  and  distinct  formations  are  so  often  met 
with  and  so  thoroughly  described  as  to  make  it  quite  easy  for  the 
reader  to  give  the  delineation  correctly.  Where  certain  variations 
are  observed,  as,  for  example,  if  the  combination  presented  should 
be  round  and  long,  some  of  the  characteristics  common  to  each 
of  these  forms  will  be  present;  or,  if  the  combination  should  present 
the  thin  and  short  type,  or  the  crooked  and  round,  or  the  thin  and 
crooked,  which  is  rare,  the  reader  has  only  to  apply  the  general 
law  governing  the  two  distinct  forms  of  muscle. 

The  many  and  varied  expressions  of  the  human  face  are  due 


"7>>  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  the  action  of  a  great  number  of  muscles ;  there  are  found  in  the 
face  thirty-six  pairs  and  two  single  muscles,  and  in  the  body  more 
than  five  hundred.  The  eye  contains  more  muscles,  more  active 
ones,  and  those  which  express  more  thought,  than  those  of  any 
other  part  of  the  body ;  hence  the  eye,  being  a  mass  of  muscles,  is 
the  facial  exponent  of  the  muscular  system.  When  we  desire  to 
know  the  muscular  development  of  an  individual,  we  can  safely 
trust  to  the  eye  for  our  knowledge.  The  larger,  more  convex,  and 
deeper  colored  the  eye,  the  greater  the  degree  of  strength  in  the 
muscular  system.  Small  or  depressed  eyes  with  sunken  orbits 
always  denote  less  muscular  power  than  large  full  eyes,  and  pale- 
colored  eyes  indicate  less  vigor  than  well-colored  ones.  A  com- 
parison of  the  eyes  of  all  muscular  animals  is  one  proof  of  this 
statement.  Examine  the  eyes  of  the  deer  tribes,  the  gazelle, 
springbok,  hare,- rabbit,  etc.  In  all  these  creatures  the  muscular 
predominates  over  the  osseous  or  bony  system.  The  bull  is  an 
example  of  great  muscular  power-,  as  well  as  the  bull-dog,  and 
both  have  great  convex  eyes.  Light-colored  eyes  do  not  denote 
as  much  vigor  of  the  muscles  as  dark  eyes,  but  this  branch  of  the 
subject  will  be  considered  under  the  head  of  Color. 

All  eminent  artists,  actors,  singers,  musicians  and  sculptors 
are  endowed  with  a  fine  quality  of  muscle.  Observation  of  their 
physiognomies  will  reveal  the  fact  that  they  have  large  bright  eyes. 
The  nature  of  their  professions  requires  a  fine  as  well  as  strong 
muscular  system.  Inasmuch  as  all  parts  of  the  organism  involved 
in  the  production  and  reception  of  tone  or  sound  are  in  the 
muscular  system,  it  follows  logically  that  we  should  look  to  that 
department  of  the  body  for  capacity  in  this  direction.  The  vocal 
cords,  the  larynx,  the  tongue,  the  lips,  as  well  as  the  ear,  are  all 
engaged  in  the  production  and  reception  of  tone  or  sound.  In 
artistic  works,  such  as  acting,  painting,  and  sculpture,  the  muscle 
must  be  in  excess  in  order  to  take  command  of  the  bones  ;  hence 
we  find  that  nearly  all  artists  are  round-built  persons.  They  are 
lithe  and  elastic  like  muscle  itself. 

In  speaking  of  artists  as  muscular  persons,  it  might  seem  to 
the  unobservant  that  this  is  incorrect,  since  a  muscular  person  is 
usually  thought  of  as  being  developed  like  an  athlete  or  black- 
smith. Now,  size  of  muscle  is  not  the  only  indication  of  power, 
for  we  know  that  horses  training  for  racing  are  exercised  with  a 
view  of  decreasing  the  size  of  the  muscles  in  order  to  make  them 
more  dense  and  firm ;  in  short,  to  improve  their  quality.  Quality 
is  the  dominating  principle  all  through  Nature. 

Many  large  men  are  weaker  than  some  much  inferior  in  size. 
It  is  the  inherited  quality  which  first  gives  superior  power ;  after- 


THE    MUSCULAR  .SYSTEM.  ,        79 

ward  exercise  must  keep  up  the  natural  tone  and  vigor  of  the 
system.  The  muscles  of  a  dwarf  might  dominate  his  bony  system, 
I  should  then  classify  him  among  muscular  men. 

Observation  of  the  faces  and  forms  of  all  eminent  artists  will 
give  all  the  proof  needed  on  this  point.  It  will  be  seen  that  they 
possess  large,  wide-open  eyes  with  arched  eyebrows,  the  bones 
small  at  the  joints  and  the  fingers  tapering — every  part  and  mem- 
ber disclosing  a  rounder  appearance  than  where  the  bony  system 
predominates.  For  when  Nature  creates  an  artist  the  hands  and 
ieet  are  those  of  an  artist,  and  agree  with  the  shape  of  the  head, 
the  face,  and  body ;  all  alike  are  artistic,  and  the  physiognomist  is 
able  to  discern  this  character  in  the  hands  and  fingers,  in  the  shape 
of  the  finger-nails,  as  well  as  in  the  features  of  the  face  and  round- 
ness of  the  body. 

The  following  description  of  the  various  powers  of  the  muscles 
in  the  human  organism  will  give  some  idea  of  the  mechanical  and 
artistic  principles  included  in  the  action  of  the  muscular  system. 
The  human  body  combines  within  itself  almost  all  the  principles 
of  natural  mechanical  forces;  for  instance,  the  arch  in  the  thorax, 
shoulder,  and  hip ;  the  different  lever  powers  in  the  action  of  the 
muscles  upon  the  bones,  one  principle  of  which  is  well  illustrated 
in  the  action  of  the  biceps  muscle  in  flexing  the  arm;  so,  also,  in 
the  flexors  generally,  namely,  that  in  which  the  force  is  applied 
between  the  weight  and  the  fulcrum.  Second,  the  action  of  the 
triceps  muscles  on  the  ulna  in  extending  the  forearm  is  an  instance 
of  a  lever  power  where  the  fulcrum  is  between  the  force  and  the 
weight.  Third,  the  example  of  a  lever  applied  to  a  weight  between 
the  fulcrum  and  the  force  may  be  seen  in  the  action  of  the  abductus 
magnus  muscle  of  the  thigh  in  abducting  the  femur.  The  differ- 
ent joints  are  well  illustrated  in  the  ball-and-socket  joint  in  the 
hip  and  shoulder ;  the  hinge-joint  in  the  elbow,  ankle,  and  knee. 
We  have  also  joints  with  lateral  motions  as  well  as  with  flexion 
and  extension,  in  the  wrist;  a  joint  with  a  gliding  motion,  as  in 
the  temporo-maxillary  and  sterno-clavicular  articulations.  Then 
we  have  the  mixed  joints,  as  in  the  articulation  of  the  sacrum  to 
the  iliac  bones  in  the  vertebrae,  and  in  the  immovable  joints,  such 
as  the  sutures,  etc.  We  have  also  the  different  principles  of  valve* 
in  the  heart  and  veins,  and  in  the  pylorus  between  the  stomach 
and  the  duodenum,  and  the  representation  of  a  pulley  in  the  action 
of  the  superior  oblique  muscle  in  rotating  the  eye. 

These  are  some  of  the  mechanical  forces  which  inhere  in  and 
regulate  the  several  parts  of  the  muscular  system  ;  other  principles 
will  be  shown  in  other  systems  of  the  body  as  we  reach  them  in 
their  proper  order. 


80  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  action  of  the  muscular  system  gives  ability  for  artistic, 
emotional,  literary,  religious,  and  executive  effort.  The  faculties 
that  have  signs  located  in  this  division  and  that  depend  mainly 
upon  the  muscles  for  their  power,  are  the  following,  viz.,  Cautious- 
ness, Sanativeness,  Force,  Resistance,  Secretiveness,  Imitation, 
Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Ven- 
eration, Self-will,  Credenciveness,  Prescience,  Observation,  Memory 
of  Events,  Weight,  Calculation,  Locality,  Music,  and  Language. 

Magnetism  is  a  force  belonging  exclusively  to  the  muscular 
system.  The  most  magnetic  orators  and  those  persons  endowed 
with  power  to  heal  through  magnetism  are  very  muscular,  and 
have  either  size  or  fine  quality  of  the  muscles  or  both  combined. 
The  animals  that  exhibit  magnetic  power  are  also  muscular.  I 
suppose  that  the  mineral  constituents  of  muscle  must  be  those 
which  create  magnetism.  But  this  branch  of  science — histology — 
is  yet  in  its  infancy,  and  it  is  hoped  that  further  experiment  will 
give  us  more  accurate  demonstration  of  the  laws  and  principles 
governing  animal  magnetism  and  its  uses. 

From  the  preceding  exhibit  of  the  varied  powers  of  muscular 
action,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  system  belongs  to  the  Architectural 
Division  of  the  organization,  and,  in  combination  with  the  osseous 
or  bony  system,  which  will  next  be  treated  of,  constitutes  the 
building  powers  and  capacities  of  man.  Individuals  in  whom 
these  two  systems  are  well  defined  are  constructive,  often  artistic, 
religious,  emotional,  and  amative,  and,  with  a  suitable  brain  in 
combination,  excel  in  literature  as  novelists,  actors,  dramatic 
writers,  etc.  Many  highly  emotionally-religious  persons  are  found 
to  be  endowed  with  a  fine  quality  of  muscle.  It  does  not  follow 
that  they  are  moral,  also.  Emotion  in  excess  is  opposed  to  morality ; 
yet  at  the  same  time  it  assists  ardor,  zeal,  faith,  and  imagination. 
In  those  races  that  exhibit  the  most  Credenciveness — that  is  to  say, 
the  most  faith  and  belief — there  will  be  found  the  predominance 
of  the  muscular  over  the  bony  system,  as,  for  example,  in  the 
Hebrew,  the  Turk,  the  Persian,  the  Arabian,  the  Mongol,  the 
Celt,  and  the  Hindoo;  and  what  is  true  of  races  applies  with 
equal  force  to  individuals.  Those  in  whom  this  system  predomi- 
nates are  apt  to  be  contrary  (not  obstinate),  changeable,  and  shifting 
in  moods  and  tempers,  affectionate  and  amative,  with  plenty  of 
physical  courage,  adepts  in  commercial  life  and  in  mystic  religions, 
preferring  one  in  which  faith  is  a  leading  principle.  They  make 
good  companions  in  marriage,  as  domesticity  is  one  of  their  ruling 
tastes,  are  also  social,  fond  of  gay,  sportive  companions  and 
athletic  pursuits,  enjoy  bathing  and  swimming  and  liquid  foods, 
such  as  soups,  milk,  soda,  lemonade,  etc.  However,  they  should 


THE   MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  81' 

never  indulge  in  intoxicants,  as,  having  great  power  of  assimilation, 
strong  liquors  will  cause  them  to  become  dangerous  and  destructive. 

The  diseases  which  assail  the  muscular  system  are  derange- 
ments of  the  liver,  acute  rheumatism,  dumb  ague,  bilious  colic, 
cramps,  softening  of  the  brain,  muscular  exhaustion,  and  valvular 
disease  of  the  heart, — all  consequent  on  too  great  exercise  or 
emotion,  to  which  the  system  is  liable. 

An  early  training  in  morality  and  the  rights  of  others  is  highly 
essential,  for  suffering,  disgrace,  and  an  early  death  often  follow  the 
unrestricted  indulgence  of  the  temper  and  the  tastes  which  accom- 
pany this  system — where  it  is  greatly  in  the  ascendant. 

The  most  eminent  men  of  ancient  and  modern  times  have 
been  noted  for  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular  system.  In 
ancient  Greece  the  Isthmian,  Nemean,  and  Olympian  games  were 
national,  and  large  numbers  of  the  citizens  trained  for  the  periodi- 
cal exhibition  of  athletic  sports.  Even  the  women  and  children 
had  their  own  gymnasia  and  baths,  and  at  no  time  in  the  world's 
history  has  the  human  figure,  particularly  the  female  figure,  attained 
such  perfection  as  in  ancient  Greece.  A  close  observation  of  the 
statues  of  the  classic  sculptors  will  disclose  the  development  of 
certain  muscles  about  the  female  waist  and  abdomen  which  are  not 
to  be  found  in  the  modern  woman.  The  disuse  of  these  muscles 
has  caused  an  atrophy  or  shrinking  of  them,  and  modern  women 
are,  without  exception,  born  with  waists  too  small,  and  entirely 
changed  from  the  normal  type  and  standard.  The  lines  of  the 
body  should  curve  outward  from  the  bust  to  the  hips.  In  modern 
women  this  form  is  completely  reversed. 

The  more  we  investigate  man  physiologically,  the  more  is  the 
conclusion  forced  upon  us  that  the  dominant  systems  of  man's  or- 
ganism control  and  guide  his  acts  and  capacities.  It  was  by  ignor- 
ing the  investigation  of  man's  physical  powers  and  functions  that 
we  were  so  long  deprived  of  a  practical  method  of  studying  the 
mind  of  man.  But  the  instrumentalities  for  such  research  were 
not  in  existence  until  recently,  as,  for  example,  the  microscope  and 
'chemical  discoveries.  A  complete  revolution  in  the  science  of 
Human  Nature  must  ensue  before  we  can  comprehend  the  motives 
and  character  of  man.  Herbert  Spencer,  in  his  essay  on  education, 
remarks : — 

Without  acquaintance  with  the  general  truths  of  biology  and  psy- 
chology, rational  interpretation  of  social  phenomena  is  impossible. 

And  he  also  says : — 

The  actions  of  individuals  depend  upon  the  laws  of  their  natures,  and 
their  actions  cannot  be  understood  until  these  laws  are  understood. 


82  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Now,  the  theories  of  the  ancient  metaphysicians  were  not 
founded  on  an  intimate  knowledge  of  either  physiology  or  the  laws 
of  mind,  as  revealed  by  investigation  of  either  bony,  muscular*  or 
brain  and 'nerve  systems.  They  were  most  of  them  simply  specu- 
lative theories  which  had  no  basis  in  fact  and  no  foundation  in 
reality.  They  were  like  the  loves  of  the  poets, — creatures  of  the 
imagination  merely. 

If  we  desire  to  advance  in  exact  knowledge  of  real  human 
tHitnre  we  must  cast  out  the  ancient  dogmas,  which,  venerable  as 
they  may  be,  are  untrustworthy.  We  must,  instead,  interrogate 
Nature  face  to  face.  First  learn  the  facts,  then  manufacture  the 
theory  in  accordance  therewith.  Formerly,  the  method  was  to  con- 
struct an  abstruse  theory  couched  in  incomprehensible  terms,  and 
let  the  facts  shift  for  themselves.  Then  the  necessity  for  faith  and 
belief  arose,  and  was  at  one  time  considered  the  crowning  virtue 
of  human  character.  Now,  childish  credulity  is  looked  upon  in 
adults  with  a  pitying  eye,  and  we  feel  both  sorrow  and  contempt 
for  him  who  is  too  weak  or  too  cowardly  to  grapple  with  the  truths 
of  Nature  lest  they  overthrow  some  time-honored  error  which  he 
is  cherishing. 

"For  Faith,  fauatic  Faith,  once  wedded  fast 
To  some  dear  falsehood,  hugs  it  to  the  last." 

When  we  wish  to  understand  the  emotions  which  play  so  im- 
portant a  part  in  the  drama  of  life  we  must  look  to  the  physio- 
logical and  anatomical  development  of  individuals  and  races,  for  it 
is  to  the  muscular  system  mainly  that  we  are  indebted  for  the  power 
to  manifest  will,  emotion,  and  expression,  both  of  the  face  and 
body.  The  great  number  and  variety  of  the  muscles  of  the  face 
alone,  where  expression  is  most  manifest,  will  vouch  for  the  truth 
of  this  statement.  The  eye  alone  expresses  more  feeling,  will, 
mental  energy  and  capacity  than  all  the  other  muscles  combined. 
I  do  not  say  that  it  performs  more  labor,  but  that  it  expresses  more 
of  the  physical  and  mental  characteristics  of  the  individual  than 
any  other  portion  of  the  muscular  system,  and  the  reason  why  it 
does  this  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  the  eye  is  a  mass  of  muscles. 
Added  to  this  power  is  the  fact  that  the  optic  nerve  also  finds  its 
centre  and  seat  here.  The  eye  not  only  brings  the  world  into  the 
mind  of  the  individual,  but  also  shows  to  the  world  the  will  of  the 
man  as  he  stands  revealed  before  our  gaze.  The  muscles  of  the 
eye  and  the  optic  nerve  bring  to  us  the  bulk  of  the  knowledge 
which  we  acquire.  It  is  true  that  we  can  feel  heat  and  cold ;  we 
can  taste,  smell,  hear,  and  touch  without  the  use  of  our  visual 
organs,  but  the  world  of  form,  of  architecture,  is  unknown  without 
this  sense.  The  sense  of  color  and  the  knowledge  of  form  bring 


THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM.  83 

to  us  our  most  useful  and  practical  acquirements,  and  to  the  use 
of  the  muscular  system  are  we  indebted  for  much  that  is  practical 
and  necessary ;  hence,  the  importance  of  endowing  our  offspring 
with  a  good  share  of  this  system.  It  is  a  fine  inheritance  to  leave 
them.  It  can  be  improved  by  food  and  exercise,  rightly  applied, 
and  those  who  make  gymnastic  exercises  a  daily  duty  and  pleasure 
are  laying  up  a  store  of  goodness,  which,  whether  they  desire  it  or 
not,  will  be  transmitted  to  future  generations,  and  "  thus  do  our 
deeds  follow  us." 

When  we  examine  the  nature  of  muscle  we  find  that  although 
it  is  powerful  in  expressing  emotions,  it  is  wanting  in  feeling,  in 
sensitiveness.  Hence  we  find  that  muscular  people,  although  able 
to  express  emotion,  have  very  little  of  that  keenness  of  sensation 
which  those  have  who  are  endowed  with  a  fine  nervous  organiza- 
tion. Emotion  is  not  sensation,  and  thus  it  is  that  often  those  who 
seem  to  feel  the  most,  in  reality  feel  the  least.  If  one  could  cut  a 
muscle  without  striking  a  nerve  there*  would  be  little,  if  any,  feel- 
ing experienced.  It  is  only  by  analyzing  the  constituents  and 
nature  of  the  several  systems  in  the  body  that  we  are  able  to  give 
to  each  its  own  appropriate  share  of  work. 

This  method  enables  us  to  relieve  the  brain  of  a  large  share 
of  the  labor  which  former  theories  of  the  mind  have  ascribed  to  it. 
Hitherto  it  has  been  a  poor  overworked  organ.  If  the  brain  is 
capable  of  all  the  labor  which  has  been  assigned  to  it  by  meta- 
physicians, of  what  use,  I  ask,  are  the  several  ganglia,  the  plexuses, 
the  muscles,  and  the  visceral  organs  1  We  must  either  divide  the 
labor  equitably  or  declare  the  utter  inability  of  the  last  mentioned 
to  assist  mental  manifestations. 

THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM. 

Observation  of  the  order  of  progressive  development  in  the 
lower  animals  shows  that  a  perfected  bony  system  was  the  result 
of  life  upon  land  and  in  the  open  air.  As  soon  as  the  Amphibia 
had  ceased  their  life  in  the  water,  a  race  of  animals  was  evolved 
from  them  which,  instead  of  using  air-vessels  for  the  purposes  of 
inspiration,  developed  a  true  lung  system  that  was  no  longer  suited 
to  life  in  the  water.  This  necessitated  a  great  many  other  changes 
in  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  animal  life.  A  heart  and  blood- 
vessel system  became  necessary,  as  the  lungs  and  heart  are  corre- 
lated and  essential  to  the  existence  of  each  other.  A  strong  and 
true  bony  system  became  also  a  necessity  in  place  of  the  cartilagi- 
nous one  of  the  fish  tribes.  This  strong  bony  system  was  needed 
to  which  to  attach  the  muscles,  as  life  on  the  land  required  a 
better  muscular  system  for  purposes  of  locomotion  and  for  the 


84 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


getting  of  food.  Accordingly  we  find  that  the  order  observed  in 
the  lowest  forms  of  animal  development,  as  shown  by  geology  and 
evolution,  was  in  the  following  manner:  First,  the  chemical  or 
\curtative;  second,  the  thoracic  or  breathing  power;  third,  the 
evolution  of  the  muscular  system;  fourth,  the  bony  system;  jiffh, 
the  perfected  brain  and  nerve  system.  All  through  these  various 
growths  and  developments  (which  doubtless  took  millions  of  years 
to  complete)  the  brain  and  nervous  system  had  gradually  developed. 
As  each  animal  organism  took  on  a  more  and  more  complex 
organization,  a  more  complex  nervous  system  and  larger  brain  was 
necessitated.  When  muscles  were  developed,  as  we  find  in  the 
body  and  legs  of  Amphibia,  the  intelligence  essential  to  their  use 
was  evolved  simultaneously.  When  the  bony  system  became  per- 
fected, a  higher  quality  of  cerebral 
power  was  exhibited.  The  per- 
fecting of  a  true  bony  system 
marked  a  great  advance  jn  the 
animal,  not  only  by  reason  of  the 
substantial  quality  of  the  con- 
stituents which  enter  into  its  com- 
position, but  when  an  organism 
has  arisen  to  the  grade  of  devel- 
opment which  is  marked  by  the 
possession  of  a  perfected  osseous 
system  we  find  that  there  is  a 
higher  quality  of  both  body  and 
mind,  as  we  shall  learn  later  on. 

But  we  do  not  find  the  high- 
est degree  of  mental  power  until 
we  reach  the  order  Mammalia, 
which  is  endowed  with  a  more  perfect  reproductive  system  as 
compared  with  the  lower  methods  of  reproduction,  viz.,  by  fission, 
gemmation  or  egg-multiplication.  The  higher  and  more  complex 
method  of  mammal  reproduction  demands  more  intelligence  in 
the  rearing  of  the  young  and  for  the  getting  of  food  and  other 
purposes  of  the  animal. 

Hence  we  find  in  the  order  Mammalia,  which  includes  both 
our  wild  and  domestic  animals,  as  well  as  Man,  a  far  higher  grade 
of  intelligence  than  is  observed  in  all  the  lower  races — the  fishes, 
reptiles,  and  birds.  Now,  what  is  the  logic  of  this  correlated  devel- 
opment"?  We  find  that  as  physical  functions  have  evolved,  intel- 
ligence has  increased ;  that  mentality  has  associated  itself  with  the 
physical  functions;  that  a  creature  endowed  with  wings  is  more 
intelligent  than  a  simple  jelly-fish.  We  must,  therefore,  deduce 


FIG.  10.— ANDREW  JACKSON. 
Osseous  System  dominant. 


THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM.  85 

the  theory  that  physical  functions  and  mental  faculties  are  in  close 
relation  to  each  other,  and  if  by  observation  we  can  ascertain 
which  functions  and  faculties  are  connected,  then  we  have  all  that 
is  necessary  to  discern  character,  simply  by  observing  the  physical 
development  of  any  order,  species,  or  individual. 

In  the  preceding  remarks  it  was  stated  that  the  greatest  ad- 
vance in  the  intelligence  of  animal  organisms  was  made  simulta- 
neously with  a  more  perfected  reproductive  system.  In  the  human 
family,, the  most  developed  and  perfected  races  will  be  found  to 
possess  a  developed  reproductive  system.  All  the  great  creative 
artists,  such  as  poets,  painters,  actors,  authors  and  sculptors,  are 
developed  men  and  women;  that  is  to  say,  are  well  sexed;  and  this 
development  is  the  base  of  creative  talent.  This  function  and 
faculty  have  been  wholly  misunderstood  and  their  office  and  action 
not  at  all  comprehended  in  their  entirety.  A  reference  to  the  faces 
of  all  our  great  creative  minds  will  show  the  sign  for  Amativeness 
and  the  reproductive  system  to  be  well  defined ;  and  this  is 
another  fact  proving  the  relation  of  physical  functions  to  mental 
faculties. 

The  osseous  or  bony  system  (Fig.  10)  is  known  by  height, 
large  joints  and  bones,  high  cheek-bones,  and  projection  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  forehead  over  and  beyond  the  eyes ;  prominent 
and  broad  chin;  large,  bony  hands;  long,  flat,  bony  feet;  prominent 
joints  and  knuckles;  tips  of  the  fingers  inclined  to  the  square  form 
as  distinguished  from  the  oval  or  tapering  form  of  the  muscular 
system ;  and  relatively  small,  angular  head,  rising  high  above  the 
ears. 

There  are  six  classes  of  bones  to  the  meaning  of  which  the  / 
physiognomist  must  pay  strict  attention.  To  those  unused  to  the 
close  observation  essential  to  discerning  these  slight  variations  of 
structure,  they  may  seem  trivial  and  unimportant,  but  let  me  say 
that  in  Nature's  broad  domain  there  is  no  form  insignificant,  no 
matter  how  minute.  How  much  more  important  must  every  slight 
variation  of  form  observed  in  the  human  face  be  when  we  reflect 
that  in  it  are  to  be  read  the  physical,  moral,  and  mental  traits  of 
the  individual,  together  with  all  his  individual  peculiarities,  as 
well  as  "all  the  traits  of  all  his  ancestors,"  as  Emerson  aptly 
remarks  ! 

"To  despise  the  minute  in  Nature  is  to  despise  the  infinite," 
and  so  we  shall  come  to  the  study  of  the  following-named  classes 
of  bones  with  increased  understanding  of  the  close  observation 
which  the  several  variations  of  the  bony  structure  demand. 

Classified  and  combined  as  follows,  they  have  a  pregnant 
meaning: — 


86  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   THE   BONKS. 

Straight  bones,  Straight  and  square  bones, 

Crooked  bones,  Straight  and  round  bones, 

Square  bones,  Straight  and  short  bones, 

Round  bones,  Straight  and  long  bones,  , 

Long  bones,  Round  and  short  bones, 

Short  bones.  Round  and  long  bones, 

Round  and  crooked  bones, 
Long  and  crooked  bones, 
Short  and  crooked  bones. 

It  will  be  observed  by  reference  to  the  above  that  there  are 
six  simple  formations  of  the  bones,  each  indicating  something  dis- 
tinct from  the  others.  The  adjective  employed  to  describe  each 
form  will  reveal  to  the  reader  its  condition  without  elaborate 
description.  I  have  never  found  that  nature  crooked  which  was 
produced  by  combination  of  the  straight  with  the  square  form  of 
bone.  This  combination  produces  and  denotes  the  most  solid 
character,  and  as  it  is  composed  of  a  rocky  material,  viz.,  lime,  and 
shaped  in  the  most  enduring  form,  it  is,  we  might  say,  incapable 
of  becoming  crooked. 

The  nature  of  bone  gives  solidity,  firmness,  and  integrity  to 
the  organism,  but  where  it  is  crooked  by  Nature,  then  this  signal 
is  thrown  out  to  tell  the  observer  the  character  of  the  individual. 
Where  the  bones  are  round  and  small,  the  character  possesses  less- 
firmness  and  integrity,  less  capacity  for  endurance  and  resistance ; 
but  it  exhibits  ability  to  execute  curved  motions,  as  in  gestures, 
writing,  dancing,  etc.,  and  to  produce  curved  or  circular  work  with 
tools  ;  hence  such  persons  are  adapted  to  art- work.  They  are  like 
the  animals  which  exhibit  similar  formations,  such,  for  example,  as 
the  mole,  squirrel,  and  beaver.  These  are  all  highly  artistic  in  the 
constructions  of  their  dwellings,  and  have  round  bones,  and  are 
quite  skillful  architects.  They  are  also  playful,  lively,  and  fond 
of  motion,  and  all  possess  the  combination  of  round  muscles  with 
round  bones ;  while  horses  and  several  species  of  dogs  exhibit 
square  bones  combined  with  round  muscles,  and  these  animals 
exhibit  less  artistic  talent  than  the  former,  but  more  of  the  moral, 
solid,  reliable,  teachable  and  practical  traits  of  character. 

There  are  several  causes  in  Nature  which  assist  in  forming 
and  developing  a  good  bony  system.  These  are,  first,  water,  in 
which  lime  is  a  large  constituent ;  next,  a  diet  of  grains,  into  which 
lime  enters  in  the  shape  of  its  phosphates.  These  grains  are  grown 
in  a  soil  from  which  the  phosphatic  elements  are  extracted  by  the 
grain  through  chemical  action  in  the  process  of  growth.  The  next 
influence  favoring  bone  development  is  exercise  in  the  sunlight. 

In  this  exhibit  of  what  constitutes  bone,  we  observe  that 
the  most  substantial  material  in  Nature  enters  largely  into  its 


THE    OSSEOUS    OR   BONY    SYSTEM.  87 

composition.  The  very  material  of  which  rocks  are  made  is  found, 
upon  analysis,  in  the  bones  of  man  as  well  as  in  those  of  the 
higher  animals ;  hence  it  follows  that  those  in  whom  the  bony 
system  is  dominant  will  be  the  most  reliable  and  trustworthy. 
The  bony  system  is  composed  mainly  of  lime  in  two  forms — the 
carbonate  of  lime  and  the  phosphate  of  lime;  these  two  materials 
form  the  solid  part  of  the  bones.  It  is  found  also  in  the  teeth, 
muscles,  blood,  and  cartilages ;  in  the  gastric  juice,  the  blood,  and 
secretions,  it  is  in  the  fluid  form.  In  the  bones,  teeth,  and  carti- 
lages, it  assists  in  making  them  firm  and  solid.  The  enamel  of  the 
teeth,  which  is  the  hardest  substance  in  the  body,  is  composed 
mainly  of  the  phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime,  and  in  the  ivory 
of  the  teeth  these  form  a  large  part  of  the  constituents.  In  the 
bones,  more  than  one-half  is  found  to  be  composed  of  these  two 
forms  of  lime.  It  is  lime  which  gives  to  the  bones  their  firmness 
and  solidity.  If  we  were  to  soak  a  bone  in  a  mixture  of  muriatic 
acid  and  water  we  should  dissolve  from  it  all  the  mineral  ingredi- 
ents and  leave  nothing  but  the  animal  constituents,  and  should  then 
find  it  so  soft  and  flexible  that,  if  we  were  to  treat  one  of  the  long 
bones  of  the  body  in  this  manner,  we  could  tie  it  up  in  knots  just 
as  we  can  a  rope. 

Lime  is  found  in  the  various  grains,  in  milk,  and  in  lean 
meat.  Salt  is  another  useful  element,  not  only  in  the  bones  but 
in  the  several  tissues.  In  connection  with  water  it  is  found  in 
every  portion  of  the  body, — in  the  bones,  tissues,  and  the  various 
fluids  and  secretions, — and  is  necessary  in  digestion,  where  it  assists 
by  chemical  action  the  various  processes  of  assimilation.  The 
taste  for  salt  is,  therefore,  natural  and  necessary.  The  taste 
for  pepper  is  not  natural,  inasmuch  as  that  is  not  found  in  any 
part  of  the  body,  and  has  no  use  in  the  human  economy.  Black 
pepper  is  highly  indigestible  and  inflammatory.  There  is  no 
similarity  between  these  two  constituents.  Pepper  induces  dis- 
orders of  the  stomach  and  kidneys,  and  should  be  used  like  all 
spices,  for  a  remedy  and  not  for  food,  as  it  cannot  be  digested  like 
salt.  Salt,  lime,  and  water  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  body, 
and  are  natural  and  necessary  to  health  and  life.  Salt  we  derive 
from  the  air  and  water ;  lime  comes  to  us  in  our  food  in  grains, 
fruits,  etc.,  and  if  we  use  them  as  Nature  has  provided  we  shall 
rebuild  our  blood,  bones,  muscles,  nerves,  and  brain  with  the 
materials  which  they  require  for  their  replenishing ;  but  if  we 
cast  out  the  phosphates  of  lime  and  the  carbonates,  as  we  do  in 
making  fine  white  bread,  we  shall  have  nothing  to  assist  the  repair 
of  the  bones,  muscles,  nerves,  and  brain,  since  the  phosphates  arc 
rejected  by  this  mode  of  preparation.  A  man  would  starve  in  a 


88  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

short  time  were  he  led  on  foods  deprived  of  lime  and  salt ;  neither 
would  he  exist  on  a  diet  which  did  not  contain  starch  or  animal 
fats,  and  fat  is  created  both  from  animal  and  vegetable  foods,  as 
chemical  analysis  shows. 

This  exhibit  of  the  composition  of  the  bony  structure  informs 
us  at  once  why  it  is  that  those  who  possess  large  and  strong  bones 
are  more  firm,  persevering,  reliable,  and  honest  than  those  with 
smaller  and  weaker  ones.  The  more  fluid  lime  dissolved  in  the 
blood  which  goes  to  make  up  the  solid  parts  of  the  organs,  such 
as  the  heart,  the  lungs,  the  liver,  the  kidneys,  etc.,  the  more  integ- 
rity and  strength  will  these  tissues  and  organs  possess.  A  com- 
parison of  the  animals  in  which  the  bony  system  predominates, 
with  those  in  whom  the  fat  an4  muscle  are  in  excess,  will  give  us 
a  correct  idea  as  to  how  the  bones  are  related  to  integrity  and 
stability.  If  honesty  were  a  sentiment  merely,  something  which 
could  be  taught,  then  the  one  best  taught  on  this  subject  would 
have  the  most  reliable  character,  but  we  know  full  well  that  some 
are  more  naturally  honest  than  others.  We  know  that  some  have 
more  ability  for  music  or  painting  than  others,  and  we  find  by 
observation  that  those  who  are  skillful  in  music,  etc,  are  so  mainly 
by  virtue  of  an  organism  which  fits  them  for  this  art ;  that  some 
are  musicians  without  instruction,  while  others  are  not  able  to  be 
taught  because  they  are  lacking  in  the  proper  construction  of 
body ;  in  short,  they  have  not  the  right  muscular  development  for 
this  purpose. 

A  comparison  of  the  highest  and  most  useful  animals — the 
horse,  the  dog,  the  camel,  and  ox — with  the  rhinoceros,  the  hog, 
the  coon,  the  skunk,  the  porcupine,  the  panther,  and  tiger,  will 
show  us  a  physiological  combination  as  distinct  as  is  that  of  the 
mental  and  moral  characteristics  of  each  class.  The  rhinoceros 
and  hog,  by  reason  of  their  excess  of  fat,  are  too  vegetative  to 
be  either  moral  or  intelligent.  The  mole,  the  coon,  the  skunk, 
the  porcupine,  the  cat,  the  rat,  etc.,  have  relatively  small  bones  and 
large  muscles,  and  they  are  suited  to  slyness,  skulking,  deception, 
and  craft, — to  live  in  the  shade  and  prey  upon  others.  While  the 
bones  of  these  creatures  are  hardly  perceptible,  then*  bodies  are 
sleek,  sinuous,  graceful,  and  quick-motioned,  and  they  are  quite 
artistic  in  some  of  their  habits, — the  beaver  and  mole,  for  ex- 
ample, building  their  houses  on  excellent  architectural  and  artistic 
principles.  Now  compare  the  camel,  with  his  great,  homely,  un- 
gainly, bony  structure,  and  his  fidelity  and  usefulness,  docility  and 
intelligence ;  compare  him  with  the  graceful,  gliding,  sleek-looking 
tiger ;  compare  the  bony  ox^  with  his  great  joints,  his  patient  and 
useful  ways,  with  the  hog ;  compare  the  horse,  with  his  bones 


THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM.  89 

jutting  out  over  his  eyes,  his  large  hip-joints  and  bony  face,  his 
mental  development  and  observation,  with  the  unwieldy,  stupid, 
and  brutal  rhinoceros;  compare  the  intelligence  of  the  former 
with  the  ferocity  of  the  latter;  compare  t^he  fidelity,  usefulness,  and 
forms  of  all  these  various  creatures,  and  you  will  find  in  every 
instance  that  the  bony  formation  gives  and  exhibits  integrity,  re- 
liability, intelligence,  and  morality,  as  compared  with  those  forms 
that  resemble  the  muscular  and  vegetative  or  fat  animals. 

Fat  in  excess  is  not  honest,  whether  we  find  it  in  man  or 
beast.  Fat,  by  its  lack  of  resistance,  is  negative  and  self-indul- 
gent, and  is  not  capable  of  self-control ;  muscle  in  excess  is  unre- 
liable, and  by  the  nature  of  its  constituents  and  action  is  change- 
able and  shifting ;  it  moves  with  rapidity  and  changes  constantly, 
and  is  not  built  of  such  substantial  material  as  bone ;  hence,  it 
is  suited  to  artistic  pursuits,  while  bone  is  suited  to  mechanical 
and  scientific  occupations,  for  mechanical  individuals  must  have  j 
physical  order  and  a  good,  true  eye  for  angles  and  straight  lines. 
They  must  have  patience  and  perseverance,  steadfastness  and  in- 
tegrity, in  order  to  produce  straight  and  square  work.  In  every 
age  and  country  the  most  reliable,  honest,  and  upright  men  are 
(as  a  class)  its  mechanics.  They  perform  honest  work ;  the  very 
house  that  we  dwell  in  must  be  plumb  and  built  on  the  square, 
or  it  will  fall  to  the  ground.  The  scientist,  too,  must  possess  a 
large  share  of  integrity, — of  bone.  Inasmuch  as  he  has  the  ability 
to  comprehend  the  truths  of  Nature,  he  must  be  built  on  Con- 
scientiousness, else  he  would  be  incompetent  to  comprehend  the 
laws  of  Nature,  which  are  all  based  on  absolute  truth  and  mathe- 
matical certainty  and  precision.  Newton,  the  discoverer  of  the 
most  important  law  of  Nature,  viz.,  gravitation,  was  a  square-boned 
man,  and  Conscientiousness  is  large  in  his  face.  Now,  all  persons 
and  animals  must  have  bones  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  and  in 
the  degree  that  they  have  good,  square  bones  are  they  capable  of 
honesty,  morality,  and  fidelity.  Hence  the  importance  of  endow- 
ing offspring  with  a  good,  square,  bony  structure.  We  cannot  do 
this  if  we  feed  upon  fine  white  flour,  or  allow  our  children  to  con- 
sume too  much  sugar  and  other  carbonaceous  food.  If  we  look 
abroad  for  our  proof  of  the  action  of  the  various  kinds  of  food  as 
it  relates  to  bone-making,  it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the  low 
stature  of  the  Lapps  and  Finns,  who  subsist  mainly  on  a  fish  diet, 
and  whose  bones  are  both  small  and  short,  while  their  near  neigh- 
bors,— the  Norwegians,  Swedes,  and  Russians, — who  live  upon 
a  farinaceous  and  vegetable  diet,  are  much  their  superiors  in 
stature  and  strength.  But  the  subject  of  bone-building  I  will 
consider  later. 


90  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I  will  here  note  some  of  the  prominent  men  who  have  excelled 
in  morality,  endurance,  heroism,  and  honor,  and  in  every  instance 
we  shall  see  that  each  one  possessed  a  large  and  fine  quality  of 
bone.  Our  own  Washington  was  six  feet  three  inches  in  height, 
and  broad  and  square  built.  Andrew  Jackson  was  above  the 
medium  height,  and  the  bones  jutted  out  all  over  him,  in  the  eye- 
brows, the  cheeks,  the  chin,  the  forehead,  the  joints  and  knuckles. 
Lincoln,  too,  shows  a  very  bony  organization,  and  was  more  noted 
for  his  fidelity  to  principle  than  for  great  intellectual  power.  Had 
he  been  made  of  soft,  fatty  tissue,  the  results  of  our  late  war 
might  have  been  quite  different.  General  Lafayette's  portraits 
show  him  to  have  been  possessed  of  good  bones ;  likewise  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  ancient  times,  also  Caesar,  Mahomet,  and 
Cromwell.  Luther  had  a  very  large  bony  structure,  with  a  power- 
ful vegetative  system,  and  a  fine  brain.  Isaac  Newton,  Lamartine, 
James  Watt,  Humboldt.  Cuvier,  Washington  Irving,  von  Liebig, 
David  Livingstone,  Charles  Darwin,  George  Stephenson  the  in- 
ventor, Peter  Cooper,  and  a  host  of  others,  who  have  shown  b'y 
their  lives  that  integrity,  morality,  and  mechanical  and  scientific 
powers  were  theirs,  possessed  large,  bony  development. 

It  makes  quite  a  difference  in  our  powers  of  endurance,  either 
moral  or  physical,  whether  we  have  four  or  six  feet  of  bone  in  our 
bodies.  It  is  true  that  the  persons  just  mentioned  had  fine  brain 
systems  in  addition,  but  without  the  same  amount  of  bone  and  with 
muscle  in  its  stead  they  never  would  have  evinced  such  rectitude, 
endurance,  and  reliability,  as  with  the  large  bones  in  combination. 
The  greatest  and  most  useful  men  and  women  have  been  those 
with  the  bone  and  brain  systems  dominant.  The  greatest  artists 
have  been  those  with  a  fine  quality  of  the  muscular  and  brain 
systems  combined;  hence  they  form  a  less  useful  class  than 
mechanics  and  scientists.  They  are,  also,  less  reliable  and  moral, 
but  more  entertaining. 

The  record  of  the  purely  vegetative  men  is  limited  to  a  few, 
who  succeeded  in  becoming  prize  hogs  in  appearance,  notably, 
Daniel  Lambert,  Vitellius,  the  Roman  Emperor  and  glutton,  and 
some  few  others  whose  fame  rests  entirely  upon  their  fat,  selfish- 
ness, and  immorality.  The  bony  structure  is  the  foundation  and 
framework  of  the  human  organism,  upon  which  is  built  the  entire 
organism,  and  to  the  predominance  of  the  bony  structure  man 
owes  his  character  for  integrity,  stability,  and  physical  and  mental 
soundness.  The  very  constituents  of  bone — lime,  phosphates, 
magnesia,  soda,  etc. — give  stability,  integrity,  decision,  and  firmness 
to  the  organization  in  which  they  abound  most  largely;  hence  the 
bony  system  is  the  one  in  which,  from  the  rcrt/  nature  of  its  com- 


THE  OSSEOUS  OR  BONY  SYSTEM.  91 

ponents,  we  naturally  look  for  the  most  stability  and  trustworthi- 
ness. Tall,  lean,  square,  bony  people  are  noted  for  their  usefulness, 
unselfishness,  integrity,  and  generally  for  mechanical  ability. 
Bony  people,  with  a  fair  proportion  of  the  muscular  system  in 
combination,  make  the  best  mechanics  in  the  world.  Length 
facilitates  activity,  while  muscle  combined  with  a  large  bony  struc- 
ture gives  the  form  essential  to  mechanical  construction. 

This  system  is  included  in  the  architectural  division  of  the 
face  and  body,  and  has  for  its  assistance  the  muscular  powers. 
These  two  systems  combine  and  include  most  of  the  principles  of 
natural  forces,  as  has  been  shown,  and  persons  in  whom  this  com- 
bination is  largely  developed  wiU  have  not  only  the  power  to 
become  good  mechanics  and  artists,  but  will  be  able  also  to  build 
up  and  perpetuate  a  fine  race  of  children,  if  proper  attention  be 
given  to  combinations  with  suitable  conformations,  added  to 
righteous  regard  for  hygienic  and  sanitary  laws.  It  will  be  per- 
ceived from  this  analysis  and  illustration  of  the  bony  system,  that 
the  human  organism  is  dependent  upon  bone  development  for  all 
those  attributes  which  go  to  form  stability  and  integrity  as  well  as 
architectural  and  mechanical  ability.  These  principles  lie  at  the 
very  foundation  of  physiology,  anatomy,  human  greatness,  moral 
goodness,  government,  and  society;  and  in  every  age,  country  or 
community,  noted  for  its  justice,  probity  and  true  civilization, 
there  will  be  found  upon  examination  a  majority  of  its  people 
built  upon  this  conformation'  and  possessed  of  mechanical 
powers. 

In  selecting  trades  for  young  people,  due  attention  should  be 
paid  to  this  principle  of  Nature.  A  neglect  of  its  application 
will  result  in  failure,  and  one  reason  why  we  sometimes  find 
poor  mechanics  is  that  they  have  mistaken  their  vocation  and 
chosen  a  pursuit  to  which  their  conformation  was  un suited. 

The  signs  of  the  bony  form  predominant  are  found  all  over 
the  individual,  in  the  large  joints  of  the  hands,  fingers,  wrists, 
arms,  and  legs.  The  projection  forward  of  the  lower  jaw,  the 
projecting  of  the  brow  over  the  eyes,  and  the  high,  long,  bony 
nose  are  all  evidences  of  a  conscientious  and  morally-inclined 
character;  indeed,  the  square  bony  system  may  be  depended  upon 
for  moral  conduct.  The  large  development  of  bone  shows  that  the 
fluid  circulation  has  done  its  primary  work  in  a  thorough  manner, 
and  has  conveyed  all  the  materials  needed  in  bone  making  to  their 
several  destinations  in  just  the  right  proportions,  thus  giving 
soundness  to  the  whole  framework.  Size  and  Form,  Physical 
Order,  and  Calculation  are  some  of  the  prominent  faculties  in  this 
system,  as  well  as  Veneration  and  Executiveness.  Conscientious- 


92  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ness  is  seen  all  over  the  individual  in  whom  the  bony  system  pre- 
dominates over  all  the  other  systems. 

The  list  of  faculties  in  the  architectural  division  is  as  follows: 
Sanativeness,  Secretiveness,  Force,  Resistance,  Hope,  Cautiousness, 
Imitation,  Constructiveness,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Human 
Nature,  Self-will,  Executiveness,  Credenciveness,  Prescience, 
Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Form,  Size,  Weight,  Color,  Order, 
Calculation,  Locality,  Music,  and  Language.  Some  of  these  facul- 
ties are  derived  from  the  functional  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs ; 
others  from  the  power  of  the  muscles  and  bones.  Hope  is  related 
to  the  liver,  Color  to  the  lungs  and  heart,  and  Veneration  to  the 
stomach.  Every  faculty  depends  upon  some  organ  or  system  of 
functions  for  the  power  to  exhibit  its  peculiar  mode  of  activity. 

In  all  cases  where  one  system  is  found  in  excess  in  an  organ- 
ism, no  matter  how  useful  it  may  be,  we  shall  find  that  it  is  pro- 
ductive of  various  disorders  and  predispositions  to  certain  diseases. 
An  excess  of  bone  makes  the  system  liable  to  chronic  rheumatism, 
torpid  conditions  of  the  liver,  the  spleen,  the  stomach,  and  bowels, 
enlargement  of  the  joints,  gravel,  granular  degeneration,  stone  in 
the  bladder,  disorders  of  the  digestive  functions,  and  inclination  to 
melancholy  as  old  age  advances.  An  excess  of  bone  also  causes 
laziness  and  inertia;  the  bones  being  too  heavily  charged  with 
mineral  matter  disinclines  the  individual  for  motion,  hence  he  will 
care  only  for  work  that  can  be  done  in  a  sitting  posture. 

The  remedy  for  an  excessive  development  of  bone  is  to  drink 
water  that  has  been  purified  from  all  traces  of  lime,  to  remain  in 
the  shade  as  much  as  possible,  to  study  more,  to  eat  less  farinace- 
ous food  and  adopt  the  diet  of  the  carnivorous  animals,  whose 
bones  are  smaller  than  those  of  the  grain-eaters.  Stimulate  the 
sensitive  parts  of  the  nature  by  indulging  more  in  light,  active 
games;  cultivate  the  emotional  parts  of  the  mind  by  attending 
theatres  and  balls  and  by  associating  with  the  lively  and  light- 
minded.  By  pursuing  this  anti-bone-making  course,  the  tendency 
to  these  diseases  may  be  avoided  and  the  bulk  of  bone  may  be 
reduced  considerably  in  a  few  years. 

Getting  health  is  like  getting  religion — it  comes  by  struggling 
for  it.  In  fact,  good  health  seems  to  me  a  really  religious  condition 
and  ought  not  to  be  considered  as  distinct  from  it. 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  bony  system  is  too  poorly  developed, 
inactivity  and  weakness  are  the  result.  When  we  observe  a  person 
with  small,  thin  hands  and  feet,  with  large  brain  and  small  abdo- 
men and  short,  small,  round  bones,  we  know  that  he  is  doomed  to 
a  short  life  and  one  of  suffering,  unless  hygienic  treatment  comes 
to  his  relief.  Drugs  and  doctors  cannot  alter  such  conditions,  but 


THE   OSSEOUS   OR    BONY    SYSTEM.  93 

will  do  more  harm  than  good.  Only  Nature,  the  Infallible  One, 
can  regenerate  such  beings.  Calisthenics,  gymnastics,  outdoor 
exercise  in  pure  air,  and  lime-water,  with  farinaceous  foods  will  do 
more  for  such  boneless  creatures  than  all  the  drugs  in  existence. 

When  we  come  to  comprehend  fully  the  differences  existing 
between  the  various  organ  systems  of  the  body,  we  shall  recognize 
at  a  glance  the  main  points  of  character.  We  shall  see  that  bone 
gives  more  integrity  and  power  of  resistance,  with  love  of  science 
and  mechanism ;  that  muscle  indicates  emotion  and  affection  as 
well  as  passion  and  artistic  ability;  that  fat  assists  in  softening  the 
emotions  and  gives  warmth  to  the  system.  It  must  be  apparent  to 
the  thoughtful  that  we  do  not  love  with  our  bones — that  all  parts 
of  the  body  concerned  in  emotion  are  found  in  the  muscular  and 
soft  tissues.  All  the  parts  of  the  organism  involved  in  reproduction 
are  mainly  in  the  muscular  and  glandular  system,  hence  when  we 
wish  to  know  the  degree  of  Amative  sentiment  in  an  individual 
we  must  look  to  the  facial  representation  of  the  muscular  system — 
the  eye;  we  must  mark  its  shape,  size,  and  color,  its  degree  of 
activity  and  brightness.  If  the  eye  be  large,  bright,  well-colored — 
either  blue,  brown,  or  black — then  we  can  safely  say  that  such  an 
individual  is  highly  emotional  and  affectionate,  and  artistic  as  well ; 
but  when  we  observe  a  bony  person  with  large  joints,  small  muscles, 
long,  slim,  bony  fingers,  and  small  eyes  shaded  by  a  full,  projecting, 
bony  brow,  then  we  know  that  he  is  more  thoughtful  than 
emotional  or  amative,  with  considerable  control  of  all  the  emotions. 
This  class  of  persons  is  mechanical,  inclined  to  science,  given  to 
reforms  and  original  radical  ideas  rather  than  to  imitating  artistic 
efforts.  In  this  class  are  found  such  men  as  Charles  Darwin, 
Richard  Owen,  the  naturalist;  Professors  Morse  and  Edison,  the 
electricians;  and,  among  reformers,  Wendell  Phillips,  Richard 
Cobden,  Peter  Cooper,  Thomas  Paine,  Susan  B.  Anthony,  and 
others  well  known  for  reform  work. 

A  good  degree  of  bone  offers  a  steady  resistance  and  pressure ; 
muscle  has  a  reactive  power,  moving  first  in  one  direction  and 
.then  in  another;  hence  muscular  people  are  not  so  reliable  as  bony 
-ones.  Muscle  shows  itself  in  will-power,  in  sudden  bursts  of 
temper  as  suddenly  subsiding,  while  bone  offers  a  steady  but  calm 
.resistance,  and  this  is  the  difference  between  the  two  faculties  of 
Firmness  and  Self-will. 

Fat  is  yielding,  without  the  ability  either  to  withstand  or  to 
overcome.  It  is  negative  in  its  nature,  utterly  unreliable,  except 
where  we  find  it  in  combination  with  a  good  bony  structure  and 
considerable  muscular  development. 

This  concludes  the  description  of  the  architectural  division  of 


94 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


the  face-  and  faculties.  The  term  "  architectural"  is  used  in  its 
broadest  and  most  comprehensive  sense.  Whatever  exists  is  built 
and  has  a  form  ;  not  a  particle  of  any  sort  whatsoever  is  found  with- 
out form  and  without  combination  with  some  acid,  gas,  ether,  or 
solid  substance ;  thus  it  is  architectural.  In  works  of  art  the  same 
principle  applies.  In  dramatic  composition,  in  works  of  fiction, 
and  in  the  sermons  of  the  preacher,  the  same  mechanical  constructive 
principle  prevails. 


THE    BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

In  entering  upon  the  investigation  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system,  I  shall  depart  from  the  usual  methods  employed  by 
writers  on  this  subject,  and,  instead  of  giving  cuts  representing  the 

interior  of  the  brain,  which  can 
afford  the  reader  no  clue  as  to 
its  functions,  I  shall  devote  my 
space  to  a  discussion  of  its  origin 
as  exhibited  in  tfye  lowest  forms 
of  animal  life,  and  then  describe 
its  appearance  in  the  exterior 
of  the  organism  by  facial  and 
bodily  indications.  Anatomists, 
in  dissecting  the  brain,  are  al- 
most entirely  in  the  dark  as  to 
the  use  and  connection  of  the 
several  parts  of  the  brain  with 
the  various  organs  of  the  body. 
With  the  exception  of  being 
able  to  trace  the  course  of  the 
optic,  auditory,  olfactory,  and 
facial  nerves  to  their  origin  in  the  brain,  the  functional  action 
of  the  several  portions  of  the  brain  are  still  as  great  a  mystery 
as  ever.  Very  recent  observers  have  mapped  out  on  different 
parts  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  certain  areas  which  are 
thought  to  be  the  representatives  of  certain  mental  faculties.  The 
faculty  of  language  is  thought  to  have  its  representative  in  one  of 
the  frontal  convolutions,  and  this  convolution  is  found  in  a  rudi- 
mentary stage  only  in  the  anthropoids,  but  fully  developed  in  man, 
the  only  creature  endowed  with  the  capacity  for  perfect  language. 
Other  areas  of  the  brain  are  thought  to  be  the  locale  of  other 
faculties,  but  as  yet  these  are  not  firmly  established.  Yet  I  be- 
lieve that  every  function,  as  well  as  every  faculty,  must  be  repre- 
sented in  the  brain  and  have  "  a  local  habitation"  in  that  organ, 


FIG.  11.— HERBERT  SPENCER. 
Brain  and  Nerve  System  supreme. 


THE    BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEM.  95 

where  all  sensation  is  wrought  into  consciousness  and  translated 
into  thought  and  emotion. 

The  /ace,  read  scientifically,  will  give  the  clue  to  the  right 
analysis  of  the  various  parts  of  the  brain,  and  any  anatomist  who 
will  take  as  a  basis  of  investigation  the  evolution  of  the  organ 
systems  of  the  body,  as  shown  by  Haeckel  in  his  "  Evolution  of 
Man,"  can  trace  the  connection  between  the  organs  of  the  body 
and  the  several  parts  of  the  brain.  My  understanding  of  the  brain 
is  that  it  is  functional  of  the  entire  organism,  a,nd  not  an  organ 
acting  independently,  but  affected  by  morbid  or  abnormal  con- 
ditions of  the  blood  and  visceral  organs.  I  believe  that  all  parts 
of  the  body  have  representation  in  the  brain,  and  that  these  repre- 
sentations are  localized. 

My  researches  have  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  size  of  the 
brain  alone  is  not  the  proof  of  great  mental  power  nor  of  the  lack 
of  it;  that  its  form  and  congenital  or  inherited  quality  are  the  two 
most  potent  factors  in  deciding  its  power ;  also  that  a  proportionate 
and  normal  degree  of  physiological  development  of  the  body,  as 
well  as  of  the  brain,  is  far  more  influential  in  deciding  mentality 
than  size  of  the  brain  alone ;  but  the  question  of  size  and  form  I 
will  postpone  until  I  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  "  Sub-Basic 
Principles." 

In  tracing  the  course  of  the  evolution  of  the  brain  and  nerve 
system,  the  history  of  the  development  of  the  lower  animal  organ- 
isms is  most  instructive,  and  the  physiognomist,  if  he  desires  to  be 
truly  scientific,  must  go  back  to  the  earliest  and  lowest  animals  in 
the  scale  of  creation  and  note  the  gradual  development  or  evolution 
of  the  nerves  and  brain. 

The  first  sense-organ  was  the  outer  skin-covering,  long  before 
any  bodily  organs  had  evolved,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Zoophites,  In- 
fusoria, Corallines,  and  Polypi,  and  other  low  forms  of  animal  life. 
The  bodies  of  these  creatures  are  composed  of  a  hollow  globe  or 
tube,  with  an  opening  at  one  end.  Their  entire  construction  con- 
sists only  of  an  inner  and  an  outer  skin,  with  a  row  of  cells  be- 
tween. All  knowledge  of  the  outer  world  comes  to  these  creatures 
entirely  through  the  sense  of  touch  or  feeling,  and  the  outer  skin- 
covering  is  their  only  sense-organ,  therefore  their  only  mental 
<>ri/<m.  It  is  necessary  before  we  proceed  that  this  expression 
should  be  explained.  All  mental  power  is  based  on  sensation,  and 
sensation  is  therefore  the  origin  of  thought.  We  have  more  senses 
than  five,  as  I  think  I  have  proven  in  the  preceding  pages ;  but 
those  five  even  are  dependent  upon  their  ability  to  receive  sensa- 
tions. Let  the  optic  nerve  become  paralyzed  and  no  impression 
of  material  objects  is  received  by  the  brain. 


96  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  sense  of  touch,  which  was  the  first  sense-organ  of  the 
mind,  is,  in  the  human  organism,  the  most  diffused  sense,  as  it  ex- 
tends over  the  entire  body,  and  its  use  is  to  man  what  it  was  in  the 
lowest  animal — a  means  of  self-protection;  for  "  without  touch," 
says  Taine,  "  nothing  could  exist."  Haeckel,  in  his  "  Evolution 
of  Man,"  tells  us  how  the  sense-organs,  such  as  those  of  sight, 
hearing,  taste,  and  smell  came  to  be  more  acute  than  other  senses. 
He  remarks : — 

Later  on  in  evolution  this  outer  skin,  which  had  become  especially 
sensitive,  gradually  withdrew  into  the  shelter  of  the  interior  of  the  body,, 
and  there  laid  the  first  foundation  of  a  central  nervous  organ.  As  differ- 
entiation advanced  the  distance  and  distinction  between  the  external  skin- 
covering  and  the  central  nervous  system  detached  from  this  became  con- 
tinually greater,  and  finally  the  two  were  permanently  connected  by  the 
conductive  peripheric  nerves.* 

In  corroboration  of  the  statement  that  the  mind,  or  sensation 
(which  is  one  and  the  same  thing),  had  its  origin  in  the  outer  skin- 
covering  of  the  earliest  animal  organisms,  I  may  mention  one  law 
of  scientific  physiognomy.  It  is  stated  thus :  "  Texture  of  the 
skin  is  significant  of  mental  quality."  We  find  by  observation 
that  the  finer  the  skin  or  hair  of  animals,  the  greater  their  degree 
of  sensation  and  intelligence.  Compare,  for  example,  the  coat  of 
the  stupid,  brutal  bear,  with  that  of  the  dog,  the  horse,  and  deer, 
and  we  shall  see  that  fineness  of  texture  is  indicative  of  sensitive- 
ness of  the  nervous  system,  and  therefore  of  mental  power,  all 
along  the  line  of  mental  development.  When  we  wish  to  discern 
the  quality  of  mental  power  in  the  human  being,  we  must  look  to 
the  fineness  of  the  skin  and  hair  and  brightness  of  the  eye,  as  well 
as  to  the  fineness  and  thinness  of  the  finger-nails. 

The  brightness  of  the  eye  is  caused  by  two  things  :  In  the 
first  place,  a  fine,  thin  skin  will  give  a  corresponding  bright  sclerotic 
and  retina  to  the  eye.  A  bright  eye  is  never  seen  in  combination 
with  a  very  coarse,  thick  skin.  The  second  cause  of  brightness 
of  the  eye  is  occasioned  by  the  quality  and  expansion  of  the  optic 
nerve.  Where  the  skin  is  fine  and  thin  the  nerves  of  sense  will 
be  correspondingly  of  high  quality  and  activity,  and  this  in  "con- 
nection with  the  thin  covering  of  the  eye  gives  the  brightness  and 
vivacity  which  are  observed  in  the  mentally-gifted  person,  but 
which  is  absent  in  the  dull  and  stupid. 

Compare  the  eye  of  the  hog  with  that  of  the  deer  or  dog ; 
the  eye  of  a  Spencer  with  that  of  Daniel  Lambert,  the  celebrated 
fat  man,  and  you  will  have  proof  of  this  statement.  When  any 
doubt  exists  as  to  the  character  or  interpretation  of  appearances, 

*  Evolution  of  Man.  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  196. 


THE   BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEM.  97 

an  "interrogation  of  Nature"  will  give  us  all  the  proof  required, 
and  nowhere  is  evidence  more  plentiful  and  convincing  than  in 
our  animal  ancestors.  The  following  is  from  the  pen  of  Mr. 
Haeckel,  and  I  quote  it  as  throwing  light  on  the  law  given  above, 
viz.,  that  texture  of  the  skin  is  indicative  of  quality.  Mr.  Haeckel 
observes : — 

Let  us  turn  aside  from  these  very  interesting  features  in  evolution  and 
examine  the  development  of  the  later  human  skin-covering,  with  its  hairs, 
sweat-glands,  etc.  Physiologically,  this  outer  covering  plays  a  double  part. 
The  skin,  in  the  first  place,  forms  the  general  protective  covering  which 
covers  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  and  protects  nil  other  parts.  As  such 
it,  at  the  same  time,  affects  a  certain  change  of  matter  between  the  body 
and  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  viz.,  perspiration  or  skin-breathing.  In 
the  first  place,  the  skin  is  the  oldest  and  primitive  sense-organ,  the  organ 
of  touch  which  affects  the  sensation  of  the  surrounding  temperature  and  of 
the  pressure  and  resistance  of  bodies  with  which  it  comes  in  contact.  Those 
organs  of  our  bodies  which  discharge  the  highest  and  most  perfect  functions 
of  animal  life,  those  of  sensation,  volition,  thought — the  organs  of  the  Psyche 
— or  mental  life,  arise  from  the  external  skin-covering.* 

Now  that  I  have  laid  before  you  the  testimony  of  one  of  the 
most  eminent  scientists  in  the  world  as  to  the  origin  of  mind,  and 
as  the  comprehension  of  this  origin  is  essential  to  our  knowledge 
of  physiognomy,  I  will  pass  on  to  other  features  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  considering  them  as  one  system,  differing  only  in 
their  modes  of  action  by  reason  of  their  differences  of  locality. 

The  law  in  regard  to  the  identification  of  the  nature  of  a 
function  is  formulated  thus:  "Similarity  of  structure  shows  simi- 
larity of  function."  Now,  brain-substance  and  nerve-substance 
are  exactly  alike,  and  show  no  difference  of  structure  under  the 
microscope,  therefore  we  must  conclude  that  their  purpose  is  a 
common  one.  The  office  of  the  nerves  is  to  receive  and  convey 
sensations  to  the  brain,  where  they  are  received  and  in  some  way, 
now  unknown,  manufactured  into  intelligence  or  consciousness. 
Nerves  are  the  instruments  which  convey  the  knowledge  of  wThat 
is  transpiring  in  the  several  organs  of  the  body,  and  in  the  organs 
of  sense,  to  the  brain  ;  this  is  their  portion  of  the  labor  of  the 
mind. 

The  part  of  the  labor  performed  by  the  brain  is,  as  before 
stated,  the  making  of  these  feelings  and  sensations  into  conscious- 
ness ;  two  acts  of  one  system  which  are  essential  to  its  perfect 
operation,  viz.,  sensation  or  feeling,  and  thought  or  intelligence. 
The  brain  acts  as  a  receiving  and  recording  station ;  the  body  with 
its  various  organs  being  the  manufactory,  so  to  say,  where  nearly 
all  mental  efforts  are  created  by  the  action  of  the  several  organs 

Evolution  of  Man,  vol.  ii,  p.  199 

7 


98  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  functions  of  the  body.  These  efforts,  which  we  denominate 
mechanical,  artistic,  domestic,  etc.,  are  performed,  as  I  have  shown, 
by  the  muscles,  the  bones,  the  nerves,  the  glands,  etc.,  and  by  the 
vegetative  faculties  and  functions.  The  signs  for  the  predominance 
of  the  brain  and  nervous  system  are  a  pyriform  or  pear-shaped 
face,  relatively  large  head,  especially  high  above  the  ears,  broad 
and  full  forehead,  blight  eyes,  relatively  small  nose,  small  and  thin 
] lands  and  feet,  and  thin  nails,  thin  nostrils  and  lips,  small  bones 
and  muscles,  slim  neck,  and  small  abdomen,  with  quick  motions 
and  rapidity  of  speech.  Persons  of  this  formation  are  earnest, 
excitable,  acute,  delicate,  spirituelle  and  sensitive  in  feeling,  high- 
strung,  sparkling  and  bright,  and  the  emotions,  such  as  love,  pity, 
fear,  and  imagination,  are  very  easily  excited.  They  also  suffer 
and  enjoy  intensely.  The  faculty  of  reason  is  dominant,  and  the 
capacity  for  mathematical  labor  is  in  many  cases  of  the  highest. 

The  brain  is  a  soft,  pulpy  mass,  and  is  composed  of  "  sixty 
per  cent,  of  carbon,  ten  per  cent,  of  hydrogen,  two  per  cent,  of 
nitrogen,  and  nine-tenths  of  oi;e  per  cent,  of  phosphorus."  This 
exhibit  of  the  elements  of  brain-matter  shows  that-  brain  without 
a  good  share  of  bone  in  combination  is  a  curse  instead  of  a  bless- 
ing. Carbon  is  the  element  which  prevails  most  extensively  in 
the  vegetative  system,  and  in  the  brain  we  find  sixty  per  cent,  of 
the  same  material.  I  have  shown  that  where  there  is  a  good  bony 
system  lime  in  its  several  forms  enters  largely  into  its  compo- 
sition. Not  only  does  it  enter  into  the  solid  structure  of  the  bone, 
but  it  is  also  found  in  a  fluid  state  in,  the  juices  and  tissues  of  the 
body.  Now,  if  the  blood  is  heavily  charged  with  lime,  it  will  be 
carried  to  th»  brain  in  larger  quantities  than  where  there  is  less 
of  this  element  in  combination.  This  explains  why  bony  men  have 
more  solid,  substantial,  and  practical  intellects  than  those  with  a 
larger  brain  system  and  smaller  bones.  Those  with  the  brain 
system  predominating  over  all  others  are  opinionated,  changeable, 
and  approbative,  sometimes  vain,  almost  always  pure-minded,  and, 
if  of  line  quality,  desirous  of  the  good  of  others;  but  where  the  other 
systems  of  the  body  are  in  good  proportion  the  most  happy  results 
follow.  Such  a  one  was  Washington.  In  him  all  the  five  organ 
systems  were  harmorfiously  blended,  and  all  were  of  high  quality. 
There  can  be  a  large  development  of  any  given  system  with  poor 
quality.  Size  alone,  as  I  shall  show,  is  not  the  measure  of  power; 
but  size  and  quality  combined,  as  in  .Washington,  give  the  most 
eminent  talent  and  ability. 

It  will  occur  to  all  thoughtful  persons  that  an  excess  of  the 
brain  system,  like  an  excess  of  any  other  system,  is  a  source  of 
weakness  and  disease,  and  that  as  a  perfected  brain  is  the  highest 


THE    BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEM.  99 

gift  of  Nature  it  follows  that  it  should  have  the  most  intelligent 
care  and  treatment  in  order  to  equalize  the  other  systems  and 
bring  them  into  harmonious  proportions  and  development.  Now 
rest,  sleep,  and  abstinence  from  excitement  and  luxurious  living 
will  be  essential  in  the  first  place.  This  treatment  would  induce 
a,  desire  for  a  larger  quantity  of  wholesome  nutriment.  Sufficient 
exercise  in  a  pure  atmosphere  would  increase  the  thoracic  system 
and  digestion.  This  would  tend  directly  to  a  better  development 
of  the  abdominal  powers.  Thus  equilibrium  or  balance  would  be 
established,  and  an  otherwise  short  and  painful  existence  might  be 
prolonged  into  an  enjoyable  and'  useful  one. 

The  diseases  to  which  those  are  liable  who  possess  a  dispro- 
portioned  brain  system  are  the  following :  Dyspepsia,  pulmonary 
consumption,  melancholy,  paralysis,  insomnia  or  sleeplessness, 
softening  of  the  brain,  headache,  dizziness,  insanity  and  general 
debility.  These  can  be  in  all  instances  averted  by  hygienic  meas- 
ures, intelligently  and  persistently  employed.  There  are,  in  the 
broad  pharmacopoeia  of  Nature,  remedies  for  all  the  ills  that  .the 
ignorance  or  willfulness  of  humanity  inflicts  upon  its  offspring. 

The  best  and  most  practical  method  of  improving  the  race — 
of  regenerating  humanity — is  to  understand  the  human  mind  and 
body,  and  then  by  wise  and  judicious  selections  of  partners  in  mar- 
riage rebuild  the  race  on  scientific  principles.  Without  a  knowledge 
of  the  face  and  body  this  cannot  be  accomplished ;  hence  the  study 
of  the  subject  before  us  is  the  first  step  in  this  direction.  The 
next  step  is  an  application  of  its  laws  and  principles. 

One  of  the  best  evidences  of  a  developed  race  is  found  in  its 
manifestation  of  a  high  grade  of  reasoning,  logical  and  mathemati- 
cal powers.  The  unperfected  races  of  the  world,  among  whom 
I  may  mention  the  South  Sea  Islanders,  the  Esquimaux,  and  many 
African  tribes,  have  so  little  ability  in  this  direction  as  not  to  be 
able  to  calculate  anything  beyond  the  number  of  their  fingers  and 
toes.  I  think  that  man's  superiority  over  the  brute  creation  is 
more  marked  in  this  respect  than  in  the  matter  of  simple  reason, 
"which  attribute  many  deny  to  the  animal  kingdom,  although  the 
power  of  reasoning  to  a  large  extent  is  proved  by  modern  natural- 
ists to  hold  a  place  in  the  mentality  of  the  higher  races  of  animals. 
The  faculties  of  reason,  causality,  and  comparison  endow  man  with 
the  gift  of  abstract  mathematical  ratiocination.  In  this  he  is  per- 
haps more  distinguished  from  the  brutes  than  in  any  other  manner, 
witli  the  exception  of  the  faculty  of  speech;  although  this  is  pos- 
sessed by  the  parrot,  but  in  this  instance  speech  proceeds  from  a 
suitable  formation  of  the  vocal  organs  and  is  not  accompanied  with 
a  corresponding  degree  of  sense  and  observation. 


100  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Tliis  might  serve  as  a  lesson  to  those  persons  who  ascribe  to 
the  human  race  "divinity,"  and  to  the  lower  animals  none. 
When  we  find  the  lower  animals  endowed  with  a  fine  degree  of 
reason,  as  in  the  horse,  dog,  and  elephant ;  and  some  mathematical 
ability  or  sense,  as  in  these  same  creatures  and  in  "learned  pigs,'* 
who  are  taught  to  count  and  reckon;  when  we. find  human  speech 
in  the  parrot,  I  think  the  sell-love  and  vainglory  of  man  may  as 
well  give  way,  and  allow  to  these,  our  "  blood-relations,"  as 
Haeckel  terms  them,  a  fair  share  of  divinity.  We  ought  to  be 
thankful  to  the  Creator,  who,  in  His  wisdom,  has  chosen  these 
humble  instruments  to  serve  as  a  means  of  teaching  us  whence  we 
sprung  and  from  whom  we  originated. 

The  brain  system  is  the  highest  and  last  in  the  progressive 
development  of  the  human  race.  Many  of  our  most  brilliant 
thinkers  have  possessed  this  system.  Many,  not  having  a  due 
proportion  of  the  other  systems,  have  died  young.  This  conforma- 
tion large,  in  combination  with  the  bony  and  vegetative  systems 
harmoniously  blended,  has  produced  many  powerful  intellects. 
Samuel  Johnson,  Arkwright,  Gibbon,  Dumas,  Buckle,  Hume, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  William  Perm,  Handel,  and  many  others 
were  thus  endowed,  and  were  noted  for  their  reason  and  their 
intense  mental  application. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE  SIJB-BASIC  PRINCIPLES  OF  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

FORM  AND  SIZE. 

WHETHER  we  accept  the  doctrine  of  evolution  or  not, 
we  must,  with  the  vast  array  of  evidence  in  or- 
ganized life  before  us,  admit  that  there  is  a  singular 
unity  of  action  influencing  the  methods  of  Nature. 
An  ordinary  observer  will  find  that  certain  forms  in 
the  animal  kingdom  exhibit  similar  traits  when  present  in  the  human 
family.    The  same  general  laws  as  to  form,  size,  color,  texture,  pro- 
portion, and  faculties  are  common  to  both  man  and  the  brute  crea- 
tion.   A  study  of  the  various  conformations,  colors,  and  textures  of 
the  several  species  of  animals,  both  wild  and  domestic,  together  with 
the  birds,  which  geology  shows  preceded  the  animal  kingdom  in 
the  scheme  of  creation,  will  assist  very  materially  in  the  knowledge 
and  proofs  of  scientific  and  practical  physiognomy. 

First,  as  to  Form  and  Size.  Consider  the  hippopotamus, — 
bulky,  unwieldy,  slow,  with  large  abdomen,  small  brain,  thick 
hide,  wanting  in  sensitiveness,  and  useless  for  any  practical  pur- 
pose. To  which  formation  of  the  human  family  does  this  animal 
correspond  \  If  you  have  given  attention  to  the  preceding  pages 
you  will  recognize  at  once  all  the  general  characteristics  of  the 
Vegetative  Form. 

Examine  closely  the  stag,  made  for  mountain  climbing. 
Behold  his  length  of  limb,  leanness,  activity,  and  form,  the  bright- 
ness of  his  eye,  his  ambition,  desire  for  scaling  the  greatest  heights, 
and  his  great  breadth  of  chest — the  broadest  part  of  his  body.  He 
is  here,  there,  and  everywhere  in  a  moment ;  does  not  dwell  long 
at  one  place  or  pursuit.  His  lungs  and  heart  must  be  well  devel- 
oped to  give  the  power  for  such  activity.  This  form  is  the  counter- 
part of  the  thoracic  in  the  human  organism. 

Let  us  pursue  this  system  of  physiognomy  still  further.  In 
the  animal  world,  whenever  we  see  creatures  endowed  with  the  dis- 
position for  great  destruction  we  naturally  look  for  a  corresponding 
amount  of  strength.  In  this  grade  of  development  strength  and 
destruction  are  synonymous.  If  you  were  to  examine  a  lion,  tiger, 
or  panther,  you  would  find  them  characterized  by  strong,  compact 

(101) 


10*2  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

muscles ;  dark,  hairy  coat ;  dark  or  yellow  eyes,  with  rapid  motions, 
intense  passions,  and  great  courage.  This  class  of  animals  repre- 
sents the  muscular  build  in  man.  Persons  of  this  form  exhibit 
great  strength,  capacity  for  destruction,  and  large  amativeness. 
They  are  also  social,  domestic,  emotional,  and  commercial,  the  com- 
mercial faculty  corresponding  to  the  preying  and  getting  instinct  in 
the  animals  of  the  same  form. 

As  I  have  previously  shown  that  the  most  reliable,  moral, 
tractable,  and  naturally  intelligent  of  the  human  species  are  found 
where  the  bony  system  is  predominant,  so  in  the  animal  kingdom 
you  will  find  the  corresponding  faculties  in  those  domestic  animals 
— the  horse,  the  cow,  the  ox,  the  camel,  and  dog — who  render  to 
mankind  faithful,  gentle,  and  intelligent  service.  The  distinguish- 
ing marks  as  to  color,  form,  and  texture  are  relatively  the  same  as 
in  the  bony  system  predominant  in  man.  The  prominent  points 
are  square  bones,  large  joints,  and  projecting  eye-bones,  rather  fine 
hair,  variety  of  colors,  herbivorous  diet  (although  the  dog,  like 
man,  lives  on  a  mixed  diet).  The  horse  and  dog  are  particularly 
receptive.  The  projecting  bones  over  the  eyes  resemble  the  devel- 
opment of  the  practical  or  mechanical  faculties  in  man.  Width 
between  the  eyes,  in  either  dog,  horse,  or  man,  is  always  indicative 
of  a  broad  intelligence.  It  shows  the  faculty  of  Form  to  be  large, 
and  also  gives  breadth  to  all  the  functions  and  faculties  of  the  mind  ; 
for  physiognomy,  well  understood,  reads  the  body  as  well  as  the 
face.  It  takes  cognizance  of  the  color  of  the  hair,  skin,  and  eyes; 
it  observes  the  walk,  the  voice,  gestures,  and  movements.  All  are 
indices  of  character.  To  a  practiced  ear  the  intonation  of  a  single 
sentence  will  reveal  very  much  to  the  listener.  Everything  which 
one  does,  no  matter  how  trifling,  is  highly  significant  of  character ; 
and  habits  of  observation  and  analysis  should  be  formed  in  youth, 
and  the  reason  why  traits  are  combined  as  we  find  them  should  be 
given  by  parents  and  teachers.  I  feel  assured  that,  after  a  careful 
reading  of  these  thoughts,  any  parent  will  be  competent  to  direct 
aright  the  dawning  perceptions  of  his  child  in  physiognomy.  It  ia 
the  duty  of  all  parents  to  throw  around  their  children  such  protec- 
tion as  the  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  Nature  aifords.  It  will  pre- 
vent the  erroneous  conceptions  of  character  to  which  the  present 
lamentable  ignorance  of  the  laws  of  physiognomy  leads.  The 
many  physiognomical  errors  current  will  be  rectified,  and  the 
human  family  will  be  given  a  compass  which  will  keep  it  clear  of 
many  shoals  and  quicksands  which  are  found  on  the  journey  of  life. 

It  will  be  observed  by  these  comparisons  that,  in  deciding  upon 
the  character  of  an  individual,  no  one  single  circumstance  or  appear- 
ance can  be  considered  decisive  and  conclusive.  Neither  form,  size» 


SIZE   OF    THE    HEAD.  103 

color,  quality,  nor  proportion  alone  is  indicative  of  the  entire  char- 
acter. Each  of  these  conditions  has  its  influence  and  weight  in 
molding,  as  well  as  in  deciding,  power,  disposition,  and  talent. 

In  addition  to  all  these  conditions,  one  most  important  factor 
is  good  health,  or,  in  other  words,  a  normal  development  of  all  the 
organs  and  a  normal  action  of  all  the  functions  of  the 


entire  Organism. 

In  discussing  the  sub-basic  principles  of  this  science,  I  shall 
take  up  each  of  these  phenomena,  and  investigate  them  in  the 
order  which  seems  best  adapted  to  their  right  comprehension,  viz., 
as  follows  :   Size,  Quality,  Form,  Color,  Proportion,  Health,  and  \ 
Compensation. 

SIZE   OF   THE   HEAD. 

This  is  a  subject  so  little  understood  that  I  feel  compelled  to 
correct  some  errors  in  regard  to  it  which  have  come  to  be  accepted 
as  truths.  The  phrenological  law  that  "  size  of  the  head  is  the 
measure  of  power,  all  else  being  equal,"  has  been  accepted  by  the 
masses  to  mean  that  a  large  head  is  proof  of  superior  intellect. 
Nothing  can  be  farther  from  the  truth,  for  I  shall  show—  ^and,  I 
believe,  upon  competent  authority  —  that  the  largest  heads  on  record 
have  belonged  to  imbecile,  idiotic,  diseased,  or  commonplace  char- 
acters. 

A  large  head  is  no  more  an  indication  of  superior  intelligence 
than  is  a  large  face  or  a  large  body  ;  and  here,  again,  let  it  be 
noted  that  the  largest  faces  and  bodies,  without  exception,  have 
belonged  to  either  stupid  or  commonplace  persons.  There  have 
been  a  few  men  in  all  ages  noted  for  the  size  of  their  heads 
who  have  been  equally  noted  for  their  mental  capacities,  but  their 
mentality  was  not  dependent  upon  the  size  of  brain  alone,  but 
upon  the  inherited  qualiti/  of  both  brain  and  body,  and,  more  than 
all,  upon  their  symmetrical  proportions  and  great  good  health. 
Such  a  one  was  Thomas  H.  Ben  ton,  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  United  States  Senate.  (See  Fig.  8.) 

O.  S.  Fowler,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  phrenologists,  offers 
testimony  in  the  same  direction  when  he  observes  :  — 

Stuart's  portraits  of  revolutionary  heroes  are  said  to  represent  them 
with  large,  portly,  strongly  marked,  well-proportioned,  and  giant  bodies, 
but  with  only  average  head*,  and  are  probably  true  to  Nature.  I  have  found 
very  smart  men  in  all  departments  of  human  life  with  only  average-sized 
heads.  Thomas  H.  Benton's  was  less  than  average,  but  his  capacity  of  chest 
was  most  extraordinary,  —  in  fact,  rarely  equalled.  All  three  temperaments 
were  immense  in  him  and  well  proportioned,  yet  his  head  measured  less  than 
twenty  -two  inches  in  circumference.* 

*  Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  276. 


104  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Among1  men  most  celebrated  for  great  si/e  of  body  and  face 
in  ancient  times  was  Vitellius,  Roman  emperor  and  gormand. 
Here  was  body,  brain,  and  face  of  enormous  proportions,  but  wa> 
there  in  this  instance  corresponding  mental  power  1  History  fails 
to  record  anything  that  would  prove  capacity  of  any  part  of  this 
person's  organism  except  the  stomach  and  digestive  apparatus. 
In  modern  times  Daniel  Lambert  has  headed  the  list  of  great  men, 
— those  famous  for  size  and  for  nothing  else.  Intellectually  he  was 
not  gifted  beyond  the  average  man,  having  occupied  the  position 
of  keeper  in  an  English  prison.  His  weight  was  seven  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  pounds.  His  head  was  large  and  his  face  also. 
Another  noted  "  great "  man  was  Edward  Bright,  a  miller,  of 
Maiden,  England,  who,  at  the  age  of  thirty  years,  weighed  six 
hundred  and  sixteen  pounds.  He  also  had  a  large  head  and  face, 
while  his  intellect  was  only  ordinary.  Another  large  man,  James 
Mansfield,  also  an  Englishman,  died  at  the  age  of  eighty  years, 
weighing  four  hundred  and  sixty-two  pounds.  He  was  a  butcher 
by  trade,  and  his  head  and  face  were  large.  Here  we  have  the 
record  of  three  of  the  largest  men  known  to  history,  and  we  find 
in  them  only  the  most  ordinary  and  commonplace  intellectual 
development  and  power. 

Now  let  us  examine  the  evidence  in  the  matter  of  both  large 
and  heavy  brains,  and  thus  discover,  if  possible,  the  kind  of  intel- 
lect exhibited  by  these  phenomena.  The  opinion  of  the  most 
eminent  writers  on  mind — of  physicians  to  the  insane,  and  of 
anatomists — will  be  adduced,  and  my  readers  will  then  be  able  to 
see  upon  what  ground  mere  size  of  the  brain  as  a  measure  of  power 
is  based. 

Observers,  from  Aristotle  down  to  the  present  time,  have  given 
their  views  as  to  the  size  of  the  head,  and  in  most  cases  their 
opinions  and  evidence  point  to  small  or  average-sized  heads  as  the 
most  intellectual.  Lavater  says  that  Aristotle  holds  the  smallest 
heads  to  be  the  wisest,*  while  Esquirol,  the  French  anatomist, 
states  that  no  size  or  form  of  head  or  brain  is  incident  to  idiocy 
or  talent. 

Dr.  H.  C.  Bastian,  an  anatomist  of  eminent  talent,  observes: 

It  seems  perfectly  plain  from  the  facts  recorded  that  there  is  no  neces- 
sary or  invariable  relation  between  the  degree  of  intelligence  of  human 
beings  and  the  mere  size  or  weight  of  their  brains.  We  have  seen  that  some 
demented  persons  may  have  very  large  brains,  and,  again,  that  in  certain 
very  ordinary  members  of  society,  suffering  neither  from  disease  nor  from 
congenital  defect,  the  brain  may  be  decidedly  large  and  heavy. f 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  266. 

t  The  Brain  an  Organ  of  the  Mind,  H.  Carlton  Bastian,  pp.  364,  370,  371.    London. 


SIZE   OF   THE    HEAD.  105 

Elsewhere  he  remarks: — 

Idiocy  is  not  therefore  necessarily  associated  with  a  very  small  size 
of  brain. 

Prof.  Alexander  Bain  tells  us  that  "  occasionally  a  stupid  man 
has  a  larger  brain  than  a  clever  man."*  It  has  often  been  stated, 
in  medical  and  phrenological  journals,  that  Cuvier's  brain  was  the 
largest  and  heaviest  ever  observed.  This  is  entirely  erroneous. 
The  largest  on  record  is  that  of  an  insane  negro,  who  died  at  the 
Richmond  (Virginia)  Insane  Asylum.  Dr.  Barksdale  states  that 
his  brain  weighed  seventy  ounces.  (See  report  of  April,  1882.f) 
Dr.  James  Morris  gives  an  account  of  the  next  largest  brain  in  the 
world ;  it  belonged  to  a  thieving,  drunken  fellow  who  could  neither 
read  nor  write;  his  brain  exceeded  sixty-seven  ounces  in  weight. 
Both  these  brains  are  heavier  than  those  of  any  intellectual  person 
on  record.  Cuvier's  brain-weight,  so  often  quoted,  was  sixty-four 
and  five-tenths  ounces.  Dr.  Bucknill  states  an  instance  "  of  a  male 
imbecile,  thirty-seven  years  of  age,  whose  brain  weighed  the  same 
as  Cuvier's,  the  greatest  of  naturalists ; "  J  whilst  the  brain  of  Agas- 
siz,  who  ranks  next  to'Cuvier  in  science,  weighed  only  fifty-three 
and  three-tenths  ounces.  Esquirol  instances  a  foolish  monomaniac 
whose  head  measured  in  circumference  twenty-six  inches  and 
thirty-seven  hundredths ;  also,  of  an  idiot  whose  head  measured  in 
circumference  thirty-three  inches  and  sixty-six  hundredths ;  another 
idiot  whose  head  was  twenty-two  inches  and  forty-four  hundredths 
in  circumference.  § 

Dr.  Langden  Down  states  that  he  dissected  the  brain  of  an 
idiot  that  weighed  fifty-nine  and  one-half  ounces.  ||  Dr.  Thurman 
declares  that  the  heaviest  brain  weighed  by  him  was  that  of  an 
uneducated  butcher,  who  was  just  able  to  read,  and  who  died 
suddenly  of  epilepsy,  combined  with  mania. ^[  Moses  Parchappe 
says  the  largest  brain-weight  observed  by  him  was  that  of  an 
epileptic  or  insane  man,  whose  brain  weighed  sixty-one  and  three- 
tenths  ounces.  Dr.  Skae  mentions  an  insane  epileptic  woman, 
whose  brain  weighed  the  extraordinary  amount  of  sixty-one  and 
one-half  ounces.**  Now,  when  we  reflect  that  the  average  weight 
of  the  adult  male  brain  is  said  to  be  forty  ounces  (according  to 
the  climate  in  which  he  lives),  while  the  female  brain  averages 
four  to  five  ounces  less,  what  we  are  to  make  of  the  phrenological 
law,  that  "  Size  is  the  measure  of  power,  all  else  being  equal,"  it  is 

*  Mind  and  Body.  Alexander  Bain,  M.D.,  p.  19. 

t  British  Medical  Journal.  Oct.  26.  1872. 

i  The  Brain  an  ( irgan  of  the  Mind,  H.  Carlton  Bastian,  p.  67. 

(j  Ksquirol,  p.  liTo. 

II  The  Brain  :m  Organ  of  the  Mind,  p.  364. 

1  Jbiil.,  p.  :!<>»;. 

**  Ibid.,  p.  37t>. 


106  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

difficult  to  say.  We  find  that  the  record  is  against  this  proposi- 
tion, inasmuch  as  the  greatest  size  seems  always  to  be  attended 
with  abnormal  physiological  structure,  and  either  idiotic  or  com- 
monplace quality  of  brain.  We  know  that  Daniel  Webster  had 
a  twenty-three  and  three-quarter  inch  head,  and  some  other  famous 
men  had  heads  varying  all  the  way  from  twenty-two  to  twenty-four 
inches  in  circumference,  but  in  all  instances  where  these  heads 
have  been  accompanied  with  unusual  talent  the  inherited  qualify 
was  of  a  high  order,  and  the  physiological  development  was  also 
most  uncommonly  strong ;  and,  acting  normally,  a  large  brain  must 
have  the  assistance  of  a  large  and  fine  visceral  organization, 
together  with  high  quality,  to  make  it  effective.  A  large  brain  is 
no  more  an  indicator  of  talent  or  genius  than  is  a  large  face  or 
body.  Large  features,  if  accompanied  by  fine  quality  of  skin  and 
hair,  denote  a  powerful  intellect  if  great  good  health  be  present. 
Lavater  tells  us  that  "  a  head  too  bulky  almost  always  indicates 
gross  stupidity ;  too  small,  it  is  a  sign  of  weakness  and  insig- 
nificance." 

Let  us  now  investigate  some  characters  whose  great  intellects 
have  been  exhibited  by  small  heads,  and  see  if  the  traits  disclosed 
will  not  bear  fair  comparison  with  the  largest-brained  men  on 
record.  All  naturalists  whose  observations  lead  them  to  study 
animal  organisms  comprehend  well  the  fact,  that  (juajify,  not  size, 
is  the  prime  indicator  of  mental  ability.  Charles  Darwin  observes 
that 

No  one  supposes  that  the  intellect  of  any  two  animals  or  of  an}'  two 
men  can  be  accurately  gauged  l>y  the  cubic  contents  of  their  skulls.  It  is 
certain  that  there  may  be  extraordinary  mental  activity  with  an  extremely 
small  absolute  mass  of  nervous  matter.  Thus,  the  wonderfully  diversified 
instincts,  mental  powers,  and  affections  of  ants  are  generally  known,  yet 
their  cerebral  ganglia  are  not  so  large  as  the  quarter  of  a  small  pin's  head. 
Under  this  latter  point  of  view,  the  brain  of  an  ant  is  one  of  the  most  mar- 
vellous atoms  cf  matter  in  the  world,  perhaps  more  marvellous  than  the 
brain  of  a  man.* 

As  size  of  brain  merely  is  not  a  measure  of  power,  neither  can 
we  consider  form  or  shape  an  absolute  indication  of  mental  power 
or  of  racial  classification  in  man.  Those  persons  who  have  imbibed 
the  notion  that  a  very  high  and  full  forehead  is  evidence  of  superior 
mental  power  are  often  startled  to  find  very  commonplace  or 
inferior  mentality  accompanying  such  appearance.  Dr.  Living- 
stone enlightens  us  on  this  point  in  the  following  remarks.  He 
observes: — 

There  is  no  proper  race-form  of  the  cranium.  The  same  measures  of 
skull,  the  same  types,  whether  of  a  classified  purit}-  and  beauty,  or  of  savage 

*  Descent  of  .Man,  Charles  Darwin,  p.  139. 


SIZE    OF    THE    HEAD.  107 

degradation,  appear  in  individuals  of  all  races.  Tiedman  has  met  with 
Germans  whose  skulls  bore  all  the  characteristics  of  the  negro  races,  and  an 
inhabitant  of  Nukihawa,  according  to  Silesias  and  Blumenbach,  agreed 
exactly  in  his  proportions  with  the  Apollo  Belvidere.* 

He  observes,  further,  that  the  "Kaffirs  are  five  feet  eight 
inches  high,  with  large  heads ;  foreheads  high  and  well  devel- 
oped, "f  Yet,  as  all  students  of  ethnology  know,  these  people  are 
not  one  whit  more  intelligent  than  the  North  American  Indians. 

In  analyzing  and  in  deciding  character,  form  is  a  safer  guide 
than  size,  but  here  also  quality  must  be  regarded  first,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  that  the  negro  Apollo  mentioned  by  Blumenbach  lacked 
the  fine  thin  skin,  fine  hair,  and  brightness  of  the  eye  which 
characterized  the  ancient  Greek,  and  which  are  the  proofs  of  keen- 
ness of  apprehension  wherever  found. 

Among  the  most  celebrated  statesmen  of  modem  times,  Prince 
Talleyrand,  of  France,  takes  high  rank,  not  only  for  his  learning, 
which  was  comprehensive,  but  for  his  native  talent,  subtlety,  and 
profundity  he  was  considered  the  ablest  man  of  his  times.  Of  him, 
Mirabeau  said: — 

For  every  combination  he  was  prepared  ;  one  of  the  most  subtle  and 
powerful  intellects  of  the  age,  he  generally  counselled  measures  marked  by 
wise  liberality  and  solid  common  sense. J 

Napoleon  said  of  Talleyrand,§  "He  is  a  dexterous  fellow;  he 
has  seen  through  me;"  and  his  biographer  tells  us,  also: — 

To  a  great  talent  for  business  he  added  that  perfect  command  over 
himself  which  is  so  advantageous  to  a  diplomatist ;  his  wit  was  caustic, 
ready  and  penetrating,  a  crowd  of  examples  attesting  his  accomplishments 
in  this  respect;  he  preserved  all  the  qualities  of  his  great  mind  un,til  the 
close  of  his  life  ;  he  had  always  the  welfare  of  his  country  at  heart. 

The  following  measurement  of  his  head,  made  by  Drs.  Moreau, 
Coigny,  Flaurens,  and  Micard,  proves  that  large  size  does  not 
always  exist  with  and  is  not  .essential  to  great  men  of  intellect.)! 
They  give  the  following: — 

General  horizontal  measurement,  twenty  inches  and  four  lines  (a  line 
in  French  measure  is  the  tenth  of  an  inch);  from  the  root  of  the  nose  to  the 
occipital  hole  over  along  the  top  of  the  head,  fourteen  inches;  from  the  hole 
in  the  ear  to  the  other  over  veneration,  eleven  inches  two  lines. 

Many  of  the  most  eminent  persons  known  to  history  in  every 
department  of  thought  and  genius  have  possessed  small  heads. 

*  Races  of  the  Old  World,  p  471.   • 

t  IbM.,  p.  289. 

1  Universal  Biography,  Win.  N.  Beeton.    London. 

§  Beeton's  Dictionary  of  Biography. 

||  Phrenological  Journal,  vol.  i,  p.  1.    Philadelphia. 


108  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  of  the  world's  greatest  and  most  executive  men  had  rela- 
tively small  heads.  Among  them  I  may  mention  George  AVash- 
ington,  John  Marshall  (who  had  a  low  forehead  as  well),  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley.  John  Seldon,  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
England,  was  six  feet  in  height,  and  his  head  not  large.  Lord 
Byron's  head  was  remarkably  small,  but  beautifully  formed,  on  the 
true  artistic  principle  of  the  curve,  being  rounded  in  every  direc- 
tion. His  hair  laid  in  easy,  graceful  rings  and  waves. 

The  following  very  strong  testimony  on  the  subject  of  large 
versus  small  heads  will  go  far  to  dispel  the  popular  fallacy  that 
large  heads  and  talent  and  genius  are  necessarily  associated.  It 
goes  to  prove,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  largest  heads  are  usually 
associated  with  criminal  character  when  they  are  not  the  indication 
of  feeble  minds.  The  following  from  "  Types  of  Mankind  "  is 
pertinent : — 

I  have  not  hitherto  exerted  myself  to  obtain  crania  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race  except  in  the  instance  of  individuals  who  have  been  signalized  by  their 
crimes,  and  this  number  is  too  small  to  be  of  much  importance  in  a  generali- 
zation like  the  present.  Yet,  since  these  skulls  have  been  procured  without 
reference  to  their  size,  it  is  remarkable  that  five  give  an  average  of  ninety-six 
cubic  inches  for  the  bulk  of  the  brain ;  the  smallest  head  measuring  ninety- 
one  and  the  largest  one  hundred  and  five  cubic  inches.  It  is  necessary  to 
observe,  however,  that  they  are  all  male  crania;  but,  on  the  other  hand, they 
pertained  to  the  lowest  class  of  society,  and  three  of  them  died  on  the 
gallows  for  the  crime  of  murder.  The  Anglo-Americans  conform  in  all 
their  characteristics  to  the  parent  stock.  They  possess  in  common  with 
their  English  ancestors  a  more  elongated  head  than  the  unmixed  Germans. 
The  few  crania  in  my  possession  have  without  exception  been  derived 
from  the  lowest  and  least  cultivated  portion  of  the  community, — male- 
factors, paupers,  and  lunatics.  The  largest  brain  has  been  ninet3*-seven 
cubic  inches ;  the  smallest  eighty-two,  and  the  mean  of  ninet}-  accords 
with  that  of  the  collective  Teutonic  race.  The  sexes  of  the  seven  skulls 
are  four  male  and  three  female.  Dr.  John  Reid  has  also  investigated 
this  question  on  a  large  scale  with  great  care. 

After  weighing  two  hundred  and  fifty-three  brains  of  both  sexes, 
and  of  various  ages,  he  arrives  at  the  conclusion  that  the  encephalon 
arrives  at  its  maximum  size  sooner  than  the  other  organs  of  the  body ; 
that  its  relative  size  when  compared  with  the  other  organs,  and  to  the 
entire  body,  is  much  greater  in  the  child  than  in  the  adult ;  and  that, 
although  the  average  weight  of  the  male  brain  is  absolutely  heavier  than 
the  female  brain  relative  to  the  whole  body,  yet  the  female  brain  is  some- 
what heavier  than  the  average  male  brain* 

I  shall  offer  still  further  corroborative  evidence  as  to  the 
association  of  size  of  brain  with  intelligence.  The  following 
from  the  pen  of  the  distinguished  writer  Quatrefages  is  apropos. 
He  observes  thus: — 

•Types  of  Mankind,  Knott  &  Glidden,  p.  312. 


SIZE    OF    THE    HEAD.  109 

We  shall  certainly  not  be  accused  of  exaggerated  immaterialism  if 
we  estimate  the  action  of  the  brain  as  we  estimate  the  action  of  a 
muscle.  Now,  experience  and  observation  daily  testify  that  in  the  latter 
volume  and  form  are  not  everything.  Functional  energy  often  more  than 
compensates  for  what  is  wanting  with  respect  to  mass.  Many  other 
organic  systems  would  furnish  similar  facts  well  known  to  all  doctors 
and  all  physiologists.  To  assert  the  case  is  different  with  the  brain 
would  be,  in  the  absence  of  all  direct  observation,  a  purely  gratuitous 
hypothesis,  and  in  the  presence  of  Wagner's  -tables  a  contradiction  of 
evidence.  With  his  small  brain  Hanssmann,  the  correspondent  of  the 
French  Institute,  has  evidently  surpassed  in  the  matter  of  intelligence 
almost  all  his  large-headed  contemporaries. 

In  these  tables  a  number  of  brain-weights  of  eminent  men 
are  given,  in  which  Cuvier's  stands  as  the  heaviest,  sixty-four  and 
five-tenths  ounces;  while  Hausmann's  brain-weight  stands  at 
43-24  ounces. 

To  continue  the  quotation : — 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  beyond  a  certain  stage  of  decrease,  the 
muscular  apparatus  becomes  incapable  of  effort.  We  can  readily  under- 
stand that  it  might  be  so  with  the  brain  also.  It  is,  therefore,  most 
natural  to  find  that  when  it  has  fallen  below  a  certain  volume  and  weight 
it  generally  passes  from  weakness  to  impotence.  Even  M.  de  Bonald 
could  not  consider  it  strange  that  an  intelligence  when  provided  only 
with  imperfect  or  almost  useless  organs  should  only  manifest  itself  in  an 
incomplete  manner. 

Thus,  irrespective  of  all  dogmatic  or  philosophic  ideas,  we  are  led 
to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a  certain  relation  between  the  develop- 
ment of  the  intelligence  and  the  volume  and  weight  of  the  brain.  But 
at  the  same  time  we  must  allow  that  the  material  element,  that  which 
is  appreciable  to  our  senses,  is  not  the  only  one  which  we  must  take 
into  account,  for  behind  it  lies  hidden  an  unknown  quantity,  an  X,  at 
present  undetermined  and  only  recognized  by  its  effects.* 

The  unknown  quantity  here  mentioned,  I  believe  to  be  in- 
herited quality,  or  energy.  It  can  be  determined  by  the  laws  of 
scientific  physiognomy,  which  gives  the  signs  for  discovering  its 
power. 

To  add  to  the  weight  of  evidence  in  regard  to  the  size  of  the 
head  as  an  indication  of  intellect,  I  add  the  following  from  M. 
Broca,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  French  writers.  "No  well- 
instructed  person,"  says  M.  Broca,  "would  ever  think  of  esti- 
mating the  intelligence  by  measuring  the  encephalon."  Corrob- 
orative evidence  in  this  direction  from  the  most  competent  observers 
could  be  largely  added  to,  but  want  of  space  forbids. 

The  evidence  here  presented  shows  us  that  great  size  is  not 
essential  to  greatness  of  intellect;  that  where  great  mental  powers 
have  co-existed  with  small  heads  some  factor  or  factors  other 
than  size  have  assisted  in  producing  or  exhibiting  such  power. 

*The  Human  Species,  A.  de  Quatrefages. 


110  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

These  factors  are  inherited  quality  and  physiological  development ; 
the  quality  is  produced  either  by  the  pre-natal  conditions  of  the 
individual — by  inheriting  the  natural  quality  of  either  father  or 
mother — by  a  combination  of  qualities  of  both,  which  created  that 
which  was  inherited — or  by  an  endowment  from  some  remote 
ancestor ;  for  there  are  several  ways  to  account  for  inherited  quality 
of  a  high  order,  and  when  we  do  not  find  a  counterpart  in  cither 
parent  we  must  look  for  the  cause  in  some  one  of  the  other  modes 
above  stated. 

I  obtained  the  statement  from  Mr.  Charles  Herman,  a  hatter 
doing  an  extensive  business  in  hats  in  San  Francisco,  that  all  his 
customers  who  wore  extra-large  sizes  were  very  commonplace 
characters,  with  one  or  two  exceptions.  Those  who  wore  the 
smallest  hats  were  mostly  men  who  were  bright,  smart,  active 
persons,  and  none  of  them  less  than  ordinary  in  intellect,  but  some 
of  them  among  the  brightest  men  of  the  country.  He  stated, 
furthermore,  that  his  largest  sizes  went  north  to  Alaska  and  British 
Columbia,  while  the  smallest  men's  sizes  were  sent  south  to  the 
native  Californians,  the  descendents  of  the  Spanish  settlers. 

The  several  instances  previously  quoted  of  the  idiotic  or 
commonplace  characters  of  very  large  or  heavy-brained  persons 
correspond  with  the  commonplace  characters  of  these  exceedingly 
heavy  and  large-bodied  persons  mentioned.  Indeed,  I  think,  all 
Nature  unfolds  to  us  this  one  fact,  that  all  her  finest  and  most 
valuable  products  are  relatively  small.  The  largest  animals  are  the 
least  intelligent  and  useful,  as,  for  example,  the  whale  and  hippo- 
potamus; the  largest  flower,  the  Rafflesia  arnoldi.  is  as  repulsive 
as  it  is  monstrous,  being  fifteen  pounds  in  weight  and  with  a  carrion- 
like  odor.  Our  most  useful  domestic  animals,  the  camel,  the  ox, 
the  horse,  and  dog,  are  only  of  medium  size  as  compared  to  the 
first  mentioned,  yet  are  both  intelligent  and  useful;  and  no  one, 
surely,  will  compare  the  largest  flowers  with  the  jasmine,  rose, 
and  pink. 

I  think  we  may  .safely  set  it  down  as  a  law  of  Nature  that 
all  over-sized  individuals,  whose  brain,  face,  or  body  is  unusually 
large  in  size,  are  relatively  deficient  in  intellect  and  practical 
talents.  Medium  or  small-sized  heads  and  bodies  are,  as  a  rule, 
the  most  useful  and  intellectual,  and  in  looking  for  true  greatness 
neither  the  size  of  the  head,  face  nor  body  will  be  the  index.  The 
law  which  scientific  physiognomy  formulates  is  stated  thus:  The 
"size  of  the  nose,  controlled  by  quality,  is  the  measure  of  power; 
the  shape  of  the  nose  denotes  the  kind  of  power."  The  nose  is 
the  central  and  most  radical  feature  of  the  face,  and  indicates  more 
of  the  body  and  mental  qualities  than  any  other  feature. 


SIZE    OF    THE    HEAD.  Ill 

The  most  perfected  races  possess  the  most  developed  noses, 
and  the  most  developed  and  intellectual  persons  among  the  civilized 
races  have  the  most  developed  noses,  while  all  the  savage  races  are 
lacking  in  the  development  of  this  feature,  and  exhibit  by  the 
peculiarities  of  the  size  and  form  of  the  nose  the  absence  of  all 
those  traits  -of  mind  and  body  of  which  the  nose,  in  its  most  devel- 
oped state,  is  an  indication. 

Why  may  not  all  facial  features  and  portions  of  features 
reveal  the  shape,  form,  and  condition  of  internal  organs'?  We 
know  this  to  be  so  in  regard  to  the  size  and  shape  of  the  nostrils 
in  relation  to  the  lungs,  and  if  the  nostrils  can  reveal  internal  con- 
ditions so  also  can  the  mouth,  the  eyes,  the  ears,  and  every  other 
feature  of  the  face  as  well.  I  will  say,  en  passant,  that  quality  is 
shown  by  brightness  of  the  eye  and  fineness  of  the  skin  and  hair. 
The  subject  of  Quality  will  be  treated  at  length  in  its  proper  order. 
Where  the  nose  is  long,  high,  and  broad,  the  stomach,  heart,  and 
lungs  are  much  superior  in  strength  to  those  associated,  with  a  nose 
which  is  short,  flat,  and  narrow.  A  comparison  of  the  noses  and 
hoclies  of  the  Germans  and  English,  for  example,  with  the  noses 
and  bodies  of  the  native  Australian  will  illustrate  this  point.  In 
some  savage  races,  and  in  one  species  of  the  ape  family  (Semno 
pitliecus  nascius),  we%  find  long  noses,  but  they  do  not  possess  a 
form  that  indicates  intelligence,  and  their  bodies  do  not  exhibit 
the  quality  essential  to  mental  vigor. 

It  is  most  surprising  that,  while  physicians  and  writers  on 
physiology  have  long  understood  the  value  of  the  tongue  and  lips 
as  indicators  of  healthful  and  diseased  conditions,  they  seem  to 
have  utterly  ignored  the  significance  of  the  nose  as  a  revelator  of 
internal  conditions  and  functions.  Of  course,  they  comprehend 
the  fact  that  the  nostrils  must  be  in  accord  with  the  size  and  vigor 
of  the  lungs,  and  if  large  nostrils  reveal  the  size  of  the  lungs  they 
must  disclose  the  activity  of  the  heart,  as  these  two  organs  are  cor- 
related and  mutually  condition  each  other.  All  ^observers  may 
prove  for  themselves,  with  slight  trouble,  these  statements.  All 
persons  who  have  narrow  or  small  nostrils  will  also  exhibit  a  flat, 
narrow  chest;  those  with  large,  round  nostrils  will  disclose  a  high, 
wide,  full  chest.  Now,  if  one  part  of  a  feature  of  the  face  dis- 
close the  shape  of  a  certain  part  of  the  body,  together  with  its 
strength  or  functional  activity,  is  it  not  logical  and  reasonable  to 
infer  that  ever >/  part  of  every  feature  of  the  face  will  disclose  the 
form  and  functional  activity  of  other  parts  of  the  organism  t  And 
if  the  body  and  mind  are  one,  acting  as  a  unit,  then,  by  the  same 
method  of  reasoning,  why  is  not  the  action  of  the  mind,  its  strength, 
weakness,  and  direction,  also  indicated  by  the  form,  size,  and  color 


112  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  certain  features  of  the  face "?  I  think  that  all  candid  and  observ- 
ant readers  will  find  ample  proof  of  all  these  ideas  both  in  the 
theoretical  and  practical  parts  of  this  vohime,  but,  above  all,  will 
the  verification  of  these  statements  be  found  most  conclusive  in 
Nature  by  comparing  the  faces  and  forms  of  individuals  with  their 
mental  labors  and  dispositions  as  exhibited  in  their  daily  life.  There 
is  no  reason  why  mental  and  physical  science  should  not  be  demon- 
strated as  conclusively  as  any  other  department  of  natural  science. 
Those  who  talk  of  its  "  complexity  "  should  realize  the  fact  that 
all  other  departments  of  natural  history  are  complex,  yet  have  been 
pretty  well  explained,  and  that  every  step  in  the  knowledge  of 
plants  and  animals  has  thrown  new  light  on  this  very  complexity, 
which,  it  is  claimed,  should  deter  man  from  even  attempting  to 
simplify.  The  tangled  knot  of  the  warp  and  woof  of  life  and 
mind  is  gradually  loosening  under  the  innumerable  discoveries  of 
the  microscope  in  the  hands  of  legions  of  valiant  soldiers  which 
Science  has  summoned  to  do  her  bidding,  and  if  man  is  really  what 
he  has  so  long  flattered  himself,  viz.,  the  master  of  the  universe, 
let  him  earn  and  deserve  the  title  by  virtue  of  his  knowledge  of 
its  secrets  concerning  himself. 

Although  the  size  of  the  nose  is  a  very  decisive  sign  of  ability, 
yet  several  other  things  must  be  taken  into  account  in  getting  at 
the  entire  mentality,  disposition,  and  general  and  particular  powers 
of  the  individual.  After  size  is  noted,  quality  and  form  must  be 
regarded ;  then  the  proportion  both  of  the  features  and  body.  But, 
in  order  to  recognize  powerful  character  in  an  individual,  we  must 
see  that  the  nose  stands  high  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  the  nos- 
trils broad,  the  eye  relatively  large  and  bright,  the  mouth  also 
large,  the  chin  of  proportionate  breadth  and  length,  the  eyes  set 
well  under  a  rather  projecting  brow  (an  eye  that  is  on  a  level  with 
the  plane  of  the  brow  discloses  great  stupidity),  the  cheeks  well 
filled  (not  too  fat),  a  forehead  broad  across  its  upper  part;  and, 
when  to  this  is  added  fine  skin  and  fine  hair,  true  greatness  of 
some  sort  is  indicated.  The  kind  of  greatness  depends  upon  the 
shape  of  the  nose.  If  it  be  a  literary  nose,  then  the  possessor  will 
excel  in  a  literary  direction  ;  if  the  nose  be  architectural,  that  power 
will  be  exhibited ;  an  artistic  or  dramatic  nose  will  decide  the  talent 
and  power  of  the  individual  in  that  department.  To  make  all  this 
effective  good  health  is  most  important,  for  without  it  the  individual 
would  be  like  a  powerful  steam-engine  without  steam, — an  inert, 
helpless  machine. 

QUALITY. 

In  determining  the  quality  or  mental  power  of  an  individual, 
the  texture  of  the  skin  and  hair  is  to  be  considered  first,  as  these 


QUALITY.  113 

indicate  quite  as  much  as  the  form,  and  really  determine  its  power 
and  activity.     If  the  skin  be  fine,  clear,  smooth,  and  thin,  a  high    I 
grade  of  mental  activity  or  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  system  may    \ 
be  inferred.     As  the  brain-substance,   in  the  form  of  nerves,  is 
spread  all  over  the  surface  of  the  skin,  the  thinner  and  finer  it  is,    ' 
the  greater  is  the  amount  of  sensation  experienced,  and,  as  Nature 
is  harmonious,  all  the  external  appearances  will  be  found  to  har- 
monize ;  hence,  the  hair  will  agree  with  the  skin  in  quality,  as  well 
as  with  the  finger-nails.     The  latter  will  be  found  smooth,  fine, 
and  thin  in  combination  with  a  skin  of  like  qualities. 

The  history  of  the  evolution  of  man  teaches  us  that  the  nerv- 
ous system  was  evolved  from  the  outer  skin-covering  in  primitive 
animals  millions  of  years  before  man  came  upon  earth.  This  very 
significant  fact  shows  us  how  the  skin  is  an  indicator  of  nervous 
and  brain  quality.  It  will  be  found,  upon  investigation,  that  this 
way  of  deciding  the  quality  of  mental  power  is  infallible.  The 
peculiarities  of  the  formation  of  the  face  must  tell  the  rest.  The 
same  law  obtains  in  the  animal  world.  A  fine,  soft  coat  on  any 
animal  proves  its  superior  intelligence  to  those  who  possess  coarse,  / 
shaggy  hair.  The  exterior  will  always  be  found  to  agree  with  the 
interior  in  quality  and  form  ;  and,  after  we  learn  the  indications, ' 
it  will  be  astonishing  how  simple  it  will  seem  to  read  character  cor- 
rectly, and  we  shall  wonder  why  we  never  saw  these  things  before 
nor  fathomed  their  meanings. 

The  brightness  of  the  eye  is  still  another  exponent  of  the 
quality  of  brain-power.  An  eye  that  is  dull  naturally,  and  moving 
slowly,  shows  dullness  and  stupidity ;  while  bright  eyes,  with  a 
quick  and  animated  motion,  show  that  the  sensations  are  keen  .or 
the  mental  powers  clear  and  active.  There  is  much  in  regard  to 
the  eye  which  cannot  be  written.  Words  fail  to  describe  adequately  . 
different  degrees  of  brightness  and  expressions.  The  reader  must 
investigate  for  himself,  and  commence  a  course  of  generalizing  and 
classification  on  his  own  account. 

Quality  is  the  determining  power  all  through  Nature — not 
size.  If  one  wishes  a  fine  flower,  one  does  not  pluck  a  sunflower. 
It  is  large, — true;  but  it  is  also  coarse  in  look  and  devoid  of 
fragrance.  So  one  selects  a  smaller  and  more-developed  flower. 
This  development  is  shown  in  the  same  way  by  which  a  brain  or  S 
an  ear  of  high  quality  is  known — by  the  number  of  its  convolu- 
tions. A  fine  rose  or  pink  will  illustrate  this  difference. 

I  have  never  met  a  genius  nor  a  highly  intelligent  person 
with  a  coarse,  thick  skin,  coarse  hair,  and  dull  eyes;  but  I  have 
seen  many  coarse  and  commonplace  persons  possessed  of  these 
peculiarities.  Of  course  there  are  many  grades  of  quality  disclosed 


114  PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

I 

by  the  texture  of  the  skin  and  hair,  while  there  are  several  kinds 
and  degrees  of  brightness  of  the  eyes  which  have  each  a  different 
signification.  One  kind  of  brightness  of  the  eye,  as  seen  in  the 
case  of  George  (Francis  Train,  for  example,  denotes  a  very  active 
brain,  along  with  the  most  sublime  egotism.  This  sort  of  eye — 
the  egotistic — is  always  uncommonly  bright  and  glittering,  and 
close  observation  is  required  by  the  student  of  physiognomy  to 
discern  these  fine  and  subtle  differences ;  and  these  differences  are 
best  learned  from  the  living  subject.  No  pen-painting  can  describe 
them  adequately.  In  this  science  a  reference  to  Nature  is  our 
court  of  last  resort,  yet  good  observers  must  note  these  minute 
shadings  and  record  them  for  the  benefit  of  beginners,  whose  atten- 
tion may  be  first  drawn  to  them  in  this  way.  There  is  a  peculiar 
glitter  of  the  eye  caused  by  egotism  and  intense  conceit,  which  is 
not  to  be  confounded  with  that  brightness  and  keenness  which  is 
indicative  of  great  intelligence.  After  once  noting  this  distinction, 
the  student  can  scarcely  mistake  one  for  the  other.  Those  persons 
whose  skins  are  exceedingly  fine,  thin,  and  clear  are  excessively 
sensitive.  This  is  caused  by  the  nerves  being  nearer  the  outer 
world  than  is  the  case  with  those  whose  skins  are  coarser  and 
thicker.  Such  people  have  brains  all  over  ;  that  is  to  say,  that  as 
brain  and  nerve-matter  are  identical  in  structure,  those  whose 
nerves  lie  the  nearest  to  the  outer  world,  and  whose  skin  is  fine 
and  sensitive,  naturally  receive  impressions  and  sensations  more 
ncutely  than  those  not  thus  endowed.  Hence,  we  find  that  the 
most  impressible,  intuitive,  and  sensitive  are  those  who  possess  the 
finest  quality  of  brain  and  nerves,  and  this  quality  is  always  dis- 
closed by  fine  skin  and  hair  and  bright  eyes,  and  is  never  found  in 
those  races  and  persons  that  have  coarse,  thick  skins,  coarse  hair, 
and  dull  eyes.  The  senses  of  these  finely  organized  persons,  being 
highly  susceptible  to  impressions,  are  hence  capable  of  more  en- 
joyment and  suffering  than  others,  and  unless  the  nutritive  powers 
are  \vell  developed  they  are  liable  to  disease  and  early  death ;  the 
excessive  activity  of  the  brain  and  nerves  will  cause  them  to  wear 
out :  yet  some  of  our  most  gifted  poets  and  artists,  who  have  ex- 
hibited a  fine  and  high  quality  of  brain  and  nerves,  have  lived  to 
advanced  age,  because  the  other  systems  of  the  body  were  equally 
developed,  and  assisted  in  sustaining  the  excessive  activity  of  the 
brain  and  nerves. 

The  signs  for  quality  are  the  same  in  the  animal  races  as  in 
the  human ;  the  coarsest-haired  creatures,  like  the  bear  and  hog, 
are  the  most  brutal  and  stupid.  These  animals  exhibit  very  dull 
eyes,  nearly  on  a  plane  with  the  brow  and  cheek,  and  herein  form 
denotes  their  low  grade  of  intelligence,  for  we  observe  that  the 


QUALITY.  115 

most  shallow  and  superficial  people  among  civilized  races  are  those 
whose  eyes  project  to  nearly  a  level  with  the  eyebrow.  Among 
dogs  and  horses,  who  are  conceded  to  be  the  most  intelligent  of 
animals,  the  differences  of  intelligence  are  easily  found  by  an  in- 
spection of  the  degrees  of  coarseness  and  fineness  of  their  coats 
and  the  brightness  and  position  of  their  eyes.  The  bull-dog  has 
neither  the  fineness  of  hair  nor  brightness  and  clearness  of  eye  that 
distinguishes  the  spaniel ;  neither  does  he  possess  the  latter's  intelli- 
gence and  aptitude  for  learning;  his  eyes  protrude  beyond  the 
brow,  while  the  eye  of  the  spaniel  is  placed  just  as  is  the  eye  of 
the  most  observant  of  men,  under  a  projecting  bony  brow.  This 
appearance  denotes  in  the  dog  just  what  it  does  in  man,  viz.,  ob- 
servation, and  this  latter  faculty  enables  the  spaniel  to  be  man's 
intelligent  assistant  while  hunting, — an  office  which  the  bull-dog, 
with  all  his  great  size  and  strength,  could  not  fill. 

It  is  commonly  understood  that  phrenologists  decide  character 
by  feeling  the  protuberances  on  the  head,  and  judging  of  one's 
proclivities  by  the  elevations  and  depressions  which  the  fingers 
discover;  but  if  one  will  take  the  trouble  to  read  what  is  written 
on  the  subject,  he  will  find  that  phrenologists  are  physiognomists 
to  a  certain  extent,  and  that  they  make  free  use  of  indications  in 
the  face,  and  it  is  from  this  source  that  their  best  delineations  of 
character  are  made.  The  following  from  the  pen  of  O.  S.  Fowler, 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  phrenology  in  this  country,  is  proof  of 
this  statement.  He  observes: — 

The  countenance  furnishes  by  far  the  most  perfect  means  of  commu- 
nication. In  both  the  amount  of  mental  action  expressed  and  in  conveying 
its  minutest  shapings  find  phrases,  it  as  far  surpasses  words  as  sunlight 
does  starlight.  Fine-grained  persons  can  be  read  through  and  through  by 
this  means,  because  they  communicate  their  utmost  shadings  of  thought 
and  emotion  more  completely  by  facial  expression  than  Ivy  any  other. 
I  think  natural  and  facial  language  the  chief  language  of  angels.* 

I  have  not  had  much  intercourse  with  "angels,"  but  Sweden- 
borg,  who  claims  to  have  associated  freely  with  them,  states  that 
they  communicated  with  each  other  "by  looking  in  each  other's 
faces."  "They  comprehend,"  he  says,  "what  is  in  the  mind  by 
merely  looking  at  the  face."  Mr.  Fowler  shows  that  he  uses 
the  face  for  a  knowledge  of  the  changes  which  take  place  in 
the  body.  He  observes: — 

All  existing  bodily  states  are  also  told  instantly  and  correctly  in 
the  face.  Two  persons  meeting  after  even  a  long  separation  instinctively 
admeasure  any  changes  in  both  each  other's  health  and  moral  tone  and 
all  their  other  states  since  they  parted.  If  either  has  degenerated  or 

*  Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  1089. 


116  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

improved  in  health,  the  other  instantly  catches  and  estimates  it  correct!}", 
:iud  even  wherein  ;  or  if  either  has  grown  better  or  worse  morally,  the 
other  notes  which,  and  its  nmount  instantly,  and  admeasures  it  correctly. 
Nature  compels  everybody  to  tell  everybody  else  who  sees  them  whether 
they  are  growing  better  or  worse,  and  just  wherein,  in  any  and  in  all 
respects.  This  natural  language  is  a  great  fact  and  a  great  volume  of 
truth  all  should  learn  to  read.* 

The  above  is  the  great  phrenologist's  testimonial  to  the 
value  of  the  face  as  a  revelator  of  character  and  of  all  sorts  of 
characteristics.  The  "phrenology"  is  Mr.  Fowler's,  the  italics 
mine.  That  he  uses  also  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  as  indicators 
of  quality  the  following  from  his  pen  will  testify: — 

The  skin  is  especially  significant  of  the  character  of  its  possessor. 
The  elephant  and  rhinoceros,  coarse,  powerful  animals,  have  coarse,  power- 
ful skins,  almost  impenetrable;  while  man,  with  a  finer-grained  skin,  has 
finer  feelings;  and  woman,  the  most  delicate,  susceptible,  and  emotional 
being  on  earth,  has  the  softest  and  most  velvety  skin,  and,  the  finer  the  skin 
of  any  particular  person  is,  the  finer  the  feelings.  In  diagnosing  a  character 
the  skin  should  be  one  of  the  first  things  observed  ;  hair-texture  comes 
next,  and  is  like  that  of  skin :  when  either  is  coarse  or  fine,  harsh  or  soft, 
stiff'  or  flexible,  all  else  will  correspond  with  it.  The  texture  of  brain r 
therefore,  corresponds  with  that  of  the  body,  and  any  and  every  part  of 
itself  with  every  part  of  both.f 

Mr.  Fowler  also  tells  us  something  of  the  complexion  as  an 
indicator  of  character.  He  remarks : — 

A  good  complexion,  then,  is  something  more  than  skin  deep.  Who 
disputes  that  the  complexion  indicates  existing  health  states?  Who  does 
not  know  that  these  very  states  control  the  temper  and  morals  ?  One  may 
be  justly  proud  of  a  good  complexion  and  ashamed  of  a  poor  one,  while  all 
should  try  to  keep  or  make  theirs  good  by  observing  the  health  laws.^ 

Of  the  signification  of  the  eye,  he  states : — 

The  expressions  of  the  eye  convey  precise  ideas  of  the  existing  and 
predominant  states  of  the  mentality  and  physiology.  As  long  as  the  con- 
stitution remains  unimpaired  the  eye  is  clear  and  bright,  but  becomes 
languid  and  soulless  in  proportion  as  the  brain  has  been  enfeebled.  Wild, 
erratic  persons  have  a  half-crazed  expression  of  eye,  while  calmness  and 
benignancy,  intelligence,  purity,  sweetness,  love,  sensuality,  anger,  and  all 
the  other  mental  affections  express  themselves  quite  as  distinctly  by  the 
eye  as  by  voice  or  any  other  mode,  doubtless  because  the  optic  nerve  is 
located  in  the  midst  of  the  basilar  organs. § 

After  noting  the  various  conditions  of  the  complexion,  skin, 
and  hair,  our  "  phrenologist "  next  observes  the  various  meanings 
which  the  eye  discloses,  and  this  is  all  very  encouraging,  for  it 
seems  impossible  to  me  to  read  human  character  without  taking 
notice  of  every  feature  of  the  face,  and  indeed  of  all  bodily  features, 

•Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p  1134.     f  Ibid.,  pp.  240,  241.     {  Ibid.,  p.  282.    §Ibid.,  p.  284. 


QUALITY.  117 

together  with  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  handwriting',  handshaking, 
gestures,  attitudes,  and  every  motion  of  the  muscles  of  the  face 
and  body.  And  all  this  Mr.  Fowler  proves  to  us  that  he  doex, 
but  at  the  same  time  denominates"  his  examinations  "phrenologi- 
cal." Now  this  is  inconsistent,  to  say  the  least;  still  I  do  not 
wonder  that  phrenologists  attempt  to  read  the  face  and  body,  for  in 
undertaking  to  read  the  mind  the  entire  organism  must  be  con- 
sidered and  be  thoroughly  analyzed  before  a  correct  description 
can  be  given ;  for,  inasmuch  as  Mind  inheres  in  the  entire  organism, 
wo  must  study  not  only -the  size  and  form  of  the  head  and  body, 
but  also  of  the  eyes,  the  nose,  the  mouth,  the  chin,  the  hands,  the 
feet,  the  hair,  and  even  the  eyelashes  and  finger- nails ;  every 
separate  feature  and  part  of  the  body  must  come  under  the  study 
of  the  examiner,  if  the  most  complete  and  comprehensive  knowl- 
edge of  character  is  desired.  I  believe  that  all  phrenologists  are 
more  physiognomists  than  they  are  simple  skull-feelers.  Mr. 
Fowler  shows  us,  at  any  rate,  that  he  depends  greatly  upon  physi- 
ognomy, yet  states  his  regret  that  he  has  not  a  good  systematized 
way  of  doing  so,  and  hopes  that  some  good  "looker  and  thinker 
will  bring  out  a  system  which  shall  be  scientific."*  I  hereby  call 
his  attention  to  this  system. 

The  following  extract  from  Mr.  Fowler's  work  evidences  yet 
again  that  he  is  a  Physiognomico-Phrenologist.  He  observes: — 

Horses,  oxen,  sheep,  owls,  cloves,  snakes,  and  even  frogs,  also  have 
their  men  and  women  cousins  with  their  accompanying  characters.  These 
animal-resemblances  are  more  easily  seen  than  described,  but  the  voice, forms 
of  mouth,  nose,  and  chin,  are  the  best  bases  for  observation."^ 

After  all  this,  if  I  hear  any  one  accuse  Mr.  Fowler  of  being  a 
phrenologist  I  shall  deny  it,  and  defend  him  by  bringing  his  own 
words  forward  for  evidence.  I  shall  later  adduce  more  of  this 
gentleman's  ideas  on  physiognomy,  and  I  believe  we  shall  find 
them  useful;  for  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  an  observing  man 
like  Mr.  Fowler  has  been  closely  scrutinizing  faces  for  forty  or  fifty 
years  without  knowing  considerable  about  them,  even  if  he  has 
not,  as  he  acknowledges,  the  originality  to  found  a  system  upon 
the  subject. 

In  looking  for  indices  of  character  one  should  not  pass  un- 
heeded the  characteristics  which  the  finger-nails  disclose.  Where 
they  are  fine  and  thin  and  of  a  pinkish  shade,  a  normal  condition 
of  health  and  a  fine  degree  of  mental  power  will  be  indicated. 
The  color  denotes  health,  and  the  fineness  and  delicacy  of  the 
grain,  or  texture,  is  an  exponent  of  a  sensitive,  nervous  system, 

*  Human  Science,  p.  1136.  t  Ibid.,  p.  2^9. 


118  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY: 

which  under  the  law  of  harmony  is  bound  to  correspond  with  the 
keenness  of  the  nervous  system  and  brain.  Coarse-grained,  thick 
nails  reveal  to  us  a  character  more  useful  than  ornamental.  If  the 
color  is  of  a  pink  or  reddisli  hue,  then  a  normal  degree  of  health 
is  present;  if  the  nails  are  of  a  bluish  tint,  irregular  circulation 
will  be  denoted ;  if  pale,  then  consumptive  tendencies  or  exhaus- 
tion of  the  system  are  shown;  where  the  nails  bend  over  the  ends 
of  the  fingers,  we  are  led  to  infer  consumptive,  dyspeptic,  or  scrofu- 
lous tendencies.  The  nails  point  to  moral  and  immoral  states,  as 
well  as  to  artistic  and  mechanical  abilities,  but  this  branch  of  the 
subject  will  be  discussed  when  we  come  to  treat  of  the  hand  and 
fingers  separately. 

In  order  to  comprehend  fully  and  in  a  scientific  manner  the 
meaning  of  the  indications  of  character  and  signs  in  the  face,  one 
must  know  somewhat  of  the  origin  of  mind  as  revealed  to  us  by 
the  history  of  the  evolution  or  progressive  growth  of  the  human 
body.  It  is  impossible,  in  a  work  of  this  sort,  to  give  more  than 
a  slight  description  of  the  origin  of  the  sign  for  mental  power  as 
disclosed  by  the  texture  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  nails.  Yet,  slight  as 
this  must  necessarily  be,  it  is  just  to  my  readers  and  to  the  system 
which  I  bring  forward,  that  a  scientific  basis  should  be  shown  for 
every  sign,  and  most  especially  for  one  so  important  as  is  the  sign 
for  deciding  the  mental  power  of  all  created  beings.  The  methods 
observed  by  naturalists  to  learn  the  origin  of  man's  mental  organs  and 
powers  are  twofold ;  first,  by  following  the  course  of  the  evolution 
or  progressive  growth  and  development  of  the  lower  animals,  com- 
mencing with  the  lowest  forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life; 
thence  tracing  the  evolution  of  man  through  animal  and  human 
embryology.  It  is  in  this  latter  department  that  our  most  con- 
clusive evidence  is  revealed.  It  was  an  assumption  on  the  part 
of  Aristotle,  that  the  heart  of  the  incubated  chick  was  the  first 
organ  to  develop.  We  now  know  that  the  chick,  as  well  as  all 
other  vertebrate  animals,  develops  in  precisely  the  same  way  pri- 
marily as  does  man. 

The  quality  observed  in  the  skin,  the  hair,  and  in  the  bright- 
ness of  the  eyes  is  not  only  the  index  of  mental  quality,  but  also 
of  the  quality  of  all  the  physical  organs  and  functions  of  the  organ- 
ism. This  must  necessarily  be  the  case,  for  do  we  not  find  delicacy 
and  sensitiveness  of  all  the  powers  of  body  in  the  greyhound  as 
compared  to  the  bear,  the  hog,  the  hippopotamus,  and  the  rhi- 
noceros, just  as  we  observe  the  difference  of  physical  delicacy 
and  sensitiveness  between  a  North  American  Indian  and  the  gifted 
and  refined  Florence  Nightingale'? 

Lavater  understood  the  value  of  the  textures  of  the  skin  and 


FORM.  119 

hair  as  an  exponent  of  character,  for  he  remarks  (quoting  from 
Galen) : — 

To  discover  whether  the  quality  of  the  brain  corresponds  with  the 
flesh  we  must  examine  the  hair.  When  the  hair  is  of  the  first  qualit}'  and 
\vo  \vould  further  distinguish  whether  it  betokens  goodness  of  understand- 
ing or  imagination,  we  must  pay  attention  to  the  laugh.* 

The  following  from  Aristotle  is  true  to  Nature,  although  he 
attached  but  one  signification  to  it.  I  find  more  than  one  mean- 
ing in  weak  and  strong  hair.  He  observes : — 

Weak  hair  betokens  fear,  and  strong  hair  courage.  This  observation 
is  not  only  applicable  to  men,  but  to  beasts.  The  most  fearful  of  beasts  are 
the  deer,  the  hare,  and  the  sheep,  and  the  hair  of  these  is  weaker  than  that 
of  other  beasts.  The  lion  and  the  wild  boar,  on  the  contrary,  are  the  most 
courageous,  which  property  is  conspicuous  in  their  extremely  strong  hair. 
The  same  also  may  be  remarked  of  birds,  for  in  general  those  among  them 
which  have  coarse  feathers  are  courageous,  and  those  that  have  soft  and 
weak  feathers  are  fearful ;  quails  and  game-cocks,  for  example.  This  may 
be  easily  applied  to  man.f 

FORM. 

The  physiognomists  of  all  ages  have  understood  the  connec- 
tion between  form  and  character,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  between 
form  and  function.  Naturalists  and  scientists  have  given  various 
rules  for  translating  form  into  character,  while  artists,  who  deal 
with  form  as  an  art,  with  lew  and  rare  exceptions,  have  left  no 
true  rules  upon  which  to  base  a  correct  estimate  of  human  charac- 
ter. This  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  as  highly  imitative  and 
imaginative  minds  are  not  adapted  to  the  kind  of  observation,  cool 
analysis  and  reason  which  is  needed  to  reveal  and  expound  prin- 
ciples of  Nature ;  hence  we  must  not  expect  any  great  light  from 
artists  on  the  subject  of  the  meanings  of  form,  although  form  is 
the  basis  of  their  profession.  They  only  deal  with"  form  as  an 
expression  of  beauty  or  ugliness,  without  regard  to  its  scientific  or 
ii«tt(i-(d  meaning.  Artists  are  not  as  high  in  the  scale  of  develop- 
ment as  are  mechanics,  inventors,  or  scientists;  for  artists  are 
mainly  in  the  muscular  and  brain  systems,  while  the  former  classes 
are  in  the  bony  and  brain  systems,  which  is  a  higher  combination 
than  the  artistic.  It  is  true  that  we  have  had  a  few  great  artists 
who  were  great  in  other  directions ;  Michael  Angelo,  for  example, 
was  a  man  capable  of  as  great  achievement  in  many  other  direc- 
tions as  in  art.  Goethe  was  almost  as  eminent  in  science  as  in 
poetry,  yet  the  great  majority  of  artists  are  mere  surface-readers 
of  form  and  do  not  need,  perhaps,  to  know  the  sciencq  or  laws 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  265.  t  Ibid.,  p.  206. 


120  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

governing  form ;  but  science  will  revolutionize  painting  and  all 
arts,  as  it  has  every  other  department  of  human  knowledge. 

Every  leaf,  every  tree,  and  each  animal  form  reveals  its  char- 
acter by  its  shape.  Every  part  of  each  individual  corroborates 
every  other  part,  so  that  a  skilled  observer  can  learn  considerable 
of  one's  mentality  by  the  shape  or  form  of  the  finger-nail  even. 
Every  bone  of  the  body  is  in  harmony  with  every  other  bone  of 
the  same  body,  and  a  physiognomist  is  quite  able  to  tell  what 
shaped  chin  or  forehead  is  associated  with  a  given  nose,  or  vice 
versa.  This  is  not  only  comparative  anatomy,  but  comparative 
physiognomy  as  well. 

On  this  subject  O.  S.  Fowler  remarks: — 

Form  thus  obviously  becomes  the  true  basis  for  temperamental  classi- 
fication :  shape  is,  as  character.  Then  why  should  not  the  temperaments  be 
named  and  described  from  those  forms  which  accompany  them  and  are  con- 
ferred by  them  ?  They  should.* 

Mr.  Fowler  has  an  original  way  of  using  the  term  Tempera- 
ment. This  is  the  word  which  Hippocrates  used  to  denote  the 
colors  of  the  human  countenance  and  organism,  but  Mr.  Fowler 
takes  it  bodily  and  applies  it  to  a  description  of  form. 

We  may  set  it  down  as  a  fixed  principle  of  physiognomy  that 
the  form  is  one  of  the  most  potent  factors  in  revealing  and  com- 
prehending character.  We  shall  find,  if  we  observe  and  compare, 
that  all  round  persons  are  creative,  inventive,  and  original.  This 
does  not  include  the  globose,  vegetative  people,  but  those  of  the 
round,  muscular  build.  This  class  of  persons  are  social,  often 
domestic,  musical,  amative,  sportive,  mirthful,  and  commercial. 
They  are  also  good  dancers,  enjoying  motion,  walking,  and  all 
athletic  sports ;  while  square-built  persons  are  always  found  to  be 
orderly,  like  the  methodical  arrangement  of  their  bones,  which  are 
at  right  angles  to  each  other.  They  are  also  precise,  accurate,  and 
punctual.  Persons  of  this  formation  are  naturally  given  to  me- 
chanical pursuits,  and  make  good  mechanics,  such  as  carpenters, 
dress-fitters,  scientists,  etc.,  and  in  all  trades  and  professions  where 
method,  punctuality,  rule,  law,  and  order  are  required,  these  square, 
bony  people  are  found.  Round  people  are  more  suave,  politic,  and 
polished  than  square-built  ones.  The  latter  are  more  direct,  accu- 
rate, and  reliable  than  the  former  as  a  class,  yet  true  persons  are 
found  among  the  round-built ;  but,  as  a  general  rule,  these  two 
formations  are  as  I  have  described  them.  It  will  be  seen  that 
straightness  of  bone  points  to  straightness  of  character, — to  integ- 
rity,— while  straight  muscles  disclose  more  honorable  character  than 

*  Human  Science,  O.  S.  Fowler,  p.  244. 


FORM.  121 

crooked  muscles.  Persons  with  crooked  eyes  are  not  so  truthful 
as  where  they  are  straight ;  that  is  to  say,  where  the  crookedness  is 
congenital  and  not  accidental. 

A  crooked,  convex  nose  is  not  as  indicative  of  honest  character 
as  is  a  straight  one.  Many  merchants  have  this  formation,  and 
such  persons  will  be  found  to  be  grasping,  acquisitive,  rapacious, 
and  overbearing,  and  will  exhibit  all  the  traits  of  the  bird  of  prey, 
whose  beak  discloses  the  same  form. 

Crooked-legged  persons — those  whose  legs  are  crooked  by  the 
curving  of  the  muscles — are  naturally  licentious.  This  form  is  not 
to  be  confounded  with  the  "  bow-legs,"  which  are  due  to  a  weak- 
ness of  the  bones  caused  by  supporting  the  body  too  early  in  in- 
fancy. A  close  observer  can  distinguish  the  difference.  The  first 
mentioned  disclose  legs  which  crook  outwardly  from  the  knee, 
while  the  bones  of  the  bow-legged  individual  crook  outwardly  from 
the  hip-joint.  There  is  a  very  great  difference  in  these  two  appear- 
ances, and  each  denotes  wide  differences  of  character. 

Round  or  ovoid-shaped  persons  always  possess  a  degree  of 
creative  ability  of  some  sort,  if  only  of  a  physical  nature.  Round- 
shaped  animals  and  men  exhibit  large  procreative  powers.  In  the 
lowest  races  of  round  men  and  animals  creative  power  is  shown 
more  by  fecundity  than  by  mental  creation.  The  square  or  angular 
races  are  less  fertile  than  the  former,  but  possess  character  adapted 
to  the  observation  and  investigation  of  the  laws  and  principles  of 
Nature. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  forms  of  the  interior  organs  of  all 
animal  and  human  bodies  are  as  individualized  as  are  the  features 
of  the  face  and  forms  of  the  body,  and  most  certainly  correspond 
with  the  external  configuration  in  size  and  shape,  for  the  action  of 
the  interior  organs  produces  the  external  contour.  The  shape  of 
the  fingers  corresponds  to  that  of  the  hand,  and  both  these  to  the 
arm,  the  body,  and  the  face.  If  as  much  time  were  spent  upon 
learning  this  system  of  comparative  anatomy  as  is  put  into  useless 
accomplishments  it  would  advance  the  reader  immeasurably  in  the 
knowledge  of  character-reading. 

The  various  forms  of  the  nose  (a  feature  most  potent  in  dis- 
closing character,  both  mental  and  physical)  are  very  easily  reduced 
to  several  general  classes,  and  with  little  observation  on  the  part 
of  the  student  he  will  be  enabled  to  place  each  nose  in  its  own 
class,  without  regard  to  the  pronounced  individuality  which  each 
nose  must  necessarily  exhibit.  The  same  is  true  of  the  various 
sorts  of  mouths,  and  one  can  soon  separate  the  criminal  from  the 
artistic  mouth;  the  social,  sympathetic,  or  oratorical  from  the 
secretive  or  gluttonous  mouth. 


122  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  basilar  or  primitive  shape  of  all  forms,  both  vegetable 
and  animal,  is  the  ovoid  or  circular.  The  cellular  tissue  of  vege- 
table life  always  presents  this  appearance  under  the  microscope. 
The  tissues  of  all  animal  and  human  organisms  present  in  their 
primary  organization  precisely  the  same  appearance  as  the  tissues 
of  the  vegetable.  The  corpuscles  of  the  blood  are  like  the  cells  of 
vegetable  life.  The  bones  of  the  animal  and  human  organisms  are 
built  upon  the  same  form,  and  present,  under  the  microscope,  a 
cellular  construction,  just  as  we  see  in  the  corals  and  all  other 
primitive  and  low  animal  organisms.  The  ovoid,  or  egg  shape, 
then,  is  the  uniform  pattern  of  primitive  creations;  hence,  it  indi- 
cates creation,  constructiveness.  It  is  the  same  form  which  the 
planets  assume  in  their  course  of  formation,  and  there  must  be  one 
universal  law  which  assists  in  shaping  the  primitive  germs  of  or- 
ganic life,  as  well  as  the  great  bodies  which  revolve  in  celestial 
space.  The  round  form  of  vegetable,  animal,  and  human  organisms 
is  caused,  doubtless,  by  the  rotatory  motion  of  our  earth,  for  we 
know  that  no  form  or  organism  is  angular  or  square  in  its  primary 
state.  If  it  assumes  angles,  as  in  the  mineral  formations,  there 
has  been  first  cellular  crystallization,  while  the  mineral  was  in  an 
incandescent  state ;  and  no  matter  what  shapes  plants,  trees,  and 
animals  eventually  assume,  the  whole  structure  is  built  up  by 
myriads  of  ovoid-shaped  cells.  The  sap  and  juices  of  the  tree  and 
plant,  like  the  blood  of  the  animal  body,  are  composed  of  minute 
cell-shaped  forms,  and  ar,e  uniform  in  their  shape,  though  not  in 
size.  The  tissues  also  of  both  vegetable  and  animal  bodies  are 
cellular,  and  built  up  in  the  same  uniform  manner,  as  are  all  the 
other  cells  in  Nature. 

What  is  the  interpretation  of  this  universal  and  uniform 
method  of  growth1?  We  find  the  answer  in  the  contour  of  the 
highest  being  in  creation,  viz.,  in  man.  All  persons  of  creative  or 
constructive  minds  are  round  in  form,  and  whatever  works  they 
produce,  such  as  pictures,  statuary,  gestures,  and  positions,  as  in 
acting,  and  the  use  of  the  voice  in  oratory  (for  sound  is  of  a  curved 
shape  in  its  passage  through  the  atmosphere),  are  also  rounding  in 
form.  And,  in  writing,  this  class  of  persons  treat  of  subjects  and 
principles  which  are  based  upon  the  ovoid,  elliptical,  or  circular 
form,  as  in  physics,  geometry,  etc.  Thus  we  see  that  the  pos- 
session of  creative  power  is  always  known  by  rounding  form  of  the 
body,  the  head,  the  nose,  the  eyes,  the  fingers,  and  limbs,  and 
whenever  in  the  human  face  we  find  one  feature  which  presents  a 
rounding  appearance,  be  it  the  head,  the  ear,  the  nose,  or  lip,  then 
that  feature  expresses  more  creative  energy  of  a  certain  part  of  the 
mind  than  does  a  flat  or  depressed  feature.  A  round  ear  is  best 


FORM.  123 

adapted  to  the  reception  of  tone  or  sound.  A  round  nose  is  indica- 
tive of  constructive  power,  either  musical,  dramatic,  or  literary  (see 
section  on  "  Noses  ").  A  rounding  upper  lip  reveals  greater  pro- 
creative  ability  and  capacity  than  the  flat,  thin  lip.  A  round,  red, 
rolling  under  lip  points  to  greater  glandular  action  than  one  that 
is  thin  and  pale,  together  with  less  ability  for  conversation  and  less 
taste  for  flavors,  all  of  which  are  disclosed  by  a  good-sized,  round, 
red  under  lip.  We  may  go  on  indefinitely,  and  apply  this  law7  to 
every  feature  of  the  face  and  every  portion  of  the  body,  and  we 
shall  find  in  every  instance  that  this  circular  form  is  an  indication 
(in  its  final  result  and  shape,  as  well  as  in  its  primitive  cause)  of 
constructive  or  creative  power. 

Another  form  which  is  used  greatly  by  architects  and  artists 
is  the  arch.  Its  true  living  meaning  I  have  never  yet  heard  de- 
fined by  either  class.  Wherever  in  Nature,  whether  in  animate 
or  inanimate  objects  we  find  this  form,  it  illustrates  two  distinct 
inherent  principles,  viz.,  strength  and  beauty.  The  arch  is  ob- 
served in  the  numerous  caves  which  are  scattered  over  the  world, 
in  the  natural  bridges,  one  of  which  is  found  in  the  State  of  Vir- 
ginia, in  America,  and  is  a  really  picturesque  structure,  fashioned 
by  the  hand  of  the  Great  Architect. 

In  the  vegetable  kingdom  we  have  exhibitions  of  this  form 
of  architecture  in  the  limbs  of  trees  where  they  join  the  trunk 
and  where  the  smaller  limbs  and  twigs  join  branches.  In  the 
floral  department  we  have  ample  evidence  of  the  strength  and 
beauty  of  the  arch  as  we  see  it  in  its  construction  of  the  branches 
and  blossoms  of  numerous  plants.  In  the  animal  species  we  have 
the  most  positive  evidence  of  its  value  and  meaning.  The  humps 
of  the  camel  and  dromedary  are  great  arches,  and  assist  these 
creatures  in  carrying,  without  fatigue,  enormous  loads  over  the 
sandy  wastes.  They  also  assist  in  creating  harmonious  propor- 
tions in  the  outline  of  these  animals,  which  without  these  projec- 
tions would  be  very  ugly  in  appearance.  The  beak  of  the  bird 
of  prey  is  another  manifestation  of  strength  and  harmonious  con- 
struction. A  prominent  convex  beak  is  characteristic  of  the  class 
of  birds  denominated  "Raptores,"  or  rapacious  birds, — such  as 
vultures,  condors,  eagles,  falcons,  hawks,  kites,  buzzards,  owls, 
etc.  This  arched  beak  is  an  illustration  of  superior  strength  and 
power,  and  in  all  animals  whenever  we  observe  this  peculiar  for- 
mation we  shall  find  in  combination  great  strength-  of  that  par- 
ticular part,  and  shall  know  that  it  is  the  sign  or  index  of  the 
entire  character,  for  under  the  law  of  proportion  and  homogeneous- 
ness  every  part  of  an  organism  is  adapted  to  every  other  part,  and 
all  indicate  the  ruling  traits  of  the  individual  Apply  the  meaning 


124  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  the  arch  to  the  human  face  and  body,  and  we  find  that  its 
meaning  is  precisely  the  same  in  the  human  that  it  is  in  all  the 
lower  forms  of  existence.  The  perpendicular  or  horizontal  out- 
line, wherever  it  is  observed  in  an  organism,  reveals  character  dif- 
ferent from  all  other  forms.  As  crooked  lines  disclose  crookedness 
of  action,  so  straight  lines,  in  their  normal  localities,  whether  in 
man  or  animal,  denote  straightness  of  action  and  upright  conduct. 
Persons  with  straight  bones  and  straight  muscles  are  more  reliable 
and  possess  more  integrity  than  those  with  warped  or  curved  bones 
and  muscles.  Straight  eyes  and  mouths  evince  truthful  proclivities, 
while  crooked,  slanting  eyes  ("  a  la  Chinois  "),  and  twisted  mouths 
exhibit  characteristics  the  reverse  of  the  former.  Observe  the  slant- 
eyed  animals,  the  tiger,  the  panther,  the  fox,  and  the  cat,  and  the 
habits  and  dispositions  of  these  creatures  coincide  with  their  slant- 
ing organs  of  vision.  They  are  deceptive,  sly,  treacherous,  and 
cruel,  and  this  is  precisely  like  the  character  of  those  races  and 
persons  who  exhibit  the  same  formation.  The  Mongolian  is  an 
excellent  example  of  this  peculiarity  of  formation.  The  races  of 
animals  such  as  the  dog,  the  horse,  and  the  ox  have  straighter 
eyes  and  are  more  reliable  and  faithful  than  the  former  classes  of 
animals. 

These  facts  are  patent  to  all,  and  easily  verified  in  the  animal 
or  human  families,  as  well  as  in  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Form 
comes  by  design,  and  is  a  reliable  significator  of  character.  It  is 
only  the  indifference  of  man  to  these  subjects  that  has  caused  the 
wide-spread  ignorance  of  the  inherent  meaning  of  forms,  as  well 
as  of  colors  in  Nature.  The  lamentable  absence  of  knowledge  on 
the  part  of  man  in  regard  to  himself  causes  one  to  coincide  with 
Carlyle  when  he  exclaimed :  "  I  had  no  idea  until  late  times  what 
a  bottomless  fund  of  darkness  there  is  in  the  human  mind."  The 
correct  method  to  interpret  form  is  to  observe  what  characteristics 
and  traits  accompany  certain  forms,  and  the  form  will  thereafter 
stand  for  the  character  found  in  combination  therewith. 

The  arch,  curve,  circle,  ovoid,  square,  and  straight  line  are 
created  by  Nature,  and  each  illustrates  different  grades  and  phases 
of  character.  We  shall  be  more  than  blind  if  we  remain  ignorant 
of  their  meanings,  their  powers,  and  their  capacities.  There  are 
other  principles  in  Nature  which  serve  to  exemplify  and  illustrate 
character,  and  when  found  in  combination  with  certain  forms 
greatly  modify  their  meanings.  One  of  the  most  important  prin- 
ciples in  all  Nature's  domain,  and  most  especially  important  to  the 
human  family,  is  Color.  This  topic  will  next  be  treated  of,  and 
here  the  student  of  physiognomy  will  have  an  opportunity  to 
advance  in  the  science. 


COLOR.  125 


COLOR. 

The  element  of  color  which  we  behold  spread  broadcast 
throughout  Nature  is  an  inherent  and  constituent  principle  in 
mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  life.  Color  is  as  potent  a  factor  in 
creating  as  it  is  in  expounding  character,  and  indicates  by  its  pres- 
ence life,  health,  activity,  and  beauty.  Its  absence  from  vegetation 
denotes  disease  or  death.  In  the  human  family  similar  appear- 
ances indicate  like  conditions.  Color  is  a  necessary  and  natural 
element  of  the  human  organism,  and  is  a  preservative  of  health 
and  power,  both  mental  and  physical.  Color  is  obtained  from  two 
sources,  viz.,  from  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  earth  upon  which 
are  grown  our  foods,  and  from  the  atmosphere  and  sunlight. 
Color  is  extracted  from  the  earth  by  the  roots  of  the  plants  and 
trees,  and  carried  upward  by  the  tubes  which  circulate  the  nourish- 
ment thus  received  in  a  fluid  form  through  all  their  parts. 

The  original  source  of  all  color  is  mineral,  whether  it  comes 
to  us  from  the  sun, — whose  incandescent  rays  are  thrown  off  from 
vaporous  minerals  in  the  form  of  white  light  (which  by  refraction 
is  shown  to  be  composed  of  the  seven  primary  colors,  viz.,  red, 
orange,  blue,  green,  yellow,  indigo,  and  violet), — or  whether  it  is 
evolved  from  the  earthy  minerals  upon  which  our  foods  are  grown. 
The  experiments  made  by  means  of  the  spectroscope  teach  us  that 
there  are  twenty  important  elements  in  sunlight  which  are  the 
origin  of  colors ;  sixteen  of  these  are  mineral,  viz.,  sodium,  cal- 
cium, barium,  magnesium,  iron,  chromium,  nickel,  copper,  zinc, 
stronium,  cadmium,  cobalt,  manganese,  aluminum,  titanum,  and 
rubidium.  Each  of  these  minerals  has  its  own  peculiar  color,  and 
it  is  by  the  colors  given  forth  from  the  mineral  that  the  scientist, 
aided  by  the  spectrum  analysis,  is  enabled  to  know  which  particu- 
lar minerals  are  in  any  given  atmosphere.  The  minerals  which 
give  forth  a  red  light  are  not  the  same  as  those  that  emit  a  blue 
ray.  Some  rays  are  composed  of  three  of  these  minerals,  others 
have  eleven,  and  others  sixteen  mineral  constituents.  Color,  like 
sound,  is  brought  to  us  by  vibrations  of  the  surrounding  atmos- 
phere, and  the  longer  and  shorter  vibrations  give  us  different- 
colored  rays,  just  as  longer  and  shorter  vibrations  of  atmospheres 
bring  to  us  higher  and  lower  sounds,  as  heard  in  the  musical  scale, 
when  some  resonant  object  has  been  struck ;  the  key-board  of  the 
piano  or  harp-strings,  for  example.  The  longest  waves  or  vibra- 
tions produce  heat  only.  The  shorter  arid  quicker  rays  give  off  a 
red  color,  and  as  they  quicken  and  become  shorter  they  emit  orange, 
yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet. 

The  sciences  of  sound  and  color  are  yet  in  their  infancy,  but 


126  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a^  the  greatest  minds  of  the  world  are  turned  to  their  investiga- 
tion, aided  by  the  manifold  scientific  apparatus  and  instruments 
which  this  inventive  age  has  brought  forward,  we  may  hope  for 
i^reat  discoveries  in  these  directions— discoveries  which,  like  all 
those  that  have  preceded  them,  will  bring  to  us  greater  knowledge 
of  the  laws  of  God  and  Nature. 

The  color  derived  from  the  two  sources  mentioned,  it  will  be 
observed,  must  naturally  and  inevitably  permeate  all  Nature ; 
hence,  plants,  animals,  and  man  are  all  influenced  and  sustained 
by  color  in  some  form  or  other.  The  wonderfully  variegated  lines 
of  the  shells  of  marine  animals  excite  our  admiration ;  so,  also, 
the  iridescent  hues  of  minerals  and  gems  appeal  to  our  sense  of 
the  harmony  of  color ;  the  fields  with  their  verdant  vegetation, 
the  foliage  and  flowers  with  their  pencillings  of  delicate  beauty, 
the  clouds  which  float  above  our  earth,  shading  from  the  roseate 
through  all  grades  of  color, — from  azure,  golden,  opaline,  and 
vivescent  to  the  beautiful,  yet  sombre,  lavender,  drab,  gray,  brown, 
and  black, — the  gorgeous  dyes  of  the  Aurora,  the  brilliant  pris- 
matic colors  of  the  rainbow,  the  lustrous  and  variegated  plumage 
of  birds,  and  the  myriad  hues  of  insects  delight  and  satisfy  the  eye 
of  those  whom  Nature  has  endowed  with  the  color-sense. 

This  universal  endowment  of  color  teaches  us  that  it  has  a 
most  important  bearing  upon  our  lives,  and  is  worthy  our  earnest 
investigation.  AVhat  is  its  use  to  the  human  familv  and  what  its 

9 

method  of  action'? 

Its  use  primarily  is  to  give  health,  vigor,  tone,  and  beauty  to 
the  human  organism  and  all  natural  objects ;  its  secondary  use  is 
for  the  reproduction  by  man  of  the  same  principle  and  element 
in  works  of  art,  in  pictures,  and  in  the  wide  range  of  the  industrial 
arts,  as  in  dyeing,  house-painting,  etc.  We  all  know  that  a  green 
color  of  vegetation  denotes  life  and  health ;  that  a  yellow  hue  of 
the  same  indicates  ripeness  or  decay.  A  plant  that  is  sickly  is 
pale  or  yellow ;  a  human  being  with  a  pallid,  colorless  skin  is  not 
only  sickly,  but  where  this  condition  is  natural  or  permanent  he  is 
not  so  useful  to  himself  and  the  world  as  is  the  person  with  a 
brilliant-colored  complexion,  for  the  reason  that  the  law  before 
stated,  viz.,  that  an  element  or  principle  which  is  the  best  developed 
within  the  organism  is  the  one  which  the  individual  can  best  ex- 
press in  external  operations,  applies  with  just  as  much  force  to 
Color  as  it  does  to  Form. 

This  principle  of  the  color-sense  giving  power  to  reproduce 
it  externally  in  artistic  efforts  must  have  been  understood  by  the 
great  artists ;  for  Winkleman  tells  us  that  "  we  read  the  coloring 
of  Guido  and  Guercino  in  their  countenances."*  These  painters 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  313. 


COLOR.  127 

were  both  distinguished  for  the  brilliancy  of  the  colors  and  tints  in 
their  paintings,  and  Winkleman  being,  like  all  truly  great  artists, 
something  of  a  scientist  as  well  as  a  philosopher,  made  this  obser- 
vation of  their  powers  as  he  understood  them.  Those  persons  who 
pass  much  time  in  the  open  air,  and  particularly  in  pure  air,  have 
the  most  brilliant  complexions,  and  are  among  the  healthiest  of 
people ;  hence,  fresh,  pure  air  is  the  best  cosmetic.  The  high- 
flying birds  and  all  birds  who  pass  their  time  in  pure  atmospheres 
are  more  brilliantly  colored  than  the  marsh  birds  which  never  fly 
high  nor  seek  the  sunlight  and  the  higher  atmosphere.  The  color 
acquired  by  outdoor  life  gives  vigor  to  the  blood  owing  to  the 
large  quantity  of  oxygen  and  electricity  inhaled  from  the  air  as 
the  blood  passes  through  the  lungs ;  this  purified  blood  is  carried 
to  all  parts  of  the  organism,  and  rebuilds  all  the  tissues  of  the  body 
upon  a  more  healthful  and  sound  basis  than  pale  or  colorless  blood. 
Fishes  have  less  color  relatively  than  birds,  beasts,  or  man.  The 
reason  is  that  they  inhale  less  oxygen ;  and  the  deep-sea  fishes  have 
less  color  than  those  that  live  nearer  the  surface,  where  more  air 
is  inhaled.  Bright-colored  birds,  we  know,  have  a  most  developed 
color-sense,  and  bright-colored  insects  as  well ;  for,  as  Mr.  Darwin 
has  shown  us  in  his  "Origin  of  Species": — 

The  species  of  shells  which  are  confined  to  tropical  and  shallow  seas 
are  generally  brighter  colored  than  those  confined  to  cold  and  deeper  seas.* 

Here  we  are  met  with  the  fact  that  heat  produces  color ;  and 
we  shall  find  as  we  progress  that  color  and  heat  are  synonymous, 
and  that  heat,  color,  and  activity  are  in  close  relationship.  All  the 
darker  races  of  the  world  live  in  the  most  heated  climes,  and  the 
darkest  races  have  the  most  intense  and  violent  passions  and  emo- 
tions ;  even  among  civilized  races  the  darker  are  the  more  excit- 
able and  passionate.  Compare  the  Italian  and  Spanish  with  the 
German,  English,  or  Scotch,  for  example,  and  we  shall  compre- 
hend the  fact  that  color  indicates  character  in  man  as  well  as 
in  all  lower  developments,  such  as  fishes,  birds,  insects,  and  beasts. 
Those  in  whom  the  coloring  pigment  is  wanting  are  weaker  than 
those  who  have  a  normal  supply.  We  observe  this  quite  often  in 
young  persons  who  are  growing  too  fast,  as  well  as  in  consump- 
tives and  anaemic  people.  In  these  classes  enough  color  is  not 
taken  into  the  system  by  the  food  or  by  exercise  in  sunlight ;  hence, 
the  skin  fails  to  get  a  proper  quantity.  The  pallor  produced  indi- 
cates enfeebled  conditions  of  other  parts  of  the  organism. 

Haeckel,  in  his  "  History  of  Creation,"  treating  of  the  influ- 

*  Origin  of  Species,  C'has.  Darwin,  p.  138. 


K'S  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ciicc  of  color  on  animals,  quotes  the  following  from  Darwin.     He 

remarks  : — 

Verv  frequently  Albinos  are  more  feebly  developed,  and  consequently 
the  whole  -nurture  of  the  body  is  more  delicate  and  weak  than  in  colored 
animals  of  the  same  species.  The  organs  of  the  senses  and  nervous  system 
are  in  like  manner  curiously  affected  when  there  is  a  deficiency  of  coloring 
pigment.  The  want  of  the  usual  coloring  matter  goes  hand  in  hand  with 
certain  changes  of  the  formation  of  other  parts, — for  example,  of  the  muscu- 
lar and  osseous  sy terns, — consequently,  of  organic  systems  which  are  not 
at  all  intimately  connected  with  the  system  of  the  outer  skin. 

He  also  says  : — 

White  cats  with  blue  eyes  are  nearly  always  deaf.  White  horses  are 
distinguished  from  colored  horses  by  their  liability  to  form  sarcomatous 
tumors.  In  man,  also,  the  degree  of  development  of  pigment  in  the  outer 
skin  greatly  influences  the  susceptibility  of  the  organism  for  certain  diseases  ; 
so  that,  for  instance,  Europeans  with  a  dark  complexion  and  brown  eyes 
become  more  easily  acclimatized  to  tropical  countries  and  are  less  subject 
to  the  diseases  there  prevalent — inflammation  of  the  liver,  yellow  fever, 
etc. — than  Europeans  with  white  complexions,  fair  hair,  and  blue  ej-es.* 

The  Albinos  of  the  human  family  are  always  deficient  in  the 
senses  of  sight  and  hearing ;  and  very  light-haired,  light-eyed  per- 
sons are  generally  predisposed  to  scrofulous  and  kidney  complaints. 

My  experience  has  led  me  to  observe  that  the  color-sense  may 
be  imperfect  where  the  hair  and  eyes  are  dark  and  the  skin  pallid 
or  not  clear.  It  is  necessary  that  color  should  be  well  defined  and 
t/ic  akin  clear  in  the  entire  organism  in  order  to  exhibit  the  color- 
sense  in  its  highest  perfection.  Persons  who  have  the  color-sense 
best  developed  are,  without  doubt,  those  who  have  inherited  large, 
strong  lungs.  This  enables  them  to  inhale  copious  draughts  of 
air  which  serve  to  oxygenate  and  thus  color  the  blood.  By  this 
process  the  color  of  the  skin  and  eyes  is  deepened,  and  thus  the 
color-sense  is  enhanced.  All  of  the  great  color  artists,  Reubens, 
Titian,  Paul  Verronese,  Van  Dyck,  and  Rembrandt,  for  example, 
were  the  inhabitants  of  countries  where  people  live  mainly  in  the 
open  air ;  their  ancestors  had  thus  inherited  and  developed  this  fine 
color-sense,  and  as  traits  become  aggregated  by  inheritance  they  are 
transmitted  in  an  intensified  form  ;  and  as  deep-colored  individuals 
have  an  ardent  love  of  color,  these  artists  were  able  to  reproduce 
in  their  works  the  element  of  color  which  permeated  their  whole 
being.  I  venture  to  affirm  that  no  great  color-artist  ever  existed 
who  was  possessed  of  very  fair  hair,  very  light  eyes,  and  a  colorless 
or  pallid,  thick,  muddy-looking  skin. 

Deep  colors,  as  before  stated,  accompany  strong  passions,  and 

*  Origin  of  Species,  Chas.  Darwin,  p.  26. 


COLOR.  1 29 

in  the  animal  kingdom  this  is  well  illustrated ;  for  we  know  that 
love,  jealousy,  and  revenge  are  all  the  more  active  with  dark 
people.  It  is  the  same  with  dark  or  black  animals  ;  a  black  horse 
is  more  fiery  in  his  disposition  than  a  white  one,  and  less  teach- 
able. You  will  always  observe  white  or  cream-colored  horses  em- 
ployed in  a  circus  as.  trick-horses  on  account  of  their  superior  in- 
telligence and  docility.  Light  persons  and  races  are  found  to  be 
more  progressive  than  those  of  dark  color.  As  their  passions  and 
emotions  are  not  so  intense  they  are  more  capable  of  improvement. 
The  local  sign  for  color  given  by  phrenology  is  "arching  or 
height  of  the  external  portion  of  the  eyebrow."  This  sign  is,  of 
course,  more  prominent  in  muscular  persons  than  in  bony  ones, 
for  the  reason  that  muscle  produces  curves,  while  bones  produce 
straight  lines  and  angles.  Then,  too,  muscular  persons  are  more 
given  to  art  than  bony  ones  ;  and  this  sign,  as  shown  in  the  lace 
of  Holbein,  is  the  result  of  opening  the  eye  wide  for  a  number 
of  years  in  order  to  take  in  wide  expanses,  and  to  observe  the 
effect  of  artistic  work.  This  sign  is  not  at  all  a  sign  for  color,  but 
is  one  sign  of  the  artistic  tendency.  The  sign  for  Color  is  not  local, 
but  is  shown  by  general  color  of  the  eyes,  the  hair,  and  complexion. 
This  is  inherited  when  it  is  present  in  childhood.  There  are  many 
persons  who  are  color-blind.  Albinos  are  entirely  so ;  a  larger 
percentage  of  males  than  females  are  destitute  of  the  color-sense. 
Dr.  Jay  Jeffries,  a  recent  writer,  states  that  those  who  are  color- 
blind, in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  are  as  one  in  every  twenty-five 
males,  while  among  females  of  all  ages  only  one  in  seven  thousand 
one  hundred  and  nineteen  are  so  !  There  are  several  reasons  for 
this  wide  difference  of  the  color-sense  in  the  sexes  ;  one  is.  that 
females  are  early  taught  to  combine  colors  in  dress  and  household 
appointments ;  another  is  that  they  work  at  many  trades  and  pro- 
fessions which  cultivate  this  sense.  The  use  of  tobacco  does  much 
to  destroy  this  sense  in  man  by  altering  the  functional  action  of  the 
glandular  system  and  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  The  counte- 
nances of  habitual  smokers  are  pallid,  blue,  or  ashen,  thus  indi- 
cating that  the  arterial  circulation  is  vitiated.  The  kindergarten 
schools  are  doing  a  good  work  in  respect  to  the  training  of  boys, 
as  well  as  girls,  in  teaching  them  in  childhood  the  harmonies  and 
differences  of  shades,  tints,  and  colors.  When  we  reflect  that  so 
many  lives  are  dependent  on  the  color-sense  of  an  engineer  on  a 
railroad  train,  or  the  pilot  of  a  steamboat,  the  necessity  for  the 
careful  training  of  all  boys  in  color  is  at  once  perceived.  Absti- 
nence from  tobacco  should  be  a  well-grounded  principle  in  every 
boy  who  desires  to  be  a  useful  man,  as  this  sense  is  not  only  pre- 
servative of  his  life  and  health,  but  enables  him  to  protect  the  lives 


PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  those  who  may  he  intrusted  to  his  care  in  nmiiy  positions  which 
require  a  knowledge  of  colors. 

Tin'  origin  of  colors  is  readily  traced,  and  as  they  play  so  im- 
portant a  part  in  our  lives  it  is  right  we  should  have  a  clear  com- 
prehension of  their  use  and  origin.  Color  has  a  moral  as  well  as 
an  intellectual  significance,  which  is  explained  in  the  chapter 
on  the  "Rationale  of  Signs  and  Functions."  I  think,  however, 
that  enough  light  has  heen  thrown  upo'n  this  subject  in  the  pre- 
ceding pages  to  convince  my  readers  that  if  a  high  degree  of  health, 
usefulness,  and  activity  is  desired,  an  adequate  quantity  of  sun- 
light and  color  must  he  had  in  order  to  bring  about  this  result. 
We  have  found  that  a  due  admixture  of  color  assists  talent,  art, 
industry,  science,  health,  and  longevity.  Later  on  we  shall  dis- 
cover that  it  has  a  direct  bearing  upon  our  moral  nature,  and  can 
assist  or  impede  moral  effort  according  to  the  proportion  which  we 
have  in  our  system.  This  will  seem  a  singular- statement  to  those 
who  have  been  accustomed  to  regard  morality  as  a  sentiment 
merely,  something  which  the  brain  or  conscience  has  in  charge ; 
but  if  these  persons  reflect  that  it  is  only  by  the  right  use  of  the 
organs  and  members  of  the  body  and  by  their  being  in  a  normal 
or  equilibrated  condition  that  we  are  able  to  lead  moral  lives,  they 
will  at  once  perceive  the  importance  of  a  proper  degree  of  color  in 
the  organism,  as  well  as  a  just  proportion  of  bone,  muscle,  nerve, 
and  brain.  The  regeneration  of  the  race  should  commence  by  right 
generation  and  by  attention  to  physical  laws,  for  these  laws  are 
just  as  divine  and  just  as  binding  upon  us  as  are  moral  laws,  and 
obedience  to  the  former  leads  directly  to  the  advancement  of  the 
latter.  Observation  and  comparison  of  the  colors  of  the  several 
races  of  mankind  reveal  to  us  the  fact  that  where  a  race  or  people 
retain  one  color  of  skin  and  eyes  for  generations,  that  race  is  rela- 
tively non-progressive.  Races  which  have  within  their  num- 
bers many  varieties  of  color, — where,  for  example,  we  find  the 
black-,  blue-,  and  gray-  eyed  people,  as  well  as  dark-  and  fair- 
haired  and  dark-  and  fair-  skinned  people, — we  shall  find  a  more 
original  class.  A  mixture  of  colors  always  denotes  capacity  for 
improvement  and  progress.  The  Chinese  are  an  example  of  a 
uniform-colored  race.  They  have  remained  stationary  in  their 
habits  and  customs  for  ages.  The  Spanish  among  civilized 
people  are  of  a  nearly  uniform  color,  and  are  not  so  progressive 
as  are  the  Germans  or  English ;  neither  have  they  as  diverse  talents, 
nor  as  much  originality  and  independence. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  the  law  of  color  is  just  as  applicable 
as  in  the  human  family.  All  the  non-progressive  animals,  such  as 
the  lion,  the  panther,  the  bear,  and  the  zebra,  have  always  re- 


PROPORTION,    OR    HARMONIOUS   DEVELOPMENT.  131 

mained  the  same  in  color  and  in  character  ;  they  are  untamable  and 
intractable,  while  other  animals  that  have  a  variety  of  colors,  such 
as  the  elephant,  the  camel,  the  horse,  the  dog,  and  the  ox,  are 
more  teachable,  and  can  be  very  much  improved  in  intelligence 
and  beauty  by  scientific  breeding.  They  are  also  more  amiable 
and  docile,  less  fierce,  and  more  useful  than  the  stationary-colored 
animals.  In  fact,  all  races  that  retain  one  color  or  form  for  ages  are 
non-progressive  and  not  as  adaptable  nor  as  amiable  as  those  which 
possess  a  diversity  of  form  and  color. 

THE    LAW   OF   PROPORTION,    OR    HARMONIOUS   DEVELOPMENT. 

A  correct  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  proportion  governing  the 
human  physiognomy  and  organism  will  not  be  found  to  ac- 
cord with  the  laws  of  proportion  as  taught  in  the  schools  of  art. 
Science  has  wrought  a  mighty  change  in  nearly  every  department  of 
knowledge.  It  is  possible  that  a  widespread  understanding  of  the 
laws  of  physiognomy,  as  revealed  by  Nature,  may  also  create  a 
revolution  in  art.  The  Greek  ideal  of  symmetry,  to  which  the 
ages  have  given  their  assent,  will  be  found  to  be  based  on  mathe- 
matical calculation,  and  it  is  from  this  cold  and  mechanical  idea 
of  what  constitutes  beauty  that  the  modern  conceptions  of  beauty 
and  proportion  are  taken. 

A  scientific  comprehension  of  the  law  of  proportion  as  shown 
in  the  human  face  will  unfold  more  beauties  than  Greek  art  ever 
conceived.  My  understanding  of  beauty,  as  disclosed  by  physi- 
ognomy, is  based  on  the  idea  that  moral  and  intellectual  beauty 
exhibited  in  the  countenance  and  form  constitute'  true  beaut i/. 

True  greatness  in  the  moral,  mechanical,  and  mental  consti- 
tution of  man  is  not  accompanied  by  any  such  law  of  proportion 
as  the  Greek  or  any  other  school  of  art  has  set  forth.  Nothing  is 
more  indicative  of  selfish  will  and  heartless  character  than  the  so- 
called  Greek  profile.  Lavater,  the  great  intuitional  physiognomist, 
says,  in  discussing  its  signification  : — 

Depraved  is  the  taste  which  can  call  this  graceful,  and,  therefore,  it 
must  be  far  from  majestic.  I  should  wish  neither  a  wife,  mother,  sister, 
friend,  relation,  nor  goddess  to  possess  a  countenance  so  cold,  insipid, 
affected,  stony,  unimpassioned,  or  so  perfectly  a  statue.* 

A  scientific  interpretation  of  the  face  will  reveal  more  bea-uties 
than  the  ordinary  observer  has  any  idea  of;  for  when  he  comes  to 
attach  meanings  to  forms  and  expressions  which  indicate  beauties 
of  character,  he  will  regard  them  quite  differently  than  when  in 
his  ignorance  they  signified  nothing  to  him ;  and  when  an  intelli- 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  432. 


I'KACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ohiserver  looks  with  the  eye  of  comprehensive  understanding 
upon  the  countenances  about  him,  his  sense  of  the  beautiful  will 
he  gratified  he\ond  expression.  A  new  world  will  open  to  him;  and 
I  predict  that  with  a  general  diffusion  of  physiognomical  knowledge 
a  complete  revolution  in  religion,  art.  hygiene,  and  government 
will  be  brought  about. 

Profn >/•//'< a/  is  as  potent  a  factor  in  determining  character  as 
are  Form,  Size,  or  Quality;  and  yet  an  arbitrary  system  based  on 
mathematical  measurement  cannot  be  set  up,  for  the  reason  that 
very  great  diversity  of  form  and  size  exists  in  which  symmetrical 
C/KI /•>»•(<'/•  is  exhibited.  If  we  were  to  form  a  standard  of  beauty, 
and  take  for  the  standard  those  faces  in  which  the  most  moral 
goodness  or  power  for  usefulness  was  disclosed,  we  should  then 
have  a  more  elevating  and  intelligent  model  than  those  already 
observed,  which  teach  that  beauty  consists  in  mathematical  pro- 
portions mainly,  and  not  in  those  proportions  and  expression* 
which  reveal  moral  grandeur  or  useful  talents  of  a  high  order. 

As  has  been  shown,  each  of  the  five  systems  of  the  body  pro- 
duces a  form  peculiar  to  itself,  and  every  human  being  possesses 
an  admixture  of  a  certain  proportion  of  each  of  these  forms.  It 
will,  therefore,  be  apparent  to  the  observer  that  the  law  of  Com- 
pensation is  more  potent  in  forming  Proportion  than  any  other 
factor.  If  these  five  systems  were  always  blended  in  every  form 
in  exact  proportions,  we  might  then  be  able  to  realize  the  ideals 
of  art  in  living  forms,  but  this  would  not  produce  that  differentia- 
tion of  types  which  is  needed  to  supply  the  varied  wants  of 
humanity.  To  carry  out  the  idea  of"  diversity  in  unity,"  which  is 
the  ruling  idea  observed  in  progressive  Nature,  we  must  have  con- 
stant modifications,  which  will,  of  course,  produce  ever-varying 
forms  and  countenances.  This  comprehensive  differentiation 
results  in  higher  development  of  species.  It  is  a  law  throughout 
Nature  that  the  greater  the  variety,  the  higher  the  power  for 
development  and  progress. 

The  law  of  scientific  proportion  and  beauty  to  be  observed  in 
the  human  face  is  illustrated  in  those  countenances  in  which  all 
of  the  features,  taken  together,  express  to  the  scientific  reader  of 
character  a  f>u/<ntrc<J  condition  of  the  mind,  and  consequently  of 
the  body. 

The  physiognomy  of  Washington  is  an  illustration  of  good 
proportion.  In  his  face  and  physique  the  five  systems  of  functions 
are  about  equally  exhibited,  hence,  he  was  not  great  in  any  one 
given  direction,  but  was  great  in  any  direction  in  which  he  chose 
to  exercise  his  powers.  He  was  a  good  farmer,  an  excellent 
surveyor,  an  able  statesman  and  military  leader;  he  was  always 


PROPORTION,    OR  -HARMONIOUS    DEVELOPMENT.  133 

self-poised,  cool,  and  resolute  ;  his  inherited  quality  was  of  a  high 
order,  and  the  proportionate  action  of  all  his  functions  assisted  his 
general  power  for  usefulness.  Each  of  the  systems  of  the  body 
has  a  beauty  peculiar  to  itself,  but  an  excess  of  either  one  of  them 
causes,  by  its  disproportion,  a  lack  of  harmony;  therefore,  a  lack 
of  true  beauty.  Too  much  brain  exhibits  as  little  beauty  as  too 
much  fat;  too  much  bone  makes  the  individual  awkward,  ungainly, 
inert — lazy;  a  predominance  of  muscle  causes  its  possessor  to  be 
too  forceful  and  too  much  like  an  animal;  too  great  a  thoracic 
development  causes  an  excess  of  hopefulness,  and  a  tendency  to 
fly  from  one  thing  to  another  without  finishing  anything. 

The  most  useful  men  have  been  those  who  were  either  the 
best  proportioned,  or  those  who  were  the  best  balanced.  Now, 
there  is  a  difference  in  these  two  conditions — for  example,  an  indi- 
vidual may  have,  like  Thomas  H.  Benton,  a  disproportionately 
small  brain,  but  with  disproportionately  large  lungs.  Here  a 
balance  is  struck,  and  he  is  hence  enabled  to  be  most  useful 
because  the  lungs  and  brain  stand  in  such  close  relation  to  each 
other  as  to  favor  this  particular  method  of  balancing  functions. 
If,  on  the  contrary,  the  individual  should  have  a  preponderance 
of  fatty  tissue  and  disproportionate  bones,  the  usefulness  of  the 
person  is  very  much  impaired  because  there  is  here  no  compen- 
sation. 

This  kind  of  disproportion  can  often  be  remedied  by  reducing 
the  bulk  of  fat  by  hygienic  measures,  by  non-use  of  liquids,  and 
more  exercise,  particularly  of  the  lungs,  by  swinging  clubs  or  row- 
ing, or  by  anything  which  will  accelerate  the  action  of  the  lungs, 
thus  increasing  their  power. 

Too  great  size  of  the  brain  system  can  be  improved  by  using 
the  muscular  system  more,  by  toning  up  the  nutritive  powers,  and 
by  dispensing  with  study,  and  taking  more  sleep. 

All  of  the  longest-lived  persons  that  I  have  seen  or  those 
whose  portraits  I  have  studied  have  shown  in  their  faces  and 
physiques  singularly  harmonious  or  well-proportioned  contours, 
and  which  showed  that  they  not  only  possessed  bodies  of  high  or 
good  quality,  but  also  that  their  organs  were  so  well  proportioned 
that  they  were  able  to  resist  pressure  or  strain  upon  every  part 
equally. 

The  most  common  form  of  disproportion  of  organs  in  civilized 
races  is  found  in  the  want  of  lung  development.  This  is  not  a 
natural  condition,  but  will  become  a  permanent  one  if  the  modes 
of  dressing  which  women  have  adopted  are  not  changed  for  more 
healthful  styles.  This,  added  to  the  bad  air  which  is  inhaled  by 
both  men  and  women  who  sleep  in  ill- ventilated  rooms,  and  who 


l:H  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

-it  for  hours  in  churches,  theatres,  and  public  halls  without  any 
ventilation,  is  the  main  cause  of  the  small,  ill-developed  lungs 
which  an-  so  common  that  consumption  and  other  lung  disorders 
are  prevalent  in  all  civilized  countries.  Indeed,  large,  well-devel- 
oped lungs  in  women  are  so  rare  that  I  have  heard  dressmakers, 
who  have  a  good  opportunity  for  observing  large  numbers  of 
women's  forms,  exclaim  with  astonishment  upon  seeing  one  whose 
chest  was  well-developed,  and  thought  it  certainly  must  be  a  mal- 
formation ! 

The  way  to  reduce  the  disproportion  between  too  great  size  of 
the  head  and  too  small  lungs  is  by  inhaling  more  pure  air.  The 
way  to  decrease  the  disproportion  between  too  great  fat  and  too- 
small  bones  is  to  inhale  pure  air,  drink  lime-water,  and  exercise 
more.  The  way  to  decrease  the  disproportion  between  too  weak  a 
liver  and  too  great  an  appetite  is  to  inhale  more  pure  air,  use  acid 
fruits,  avoid  sugar,  and  take  more  exercise. 

It  will  be  seen  that  fresh,  pure  air  is  the  main  reliance  for  the 
removal  of  all  disproportions  of  form  and  functions,  and  that  no 
amount  of  good,  wholesome  food  can  take  the  place  of  good,  pure 
air.  People  can  live  longer  and  be  healthier  on  very  indifferent 
food  indeed,  if  the  air  which  they  inhale  be  pure  and  plentiful,, 
and  the  water  drunk  of  good  quality,  than  they  can  if  these  con- 
ditions are  reversed.  Where  the  brain  is  used  too  much,  and  the 
muscles  too  little,  a  disproportionate  action  is  set  up  which  will,  in 
time,  destroy  the  usefulness  of  the  mind.  On  the  other  hand,  if 
the  muscles  are  called  into  activity  constantly,  and  the  brain  used 
but  little,  the  individual  becomes  dull  of  thought  and  speech ;  his 
sensibilities  obtuse,  his  whole  sensitive  system  is  rendered  sluggish, 
and  all  power  of  mental  enjoyment  is  destroyed  in  a  few  years. 
Physical  drudgery  impairs  the  health  and  shortens  life  sooner  than 
the  most  arduous  mental  labors.  The  numbers  of  farmers  and 
farmers'  wives  and  sheep-herders  in  the  insane  asylums  of  Califor- 
nia predominate  over  those  of  any  other  classes  of  laborers.  I  am 
told  that  this  is  the  case  in  other  States.  Now,  these  kinds  of 
labor  are  more  arduous  and  monotonous  than  all  others,  and  the 
constant  routine  of  physical  drudgery  unrelieved  by  any  mental 
labor  or  mental  enjoyment  soon  begets  disproportion  between  the 
mind  and  the  body,  and  the  result  is  an  unbalanced  mind.  The 
longest-lived  persons  have  been  those  who  have  used  the  mental 
faculties  greatly,  but  with  reasonable  regard  to  health.  Many  of 
our  most  distinguished  literary  men  and  women  have  lived  to 
advanced  age,  and  have  enjoyed  good  health  under  constant  and 
prolonged  mental  labor.  Miss  Caroline  Herschel,  the  astronomer, 
died  at  ninety-eight  years  of  age,  after  a  life  of  both  physical  and 


PROPORTION,    OR    HARMONIOUS    DEVELOPMENT.  135 

mental  labor.  Harriet  Martineau,  an  indefatigable  English  writer, 
lived  to  the  age  of  seventy-four  years. 

Fontanelle  lived  to  one  hundred  years  of  age.  Joanna  Bailly, 
a  most  industrious  writer  of  prose  dramas  and  poetry,  lived  to 
eighty-nine  years.  Humboldt,  a  writer,  traveller,  scientist  and 
naturalist,  after  a  life  of  most  incessant  mental  labor  and  great 
attainments,  died  at  ninety  years  of  age.  Sir  William  Herschel, 
a  most  eminent  astronomer,  lived  to  the  age  of  eighty-three  years. 
We  seldom  see  a  laborer  who  has  pursued  a  vocation  of  purely 
physical  drudgery  live  to  an  advanced  age,  and  the  reason  of  this 
is  that  too  great  an  amount  of  physical  labor  establishes  a  dispro- 
portion between  the  physical  and  mental  faculties,  and  an  unbal- 
anced condition  being  the  result,  life  is  shortened,  or  in  many 
instances  reason  dethroned. 

Where  there  are  one  or  more  faculties  excessively  developed, 
as,  for  example,  Secretiveness,  Cautiousness,  Approbativeness,  or 
Amativeness,  or  any  other  trait  or  traits  in  excess,  they  so  com- 
pletely dominate  all  others  and  color  or  shape  the  action  of  other 
faculties  as  to  produce  disproportionate  action  of  some  other  faculties, 
and  consequently  of  other  physical  functions.  Too  great  Secretive- 
ness  induces  a  tendency  to  hold  on  to  whatever  the  mind  desires  to 
keep  secret;  the  glands  and  muscles  both  partake  of  this  hoMing 
on  and  holding  back  principle,  and  the  consequence  is  a  constricted 
condition  of  the  glands,  as  well  as  a  similar  condition  of  the 
muscles,  particularly  of  the  sphincters.  As  a  consequence  of  this 
holding  on  and  ''keeping  tight  and  close"  feeling,  the  liver  (the 
largest  gland  in  the  body)  becomes  inactive  and  sets  up  abnormal 
or  torpid  action,  and  the  class  of  diseases  called  "bilious"  are  ex- 
hibited, and  after  awhile  become  permanent,  and  will  cause  death 
unless  the  disproportion  between  the  two  parts  of  the  mind  and 
body  (for  both  mind  and  body  are  affected  by  this  condition)  is 
removed  by  cultivating  a  more  open,  frank,  and  communicative 
disposition,  and  at  the  same  time  using  food  and  a  regimen  suited 
to  this  peculiarity  of  the  glands  and  muscles.  Herein  is  another 
proof  of  the  unity  or  interaction  of  the  mind  and  body — of  mental 
faculties  and  physical  functions. 

In  cases  where  Cautiousness  is  excessive,  the  character  becomes 
timid,  fearful,  excessively  watchful,  filled  with  forebodings  and 
apprehensions  of  the  future,  always  looking  for  accidents,  and 
prophesying  poverty,  calamities,  etc.  This  condition  of  mind 
will  in  time  produce  such  disturbances  of  the  glandular  and  ner- 
vous systems  as  to  cause  insomnia,  melancholia,  suspicion  and 
dementia,  and  will  often  end  in  suicide.  Here  again  we  note  the 
effect  of  the  mind  upon  the  physical  organs,  and  their  functional 


136  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

interaction,  and  ohscne  the  serious  results  arising  from  a  dispro- 
portionate action  of  the  m<  ntnl  f<iciilti/  of  Cautiousness  and  the 
glands  ;ind  nerves. 

\Vliere  Acquisitiveness  is  too  much  cultivated  the  spirit  of 
accumulation  becomes  dominant,  and  the  body  partakes  of  the 
same  spirit  by  becoming  clogged  in  all  its  functions  owing  to  the 
lar^-e  amount  of  gross  matter  which  accumulates  in  the  body,  and 
here  again  we  shall  be  able  to  observe  the  similarity  of  action 
between  mental  faculties  and  physical  functions.  The  Hebrew 
race  is  a  good  example  of  this  interaction  of  the  faculty  of  Acquisi- 
tiveness and  the  functions  of  digestion,  assimilation  and  appropria- 
tion. Most  of  their  physical  disorders  arise  from  overappropriation 
of  nutriment  and  accumulations  of  fatty  tissues,  which  induce 
apoplexy,  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart,  and  other  complications 
of  overrepletion  of  the  organism.  Too  much  or  too  little  of  any 
given  faculty  or  function  is  productive  of  disease  and  will  shorten 
life,  unless  these  proportions  are  such  as  will  create  a  luihutce,  as. 
in  the  case  of  small  brain  and  large  lungs  and  heart.  But 
wherever  we  look  into  Nature's  operations  we  shall  find  that  Pro- 
portion is  one  of  her  ruling  principles,  and  if  this  law  is  broken 
and  its  provisions  greatly  violated  in  the  human  organism,  suffering, 
both  of  body  and  mind,  with  ill  health  and '  shortness  of  life  will 
ensue.  How  essential,  then,  is  it  that  all  should  understand  the 
meanings  of  the  human  face,  as  well  as  the  signs  of  character 
revealed  in  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  gestures,  the  attitude,  and  the 
contour  or  outline  of  the  entire  head  and  body. 

Evenly-developed  characters  are  not  as  apt  to  excel  in  one 
given  direction  as  those  who  are  less  evenly  balanced,  but  their 
chances  for  usefulness  and  longevity  are  very  great,  if  possessed 
of  a  fine  inherited  quality.  Most  poets  are  disproportionately 
developed  in  their  mentality,  hence  some  of  their  physical  powers 
are  correspondingly  defective,  and  this  has  caused  many  of  them 
to  die  young.  The  Davidson  Sisters,  who  showed  uncommon 
talent  for  poetic  construction  as  early  as  four  years  of  age,  died, 
one  at  sixteen  and  the  other  at  seventeen  years  of  age.  Byron 
lived  to  only  thirty-seven  years.  Edgar  A.  Poe  died  even  younger. 
Shelley  attained  only  to  thirty  years.  Keats  died  at  twenty-four. 
Mrs.  Hemans  expired  at  forty.  Burns  lived  only  to  thirty-seven. 
All  of  the  physiognomies  of  these  poets  express  to  the  scientific 
reader  either  a  disproportion  between  the  physical  functions  or  an 
inherited  delicacy  of  the  nervous  system.  He  who  reads  the  physi- 
ognomy scientifically  understands  measurably  the  law  of  destiny, 
and  can  easily  predicate  which  organs  will  give  way  first  and  about 
how  long  they  will  last;  also,  the  amount  of  strain  the  stronger 


HEALTH.  137 

•will  make  upon  the  weaker.  The  law  of  Proportion  as  exemplified 
by  the  laws  of  physiognomy  is  a  great  advance  in  mental  and 
medical  science.  It  should  be  included  in  the  curriculum  of  all 
medical  colleges ;  and  I  predict  that  the  coming  century  will  see  it 
established  by  the  faculties  of  all  such  colleges,  and  chairs  of  Moral 
Philosophy  will  be  held  only  by  such  as  are  conversant  with 
Scientific  Physiognomy.  Lavater  predicted  that  a  System  of  Scien- 
tific Physiognomy  would  be  formulated  within  this  century,  and, 
behold!  it  is  here. 

Comparative  anatomy,  as  now  taught  in  medical  colleges, 
will  be  extended,  and  the  meaning  of  all  forms  and  shapes  of  the 
external  parts  of  the  organism  will  be  taught  to  students  just  as 
physiognomy  now  teaches  it,  by  the  law  of  Proportion;  and 
students  will  then  be  able  to  diagnose  the  power  of  the  lungs  or 
liver  by  the  outline  of  the  forehead;  for  the  retreating  forehead 
ever  denotes  an  active  liver,  while  a  straight,  full  forehead  rounding 
out  at  the  highest  part  indicates  the  supremacy  of  the  heart  and 
venous  system  over  the  arterial  system.  Other  shapes  and  outlines 
of  the  forehead  convey  each  a  different  and  distinct  meaning  which 
the  law  of  Proportion  teaches,  and  which  will  be  found  by  the 
keen  analyst  to  be  infallible  in  their  revelations.  The  secret  of  all 
great  mental  power  is,  after  quality,  right  proportion  in  all  bodily 
parts,  and  this  proportion  can  be  discovered  in  the  physiognomy 
as  well  as  in  the  body. 

HEALTH. 

The  basis  of  all  really  useful  character  must  be  founded  upon 
good  health.  The  fact  that  some  sickly  poet  or  feeble  saint  has 
been  able  to  live  a  term  of-  years  and  spin  out  more  or  less  weak 
sentiment  and  poetry  is  not  proof  that  ill  health  is  one  of  the 
conditions  of  either  talent  or  piety.  The  asceticism  of  the  middle 
ages  taught  that  to  vitiate  and  degrade  the  body  by  filth,  starva- 
tion and  deprivations  of  all  kinds  was  to  assure  a  more  blissful 
state  of  the  soul,  and  Hannah  More — good,  pious  saint — wrote 
that  a  low  fever  was  a  "marvelous  means  of  grace."  "We  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  under  the  enlightenment  of  the  science  of 
physiology  and  hygiene,  differ  with  these  ideas  of  an  ignorant  past, 
and  believe  that  the  first  step  toward  saving  souls  is  to  save 
bodies.  Indeed,  it  would  seem  but  practical  common  sense,  inas- 
much as  we  are  endowed  with  bodies,  that  we  should  take 
measures  to  understand  and  protect  them,  trusting  to  the  Power 
that  has  given  us  our  bodies  to  take  care  of  the  soul,  which,  since 
He  has  not  made  known  to  us  its  locality,  we  can  do  nothing  to 
advance  its  interest  beyond  caring  for  the  body  and  mind,  which 
we  have  already  in  our  keeping. 


138  riJA(  TICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  first  law  of  a  sound  and  true  religion  should  be  the  incul- 
cation of  sound  health,  and  all  religious  tenets  should  be  based 
upon  a  regard  lor  fresh  air,  proper  food  and  drink,  upon  suitable 
clothing,  exercise,  rest,  pure  amusements  and  sanitary  regulations; 
these  principles  must  be  incorporated  into  all  religions  that  truly 
desire  the  highest  moral  welfare  of  the  people.  •  A  religion  which 
ignores  these  principles  as  fundamental  articles  of  its  belief  is  not 
worthy  the  consideration  of  honest  and  sensible  people.  One 
generation  of  preaching  on  these  subjects  would  advance  the  world 
immeasurably  in  morality  and  health,  and  consequently  in  pros- 
perity. Good  character  is  dependent  upon  good  health  for  its 
support.  If  you  answer  me  that  you  know  many  persons  who  are 
good,  yet  are  in  poor  health,  I  reply  that  they  would,  without 
doubt,  be  still  better  people  if  their  bodily  conditions  were  more 
perfect  and  stronger.  If  ill  health  were  conducive  to  goodnes-. 
then  we  should  all  strive  to  depreciate  our  health  conditions  in 
order  to  become  more  moral,  more  honest,  more  loving,  wise  and 
useful.  The  fact  that  some  persons  can  preserve  morality  in  spite 
of  ill  health  is  proof  that  they  have  inherited  very  excellent  moral 
natures,  and  only  need  ruder  health  to  become  giants  of  morality 
and  usefulness.  That  moral  character,  as  well  as  the  mental,  is 
dependent  upon  sound  organic  conditions  must  be  apparent  to  all 
thoughtful  persons. 

Treating  of  the  connection  between  morality  and  organic 
perfection,  Dr.  Maudsley  observes  : — 

Now,  if  there  be  a  class  of  persons  without  the  moral  sense,  who  are 
true  moral  imbeciles,  it  is  the  class  of  habitual  criminals.  All  observers, 
who  have  made  them  their  stucty,  agree  that  they  constitute  a  morbid  or 
degenerate  variety  of  mankind,  marked  by  peculiar  low  mental  and  physical 
characteristics.  They  are  scrofulous,  often  deformed,  with  badly  formed 
angular  heads,  are  stupid,  sluggish,  deficient  in  vital  energy,  and  sometimes 
epileptic.  They  are  of  weak  and  defective  intellect,  though  excessively 
cunning,  and  not  a  few  of  them  are  weak-minded  and  imbecile.  The  women 
are  ugly  in  features,  and  without  grace  of  expression  or  movement.  The 
children,  who  become  juvenile  criminals,  do  not  evince  the  educational  apti- 
tude of  the  higher,  industrial  classes ;  they  are  deficient  in  the  power  of 
Attention  and  application  ;  have  bad  memories,  and  make  slow  progress  in 
learning ;  many  of  them  are  weak  in  mind  and  body,  and  some  of  them 
actually  imbecile.* 

Here  we  have  the  statement  of  one  of  the  first  writers  on 
Mind,  giving  the  opinion  that  moral  defects  are  accompanied  with 
low  physical  conditions.  Any  careful  student  of  this  work  will 
soon  become  convinced  that  moral  character  and  sound  organiza- 
tion are  inseparably  connected,  and  that  in  order  to  have  moral 

»  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  110. 


HEALTH.  ,    139 

children  they  must  not  only  be  healthy,  but  must  be  the  inheritors 
of  normal  ancestral  influences  of  both  mind  and  body.  Good 
health  is  the  greatest  desideratum  of  existence ;  without  it  all  the 
luxuries  that  wealth  can  procure  pall  upon  the  senses.  Only  strict 
adherence  to  hygienic  law  can  secure  a  fair  share  of  this  most  de- 
sirable condition.  The  greatest  talents  without  health  amount  to 
little,  and  if  a  man  would  become  proficient  as  an  artist,  writer, 
inventor,  or  actor,  a  fine  and  healthful  state  of  lungs  and  liver  are 
quite  as  essential  as  a  cultivated  brain.  A  weak  and  defective 
bodily  organ  will  sometimes  neutralize  completely  all  the  efforts 
of  the  most  profound  and  polished  intellect.  It  is  said  that 
Napoleon  lost  the  battle  of  Waterloo  through  suffering  from  a  fit 
of  indigestion,  and  I  think  we  have  all  had  experience  enough  to 
know  that  the  most  vital  interests  of  life  are  often  jeopardized  by 
temporary  ailments,  brought  on  by  imprudent  eating,  drinking,  or 
injudicious  amusements  or  excitements. 

A  brain  or  body  of  the  highest  quality  may  become  perfectly 
demoralized  by  long-continued  misuse  of  its  functions  and  facul- 
ties. Indeed,  a  high  quality  of  brain  demands  good  lung-power 
for  its  highest  efficiency,  and  this  can  ensue  only  by  being  supplied 
with  plenty  of  pure,  fresh  air.  Ventilation  is  one  of  the  highest, 
if  not  the  first,  demands  of  life.  It  is  not  at  all  strange  that  there 
are  so  many  weak,  pale,  sallow,  consumptive  men  and  women  in 
the  community,  who,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  they  have  good 
and  expensive  homes,  fine  raiment,  and  luxuries  untold,  are  yet 
the  victims  of  ill  health,  caused  in  many  instances  by  the  defective 
ventilation  of  their  homes,  and  particularly  of  their  sleeping- 
rooms. 

Precocious  children,  who  might  in  many  instances  live  to  be- 
come noble  and  useful  men  and  women,  die  in  childhood  for  want 
of  pure  air  and  physical  exercise.  Children  who  are  endowed  with 
genius  and  talent  and  who  have  a  lack  of  vitality  should  not  be 
encouraged  to  overexert  their  intellect  in  their  youth,  but,  instead, 
should  pass  most  of  their  time  out  of  doors  gardening,  rowing, 
swimming,  chopping  wood,  weeding  vegetables,  or  in  a  gymnasium 
developing  the  muscles  and  lungs,  until  the  body  is  able  to  support 
the  brain  and  nervous  system  already  too  active  and  sensitive.  An 
harmonious  balance  between  the  mind  and  body  could  by  these 
means  be  obtained.  How  many  lovely,  beautiful,  and  talented 
youths  fill  an  early  grave  from  the  injudicious  treatment  or  want 
of  hygienic  knowledge  on  the  part  of  parents ! 

Nothing  can  be  more  conducive  to  the  mental  welfare  of  a 
child  than  outdoor  life  and  labor,  and  all  children  of  uncommon 
mental  powers  need  a  motive  for  physical  effort,  and  this  can  be 


140  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

supplied  by  giving  them  ta>K.N.  paying  them  for  them,  and  having 
them  well  done.  Sennit  ire,  nervous  children  would  be  greatly 
benefited  if  the  first  ten  \ears  of  life  were  given  up  exclusive///  to 
outdoor  work  and  play  alternately.  The  degree  of  health  attained, 
not  to  mention  the  *ultxt«nfi<il  <-lm  racier  gained  by  such  a  course1, 
can  hardly  be  estimated.  Work  is  a  vital  necessity  and  in<>l<lx 
<'h>ir<i<-ft'r  ;  play  should  be  used  only  as  a  rest  from  labor,  and 
those  who  work  in  their  childhood  are  more  reliable  and  responsi- 
ble characters  than  those  who  do  nothing  but  play  all  through 
their  early  years.  The  men  and  women  of  the  last  generation 
were  more  substantial  and  useful  than  the  present,  and  one  reason 
for  this  is  found  in  the  fact  that  formerly  all  children  had  tasks  and 
duties  to  perform.  The  word  duty  meant  a  great  deal  to  them, 
and  was  an  incentive  to  noble  effort,  because  they  were  thus 
trained.  Children  in  most  instances  will  be  greatly  influenced 
by  their  early  training,  hence  the  first  years  of  a  child's  life  are  the 
most  important  ones.  If  good  health  be  desired,  youth  is  the  time 
to  lav  the  foundation  for  it.  Many  distinguished  and  learned 

«/  *! 

people,  who  were  born  sickly  and  were  feeble  in  youth,  have 
passed  lives  of  great  usefulness  and  died  at  advanced  age.  Fon- 
tanelle  was  a  very  sickly  and  weak  infant,  yet  he  lived  to  be  one 
hundred  years  of  age.  Albert  von  Haller,  a  celebrated  Swiss 
physician,  was  "  rickety,  feeble,  and  delicate  as  a  child,"  but  lived 
to  the  age  of  sixty-eight  years;  he  was  one  of  the  greatest  medical 
minds  of  the  world.  Baron  Cuvier,  an  illustrious  naturalist,  was 
feeble  in  childhood,  but  became  robust  in  after  life ;  he  was  most 
industrious  and  attained  the  age  of  sixty-three.  Augustin  de  Can- 
dolle,  a  great  botanist,  nearly  died  of  hydrocephalus  at  seven  years 
of  age ;  he  was  feeble  until  fifteen,  when  his  health  improved,  and  he 
lived  to  the  age  of  sixty-three,  having  passed  a  most  useful  career. 
Aristotle,  the  most  eminent  of  ancient  philosophers  and  natural- 
ists, was  a  weak,  precocious  child,  but  lived  to  an  advanced  age 
after  performing  almost  herculean  mental  labor.  Many  more  cases 
might  be  mentioned  of  the  same  sort,  but  sufficient  are  given  to 
show  that  weakness  in  childhood  can  be  counteracted  by  judicious 
hygienic  treatment,  which  will  prolong  life  and  restore  health.  The 
let-alone  cure  is  one  of  the  best  for  precocious  or  feeble  youth ; 
let  them  grow  up  as  do  the  plants,  in  a  free,  wild,  and  natural 
manner.  Such  children  thus  treated  will  more  than  make  up  in 
after  years  all  the  time  considered  lost  by  fond  and  anxious  parents, 
who  are  very  apt  to  regret  the  loss  of  early  schooling  and  study  by 
their  children. 

A  majority  of  those  who  are  born  healthy  and  with  sound 
organs   in   most  cases  become  weakened  by  ignorant  or  foolishly- 


HEALTH.  141 

fond  parents,  who  often  allow  children  to  have  their  own  way  in 
regard  to  eating,  sitting  up  late  at  night,  playing  too  much  or 
too  violently  (who  ever  heard  of  a  child  injuring  itself  at  work?), 
and  yet  most  parents  are  afraid  to  set  their  children  a  task  for  fear 
that  they  will  be  injured  by  it,  while  at  the  same  time  they  allow 
them  to  play  without  supervision  (and  many  of  their  games  are 
conducted  without  judgment,  and  prolonged  until  exhaustion 
ensues) ;  yet  parents  would  not  think  of  allowing  their  youth  to 
exercise  one-half  as  hard  or  as  injudiciously  at  their  work  as  they 
do  in  their  sports. 

It  is  more  essential  to  oversee  children  at  their  amusements 
than  at  their  tasks.  Few  parents  feel  this  necessity,  but  if  one  will 
only  observe  the  little  girls  in  a  school-yard  jumping  ropes  in  the 
violent  manner  which  is  their  habit,  one  will  become  convinced  of 
this  necessity.  Dancing  is  also  carried  to  a  great  extreme,  and 
needs  to  be  corrected.  It  is  usually  prolonged  too  far  into  the  night 
for  health,  and  this  phase  of  it  should  be  discouraged.  A  good  sub- 
stitute for  dancing  is  gymnastics ;  club-swinging  is  a  fine  exercise 
for  health,  and  quite  exhilarating ;  as  suitable  for  children  and 
young  ladies  as  for  gentlemen.  A  pair  of  Indian  clubs  should  be 
included  in  the  furnishing  of  all  homes.  Dr.  Dio  Lewis'  Light 
Gymnastics  will  be  found  most  excellent  aids  to  vigorous  health, 
as  well  as  Butler's  Health  Lift  and  the  Reactionary  Lift.  All  these 
can  be  obtained  for  less  than  the  price  of  one  fashionable  suit  of 
clothes,  and  every  household  should  have  them  as  an  essential  part 
of  its  furniture. 

I  think  the  reader  has  long  ere  this  become  convinced  that  size 
of  the  brain,  body,  or  nose  alone  does  not  indicate  either  mental  or 
physical  power.  Neither  does  quality  alone,  nor  form,  nor  propor- 
tion, but  a  modicum  of  all  these  qualities  and  conditions  is  essential. 

If  the  size  of  the  nose  observed  in  a  given  subject  would 
seem  to  exhibit  mental  power,  the  quality  of  the  texture  of  skin, 
hair,  and  eyes  must  be  diagnosed  before  judgment  can  be  passed. 
Then,  in  order  to  know  what  direction  the  mind  takes,  the  form  of 
the  nose  must  be  understood;  then  the  color  taken  into  considera- 
tion, and  the  proportion  which  each  feature  bears  to  the  others 
should  be  noted,  and  then  the  proportions  of  the  body  must  be 
observed.  At  the  same  time  the  health  conditions  of  the  individual 
must  be  taken  into  account  before  a  just  verdict  of  character  can 
be  rendered.  If  size,  form,  quality,  color,  and  proportion  are  all 
in  favor  of  a  good  and  useful  character,  and  good  health  be  want- 
ing, all  these  indications  are  greatly  modified,  because  the  motive 
power  of  the  body  is  feeble  and  the  organism  is  an  inert  mass, 
without  ability  to  carry  out  its  mental  behests. 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMV. 

The  mind  and  body  being  a  unit,  and  so  closely  interrelated, 
it  is  impossible  for  the  one  to  be  very  greatly  defective  without  in- 
volving the  other.  , 

Dn«j  Medication. — This  form  of  seeking  health  is  one  of  the 
most  useless,  as  it  is  inefficacious  and  pernicious,  and  yet  thousands 
of  persons  annually  swallow  the  most  deadly  drugs  in  the  form  of 
patent  medicines  and  physicians'  prescriptions  without  knowing 
what  they  are  taking  into  their  systems.  No  religious  bigot  ever 
believed  in  the  saving  power  of  his  dogmas  more  firmly  than  do 
the  majority  of  people  in  some  particular  doctor,  or  noxious  patent 
pill,  or  potion.  Medication  has  not  yet  been  reduced  to  a  science, 
and  is,  in  a  great  measure,  mere  guess-work.  The  most  eminent 
physicians  have  the  lowest  estimate  of  the  power  of  medicines  to 
heal  disease.  Taking  them  on  their  own  testimony,  we  shall  dis- 
cover how  little  faith  they  put  in  the  operation  of  their  prescrip- 
tions, and  how  much  they  rely  on  the  natural  healing  ability  of  the 
human  system  to  cure  itself. 

Dr.  Joel  Clark  states  his  opinion  thus : — 

Pure  cold  air  is  the  best  tonic  the  patient  can  have.  Mairv  different 
plans  have  been  tried  for  the  cure  of  consumption,  but  the  result  of  all  has 
been  unsatisfactory.  We  are  not  acquainted  with  any  agent  that  will  cure 
consumption.  We  must  rely  on  hygiene.  Cream  is  far  better  for  tubercular 
patients  than  cod-liver  oil  or  any  other  kind  of  oil,  and  in  scarlet  fever  you 
have  nothing  to  rely  upon  but  the  vis  medicatrix  naturae  "  [in  other  words, 
the  healing  power  of  Nature], 

Dr.  James  Johnson,  editor  of  the  CJiir-urgicol  Review,  says: — 

^declare  as  my  conscientious  conviction,  founded  on  long  experience 
and  reflection,  that  i/  there  was  not  a  single  physician,  surgeon,  man- 
midwife,  chemist,  apothecary,  druggist,  or  drugs  on  the  face  of  the  earth, 
there  would  be  less  sickness  and  less  mortality  than  now  prevails.* 

No  course  would  be  better  calculated  to  make  people  under- 
stand and  observe  the  laws  of  health  and  hygiene  than  to  know 
that  they  had  got  to  depend  upon  themselves,  and  that  all  abuses 
of  their  systems  would  be  followed  by  suffering  which  time  and 
Nature  alone  could  cure,  and  that  no  doctor  was  close  at  hand  to 
lean  on.  I  have  known  persons  to  overeat,  expose  themselves  to 
cold,  and  in  many  other  ways  injure  themselves,  who,  upon  being 
remonstrated  with,  would  exclaim,  "  Oh,  I  don't  care  !  My  doctor 
will  get  me  out  of  it ;  he  always  does." 

The  eminent  Dr.  John  Mason  Good,  of  Boston,  writes  thus : — 

The  science  of  medicine  is  a  barbarous  jargon  and  the  effects  of  our 
medicines  on  the  human  sj'stem  in  the  highest  degree  uncertain,  except, 
indeed,  that  they  have  destroyed  more  lives  than  war,  pestilence,  and  famine 
combined. 

*  Medical  Almanac,  1875. 


HEALTH.  143 

Dr.  Martin  Paine,  professor  in  the  New  York  Medical  Uni- 
versity, indorses  the  former  writer  thus : — 

Our  remedial  agents  are  themselves  morbific.  Our  medicines  act  upon 
the  system  in  the  same  manner  as  do  the  remote  causes  of  disease.  Drug- 
medicines  do  but  cure  one  disease  by  producing  another.  * 

Evidence  of  similar  character  might  be  given  at  great  length, 
but  I  propose  in  these  chapters  to  teach  the  reader  that  the 
health  principle  resides  in  the  human  system,  and  is  only  imparted 
to  it  by  Nature's  own  peculiar  remedies,  viz.,  pure  air,  sunlight, 
water,  exercise,  rest,  suitable  food,  magnetism,  electricity,  and 
self -control  and  self -denial,  the  last  two  being  the  main  factors. 
These  are  all  aids  to  health,  as  well  as  to  a  truly  religious 
condition ;  in  fact,  health  and  religion  seem  to  me  to  be  very 
closely  allied.  It  is  true,  we  shall  have  to  modify  our  precon- 
ceived notions  of  both  subjects,  and  not  regard  health  as  something 
which  the  doctor  has  on  hand,  or  that  the  apothecary  keeps  in  a 
bottle  to  be  dealt  out  by  the  dollar's  worth ;  nor  should  we  under- 
stand religion  as  something  that  the  minister  has  in  a  church,  and 
of  which  he  has  the  monopoly  to  impart  at  his  pleasure.  No,  dear 
reader ;  religion  and  health  are  not  in  the  hands  of  monopolists, 
but  reside  within  our  own  organizations,  and  are  matters  that  we 
have  control  of  mainly.  Happy  he  who  has  inherited  both  a  re- 
ligious and  a  healthful  organism  !  for  such  beings  are  capable  of 
great  good  to  others,  and  to  whom  "much  is  given  much  shall  be 
required,"  and  to  do  for  those  who  are  impoverished  in  mind  and 
body  is  one  of  the  greatest  joys  and  luxuries  of  life. 

The  features  of  the  face,  taken  one  by  one,  then  all  together, 
iritJiout  any  reference  to  tlie  shape  or  size  of  the  head,  will  unfold 
and  describe  the  entire  character  of  the  individual.  Not  only  will 
it  do  this,  but  it  will  also  give  us  the  history  of  his  tribe,  his  an- 
cestry, his  past,  and  the  probabilities  of  his  future.  Physiognomy 
is  the  only  science  with  which  I  am  acquainted  that  will  foretell 
the  future  as  well  as  reveal  the  past  with  certainty.  In  making 
delineations  of  character,  and  in  predicting  future  powers  and 
capacities,  the  diagnostician  must  ever  keep  in  view  the  influence 
which  a  state  of  high  good  health  will  have  upon  the  efforts  of  the 
individual.  With  good  health  almost  anything  is  possible ;  with- 
out it  very  little,  indeed,  except  wretchedness  and  a  state  of  general 
depravity.  In  order  to  understand  any  given  face,  the  health  con- 
ditions, past  and  present,  must  be  had  in  consideration  before  a 
verdict  or  final  summing  up  can  be  made. 

*  Medical  Almanac,  1875. 


144  PRACTICAL   AND    SriKXTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


COMPENSATION. 

All  through  tlie  various  forms  of  wnat  may  be  termed  the 
higher  development  of  organized  life — from  the  insect  up  to  man — 
we  find  clearly  established  a  law  of  Compensation,  or,  as  I  am 
sometimes  impelled  to  call  it,  a  law  of  Substitution  ;  for  its  action 
does  not  seem  to  always  full//  compensate  for  absence  of  qualities, 
but  rather  snl^titntcs  other  powers,  both  physical  and  mental,  for 
defects  which  would  render  the  organism  helpless  or  unhappy  with- 
out some  assistance  from  other  faculties  and  functions.  In  this 
relation  I  shall — as  this  is  a  very  important  branch  of  my  subject — 
dwell  briefly  on  its  action  in  the  lower  organisms,  and  will  then 
proceed  to  discuss  its  operation  in  the  human  mind  and  body. 
And  here  let  me  remark  that  while  the  law  of  Compensation  has 
been  recognized  by  naturalists  in  the  animal  organism,  it  has  never 
been  applied  scientifically  to  the  workings  of  the  human  mind,  so 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn. 

The  compensatory  structure  of  animals  will  be  easily  recog- 
nized in  the  following  statement  of  Paley.  He  remarks: — 

In  many  species  of  insects  the  eye  is  fixed,  and  consequently  cannot 
turn  the  pupil  to  the  object  sought.  This  great  defect  is  perfectly  compen- 
sated by  a  mechanism  not  easily  observed.  The  eye  is  a  multiplying  glass, 
with  a  lens  looking  in  every  direction,  by  which  means — although  the  orb 
of  the  eye  be  stationary — the  field  of  vision  is  as  ample  as  that  of  other 
animals,  and  is  commanded  on  every  side.  We  are  told  that  one  thousand 
four  hundred  of  these  reticulations  have  been  counted  in  the  two  eyes  of  a 
drone-bee.  The  wing  of  a  bat  is  furnished  with  a  mechanical  contrivance 
in  the  form  of  a  hook,  with  which  it  fastens  itself  to  the  surface  of  rocks, 
houses,  and  caves.  At  the  angle  of  the  wing  there  is  a  bent  claw.  It  hooks 
and  remains  suspended  by  this  claw ;  takes  its  flight  from  this  position.  As 
it  can  neither  run  upon  its  feet  nor  take  its  flight  from  the  ground,  this 
unique  instrument  was  necessary.  A  singular  defect  required  a  singu- 
lar substitute.  The  proboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  compensation  for  the 
shortness  of  its  neck.  A  snail  is  compensated  \9y  the  secretion  of  a  viscid 
humor  which  it  discharges  from  its  skin  ;  and  so,  in  the  absence  of  feet,  is 
enabled  to  ascend  the  stalks  of  plants  with  facility. 

The  common  parrot  has  in  its  structure  of  the  beak  both  an  inconve- 
niency  and  a  compensation  for  it.  When  I  speak  of  an  incouveniency  I 
have  a  view  to  a  dilemma,  which  frequently  occurs  in  the  works  of  Nature, 
in  that  the  peculiarity  of  structure  by  which  an  organ  made  to  answer  one 
purpose  necessarily  unfits  it  for  some  other  purpose.  This  is  the  case  before 
us.  The  upper  bill  of  the  parrot  is  so  much  hooked  and  so  much  overlaps 
the  lower  that  if,  as  in  other  birds,  the  lower  chap  alone  had  motion, the  bird 
could  scarcely  gape  wide  enough  to  receive  its  food;  yet  this  hook  and  over- 
lapping of  the  bill  could  not  be  spared,  for  it  forms  the  very  instrument  by 
which  the  bird  climbs,  to  say  nothing  of  the  use  which  it  makes  of  it  in 
breaking  nuts  and  the  hard  substances  upon  which  it  feeds.  How,  there- 
fore, has  Nature  provided  for  the  opening  of  this  occluded  mouth?  By 
making  the  upper  chap  movable  as  well  as  the  lower.  In  most  birds  the 


COMPENSATION.  145 

upper  chap  is  connected  and  makes  but  one  piece  with  the  skull,  but  in  the 
parrot  the  upper  chap  is  joined  to  the  base  of  the  head  by  a  strong  mem- 
brane, placed  each  side  of  it,  which  lifts  and  depresses  it  at  pleasure. 

The  spider's  web  is  a  compensating  contrivance.  The  spider  lives 
upon  flies  without  wings  to  pursue  them,  a  case  one  would  have  thought  of 
great  difficulty,  yet  provided  for,  and  provided  by  a  resource  which  no 
stratagem,  no  effort  of  the  animal  could  have  produced,  had  not  both  its  ex- 
ternal and  internal'structure  have  been  specialty  adapted  to  the  operation.* 

I  could  multiply  these  examples  ad  infinitum. 

In  the  human  family  the  illustration  of  the  law  of  Compen- 
sation is  more  extended,  and  includes  the  mental  as  well  as  the 
physical  system.  This  involves  some  knowledge  of  the  law  of 
Proportion,  or  harmonious  development  of  the  body,  upon  which, 
of  course,  depends  the  harmonious  action  of  the  mind ;  for,  as 
before  stated,  certain  conformations  of  the  body  produce  certain 
mental  faculties.  It  therefore  behooves  us  to  know  to  which  forms 
these  faculties  are  related  and  how  produced. 

I  will  notice,  first,  the  operation  of  the  law  of  Compensation 
as  regards  the  human  organism  physically,  or,  rather,  physiologi- 
cally. In  cases  where  one  lung  is  weak,  the  other  often  increases 
in  size  and  power  to  make  up  the  deficiency.  Deaf-mutes  are  com- 
pensated by  an  increased  activity  of  other  senses.  Blind  people 
are  unusually  gifted  with  an  acuteness  of  the  senses  of  hearing  and 
touch.  Where  the  kidneys  are  small  or  weak  the  skin  is  uncom- 
monly active,  and  assists  the  kidneys  in  carrying  off  the  waste  of 
the  body.  These  are  some  of  the  ways  in  which  Nature  compen- 
sates for  defective  and  inharmonious  organizations.  The  manifold 
action  of  the  law  of  Compensation,  as  exhibited  in  the  working 
of  the  human  mind,  is  as  wonderful  as  it  is  beautiful.  I  shall 
have  space  here  to  offer  only  a  few  illustrations,  and  leave  the  rest 
for  the  investigations  of  my  readers. 

If  you  observe  an  individual  with  very  small  Self-esteem, 
which  is  indicated  by  a  %hort  upper  lip,  you  will  find  Approbative- 
ness,  Imitation,  and  generally  Mirthfulness  correspondingly  large. 
The  philosophy  of  this  form  of  compensation  is,  that  as  small 
Self-esteem  produces  sensitiveness  to  the  opinions  of  others,  Imita- 
tion seems  given  the  individual  to  assist  him  in  entertaining  and 
attracting,  while  large  Mirthfulness  gives  the  faculty  of  amusing  and 
of  being  easily  amused,  and,  consequently,  prevents  the  individual 
from  becoming  unhappy  through  the  consciousness  of  the  absence 
of  Self-esteem  ;  for  any  deficiency  which  prevents  a  balanced  con- 
dition produces  a  want  which  is  mstinctivek/  felt.  I  hold  that. we 
all  instinctively  feel  what  we  are,  whether  we  acknowledge  it  in 
words  to  ourselves  or  not.  Actors,  as  a  class,  possess  the  faculties 

*  Chambers'  Information  for  the  People,  vol.  ii,  p.  201. 
10 


146  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  Imitation  and  Mirthfulness  in  a  large  degree,  and  most  of  them 
will  be  found  deficient  in  Self-esteem,  but  large  in  .  \pprobativeness  ; 
for  it  is  not  their  own  esteem  that  they  desire  and  which  satisfies 
them,  but  the  approbation  of  their  audiences.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  them  have  a  short  upper  lip— relative  length  of  the  upper 
lip  indicating  a  good  development  of  Self-esteem.  An  individual  with 
large  Self-esteem  being  self-sufficient — that  is,  more  given  to  regard 
his  own  opinion  of  himself  than  to  accept  the  estimate  of  others  in 
regard  to  his  character — feels  no  particular  sensitiveness  as  to  what 
others  think  of  him,  and  therefore  depends  upon  himself,  yw  </*  ///• 
is,  for  the  power  to  attract  and  hold  the  esteem  of  others.  Sell- 
esteem  lends  dignity  to  its  possessor,  and  creates  a  substantial  and 
decorous  demeanor,  which,  in  itself,  has  the  power  to  fasten  the 
good  opinion  and  attachment  of  others,  and  he  therefore  needs 
none  of  the  fascinations  of  imitative  talent  to  attract  friends  to 
himself.  Indeed,  every  one  could  not  be  attracted  by  the  same 
qualities,  and  so  Nature  gives  this  infinite  variety  and  diversity  for 
the  satisfaction  of  our  minds  and  for  the  varied  uses  of  mankind. 

Where  Friendship  is  lacking  we  often  see  Benevolence  com- 
pensating the  character.  Where  Constructiveness  is  wanting  Size 
and  Form  assist,  by  an  increased  development,  in  making  the  indi- 
vidual useful  in  some  branch  of  mechanical  art.  Many  persons 
possessed  of  highly  artistic  natures  very  often  exhibit  a  large  share 
of  Acquisitiveness,  and  sometimes  evince  a  strong  commercial 
spirit ;  this  acts  in  a  compensating  manner,  and  takes  the  place  in 
them  of  the  practical  faculties.  This  system  of  Compensation  in- 
heres in  the  entire  mental  constitution.  Later  on  I  shall  refer  to 
this  subject  and  to  the  localizing  of  signs  of  character.  Enough, 
however,  of  the  compensatory  action  of  the  mind  has  been  shown 
to  illustrate  its  methods. 

The  preceding  consideration  of  the  sub-basic  principles  of 
physiognomy  leads  us  to  regard  the  following  laws  as  established, 
viz. : — 

The  size  of  the  nose  (governed  by  quality)  is  the  measure  of 
power,  both  of  the  mental  and  physical  nature. 

The  form  or  shape  of  the  nose  indicates  the  kind  or  direction 
of  the  power. 

Quality  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  is  decisive  as  to  the  grade 
of  the  individual,  mentally  and  physically. 

Color  of  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  is  indicative  of  the  amount 
of  force  present,  and  of  the  health  conditions. 

Proportion  or  harmonious  development  of  the  face  denotes 
balanced  character  and  equilibrium  of  the  bodily  functions. 

Good  health  is  essential  to  normal  action  of  body  and  mind. 


COMPENSATION.  147 

Compensation,  is  the  endeavor  of  Nature  to  assist  unbalanced 
organisms. 

This  exposition  of  the  sub-basic  principles  of  physiognomy 
will  teach  the  reader  that  in  analyzing  the  character  very 
many  principles  are  involved  and  must  be  considered  in  order  to 
render  a  just  reading  of  the  face.  Besides  the  requisites  here 
mentioned  for  consideration,  there  are  many  facial  expressions 
which  have  been  acquired  by  long  use  or  misuse,  which  always 
leave  their  impress  indelibly  stamped  upon  the.  countenance.  A 
man  can  no  more  work  as  a  blacksmith  for  years  without  showing 
the  increase  of  muscle  in  his  arms  than  can  one  use  constantly  the 
same  set  of  muscles  in  the  face  without  their  leaving  a  permanent 
indication  of  such  use.  By  watching  closely  the  movements  of 
the  mouth  in  talking,  one  can  form  a  very  good  estimate  of  the 
kind  of  language  which  that  mouth  has  been  accustomed  to  utter 
— whether  it  be  kind,  gentle,  and  loving,  or  cross,  peevish,  bad- 
tempered,  and  profane.  The  record  is  indelible,  and  cannot  be 
easily  erased  or  changed  except  by  long  practice  in  another  direc- 
tion. All  abuses  of  the  physical  functions  write  their  record  upon 
the  face.  The  dram-drinker,  the  sensualist,  the  glutton,  as  well  as 
the  sneak  and  liar,  may  be  all  detected  by  a  close  observer  who 
has  learned  to  apply  the  rules  of  scientific  physiognomy. 

Of  this  tendency  of  the  muscles  to  reveal  long-continued 
states  of  mental  and  physical  abuse,  Dr.  John  Cross  remarks  : — 

It  lies  with  physiognomy  to  detect  the  impostor ;  for  however  well  he 
may  manage  to  jabber  about  morality,  honor,  or  even  religion,  yet  he  can- 
not hinder  the  muscles  without  from  obeying  the  central  impulse,  nor  can 
he  prevent  an  organ  whose  function  is  perverted  from  falling,  according  to 
the  self-accommodating  power,  into  color,  size,  and  shape  most  suitable  to 
the  performance  of  this  perverted  function.* 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  upon  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  12. 
•Glasgow,  1817. 


CHAPTER   V. 

RATIONALE  OF  PHYSICAL  FUNCTIONS  AND  MENTAL  FACULTIES  AND 
THEIR  SIGNS  IN  THE  FACE. 

"  Whether  the  soul  be  air  or  fire,  I  know  not  ;  nor  am  I  ashamed,  as  some  men 
are,  in  cases  where  I  am  ignorant,  to  own  that  I  am  so." — CICERO. 

"It  will  be  understood  by  the  word  Mind  we  do  not  designate  the  intellectual 
operations  only  But  the  word  Mind  has  a  broader,  deeper  signification  ;  it  includes 
all  sensations,  all  volition,  and  all  thought  ;  it  means  the  whole  Psychical  Life.  And 
this  psychical  life  has  no  one  special  centre  ;  it  belongs  to  the  whole  and  animates 
the  whole." — GEORGE  HENRY  LEWES. 

THE  plan  of  this  system  of  physiognomy  would  be  incom- 
plete were  I  to  omit   the   rationale,  or  theory,  of  the 
action  of  the  several  organs  and  systems  of  functions 
comprised  in  the  human  body,  and  which  assist  in  pro- 
ducing the  various  social,  moral,  and  mental  phenomena 
observed  in  the  actions  of  the  individual,  and  which  collectively  I  term 
Mind.     Many  philosophers  have  endeavored  to  ascertain  the  basis 
of  mind;   and  by  mind  I  mean  that  class  of  phenomena  called 
reason,  sentiment,  mental  operations,  morality,  the  emotions,  the 
passions,  such  as  anger,  jealousy,  fear,  hope,  love,  friendship,  etc. 

The  action  of  these  is  generally  considered  to  be  the  result  of 
brain-  or  will-  power,  with  which  the  interior  organs  of  the  body 
have  little  or  nothing  to  do.  Theologians  teach  us  that  the  influ- 
ences prompting  many  of  the  emotional  states,  such  as  anger, 
hatred,  revenge,  jealousy,  and  the  like,  are  created  by  a  spirit 
denominated  a  "devil."  The  acceptance  of  this  theory  would  end 
all  further  inquiry  on  the  subject.  My  observations  do  not  cor- 
roborate their  explanation  of  these  phenomena,  and  I  am  conse- 
quently forced  to  bring  against  this  view  the  Scotch  verdict  of 
"not  proven."  My  theory  of  the  passions,  so-called,  will  be  found 
in  the  chapter  on  "Theories  of  Certain  Traits,"  and  the  face  read 
scientifically  will  corroborate  this  theory. 

Many  diverse  methods  of  ascertaining  the  basis  of  mind 
have  been  employed  in  all  ages,  yet  without  satisfactory  results. 
Philosophers  both  in  ancient  and  modern  times  have  pursued  the 
method  of  sitting  in  judgment  upon  their  own  mental  states,  and 
have  analyzed  their  mental  processes,  in  order  to  give  a  rationale 

(149) 


150  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  mind.  These  observations  have  been  made  without  reference 
to  bodily  conditions  by  treating  of  the  mind  as  an  entity,  some- 
thing almost  separate  from  the  body,  and  not  co-operating  with  it, 
but  acting  in  concert  with  another  entity  denominated  a  "soul.'r 
This  view  of  mind  has  met  with  popular  acceptance  for  ages,  and 
to  this  day  the  most  crude,  hazy,  and  uncertain  idea  of  the  location 
and  construction  of  the  mind  is  prevalent  even  in  the  most  culti- 
vated circles.  So  vague  and  indistinct  is  the  understanding  in 
regard  to  mind  that  for  two  thousand  years  the  words  "soul"  and 
"mind"  have  been  used  synonymously.  A  reference  to  the  liter- 
ature of  the  past  will  show  that  this  nomenclature  was  popular 
among  all  classes  of  writers.  Since  the  wonderful  invention  of 
mechanical  instruments  which  the  last  century  has  witnessed,  the 
instrumentalities  essential  to  experiment  in  all  departments  of 
study  have  been  increased ;  hence  it  is  that  men  have  been  enabled 
to  commence  anew,  and  with  improved  implements,  the  investi- 
gation of  mind  on  a  more  scientific  basis  than  that  formerly 
employed  by  the  old-time  philosophers.  Experiment  has  been 
followed  by  demonstration,  until  now  the  best  anatomists  and 
physicians — especially  those  having  charge  of  the  insane,  the 
feeble-minded,  the  defective  and  the  criminal  classes — have  become 
more  enlightened  on  the  subject  of  mind  and  its  sources  and  seats. 
Their  experience  has  led  them  to  take  a  more  comprehensive  and 
practical  view  of  mind,  and  one  less  imaginary  and  sentimental 
than  those  promulgated  by  ancient  faiths  and  philosophers. 

Phrenology  appeared  early  in  the  present  century  and  did  a 
great  work  in  breaking  up  the  idea  that  mind  was  a  unit,  which 
was  one  of  the  fundamental  errors  of  the  old  school  of  philosophy. 
Yet  phrenology,  radical,  daring,  and  progressive  as  it  was  compared 
to  the  then  existing  theories,  was  in  its  basilar  construction  erro- 
neous. The  theory  that  mind  was  composed  of  many  separate 
parts,  each  having  a  "local  habitation  and  a  name,"  was  an  inno- 
vation and  a  step  forward ;  but  when  it  took  the  ground  that  mind 
is  shut  up  in  the  brain,  and  held  it  a  prisoner  there,  and  that  all 
mental  powers  proceed  from  that  source  and  are  confined  to  that 
locality,  it  formulated  an  error,  of  which  its  founders  were  not,  of 
course,  aware.  They  did  a  good  work  in  theiv  day,  according  to- 
their  best  light,  and  the  world  is  the  better  for  it;  but  modern 
science  reflects  sufficient  light  of  a  more  advanced  character; 
hence — 

Phrenologists  are  bound  by  all  laws  of  truth  and  science  to  advance 
with  the  age,  and  give  a  more  scientific  explanation  of  mind,  and  connect 
their  theory  and  observations  with  the  entire  nervous  system  and  visceral 
organization.  (Lewes.) 


RATIONALE    OF   FUNCTIONS    AND    SIGNS.  151 

My  theory  or  philosophy  of  mind  will  be  unfolded  in  this 
work.  It  takes  the  ground 

That  mind  inheres  in  the  entire  organism,  and  that  the  face 
read  scientifically  reveals  all  the  conditions  of  mind  and  body; 

That  the  brain  is  the  chief  mental  organ  ; 

That  it  is  also  the  locality  where  co-ordination  of  the  motor 
and  sense  systems  takes  place; 

That  one  office  of  the  brain  is  to  assist  the  voluntary  muscles 
to  contract; 

That  all  parts  of  the  body  and  mind  have  local  representation 
in  the  brain; 

That  the  several  ganglia  and  plexuses  are  mental  organs  and 
directly  concerned  in  mental  manifestations; 

That  the  entire  nervous  mechanism  as  well  as  the  muscles, 
the  skin,  the  bones  and  the  entire  visceral  organization  are  mental, 
each  in  its  own  way  and  degree,  and  altogether  in  their  operations 
make  up  the  sum  total  of  what  we  call  mind; 

That  every  mental  faculty  has  a  physiological  or  anatomical 
base,  and  that  each  mental  faculty  can  be  traced  directly  to  its  own 
appropriate  base,  whether  located  in  a  ganglion,  a  visceral  organ, 
or  in  the  muscular  or  osseous  system; 

That  the  office  of  the  mind  is  threefold,  viz.,  to  produce,  first, 
sensation;  second,  intelligence  or  consciousness;  third,  thought  or 
ideation.  All  of  these  three  departments  of  mind  are  founded 
upon  the  sensations  felt  and  the  intelligence  conveyed  by  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  the  nervous  mechanism; 

That  the  entire  human  structure  is  essential  to  the  expression 
of  mental  effort,  and  that  mentality  cannot  be  excluded  from  any 
organ  or  function  whatever,  yet  the  fact  is  recognized  that  some 
functions  contribute  more  directly  than  others  to  mental  efforts, 
each  in  a  different  degree  and  kind ; 

That  the  human  face,  read  scientifically,  reveals  all  interior 
physical  powers,  as  well  as  all  mental  states,  and  is  both  the  proof 
and  result  of  evolution,  and,  lastly,  proves 

That  the  human  organism  embodies  all  of  the  basilar  princi- 
ples of  chemistry,  architecture,  and  mathematics  observed  in  the 
mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  kingdoms,  viz.,  the  laws  of  gravita- 
tion, capillary  attraction,  color  optics,  pneumatics,  crystallization, 
acoustics,  the  mechanical  principles  of  the  several  lever  powers, 
the  hinge,  the  valve,  the  ball-and-socket  joint,  together  with  the 
principles  of  electricity  in  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  of 
magnetism  in  the  muscles. 

Let  it  be  understood  that  no  attempt  is  made  in  this  work  to 
connect  the  mind  and  soul,  and  that  the  term  mind,  as  herein  used, 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

refers  to  the  material  mind  found  organized  with  the  material  body. 
The  task  of  connecting  the  mind  with  the  soul  is  left  to  theolo- 
gians. My  own  theories  on  the  subject  of  the  soul  I  do  not  offer 
as  scientific.  Yet  it  may  not  be  inappropriate  for  me  to  state  that 
it  appears  to  me  that  one  life  and  principle  animates  all  created 
tilings,  which  seem  formed  according  to  a  universal  plan  and 
design. 

My  theory  will  now  be  unfolded  and  will  show  that  mind  and 
body  are  one  and  indivisible,  and  cannot  be  judged  as  entities ; 
for  mind  inheres  in  every  atom  of  the  body.  All  intellectual  and 
moral  powers  are  indebted  to  physiological  organization  to  exhibit 
their  ability.  The  office  of  the  mind  is  threefold,  viz.,  to  produce 
sensation,  consciousness,  and  ideation.  The  chief  organ  of  sensa- 
tion is  the  entire  outer  skin-covering,  together  with  the  so-called 
"five  senses."  The  visceral  organs,  together  with  the  bones  and 
muscles  of  the  body,  contribute  their  share  of  sensation;  while 
the  nerves  assist  in  conveying  intelligence  to  the  chief  mental  organ, 
where  sensation  is,  as  George  Henry  Lewes  expresses  it,  "in  some 
.  profoundly  mysterious  manner  elaborated  into  ideas."  Wherever 
there  is  a  ganglion,  or  plexus,  or  a  branch  or  filament  of  the 
nerves,  there  we  find  mentality, — that  is  to  say,  sensation, — for  the 
nerves  ramify  upon  every  organ  and  form  a  net-work  over  the 
entire  skin-covering  of  the  body.  Hence  it  is  that  we  know  that 
fine,  thin-skinned  persons  and  animals  are  more  sensitive  and  more 
intelligent  than  those  possessed  of  thicker  and  coarser  skins. 
Here,  then,  is  a  most  convincing  proof  of  the  direct  relationship 
between  the  two  extremities  of  the  mind — the  brain  and  the  skin. 
The  sooner  we  discard  the  idea  that  mind  and  morals  are  shut  up 
in  the  skull,  and  instead  adopt  the  truth,  that  mind  and  morality 
are  dependent  upon  physiological  formation  and  exist  and  are 
exhibited  in  every  atom  of  the  body,  the  sooner  shall  we  arrive  at 
the  correct  basis  of  mind.  We  shall  then  understand  that  normally 
organized  bodies  are  more  capable  of  the  highest  morality  and 
mentality  than  are  defective  or  diseased  ones.  The  human  mind 
cannot  conceive  of  anything,  not  even  of  a  "soul,"  which  does 
not  possess  a  material  form  or  shape  and  composed  of  material  of 
some  sort,  whether  gaseous,  ethereal,  celestial,  or  in  some  manner 
or  of  some  substance  or  property  which  exists  and  is  known 
already  to  the  human  mind ;  for  it  is  impossible  to  think  or  imagine 
anything  with  this  human  material  mind  that  is  not  material;  call 
it  "spiritual"  or  "divine"  or  what  we  may,  it  is  not  thinkable  in 
other  than  material  form  or  substance. 

The  more  recent  of  the  philosophers  and  writers  on  the  origin 
of  mind — Messrs.  Spencer.  Lewes,  Haeckel,  Lindsay,  and  others — 


RATIONALE    OF   FUNCTIONS    AND    SIGNS.  153 

have  adopted  the  plan  of  seeking  for  the  constituents  and  origin 
of  mind  by  the  investigation  of  matter,  viz.,  in  the  bodies  as  well  as 
brains  of  animal  and  human  organisms.  And  here  I  believe  the 
problem  will  be  solved.  The  introduction  of  words  into  our 
language,  representing  ideas  which  are  as  far  as  scientific  demon- 
stration is  concerned  entirely  without  foundation  or  support,  has 
caused  much  confusion  in  the  minds  of  the  masses  of  mankind. 
Before  proceeding  in  this  study,  the  idea  of  "  sou}"  as  being  in  any 
way  related  to  mind  (for  at  present  we  can  offer  no  scientific  proof 
that  it  is  anything  but  an  idea)  must  be  dismissed.  This  will 
clear  away  the  hindrances,  so  that  mind  can  be  demonstrated 
through  the  action  of  physical  phenomena  entirely,  and  without 
the  complications  and  confusion  which  would  ensue  were  we  to 
endeavor  to  prove  the  origin  of  the  mind  by  mysterious  doctrines 
dependent  entirely  on  speculation  and  faith  for  their  explanation. 

The  brain  has  been  considered  by  most  metaphysicians,  philos- 
ophers, and  anatomists  even,  to  be  the  sole  source  and  seat  of  the 
mind.  Recently,  a  dim  suspicion  has  been  creeping  into  the 
minds  of  the  more  advanced  and  intelligent  observers  and  thinkers 
that  this  may  be  an  error.  The  proofs  of  the  theory  of  the  soul 
and  mind,  so  much  dwelt  upon  by  the  ancient  metaphysicians, 
have  no  material  or  tangible  basis  upon  which  to  commence 
experiment  and  demonstration,  but  rest  entirely  on  belief  or  faith. 
Hence,  in  the  investigation  of  mind,  we  are  necessarily  limited  to 
the  observation  of  matter.  By  confining  ourselves  to  this  domain, 
we  shall  reach  conclusions  which  I  believe  will  be  decisive. 

The  cerebrum,  or  front  portion  of  the  brain,  has  for  a  long 
time  been  considered  by  anatomists  as  the  locality  where  thought, 
emotion,  volition,  and  sensation  are  in  some  way  (unknown) 
brought  into  a  condition  called  consciousness.  By  recent  experi- 
ments upon  animals,  and  through  accidents  to  human  beings,  it  is 
demonstrated  that  the  cerebrum  does  not  possess  the  power 
formerly  attributed  to  it.  Much  of  it  has  been  removed  without 
destroying  life  and  without  causing  the  cessation  of  the  principal 
physical  functions.  Indeed,  in  one  instance,  well  authenticated  by 
Longet,  as  quoted  by  Lewes,  it  is  related  that 

A  newborn  infant,  whose  brain  during  the  birth  had  been  completely 
•extirpated  (to  save  the  mother's  life),  was  wrapped  in  a  towel  and  placed  in 
a  corner  of  the  room  as  a  lifeless  mass.  While  the  surgeon  was  giving  all 
his  attention  to  the  mother,  he  heard,  with  horror,  a  kind  of  murmur  pro- 
ceeding from  the  spot  where  the  body  had  been  placed.  Soon  a  distinct  cry 
was  heard,  and,  to  the  surprise  of  all,  this  brainless  infant  was  seen  strug- 
gling, with  rapid  movements  of  its  arms  and  legs.  It  cried,  and  gave  other 
signs  of  sensibility  for  several  minutes.* 

*  The  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  George  Henry  Lewes,  p.  161. 


154  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Dr.  Dalton,  in  giving  the  result  of  experiments  he  performed 
in  removing  the  cerebrum  of  a  fowl,  says: — 

It  was  not  accompanied  with  the  loss  of  sight,  of  hearing,  or  of  ordi- 
nary sensibility.  All  of  these  functions  remained,  as  well  as  voluntary 
motion.* 

This  is  a  mere  allusion  to  the  mass  of  evidence  observed  and 
collected  by  different  anatomists,  all  going  to  prove  that  the  brain 
is  not  the  exclusive  seat  of  sensation  and  consciousness.  I  advise 
my  readers  to  consult  the  book  from  which  these  examples  are 
taken, as  well  as  the  later  work  by  the  same  author,  entitled  "The 
Physical  Basis  of  Mind." 

Let  every  fair-minded,  unprejudiced  person  ask  himself  this 
question :  For  what  purpose  are  the  nerves  and  ganglia  connected 
with  the  several  visceral  organs'? — what  is  their  use'?  Why,  says 
popular  opinion,  to  carry  to  the  brain  the  knowledge  of  the  condi- 
tion of  those  organs.  Is  that  all  their  office  ? — is  there  no  power 
evolved  from,  these  organs'? — do  they  not  sustain  or  create  arid 
nourish  certain  so-called  "mental  faculties"7?  Whence,  then,  is- 
derived  the  sentiment  of  Love;  for  example  I — is  it  manufactured 
in  the  brain  and  exhibited  only  by  the  voice,  by  sentiment?  If 
this  were  the  case,  then  it  would  result  in  words  only.  This  senti- 
ment of  Love  is  derived,  in  my  opinion,  from  a  physical  base — 
from  the  functional  action  of  the  reproductive  system — and  results,, 
in  most  cases,  in  functional  activity  of  this  system  by  reproduction. 
I  think  the  most  superficial  reasoner  will  not  dispute  this.  Xow, 
if  sentiment  is  derived  in  one  instance  from  the  functional  action 
of  one  visceral  organ  and  its  ganglion  or  plexus,  would  it  not  be 
corroborative  evidence  as  to  the  ability  of  all  the  other  viscera  to 
produce  or  create  other  kinds  of  sentiment,  such,  for  example,  as 
Friendship,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  or 
Cheerfulness? — which  last  many  of  the  most  ignorant,  even,  under- 
stand is  in  some  way  connected  with  a  healthy  condition  of  the 
liver;  for  when  they  observe  one  who  is  "blue,"  as  they  express  a 
despondent  state  of  mind,  they  invariably  ascribe  it  to  a  disordered 
condition  of  the  liver,  and  correctly  so ;  for  Hope,  which  creates  a 
cheerful  disposition,  is  directly  related  to  the  liver;  and  if  the 
sentiment  of  Hope  depends  upon  the  normal  action  of  that  organr 
how  can  it  be  said  that  Hope  is  a  purely  mental  attribute,  and 
created  in  the  brain  ?  I  grant  that  the  liver  must  be  connected 
with  the  brain,  as  we  know  it  is,  by  the  great  sympathetic  or  nervus 
vagus;  but  I  deny  that  Hope  is  manufactured  there.  Its  seat  and 
source  is  in  the  liver,  and  depends  upon,  first,  its  natural  construe- 

*  The  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  George  H.  I^ewes,  pp.  76,  77. 


RATIONALE    OF   FUNCTIONS    AND    SIGNS.  155 

tion,  or  size  and  quality;  and,  second,  upon  its  normal  condition. 
These  two  requisites  being  had,  we  find  a  cheerful,  hopeful  indi- 
vidual, with  a  clear,  fertile,  suggestive  mind — so  clear,  indeed,  as 
to  make  him  highly  analytical  in  everything  which  he  observes  or 
does.  I  know  all  this  is  antagonistic  to  the  popular  idea  of  mind, 
of  sentiment  and  emotion;  but  whence,  I  ask  again,  does  Mind 
derive  its  power]  Not  from  the  brain  alone,  because  I  have  given 
you  the  evidence  collected  by  such  eminent  students  as  Lewes  and 
Dalton,  and  the  opinions  of  others  as  learned  will  follow  this.  1 
have  shown  that,  in  the  case  of  the  newly-born  child,  movement, 
respiration,  and  vocal  exercise  were  possible  without  any  brain 
whatever.  Now,  if  this  be  possible  without  brain,  then  the  power 
was  derived  from  some  other  source.  I  claim  that  it  came  from 
the  plexuses  of  the  several  visceral  structures ;  and  the  face,  which 
is  an  exact  register  of  the  size  and  power  of  the  various  organs  in 
the  body,  will  prove  to  any  good  observer,  who  cares  to  investigate 
the  science  with  a  dispassionate  mind,  that  where  the  signs  for  size 
of  certain  visceral  organs  are  found  in  the  face,  the  mental  char- 
acteristics, which  I  claim  are  related  to  these  organs,  will  be 
exhibited  in  every  instance.  Is  this  fancy  or  imagination,  fact  or 
fiction  ?  The  proof  is  within  reach  of  every  reader ;  let  him 
justify  my  theories,  or  disprove  them  by  evidence  as  conclusive. 

The  more  advanced  of  writers  on  mind  at  the  present  time 
are  a  unit  in  their  understanding  of  the  oneness  of  body  and  mind, 
and  of  the  intimate  connection  of  the  organs  of  the  body  with  the 
functional  action  of  the  brain.  Of  these  writers,  none  have  ad- 
vanced opinions  that  have  commanded  more  attention  and  respect 
than  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley,  author  of  "  Physiology  and  Pathology 
of  Mind,"  "  Body  and  Mind,"  etc. 

Of  the  unity  of  body  and  mind,  he  observes : — 

So  intimate  and  essential  is  the  sympathy  between  all  the  organic 
functions  of  which  mind  is  the  crown  and  consummation  that  we  may  justly 
say  of  it  that  it  sums  up  and  comprehends  the  bodily  life, — that  everything 
which  is  displayed  outwardly  is  contained  secretly  in  the  innermost.  We 
cannot  truly  understand  mind  functions  without  embracing  in  our  inquiry 
all  the  bodily  functions,  and  I  might,  perhaps  without  exaggeration,  say,  all 
the  bodily  features.* 

One  of  the  most  mischievous  ideas  prevalent  is  that  the  moral 
sense  is  not  created  by  the  bodily  organization,  but  that  it,  in  some 
mysterious  and  unknown  manner,  is  connected  with  a  "  soul "  or 
"  spirit "  that  is  external  or  superior  to  the  body,  and  cannot  be 
improved  or  injured  by  the  inherited  or  varying  conditions  of  the 
bodily  organs.  It  is  popularly  believed  that  a  religious  or  moral 

*  Body  and  Mind,  p.  29. 


156  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

training  alone  imparts  the  power  for  effective  morality,  and  that  a 
certain  degree  of  the  "  grace  of  God  "  (which  can  be  had  only  by 
complying  with  certain  religious  rites  and  ceremonies  and  by  be- 
lieving certain  sectarian  dogmas)  is  the  most  essential  condition 
toward  moral  life  and  action.  Those  who  have  studied  the  patho- 
logical changes  of  the  human  mind  and  body,  as  well  as  those 
who  have  learned  the  meanings  which  Nature  reveals  in  certain 
forms,  colors,  and  qualities  exhibited  by  the  human  face  and  body, 
have  become  thereby  convinced  that  there  are  more  potent  and 
certain  causes  for  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  moral  sense  in 
man  than  those.  Perhaps  the  most  efficient  cause  is  found  in  in- 
herited tendencies  either  for  or  conducive  to  moral  power.  On  this 
subject  let  me  again  quote  Dr.  Maudsley.  He  writes  thus : — 

When  we  come  to  deal  with  examples  of  moral  degeneracy,  whether 
among  the  insane  or  among  criminals,  we  must  perceive  at  once  that  it  is 
not  sufficient  to  ascribe  immorality  to  the  devil ;  that  we  must,  if  we  would 
not  leave  the  matter  a  mystery,  go  on  to  discover  the  cause  of  it  in  the  in- 
dividual. The  effect  defective  comes  by  cause,  we  are- constrained  to  be- 
lieve. What  is  the  cause  and  what  are  the  laws  of  moral  degeneracy  ?  As 
society  is  constituted,  certain  forms  of  evil-doing  are  certainly  not  profitable 
in  the  long  run.  How  comes  it,  then,  that  an  individual  capable  of  look- 
ing before  and  after,  remembering  the  retribution  of  past  sin  and  foreseeing 
the  Nemesis  that  awaits  on  wrong-doing,  is  so  forgetful  of  true  self-interest 
as  to  yield  to  evil  impulses  ?  And  whence  do  these  impulses  come  ?  One 
thing  is  certain,  that  moral  philosophy  cannot  penetrate  the  hidden  springs 
of  feeling  "and  impulse;  they  lie  deeper  than  it  can  reach,  for  they  lie  in  the 
physical  constitution  of  the  individual,  and,  going  still  farther  back,  perhaps 
in  his  organic  antecedents.  Assuredly,  of  some  criminals,  as  of  some  insane 
persons,  it  may  be  truly  said  that  they  are  born,  not  made.  They  go  crimi- 
nal as  the  insane  go  mad — because  they  cannot  help  it.  A  stronger  power 
than  they  can  counteract  has  given  the  bias  of  their  being.* 

Later,  he  remarks : — 

I  do  not  dispute  that  much  may  sometimes  be  done  by  education  and 
training  to  counteract  in  this  respect  the  ills  of  a  bad  inheritance,  but  it  is 
still  true  that  the  foundations  upon  which  the  acquisition  of  education  must 
rest  are  inherited,  and  that  in  many  instances  they  are  too  weak  to  bear  a 
good  moral  superstructure. 

Dr.  Maudsley  and  all  other  writers  on  the  origin*  of  mental 
and  moral  states  will  grope  in  darkness  on  many  points,  unless 
they  study  the  human  face  as  shown  by  the  light  of  scientific 
physiognomy.  This  will  reveal  many  obscure  and  hazy  phenomena 
connected  with  mental  and  moral  manifestations.  This  knowledge 
is  at  this  juncture  very  much  needed.  The  following  observations 
from  Dr.  Maudsley  reveal  to  us  that  he  sees  the  probability  of 
physiognomical  knowledge,  and  of  its  use  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane  and  morally  weak,  for  he  observes : — 

*  Body  and  Mind,  pp.  108, 109. 


RATIONALE   OF   FUNCTIONS    AND    SIGNS.  157 

To  me  it  seems  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the  mind  may  stamp 
its  tone,  if  not  its  very  features,  on  the  individual  elements  of  the  body, 
inspiring  them  with  hope  and  energy  or  infecting  them  with  despair  and 
feebleness.  A  separated  portion  of  the  body,  so  little  that  our  naked  eye 
can  make  nothing  of  it, — the  spermatozoon  of  the  male  and  the  ovum  of 
the  female, — does,  at  any  rate,  contain  in  a  Intent  state  the  essential  char- 
acters of  the  mind  and  body  of  the  individual  from  whom  it  has  proceeded, 
and,  as  we  are  utterly  ignorant  how  this  mysterious  effect  is  accomplished, 
we  are  certainly  not  in  a  position  to  deny  that  what  is  true  of  the  sperma- 
tozoon and  ovum  maj-  be  true  of  other  organic  elements;  and,  if  this  be  .so, 
then  those  who  profess  to  discover  the  character  of  the  individual  in  the 
character  of  the  nose,  and  hand,  and  features,  or  other  part  of  the  body,  may 
have  a  foundation  of  truth.* 

Many  of  the  greatest  pathological  mysteries  will  be  unveiled 
by  a  knowledge  of  the  human  face.  Much  of  the  ignorance  in  the 
treatment  of  the  insane,  idiotic,  and  morally  weak  will  be  removed 
when  our  medical  practitioners  study  this  science  as  a  part  of  their 
college  course.  And  not  until  this  is  done  shall  we  have  true 
physicians,  for  to  ignore  the  human  face  and  all  that  it  reveals  of 
existing  states,  temporary,  permanent,  and  ancestral,  is  to  ignore 
the  most  important  part  of  human  knowledge.  Consider  the  value 
of  being  able  to  locate  the  signs  for  all  the  visceral  organs  in  the 
face.  This  has  never  appeared  in  any  medical  work  in  the  world, 
yet  it  is  properly  a  part  of  medical  knowledge. 

Observe  the  immense  power  a  knowledge  of  this,  together 
with  the  mental  signs,  would  give  to  those  who  have  charge  of  the 
insane  and  imbecile.  A  true  moral  and  mental  philosophy  is  im- 
possible without  scientific  knowledge  of  the  human  physiognomy. 

A  vast  and  weighty  amount  of  evidence  as  to  the  locale  of 
the  mind  is  slowly  yet  surely  being  adduced  from  the  greatest  ex- 
perimental anatomists  of  the  age.  The  following  extract  from  a 
work  of  Dr.  David  Ferrier  is  quoted  in  support  of  my  position  on 
the  contributory  power  of  the  viscera  to  mental  manifestations. 
He  observes : — 

Whether  the  various  viscera  are  represented  in  the  cerebral  hemi- 
spheres has  not-  been  experimentally  ascertained.  It  is  not,  however,  im- 
probable, and  the  ancient  localization  of  certain  emotions  in  certain  viscera, 
though  crude,  is  not  without  some  foundation  in  positive  ph3Tsio-psycho- 
logical  fact.  Morbid  states  of  the  viscera  or  of  the  centres  of  organic 
sensation  in  reciprocal  action  and  reaction  may  give  rise  to  hypochondriasis 
or  melancholia.f 

Again,  he  remarks : — 

We  have  every  reason  for  believing  that  there  is  in  company  with  all 
our  mental  processes  an  unbroken  material  succession  from  the  ingress  of 
a  sensation  to  the  outgoing  responses  in  action.  The  mental  succession  is 

*  Body  and  Mind,  p.  39.    [Italics  the  author's.] 

t  Function  of  the  Brain,  David  Ferrier,  M.D.,  p.  26. 


158  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

not  for  a»  inbuilt  dissevered  from  a  physical  succession.     The  only  supposi- 
tion is  that  mental  and  physical  proceed  together  as  undivided  twins* 

Other  eminent  observers,  as  Sir  Charles  Bell  expressed  it,  arc 
beginning  to  have  -u  firm  yet  dim  conviction  that  the  mind  is 
not  confined  either  to  the  brain  or  nervous  system."  Mr.  George 
Henry  Lewes'  remarks  on  this  point  are  not  without  interest.  He 
observes : — 

I  feel  myself  justified,  therefore,  in  considering  that  ideation  is  the 
form  of  cerebral  sensibility  which  is  determined  by  connection  with  the 
gunglia  of  visceral  sensation.  It  was  formerly  believed  that  the  heart,  the 
fiver,  and  the  spleen  were  seats  of  the  passions.  Popular  language  still  pro- 
serves  this  notion,  but  Bichat  was  the  last  great  anatomist  who  countenanced 
the  doctrine.  Since  that  doctrine  has  fallen  into  discredit  there  has  been  an 
undue  neglect  of  the  important  fact  which  it  endeavored  to  explain,  viz.,  the 
immediate  influence  exercised  over  the  emotions  by  the  condition  of  the  vis- 
cera, and  the  influence  exercised  over  the  viscera  by  the  state  of  the  emo- 
tions; both  the  ancient  and  modern  are  reconciled  in  the  view  I  have  put 
forth,  which  makes  the  viscera  the  main  source  of  emotions,  just  as  the 
organs  of  sense  are  the  main  source  of  ideas.f 

I  shall  bring  forward,  as  I  proceed,  the  strongest  proof  of  my 
position,  that  mind  is  to  be  found  in  the  action  of  the  organs  of  the 
several  viscera  and  other  functions,  as  well  as  in  the  nervous 
ganglia  of  the  entire  organism.  It  is  true  that  no  scientist  has,  so 
far  as  I  am  aware,  brought  forward  the  main  principles  which  I 
here  present.  It  remains  for  me  to  elaborate  and  carry  to  a 
finality  my  theories  in  my  own  particular  branch  of  science.  At 
the  same  time,  it  is  a  very  great  recommendation  to  my  theories 
that  they  receive  the  support  (in  any  degree,  however  remote)  of 
the  best  and  most  advanced  thinkers.  Although  the  task  of  con- 
necting the  proof  has  fallen  to  me,  it  is  both  a  task  and  a  pleasure. 
It  is  made  the  easier,  for  the  reason  that  I  have  the  whole  world 
of  living  animal  and  human  organisms  from  which  to  derive  my 
proofs. 

We  will  now  commence  our  investigations  in  the  chemical 
or  primitive  system  of  the  body  and  analyze  the  signs  in  the  chin. 

THE    KIDNEY    SYSTEM. 

Analysis  of  Conscientiousness. — The  kidney  system  creates  or 
evolves  Conscientiousness,  Integrity,  Morality.  The  width  of  the 
chin,  caused  by  width  of  its  bony  structure,  denotes  Conscientious- 
ness, as  well  as  the  strength  and  action  of  the  kidney  system.  A 
narrow,  retreating  chin  shows  that  the  kidneys  are  narrow  and 
small ;  a  broad,  bony  chin  (if  the  eyes  are  well  colored)  announces 

»  Function  of  the  Brain,  David  Ferrier,  M.D.,  p.  256.     [Italics  the  author's.] 
t  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  84. 


THE    KIDNEY    SYSTEM.  159 

strong,  large,  or  broad  kidneys  and  relative  breadth  at  the  "  small 
of  the  back,"  as  it  is  termed.  By  the  kidney  system  I  mean  not 
only  the  kidneys,  but  the  several  ducts  and  the  bladder,  as  well  as 
all  the  apparatus  included  in  the  performance  of  its  functions ; 
that  is  to  say,  all  of  the  fluid  circulation  of  the  body  concerned  in 
the  excreting  of  the  fluid  ivaste  and  the  fluid  upbuilding  of  the 
entire  body.  Taking  into  consideration  the  fact  that  75  per  cent, 
of  the  human  organism  is  composed  of  water,  the  importance  of 
water  as  a  fluid  solvent  of  all  the  materials  taken  into  the  system, 
as  well  as  its  very  important  office  as  the  carrier  of  all  the  ma- 
terials through  the  veins  and  absorbent  and  secretory  tubes  to 
the  several  tissues  involved  in  the  human  organism,  it  must  be 
apparent  that  upon  the  power  and  activity  of  the  fluid  and  kidney 
systems  man  depends  very  largely  for  the  ]_mrity  and  integrity  of 
his  physical  powers,  hence  of  his  moral  nature.  If  the  kidney 
system  is  not  capable  of  excreting  the  waste  of  the  fluid  circula- 
tion, it  is  thrown  back  or  retained  in  the  body,  thus  destroying  the 
soundness  and  integrity  of  the  whole  organism ;  or,  if  the  fluid 
system  fail,  as  a  common  carrier,  to  convey  the  particles  of  lime 
and  other  materials  needed  in  sustaining  the  power  of  the  bony 
system ;  or,  if  the  fluid  circulation  is  incompetent  to  perform  its 
mission  in  conveying  other  materials  in  their  right  proportion 
to  their  several  destinations,  the  organism  will  suffer  from  an 
ttnbalanced  condition  in  its  physical  as  well  as  in  its  moral  devel- 
opment. We  cannot  separate  cause  from  effect;  one  cannot  be 
moral  without  the  physical  powers  first  possess  purity,  integrity, 
and  equilibrium  in  their  components  and  action.  Some  may 
object  to  this  showing  of  the  dependence  of  the  moral  powers 
on  the  physical  functions,  as  antagonistic  to  Theology.  Now,  if 
we  could  exhibit  morality  without  the  use  of  the  organs  and  mem- 
bers of  the  body,  this  theory  would  be  untenable.  If  Theology 
cannot  agree  with  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  through  the  laws  of 
Nature,  so  much  the  worse  for  Theology. 

Morality  is  related  to  the  use-  of  the  members  and  organs  of 
the  body ;  we  cannot  be  immoral  without  using  them.  We  can 
be  neither  moral  nor  immoral  in  thought  alone.  It  is  by  the  im- 
proper use  or  diseased  conditions  of  our  organs  and  members 
that  we  can  become  immoral.  Morality  is  not  a  mere  sentiment ; 
it  is  not  a  matter  of  belief  or  speculation,  but  a  living,  actual 
reality,  related  to  the  right  use  of  our  physical  powers.  Almost 
every  individual  will  admit  that  certain  persons  look  more  honest 
or  moral  than  certain  others ;  also,  that  some  are  very  sensual- 
looking.  The  investigation  of  their  conduct  often  proves  that 
their  lives  and  their  looks  correspond.  Now,  what  creates  this 


160  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

correspondence  and  causes  the  difference  between  moral  and 
immoral  persons  ?  Is  it  the  nature  of  their  surroundings  alone  I 
No ;  for,  with  equal  opportunities  and  temptations,  some  are  able 
to  conduct  themselves  with  more  morality  than  others.  Is  it  not, 
then,  in  inherited  organisms  ?  Is  it  not  in  certain  combinations 
of  organs,  bones,  blood,  muscle,  and  tissue,  so  placed  as  to  pro- 
duce certain  forms,  which,  by  virtue  of  these  inherited  forms,  the 
individual  is  able  to  be  either  moral  or  immoral  I  Is  it  possible 
for  us  to  know  how  these  moral  or  immoral  qualities  are  produced, 
and  are  we  not  capable  of  understanding  which  forms  are  most 
inclined  to  morality  or  immorality  ?  I  claim  that  all  this  can  be 
known;  and  not  only  that  all  these  qualities  can  be  detected,  but 
that,  by  judicious  mingling  of  forms  and  systems,  vices  can  be 
bred  out  of  and  virtues  bred  into  the  human  family,  just  as  it  is  done 
with  the  lower  animals.  What  we  need  to  know  is,  first,  the 
meanings  of  the  several  organ  systems  and  forms  of  the  body ; 
and  then  a  wise  and  judicious  combination  of  these  principles, 
added  to  hygienic  diet  and  health  conditions,  and  moral  and 
intellectual  surroundings. 

Since  the  theological  and  metaphysical  method  of  investigating 
the  bases  of  mind  have  given  way  to  the  physiological  and  demon- 
strable method,  it  is  shown  by  our  best  thinkers, — those  who  have 
had  experience  with  the  defective  classes  of  mankind, — that  mo- 
rality, as  well  as  immorality,  is  a  matter  of  physiological  organiza- 
tion. The  following,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Henry  Maudsley,  dis- 
closes to  us  that  he  comprehends  the  intimate  connection  between 
defective  organisms  and  lack  of  moral  sense.  He  observes: — 

The  observations  of  intelligent  prison  surgeons  are  tending  more  and 
more  to  prove  that  a  considerable  proportion  of  criminals  are  weak-minded 
or  epileptic,  or  come  of  families  in  which  insanity  or  some  other  neurosis 
exists.  Mr.  Thompson,  surgeon  to  the  general  prison  of  Scotland,  has 
gone  so  far,  recently,  as  to  express  his  conviction  that  the  principal  busi- 
ness of  prison  surgeons  must  always  be  with  mental  defects  or  disease.  He 
holds  '•  that  there  is  among  prisoners  a  distinct  and  incurable  class  marked 
by  peculiar  low  physical  and  mental  characteristics ;  that  crime  is  hereditary 
in  the  families  of  criminals  belonging  to  this  class;  that  this  hereditary 
crime  is  a  disorder  of  mind  belonging  to  this  class  ;  and  that  this  licrcditnry 
crime  is  a  disorder  of  mind  having  close  relations  of  nature  and  descent  to 
epilepsy,  dipsomania,  insanity,  and  other  forms  of  degeneracy.  Such  crim- 
inals are  really  mo rbid  varieties,  and  often  exhibit  marks  of  physical  degen- 
eracy,— spinal  deformities,  stammering,  imperfect  organs  of  speech,  club- 
foot,  cleft-palate,  hare-lip,  deafness,  paralysis,  epilepsy,  and  scrofula."* 

Here  we  have  the  evidence  of  one  who  has  had  great  oppor- 
tunities to  study  large  numbers  of  defective  and  criminal  persons, 

*  Body  and  Mind,  H.  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  61. 


THE    KIDNEY    SYSTEM.  161 

and  we  find  as  a  result  that  in  a  large  majority  of  instances  the 
lack  of  moral  sense  is  accompanied  with  some  organic  defect. 
How.  essential,  then,  jthat  bodily  equilibrium  and  visceral  integrity 
should  be  regarded  as  of  as  high  importance  as  the  inculcation  of 
moral  precepts.  If  the  persons  who  had  charge  of  our  defective 
classes,  such  as  habitual  criminals,  the  insane,  and  the  idiotic, 
understood  physiognomy  as  a  science,  very  great  results  to  hu- 
manity would  ensue  That  the  time  will  come  when  we  shall  all  be 
judged  and  understood  by  our  faces  is  not,  I  am  convinced,  far  dis- 
tant, and  herein  lies  the  opportunity  for  race-improvement  by  de- 
sign ;  for,  when  men  have  learned  to  recognize  the  criminal  or 
insane  neuroses,  as  exhibited  in  the  face,  they  will  undoubtedly 
refrain  from  intermarrying  with  those  who  would  be  sure  to  curse 
instead  of  bless  posterity  by  reproducing  their  own  weaknesses. 

The  more  we  investigate  the  effect  of  intoxicating  drinks 
upon  the  system,  and  observe  the  utter  absence  of  moral  sense  and 
self-control  which  follows  their  excessive  and  habitual  use,  the 
better  we  shall  comprehend  the  terrible  devastation  and  moral 
degradation  which  a  diseased  condition  of  the  kidney  system  in- 
duces, for  it  is  this  system  which  receives  the  brunt  of  the  shock 
in  cases  of  long-continued  inebriety.  It  is  true  that  in  these  cases 
the  heart,  the  liver,  and  the  stomach  are  all  involved  in  the  general 
depreciation  of  moral  and  mental  vigor  ;  but  the  kidneys,  being  the 
largest  excretory  organs  of  the  body,  and  those  which,  by  excret- 
ing the  fluid  waste  of  the  body,  are  the  most  important  organs  in 
the  system,  receive  a  larger  share  of  labor  and  of  the  impurities 
of  the  organism  engendered  by  excesses  and  the  consumption  of 
poisonous  liquids.  The  faces  of  habitual  criminals,  or  those  in 
society  who  are  morally  weak,  may  be  known  by  narrowness  of 
chin,  and  many  intelligent  persons  who  have  inherited  apparently 
good  intellects  will  often  become  criminal  through  a  lack  of  con- 
scientiousness and  firmness,  while  at  the  same  time  they  are  intel- 
lectually conscious  of  the  enormity  and  consequent  sad  results  of 
their  conduct.  But,  as  Dr.  Maudsley  justly  remarks,  "  some  go 
criminal  as  others  go  insane — because  they  cannot  help  it."  Added 
to  the  narrowness  of  the  chin,  we  often  observe  in  the  same  indi- 
vidual shortness  of  the  chin  also.  Where  these  two  appearances 
are  combined,  $,  lack  of  firmness,  endurance,  patience,  and  perse- 
verance, a  disposition  to  fly  from  one  pursuit  to  another,  will  be 
present,  and  in  this  case  it  is  almost  impossible  to  make  the  subject 
successful  in  any  department  of  learning  or  trade.  These  people4 
remind  one  of  the  apes,  whose  chins  (if  they  can  be  said  to  have 
chins)  resemble  theirs,  and,  as  all  know,  these  creatures  cannot  be 
trained  to  useful  labor,  notwithstanding  their  very  keen,  quick 


162  PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

observation  and  agile  movements.  Indeed,  with  the  deprivation  of 
the  moral  sense,  it  often  happens  that  there  is,  as  a  compensation, 
an  (triifi-  and  cuiiniiKj  intellect. 

No  dearer  of  moral  wnt'une.nt  will  compensate  one  for  absence 
of  a  true,  inln-rcnt  morn/  faculty.  It  cannot  be  comprehended 
even  by  those  who  are  thus  deficient.  It  behooves  us,  therefore, 
if  we  would  be  truly  religious,  truly  conscientious,  to  eat  and  drink 
and  order  our  habits  in  such  manner  as  shall  lead  to  a  fine  and 
strong  development  of  the  kidney  system.  All  peppers,  spices, 
intoxicating  liquors,  tea,  and  coffee  should  be  avoided,  and  medi- 
cated food,  such  as  contains  drugs,  spices,  soda,  saleratus,  etc.. 
should  be  eschewed.  A  man  with  weak  or  defectively  organized 
kidneys  cannot  expect  to  live  to  old  age.  It  is  possible  to  exist 
many  years  with  disorders  of  other  organs,  but  the  faces  of  all 
aged  persons  that  I  have  ever  seen  have  the  sign  for  the  kidneys 
well  defined.  It  is  right  to  inculcate  moral  sentiments,  honesty, 
honorable  motives,  and  fidelity  to  principle  and  truth.  These  ideas 
must  be  taught  and  kept  constantly  in  the  minds  of  old  and  young, 
but  a  strict  regard  to  physiological  truth  and  principles  is  equal/// 
binding,  if  we  would  save  either  soul  or  body  here  or  hereafter. 

There  are  so  many  fine  gradations  of  each  faculty  discover- 
able in  different  persons  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to  describe  them 
all.  They  must  be  comprehended  by  the  observer  through  his 
acquaintance  with  the  laws  and  principles  of  scientific  physiog- 
nomy. Conscientiousness,  for  example,  has  as  many  different 
modes  of  manifestation  and  degrees  of  power  as  there  are  persons. 
So  has  love,  and,  indeed,  it  is  the  same  with  every  mental  faculty. 
But  if  we  wish  to  consider  integrity  in  its  largest  sense  we  must 
analyze  it,  and  discover,  if  possible,  its  constituents.  Many  persons 
have  the  faculty  of  speaking  the  truth,  and  who  are,  at  the  same 
time,  quite  lax  in  regard  .to  the  payment  of  their  just  dues,  and 
others  act  vice  versa.  Ordinary  observers  content  themselves  with 
calling  such  persons  "  inconsistent,"  but  the  scientific  physiogno- 
mist, aided  by  the  light  of  its  principles,  understands  that  these 
persons  are  true  to  the  law  of  their  organization ;  that  they  are 
entirely  consistent  with  their  physiological  and  anatomical  com- 
bination and  proportions.  There  is  an  integrity  of  the  bony 
system  and  an  integrity  of  the  muscular  system,  as  well  as  of  the 
glandular,  the  nervous,  the  thoracic,  and  the  brain  systems.  When 
an  individual  inherits  all  these  systems  in  about  equal  degrees  of 
power,  and  they  are  of  a  high  quality,  then  we  have  a  man  of 
integrity  in  its  highest  sense.  A  man  may  possess  an  integrity  of 
the  bony  system,  and  he  will  be  naturally  and  spontaneously  in- 
clined to  morality,  without  fear  or  hope  of  reward ;  that  is  to  say,. 


THE    KIDNEY    SYSTEM.  163 

he  will  be  honest  in  his  dealings,  paying  his  debts,  and  can  be 
always  relied  on  for  honesty,  and  also  may  exhibit  considerable 
moral  heroism.  At  the  same  time  he  may  not  evince  integrity  of 
the  muscular  system,  and  this  will  cause  him  to  be  dishonest  in  his 
treatment  of  the  opposite  sex,  or  he  may  be  untruthful  and  unre- 
liable in  his  statements.  This  kind  of  character  is  often  met  with. 
The  organs  of  generation  and  of  speech  are  almost  entirely  within 
the  action  of  the  'muscular  system ;  hence,  any  lack  of  integrity 
in  or  want  of  balance  of  this  system  would  lead  directly  to 
irregularities  of  the  sexual  nature,  or  of  erratic  action  of  the 
speaking  apparatus,  and  untruthfulness  or  deception  would  be  the 
result. 

An  undeveloped  or  enfeebled  condition  of  the  glandular  sys- 
tem exhibits  its  action  in  various  ways.  Color-blindness,  or  lack 
of  integrity  of  the  sight,  is  one  method  of  manifesting  its  deficient 
organization.  Color-blindness  is  due  to  a  lack  of  supply  of  the 
coloring  pigments  and  defective  arterial  circulation.  When  the 
glands  fail  to  create  a  due  amount  of  coloring  matter  for  the  gen- 
eral circulation,  the  organism  does  not  receive  its  normal  supply  of 
coloring  matter  with  which  to  supply  and  replenish  the  pigments, 
which  assist  not  only  the  organs  of  sight  and  the  ganglia  of  the 
other  sense-organs,  but  those  of  smell  and  hearing,  etc.  One  of 
the  most  significant  circumstances  observed  in  regard  to  color  is 

O  ^  O 

that  those  who  have  the  most  color  in  their  hair,  eyes,  and  com- 
plexion are  the  best  adapted  to  judge  of  colors.  Yet  we  often 
observe  those  who  are  color-blind  in  a  certain  degree  who  have  con- 
siderable color,  yet  clearness  of  the  skin  is  lacking,  and  this  one 
circumstance  prevents  the  individual  from  having  a  decidedly  good 
and  strong  color-sense.  Here  we  note  that  integrity  of  the  general 
circulation  has  failed,  and  thus  the  individual  is  lacking  in  this 
form  of  integrity  or  conscientiousness ;  for  conscientiousness  is  not 
a  sentiment  merely,  but  is,  as  you  will  doubtless  become  convinced, 
a  matter  of  physiological  organization,  and  dependent  greatly  upon 
the  manner  in  which  we  live  and  upon  our  daily  habits  of  eating 
and  breathing.  There  are  numerous  laws  which  are  called  into 
action  to  produce  a  conscientious  condition  of  the  body.  If  a  cer- 
tain mechanical  construction  of  the  eye  is  defective,  cross-eyes 
(strabismus)  is  the  result.  Other  defects  produce  short-sightedness 
and  squinting.  Here,  then,  is  a  departure  from  triteness  and  con- 
scientiousness. These  persons  are,  in  the  degree  that  they  are  de- 
fective, so  much  less  capable  of  correct  and  true  action  of  their 
visual  system, — another  form  of  immorality  or  nnfriicness. 

Where  the  organs  of  hearing  are  mechanically  defective  the 
individual  is  incapable  of  the  same  degree  of  accuracy  in  regard 


104  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  sound  and  speech  as  whore  the  auditory  system  is  perfect. 
Another  sort  of  immorality  is  induced  by  this  defect. 

We  might  continue  this  form  of  analysis  of  the  faculty  of 
Conscientiousness  indefinitely,  but  sufficient  is  here  noted  to  teach 
the  fact  that  morality,  integrity,  conscientiousness,  honor,  and 
honesty  in  every  department  of  the  body  is  dependent  mainly  upon 
an  equilibrated  or  honest  condition  of  the  several  organ  systems 
within  the  human  organism. 

AnnhjKiHof  Firmness. — Firmness  is  indicated  by  length  down- 
ward and  forward  of  the  ramus,  or  lower  jaw-bone ;  it  shows  power 
in  the  individual  to  resist  disease  by  the  exercise  of  a  firm  and 
persevering  determination  to  recover,  as  well  as  the  power  to  per- 
severe in  a  course  calculated  to  restore  health.  This  faculty  being 
related  to  the  bony  system  denotes  that  there  is  organic  power, — 
the 'power  which  the  conscientious  nature  o£  bone  yields, — and  this 
is  useful  in  combating  diseased  conditions.  The  face  of  Dr.  Tan- 
ner (who  once  undertook  the  task  of  fasting  forty  days  an,d 
succeeded)  exhibits  this  faculty  in  a  remarkable  degree.  His  firm- 
ness and  perseverance  contributed  materially  to  his  success,  while 
the  superior  bony  structure  which  he  possesses  shows  that  the  kicl- 
no\  system  is  uncommonly  well  developed.  These  two  faculties — 
Conscientiousness  and  Firmness — will  carry  one  through  not  only 
great  physical  but  also  great  moral  disorders,  and  enable  their  pos- 
M-Nsors  to  stand  upon  principle  against  a  world  of  opposition.  Had 
Dr.  Tanner  exhibited  equal  power  in  other  parts  of  his  mind  and 
body,  but  without  Firmness,  he  could  not  have  accomplished  his 
self-imposed  task. 

The  physiognomies  of  all  long-lived  persons  have  the  sign 
for  Firmness  remarkably  well  developed.  This  faculty,  physiologi- 
cally developed,  gives  the  power  to  endure  and  also  to  resist  all 
that  would  tend  to  imperil  health  and  life,  and  even  after  health  is 
assailed  the  organic  power  which  inheres  in  a  good  bony  system 
often  enables  the  individual  to  withstand  the  attack  of  disease  and 
come  off  conqueror. 

The  northern  tribes  of  North  American  aborigines  have  this 
liu-ulty  in  excess;  hence  their  indomitable  will  and  power  to  resist 
diseases  and  recover  from  desperate  wounds. 

Among  the  civilized  nations  I  have  never  known  a  man  of 
eminent  character  to  be  greatly  deficient  in  Firmness,  and  most 
men  who  excel  in  any  great  enterprise  show  the  sign  for  Firmness 
well  defined  ;  even  great  criminals,  especially  those  who  have  com- 
mitted crimes  requiring  great  endurance,  hardship,  and  persist- 
ency, exhibit  this  trait  in  their  physiognomies.  Its  location  is 
worthy  our  attention,  being  close  to  Conscientiousness ;  it  assists 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE   INTESTINAL    SYSTEM.  165 

moral  effort  by  its  stable,  firm  fixedness  of  purpose.  Firmness  has 
been  formed  by  a  fine  development  of  bone ;  its  sign  is  found  in 
the  elongation  of  the  lower  jaw-bone,  and  this  bone,  as  a  logical 
and  physiological  sequence,  has  been  formed  by  the  kidney  and 
fluid  system  of  the  body  doing  its  work  in  a  thorough  and  capa- 
ble manner ;  upbuilding  the  bones  by  means  of  the  lime  in  the  sys- 
tem which  has  .been  conveyed  in  its  fluid  state  to  its  several  destina- 
tions, and  also  by  the  excretory  action  of  the  kidneys  in  excreting 
noxious  and  useless  elements.  An  excess  of  bone,  like  all  un- 
balanced systems,  induces  disease  as  well  as  perversions  of  char- 
acter, which  are  shown  in  the  mulish  and  stupid  animal  and  person 
whose  bones  are  too  large  and  heavy  for  the  other  systems  to  har- 
monize with  and  give  them  proportionate  action.  Too  much  bone 
leaves  its  possessor  stupid,  obtuse,  inert, — in  other  words,  dull  and 
lazy.  The  ass  is  a  specimen  of  what  a  preponderance  of  bone  will 
do  in  the  way  of  stupidity  and  obstinacy.  In  the  human  family 
we  shall  find  many  who  are  real  sufferers  by  too  heavy  and  too 
large  bones ;  not  only  do  they  suffer  from  inertia  or  laziness,  but  a 
too  great  deposition  of  lime  in  the  system  induces  constitutional 
disorders,  such  as  rheumatism,  gout,  enlargement  of  the  joints,  and 
ossification,  in  some  instances,  of  the  fingers;  also,  a  decided  tend- 
ency to  liver  complaints  and  melancholy  as  age  advances.  Those 
who  doubt  that  mind  and  morals  are  dependent  upon  physiological 
formation  for  the  illustration  of  their  varied  modes  of  action  are 
referred  to  an  examination  of  the  bony  system  and  its  associated 
characteristics  in  all  their  various  modifications  for  evidence  of 
what  is  herein  stated. 

The  cultivation  of  Firmness,  where  it  is  defective,  should  be 
attempted  in  a  religious  spirit,  with  the  view  of  improving  upon 
ancestral  inheritances  and  for  the  sake  of  advancing  character  to  a 
balanced  condition,  to  the  end  that  morality  may  be  enhanced, 
success  in  business  assured,  and  health  and  longevity  made 
possible. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM    THE   INTESTINAL    SYSTEM. 

Digestion  or  Alimentiveness. — Digestion  has  its  principal  sign 
in  the  face  located  on  either  side  of  the  mouth,  and  is  known  by 
fullness  of  the  lower  part  of  the  cheek.  This  is  the  most  prominent 
sign,  in  infancy,  of  good  assimilative  and  nutritive  powers.  It  is 
true  that  the  signs  of  good  digestion  are  to  be  found  all  over  the 
person,  and  the  bones  will  be  well  covered  with  adipose  tissue 
where  this  function  is  vigorous.  There  is  a  seeming  want  of  in- 
ductive ratiocination  on  the  part  of  the  majority  of  persons,  who, 
while  they  recognize  this  sign  for  one  physical  function  in  the  face, 


l(i(i  I'UACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

— vi/.,  that  of  good  digestive  powers, — look  no  farther  for  the  sigm 
of  the  action  of  the  other  rim-mil  organs,  such  as  the  liver,  the 
kiiine\>.  the  heart,  the  lungs,  the  glands,  the  stomach,  etc.  Now, 
if  Nature  lias  placed  the  sign  for  one  function  in  the  face,  it  is 
logical  and  natural  to  infer  that  others  are  also  represented  there. 
\\hile  this  function  (digestion)  is  the  sustaincr  of  all  the  mental 
faculties — that  is  to  say,  gives  the  nutrition  essential  to  their  exist- 
ence and  activity — the  kidney  system  keeps  all  in  purity  and 
soundness  by  its  excretory  qualities  alone.  The  fact  that  the  fluid 
waste  of  the  body  exceeds  the  solid  waste  is  undeniable.  By 
actual  demonstration  it  has  been  proved  that  the  fluid  waste  from 
the  kidneys  and  sweat-glands  is  more,  by  several  pounds'  weight 
in  twenty-four  hours,  than  is  the  waste  excreted  from  the  intestinal 
system.  Writers  on  physiology  are  unable  to  account  for  the 
origin  of  the  sensation  of  hunger.  They  do  not  seem  to  be  able 
to  discover  how  the  individual  becomes  conscious  of  the  need  of 
the  body  for  more  nourishment ;  that  is  to  say,  how  the  stomach 
is  made  to  feel  hunger. 

Dr.  C.  Cutter,  a  writer  of  physiology,  observes : — 

It  has  been  inferred  by  some  writers  on  physiology  that  the  glands 
which  supply  the  gastric  fluid,  by  a  species  of  instinctive  intelligence,  would 
only  secrete  enough  fluid  to  convert  into  chyme  the  aliment  needed  to 
supply  the  real  wants  of  the  system. 

What  are  the  reasons  for  this  inference  1  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  gastric  glands  possess  instinctive. intelligence,  and 
can  there  be  a  reason  adduced  why  they  may  not  be  stimulated  to 
extra  functional  action  as  well  as  other  organs,  and  why  they  may 
not  also  be  influenced  by  habit  ]  Precisely  what  Dr.  Cutter  means 
by  "instinctive  intelligence  "  he  does  not  explain;  and  until  he 
gives  his  explanation  we  can  find  no  solution  to  the  question  as  he 
propounds  it.  How  can  the  human  system  know  when  it  re- 
quires nutriment  I  My  theory  has  been  stated  before,  and  I  should 
an>\ver,  from  its  mind,  or  consciousness;  for,  as  mind  inheres  in 
every  part  of  the  body,  so  the  branches  and  filaments  of  nerves 
connected  with  the  gastric  glands  convey  to  the  brain  these  wants 
of  the  individual.  The  pneumogastric  nerve  ramifies  upon  the 
stomach,  and  this  nerve  becomes  cognizant  of  the  wants  of  the 
organ  over  which  it  presides,  so  to  speak,  and,  communicating  with 
the  nerves  of  the  other  parts  of  the  organism  involved  in  the 
process  of  digestion,  all  combined  make  demand  for  more  nutrition 
and  prepare  the  several  organs  and  glands  for  its  reception.  This 
theory  is  clearly  proved  by  the  fact  that  where  the  brain  is  func- 
tionally or  structurally  diseased  it  is  often  incapable  of  taking  cog- 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    INTESTINAL    SYSTEM.  167 

nizance  of  the  conditions  and  appeals  of  these  parts,  and  insane 
persons  are  often  compelled  by  force  to  partake  of  food,  as  they 
would  starve  to  death  if  left  to  their  own  care,  not  being  notified 
by  the  stomach  of  the  needs  of  the  body — the  consequence  of  the 
diseased  condition  of  the  brain.  The  case  of  the  wounded  sailor, 
noted  by  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  illustrates  this  theory,  and  shows  that 
all  the  vegetative  processes  of  the  body  can  go  on  without  the 
brain  being  conscious  of  the  action  of  the  organs  of  respiration, 
secretion,  excretion,  or  growth. 

In  Sir  Astley  Cooper's  "  Lectures  on  Surgery,"  the  following 
singular  case  is  noted:  At  Gibraltar,  a  sailor  fell  from  the  yard- 
arm  of  a  ship,  and  was  taken  up  unconscious.  He  remained  some 
months  in  the  hospital  there,  in  a  perfectly  insensible  condition. 
He  was  then  conveyed  to  England  and  placed  in  a  hospital  at 
Deptford,  where  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  the  eminent  surgeon,  visited 
him.  He  was  informed  by  the  attending  surgeon  that  the  sailor 
had  been  insensible  for  many  months.  He  said: — 

He  lies  on  his  back  with  a  few  signs  of  life;  he  breathes;  indeed, 
lias  a  pulse,  and  some  motion  in  his  fingers;  but  in  all  other  respects  he  is 
deprived  of  all  powers  of  mind,  volition,  or  sensation.  If  he  wanted  food, 
he  had  the  power  of  moving  the  lips  and  tongue,  and  this  action  of  his 
mouth  ivas  the  signal  to  his  attendants  for  supplying  this  want.* 

This  last  sentence  corroborates  my  theory  of  the  mental  power 
of  the  nerves  of  the  digestive  apparatus.  It  is  here  proved  that 
consciousness  was  suspended  for  many  months;  yet  the  organs  of 
digestion  had  power  to  manifest  intelligence  in  the  manner  indicated 
above.  This  man  lay  in  this  condition  for  thirteen  months,  when 
Sir  Astley  Cooper  trephined  him;  that  is  to  say,  raised  the  de- 
pressed portion  of  the  bone  from  off  the  brain,  upon  which  it  was 
pressing.  Four  hours  afterward  he  was  able  to  sit  up  in  bed  and 
converse,  and  four  days  after  he  was  restored  to  all  the  faculties  of 
his  mind  and  functions  of  body.  He  said  that  he  remembered 
nothing  from  the  moment  that  he  fell;  thus  proving  that  the 
faculty  of  Memory  of  Events  was  entirely  suspended.  His  reason, 
we  see,  was  dormant;  all  poAver  over  the  muscles,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  slight  motion  of  the  fingers  and  tongue  and  lips,  was 
gone;  yet  this  man  lived,  breathed,  secreted  the  juices  of  the 
stomach,  liver,  and  intestines;  excreted  from  the  kidneys  and 
bowels;  but  was  unable  to  manifest  intelligence,  except  that  sort 
which  the  digestive  apparatus  was  able  to  make  apparent. 

This  peculiar  diseased  condition  of  the  sailor  above  instanced 
led  to  the  important  discovery  that  consciousness,  or  mind,  existed 
within  the  body,  as  it  does  in  those  animals  which  are  destitute  of 

•Quoted  from  "A  Physiology  for  Schools,"  ('.  Cutter,  M.D.,  p.  30. 


168  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a  brain;  it  shows  also  that,  while  thnttyht  is  manufactured  in  the 
brain,  ronx'-ionx/ie.™  and  iiif<-/lii/rnrc  are  properties  of  nerve  and 
ganglionic  masses,  and  the  nerves  connected  witli  the  glandular 
sstem  of  diestion  were  able  in  this  instance  to  make  the  in«n"« 


syst 

want*  apparent  witliout  the  direct  co-operation  of  either  brains  for 
thought,  or  muscles  for  speech.  Of  the  method  of  studying  mind 
through  observation  of  morbid  or  diseased  conditions,  Dr.  Maudsley 
remarks  thus:  — 

It  is  probable  that  an  exact  observation  of  the  mental  effects  of 
morbid  states  of  the  different  organs  would  help  the  inquiry  into  the 
feelings  and  desires  of  the  mind  which  owe  their  origin  (<>  particular 
organ*.  What  are  the  psychological  features  of  disease  of  the  heart,  dis- 
ease of  the  lungs,  disease  of  the  liver?  They  are  unquestionably  different 
in  each  case.* 

Elsewhere  the  same  writer  observes:  — 

Let  me  now  say  a  few  words  concerning  the  abdominal  organs.  No 
one  will  call  in  question  that  the  states  of  their  functions  do  exert  a 
positive  influence  on  our  states  of  mind.  I  have  met  with  one  case  of 
severe  melancholia  of  long  standing  which  was  distinctly  cured  by  the 
expulsion  of  a  tape-worm,  and  it  appears  to  be  tolerably  certain  that 
hvpochondriacal  insanity  is  in  some  instances  connected  with,  if  not 
caused  by,  a  perverted  sensation  proceeding  from  an  internal  organ,  most 
often  abdominal.  In  health  we  are  not  conscious  of  the  impressions  which 
these  organs  make  upon  the  brain,  albeit  they  assuredly  send  their  unper- 
ceived  contributions  to  the  stream  of  energies  of  which  consciousness 
is  the  sum  and  outcome;  but  when  a  disordered  organ  sends  a  morbid 
impression  to  the  brain  it  no  longer  does  its  work  there  in  silence  and 
self-suppression,  but  Asserts  itself  in  an  unwonted  affection  of  conscious- 
ness. Not  long  since  I  saw  a  patient  who  believed  that  he  had  a  man 
in  his  belly;  when  his  bowels  were  constipated  the  delusion  became  active  ; 
he  made  desperate  efforts  by  vomiting  to  get  rid  of  his  tormentor,  and 
was  then  surly,  morose,  and  dangerous  ;  but  when  his  bowels  had  been 
relieved  the  delusion  subsided  into  the  background  and  he  was  good- 
tempered  and  industrious.  "j" 

The  reciprocal  action  of  visceral  organs  upon  the  brain,  and 
of  the  brain  upon  interior  organs,  has  long  been  investigated  in 
asylums  for  the  insane;  but  for  want  of  a  system  to  verify  obser- 
vations not  much  progress  in  the  intelligent  treatment  of  these 
cases  has  been  made.  A  correct  understanding  of  the  physiog- 
nomy will  assist  materially  in  the  recovery  of  these  patients  where 
disorder  is  caused  by  diseased  states  of  the  abdominal  organs;  for 
the  face  does  unfold  the  signs  for  all  these  organs,  and  will  reveal 
at  a  glance  which  are  the  weaker,  and  consequently  th'ose  which 
are  most  likely  to  be  assailed  with  disease,  as  well  as  those  which 
are  sufficiently  strong  to  assist  in  repelling  disease. 

*Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  36. 
t  Ibid.,  pp.  83,  84. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE   GLANDULAR    SYSTEM.  169 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GLANDULAR    SYSTEM. 

Benevolence. — Benevolence,  shown  by  the  full,  rolling,  moist 
under  Up,  indicates  a  strong  and  active  condition  of  the  glandular 
system,  both  of  the  secretory  and  absorbent  systems.  Whenever 
this  feature  of  the  physiognomy  is  well  developed,  most  of  the 
secreting  glands — viz.,  the  lachrymal,  salivary,  and  mammary 
glands,  pancreas,  liver,  prostate,  and  testes — will  be  found  to  coin- 
cide in  their  vigor  and  normal  action  with  the  size  and  moisture 
of  the  under  lip.  The  absorbent  glands  also  find  their  illustration 
in  the  same  feature.  The  absorbents  are  divided  into  two  classes — 
the  lacteals  and  the  lymphatics. 

The  function  of  absorption  is  indispensable  to  nutrition  ;  its  agents 
are  the  numerous  minute  vessels  named  the  "absorbents"  and  the  small, 
reddish  bodies  through  which  these  vessels  pass  the  "  absorbent  or  conglo- 
bate lymphatic  glands."  The  lacteals  are  found  only  in  the  abdomen. 
Their  office  is  to  convey  the  chyle,  which  they  absorb  (after  the  food  has 
been  digested  in  the  intestines),  to  the  thoracic  duct,  whence  it  is  sent  into 
the  general  circulation  to  repair  the  waste  and  renew  the  tissues.  The 
lymphatics,  on  the  contrary,  are  distributed  through  all  portions  of  the 
body.  Their  use  is  to  take  up  by  absorption  all  waste  or  useless  matters,, 
and  convey  such  matters  which  have  become  solvent  either  to  the  general 
circulation,  there  to  be  discharged  from  the  system  by  some  of  the  excretory 
organs,  or  used  again  in  the  econoni}'  of  the  human  organism.* 

I  have  inserted  this  slight  description  of  the  office  of  the 
glandular  system,  in  order  that  those  of  my  readers  who  are  not 
well  read  in  physiology  and  anatomy  may  understand  the  philos- 
ophy of  the  action  of  these  glands  and  the  appropriateness  of  their 
signs  in  the  face.  Now,  the  glands  in  the  lower  lip,  being  more 
numerous  and  more  prominent  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  face, 
would  seem  to  point  to  that  feature  as  the  facial  index  of  the 
glandular  power  of  the  entire  system ;  added  to  the  fact  that  the 
absorbing  glands  are  directly  related  to  the  function  of  digestion  r 
and  whenever  a  prominent  sign  of  any  function  or  faculty  is 
observed  in  the  face,  all  minor  signs  are  always  to  be  found  in 
juxtaposition  with  it,  just  as  in  the*  body  all  organs  which  assist  a 
similar  function  or  class  of  functions  are  placed  in  positions  of 
sufficient  contiguity  to  facilitate  their  mutual  action.  If  the  entire 
glandular  system  is  well  developed,  we  must  infer  that  the  absorb- 
ents will  take  up  sufficient  material  to  supply  the  necessities  of  the 
organism  by  creating  new  tissues,  and  that  the  excretory  glands 
will  perform  the  task  of  carrying  from  the  system  all  effete  or 
waste  matter.  Hence,  a  good  development  of  this  system  shows- 
its  power  to  throw  off  diseases  as  well  as  to  resist  the  approach  of 

*  Practical  Anatomy,  Robert  Harrison,  M.D.,  p.  360. 


170  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

those  which  affect  the  glands  more  particularly.  Again,  the  lip  is 
a  facial  indicator  of  the  intestinal  system,  and  it  is  an  organ  of 
ta^te.  Thus  you  will  observe  that  Benevolence  in  its  developed 
>tat.e  assists  in  protecting  the  body,  as  well  as  gives  the  power  and 
desire  to  assist  others.  \Ve  cannot  give  if  we  are  in  an  impover- 
ished condition,  and  cannot  warm  toward  others  if  we  are  deficient 
in  what  creates  animal  heat,  A  thin,  dnj  under  ///>  indicates  the 
reverse  of  Benevolence,  and  shows  a  constricted  or  impoverished 
-condition  of  the  glandular  system,  as  well  as  a  stingy,  close-fisted 
person. 

Physicians  have  long  known  the  value  of  the  lips  as  indicators 
•of  pathological  and  morbid  states  of  the  body,  yet  have  never 
understood  their  use  as  an  exponent  of  physiological  and  mental 
conditions  and  powers.  In  certain  fevers  the  lower  lip  assumes  a 
dry  appearance,  at  other  times  a  livid  or  pale  hue,  and  denotes 
either  inflammatory  or  impoverished  conditions  of  the  system.  At 
times  the  lips  turn  dark  and  (track,  and  are  the  seat  of  other  dis- 
orders consequent  on  diseased  states  of  remote  parts  of  the  organ- 
ism or  of  general  disturbances;  as  in  fevers,  etc.  In  many  cases 
where  the  lips  are.  full  and  the  cheeks  are  thin,  one  set  of  glands 
are  predominant  over  others.  Thin  cheeks  indicate  a  lack  of  vigor 
in  the  glands  of  the  abdomen,  and  consequently  the  faculties  of 
Friendship  and  Sociality  are  measurably  lacking ;  but  in  such  per- 
sons it  is  usual  to  find  the  lips  full,  more  especially  the  lower  one. 
This  appearance  reveals  the  fact  that  the  other  glands  are  more 
perfectly  and  more  strongly  developed,  as,  for  example,  the  mam- 
mary in  women  and  the  prostate  and  testes  in  men.  In  such 
persons  the  lack  of  Friendship  is  compensated  by  an  increased 
development  of %t  Love  of  Young  "  and  conjugal  love.  This  love 
does  not  extend  to  friends,  but  is  exclusively  conjugal  or  sexual, 
and  distinct  from  Friendship  entirely.  And  thus  there  is  ever  this 
apparent  attempt  on  the  part  of  Nature  to  balance  or  compensate 
in  some  way  the  defects  of  certain  parts  of  the  organism  mentally 
and  physically.  A  man  without  love  for  friends  and  deficient  in 
love  for  the  opposite  sex  would  be  an  anomaly.  Many  misers 
who  have  avoided  the  haunts  of  men  and  showed  no  friendly 
associative  feelings  whatever,  have  shown  love  for  woman  by 
desultory  attachments  to  those  of  the  opposite  sex,  and  some  slight 
feeling  for  their  offspring,  the  result  of  such  connections.  The 
well-known  John  Elwes,  once  M.P.  for  Berkshire,  England,  was  a 
miser  of  this  description,  and  when  he  died  bequeathed  to  his  two 
illegitimate  children  £'500,000.  This  person's  portrait  discloses 
an  under  lip  rather  more  full  and  rounding  than  that  of  most 
misers ;  his  upper  lip  also  shows  an  average  amount  of  Amative- 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE   GLANDULAR    SYSTEM.  171 

ness,  but  Friendship  and  Sociality  are  altogether  wanting  in  his 
•countenance. 

Economy. — The  faculty  for  economizing  and  making  the  most 
of  one's  materials  is  a  noble  and  useful  quality.  Saving  is  neither 
meanness  nor  stinginess,  as  many  seem  to  think,  but  is  the  result  I 
in  most  cases  of  a  good  development  of  conscientiousness ;  for  this  \ 
trait  in  combination  with  firmness  is  observed  well  defined  in  the 
faces  of  all  who  possess  the  saving  faculty  as  a  talent.  Now,  in 
order  to  understand  the  faculty  of  economy  we  must  analyze  its 
origin  and  action  physiologically  before  we  can  comprehend  its 
mental  and  moral  aspects.  In  the  first  place,  we  must  not  con- 
found saving  with  acquiring.  In  many  cases  the  ability  to  save  is 
the  compensation  for  a  lack  of  acquisition.  Many  persons  are  not 
endowed  by  Nature  with  a  faculty  for  gaining  much,  and  so  the 
character,  in  order  to  sustain  itself,  has  often  the  compensating 
faculty  of  economy.  Yet  many  individuals  possessed  of  good 
sound  intellects,  well  balanced  both  as  regards  reason  and  practi- 
cality, and  with  good  powers  for  acquisition,  save  and  store  up  for 
themselves,  as  well  as  for  others.  Economy  is  not  a  faculty  pos- 
sessed by  the  defective  alone,  but  in  some  is  the  outgrowth  of  a 
combination  of  reason,  conscientiousness,  benevolence  and  firmness. 
In  highly  developed  characters,  those  possessed  of  power  and  prin- 
ciple, are  found  the  faculties  which  lie  at  the  base  of  their  economy. 
Economy  is  derived  from  the  normal  action  of  the  glands  primarily; 
for  in  all  those  who  are  best  adapted  to  store  up  and  accumulate 
on  a  large  scale  (while  at  the  same  time  using  with  sense  their 
possessions),  we  find  the  storing-up  capacity  within  their  own 
systems.  The  glands  create  the  juices  of  the  body  and  accumulate 
a  fund  of  tissue,  which  serve  to  keep  the  body  in  a  state  of  vigor 
and  usefulness.  Economy  also  results  from  balanced  condition  • 
of  all  the  bodily  or  visceral  organs,  induced  by  the  vigor  and  power 
which  well-nourished  glands  have  given  to  the  organism.  This 
creates  such  vigor  of  mind  and  breadth  of  judgment  as  to  produce 
that  quality  of  conservativcness  which  enables  one  to  amass  a  large 
fortune,  which  by  exercise  of  the  same  faculties  may  be  used  for 
the  good  of  large  numbers,  as  was  the  case  with  the  fortune  which 
Peter  Cooper  accumulated  and  which  will  be  used  as  a  fund  in 
perpetuity  for  the  education  of  the  youth  of  New  York.  And 
herein  lies  another  proof  and  demonstration  of  the  theory  that  men 
of  broad  build  and  large,  broad  noses  possess  greater  breadth  of 
judgment  than  those  of  opposite  formation. 

The  saving  faculty  is  often  exhibited  by  pen-sons  possessed  of 
little  power  to  acquire  on  a  large  scale.  In  their  cases  it  enables 
them  to  balance  their  income  with  their  expenditures,  and  often 


172  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

such  characters  will   possess    in    the  end  more  than  those  with 
>iiprrior  powers  of  acquisition. 

Every  faculty  is  primarily  indebted  for  its  vigor  to  the  amount 
of  nutriment  furnished  to  the  blood  from  the  lymphatic  or  absorbent 
system;  for  the  blood  is  the  common  carrier  of  all  nutritious- 
materials  which  rebuild  and  replenish  all  the  tissues  whatsoever, 
and  every  faculty  of  mind  was  once  in  the  blood.  The  local  sign 
for  Economy  is  situated  in  the  vegetative  division  of  the  face,  and 
receives  its  power  directly  from  glandular  action  and  development. 
The  law  in  scientific  physiognomy  in  regard  to  localizing  the  facial 
signs  is  that  each  sign  will  be  found  situated  within  the  system 
from  which  it  derives  its  support.  For  example,  the  local  sign  for 
Construe tiveness  is  located  on  the  side  of  the  nose  in  the  muscular 
formation.  Conscientiousness  is  known  by  the  width  of  the  bony 
structure  of  the  chin.  Language  is  dependent  upon  muscle  for 
its  power,  and  all  its  signs  are  within  the  muscular  system,  viz.,  in 
the  ear,  the  eye,  the  lips,  the  larynx,  etc. 

The  economizing  spirit  manifests  itself  in  a  great  variety  of 
ways.  Some  will  be  saving  of  money,  and  not  of  property  or 
goods ;  others  will  be  saving  of  materials,  yet  give  freely  of  personal 
service.  One  of  the  most  lavish  persons  I  ever  observed  gave 
liberally  of  his  money,  but  would  make  no  personal  effort  for 
friends,  hardly  bringing  himself  to  speak  up  for  their  benefit  when 
he  might  easily  have  done  so.  Every  phase  and  each  degree  of 
Economy  may  be  ascertained  by  a  reference  to  the  physiognomy 
and  physiology  of  the  individual. .  The*  desire  to  save  is  usually 
quite  wanting  in  childhood.  In  such  cases  it  should  be  cultivated, 
and  if  it  is  weak  the  child  should  be  taught  in  all  ways  that  it  is 
an  essential  part  of  a  well-balanced  character;  but  the  training  in 
this  direction  must  be  systematic  and  persistent. 

The  economical  traits  of  character  are  rather  weak  in  Ameri- 
cans, and  should  be  more  cultivated  by  them.  Economy  is  not 
miserliness,  neither  is  it  meanness;  only  the  economist  can  be 
generous,  .for  the  spendthrift  having  no  stores  has  nothing  to  use 
and  nothing  to  give  in  time  of  need.  Economy  is  a  noble  trait, 
for  it  requires  both  intellectual  power  to  administer  upon  one's 
possessions,  and  strength  of  mind,  of  will,  and  of  conscience  to 
store  up  against  the  day  of  want,  sickness  and  old  age,  as  well  as 
for  the  demands  of  benevolence.  Indeed,  in  the  faces  of  all  in 
whom  I  have  observed  the  saving  and  economical  faculty  the 
signs  for  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness  were  very  noticeable. 
Storing  up  for  selfish  gratification  is  seldom  practiced.  Excessively 
selfish  characters  lack  reason,  hence  are  incapable  of  making  a 
sufficiently  wise  use  of  their  acquisitions  as  to  save  up  against  a 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE   GLANDULAR    SYSTEM.  173 


day  of  need,  but  spend  as  they  go,  and  usually  lor  tJieir  own 
and  appetites.  Benjamin  Franklin  was  noted  equally  for  his 
generosity  and  for  his  economy.  His  face  exhibits  the  local  signs 
for  several  sorts  of  economy,  for  there  are  several  phases,  as  before 
mentioned. 

The  grade  of  intellectual  development  possessed  by  an  indi- 
vidual will  denote  the  sort  of  economy  which  he  is  capable  of 
practicing  or  of  understanding.  Some  devote  their  powers  to 
Political  Economy,  and  put  their  ideas  before  the  world  for  the 
better  protection  of  the  people,  or  for  a  more  equitable  division  of 
the  products  of  labor  ;  while  others  are  only  able  to  deal  with  the 
small  economies  of  a  modest  home.  The  conserving  spirit  will 
manifest  itself  in  each  individual  differently,  and  where  it  is  most 
decided  will  make  its  presence  felt.  A  little  of  this  trait  in  public 
affairs  would  result  in  a  more  just  and  equitable  condition  in  the 
finances  of  our  country,  but  as  long  as  children  are  not  trained  to 
comprehend  the  value  of  property  and  to  use  it  economically  and 
with  justice,  just  so  long  shall  we  have  the  loose  and  dishonest 
methods  of  financial  management  at  present  in  vogue,  both  in 
municipal,  State,  and  national  governments.  "  A  fountain  cannot 
rise  higher  than  its  source."  Men  brought  up  without  the  prin- 
ciples of  Economy  well  grounded  in  their  youth  cannot  commence 
the  practice  in  manhood  with  hope  of  succeeding. 

The  phrase  "  Economy  of  Nature"  is  often  used,  and  we  would 
think  sometimes  in  looking  over  the  vast  stores  of  natural  resources 
that  Nature  was  so  prolific  that  there  was  no  need  of  economizing. 
Yet  Nature  is  lavish  by  reason  of  her  Economy.  It  is  only  the 
economical  who  have  anything  with  which  to  be  lavish.  The 
economies  and  conservation  practiced  by  Nature  in  every  human 
organism  in  the  world  is  a  subject  for  deep  thought  and  investi- 
gation  ;  yet  this  economy  is  nowhere  more  apparent  than  in  those 
who  are  the  most  richly  endowed  with  physical  and  mental  gifts. 

Hospitality.  —  Hospitality  and  Sociality  are  two  phases  of  the 
same  faculty,  and  both  derive  their  support  from  the  glandular 
system.  The  sign  for  this  faculty  adjoins  the  signs  for  Digestion 
and  Friendship,  and  is  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  other 
glandular  signs.  Friendship  and  Hospitality  are  very  nearly  allied 
in  character,  for  one  phase  of  friendship  exhibits  hospitality  and 
sociality,  while  other  phases  of  friendship  are  manifested  in  other 
ways,  depending  on  the  faculties  in  combination. 

Hospitality,  like  Friendship,  presents  two  aspects,  the  selfish 
and  the  unselfish.  As  the  action  of  the  glands  is  dual,  they  being 
both  secretory  and  excretory,  it  is  natural  that  it  should  exhibit  its 
accompanying  facility  or  sentiment  in  a  dual  manner.  The  glands 


174  l'i;. \CTICAL    A XI)    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNO.M V. 

nintribnte  juices  that  not  only  assist  in  building  up  a  warm  and 
strong  circulation,  which  tends  to  personal  health  and  enjoyment. 
Friendship  enables  ns  to  warm  toward  others  and' gives  the  desire 
for  association  at  table,  and  this  in  order  to  enhance  our  own 
enjoyment ;  not  ibr  charity,  for  the  sake  of  giving  a  good  meal  to 
a  hungry  person,  but  for  the  ftelfah  enjoyment  which  we  derive 
from  eating  and  talking  with  others.  Fine  and  keen  analysis  is 
needed  to  discriminate  the  action  of  faculties  which  by  Nature 
and  location  are  closely  allied ;  as,  for  example,  Hospitality  and 
Friendship,  or  Benevolence  and  Friendship.  Their  expression  and 
action  in  many  phases  are  quite  similar.  Yet  analysis  will  prove 
their  separate  and  distinct  action.  Hospitality  in  its  primary 
aspect  is  related  to  Digestion,  to  eating  and  drinking ;  hence, 
the  table  is  its  field  of  action,  and  this  is  where  it  exhibits  its 
highest  expression  and  shows  that  it  proceeds  from  that  primary 
associative,  gregarious  instinct,  which  is  observed  in  all  gregarious 
animals  who  love  to  feed  in  company  with  each  other. 

In  a  more  refined  and  cultivated  sense,  assisted  by  other 
faculties,  it  shows  itself  in  other  ways.  In  conjunction  with  Friend- 
ship it  exhibits  a  range  of  activity  quite  different  from  the  mere 
animal  enjoyment  of  eating  and  drinking.  It  will  be  greatly 
influenced  by  other  traits,  which  are  stronger,  and  its  action  will 
be  modified  by  them.  The  group  of  faculties  in  which  its  local 
sign  is  situated  derives  its  support  from  similar  organic  sourcesr 
and  this  grouping  of  faculties  and  functions  throughout  the  body 
and  face  is  not  the  least  remarkable  circumstance  in  relation  to  it 
Mark  the  company  in  which  it  is  found :  Friendship  adjoins  it  on 
its  upper  side,  Digestion  is  near  its  lower  side,  while  Approbative- 
ness  flatters  and  praises  its  efforts  on  another  side,  and  Mirthful- 
ness,  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Economy,  and  Love  of  Young 
are  near  neighbors.  These  are  all  derived  from  the  action  of  the 
glands,  and  are  located  in  the  face,  as  are  their  organs  in  the  body, 
in  such  close  contiguity  as  to  assist  mutual  action  and  reveal  their 
near  relationship.  All  evidence  points  to  their  glandular  source. 
Nearly  all  faculties  have  a  primitive  derivation,  and  exhibit  a 
primitive  mode  of  expression ;  but  cultivation  by  education  and 
imitation  gives  variety  and  refinement  to  all  faculties,  until  in 
many  cases  the  primary  meaning  and  expression  of  a  function  and 
faculty  is  lost  sight  of  in  the  advanced  refinement .  and  aesthetic 
mode  of  its  expression.  I  recall  to  mind  the  circumstance  of  a 
gentleman  who  was  quite  indignant  at  my  statement  that  he 
derived  his  capacity  for  friendliness  from  his  intestinal  system ;  but 
after  I  showed  him  the  face  of  a  celebrated  miser  and  explained 
the  action  of  Friendship,  he  became  quite  reconciled  to  the  idea  that 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GLANDULAR    SYSTEM.  175 

friendly  sentiment  could  be  derived  from  a  physical  base,  and  wa& 
not  altogether  the  product  of  the  brain  or  mind,  as  he  had  been 
taught.  Why  the  products  of  the  brain  should  seem  more  honor- 
able than  the  product  of  any  other  organ  I  am  at  a  loss  to  under- 
stand, for  the  brain  is  as  much  an  animal  organ  as  is  the  heart  or 
liver,  and  the  mind  is  certainly  an  animal  organism.  What  we 
should  endeavor  to  do  is  to  get  at  the  fundamental  principles  of 
the  body,  and  then  adopt  those  methods  of  living  that  are  in  accord 
with  Nature's  laws.  For  in  this  way  only  can  we  make  all  func- 
tions and  faculties  seem  alike  honorable. 

Lore  of  Home. — The  love  of  home,  like  all  the  primitive  or 
cultivated  traits,  is  exhibited  in  varying  degrees  of  power  and  in- 
tensity in  different  persons  and  races.  Some  races,  the  Swiss 
mountaineers,  for  example,*  possess  a  most  ardent  love  for  their 
mountain  heights,  and  when  removed  from  them  often  suffer  ex- 
tremly  with  nostalgia,  or  home-sickness,  «,nd  some  have  died  in 
consequence  of  their  protracted  separation  from  home. 

This  faculty  is  a  primitive  animal  faculty,  and  is  quite  devel- 
oped in  nest-building  in  birds,  and  such  animals  as  the  beaver,  etc., 
who  make  permanent  structures  for  habitation,  and  in  such  ani- 
mals it  is  more  strongly  developed  than  in  many  wandering,  savage, 
and  barbarous  tribes  who  have  no  permanent,  settled  abode.  Among 
the  civilized  races  are  often  found  individuals  who  are  natural  wan- 
derers, to  whom  a  settled  home  is  unendurable  for  any  length  of 
time.  Such  persons  make  good  pioneers,  hunters,  trappers,  navi- 
gators, founders  of  towns,  and  leaders  of  enterprises  which  involve 
travelling.  The  love  of  home  is  more  prevalent  and  stronger  in 
woman  than  in  man,  for  the  conservation  of  the  race  demands  that 
the  mother  shall  be  a  home-keeper,  and  thus  the  harmony  of 
Nature  is  exhibited  by  creating  in  the  female  a  more  stable  attach- 
ment to  the  home.  Yet  some  men  are  as  ardently  attached  to 
home  as  any  woman  can  be.  I  have  met  a  lady  who  changes  her 
abode,  on  an  average,  six  times  a  year,  and  shifts  the  position  of 
her  furniture  every  week.  But  this  is  a  most  uncommon  mani- 
festation of  absence  of  this  trait. 

The  local  sign  for  Love  of  Home  is  known  by  fullness  of  the 
soft  part  of  the  chin  just  below  the  sign  for  Benevolence  and  adjoin- 
ing Love  of  Country.  It  is  derived  from  the  glandular  system,  as 
are  most  of  the  faculties  whose  local  signs  are  in  this  vicinity,  for 
nearly  all  the  signs  here  represent  primitive  faculties, — those  com- 
mon to  man  and  animals.  The  analysis  of  character  must  be  con- 
ducted in  a  spirit  of  candor,  and  without  any  bias,  prejudice,  or 
preconceived  ideas  of  the  action  of  faculties,  else  no  profit  can  he 
derived  from  it.  Now,  Love  of  Home  is  a  trait  difficult  of  analysis. 


176  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by  the  ordinary  observer.  To  know  how  much  of  this  sentiment 
is  natural  or  how  much  is  acquired,  or  to  know  whether  those  who 
stick  close  to  the  home  do  so  from  love  of  it,  or  whether  it  is  the 
result  of  la /mess,  is  a  question  for  the  keen  observer  to  decide. 
Some  persons  remain  in  one  abode  or  stay  constantly  at  home  be- 
cause they  are  averse  to  making  the  efforts  essential  to  change. 
while  others  exhibit  a  most  decided  affection  for  the  home  of  their 
childhood,  and  if  obliged  to  leave  it  never  cease  to  regret  it.  The 
dexelopinent  of  the  gland  below  the  lip  shows  more  after  childhood 
is  passed,  for  the  reason  that  the  face  never  assumes  its  perfect  form 
until  the  character  has  begun  to  strengthen  and  develop. 

/W/vW/.s///. — The  love  of  country  is  a  faculty  which  varies  in 
the  degree  of  its  manifestation  quite  as  much  as  other  faculties. 
At  first  presentation  of  the  subject  one  would  think  that  love  of 
country  must  of  necessity  be  a  cultivated  faculty  and  an  attribute 
of  highly  developed  persons  only,  inasmuch  as  it  is  exhibited  in  its 
highest  power  by  orators,  statesmen,  and  heroes.  Without  the 
assistance  of  physiognomy  we  might  think  that  Patriotism  belonged 
exclusively  to  men  of  this  class,  but  we  shall  presently  learn  that 
this  trait  is  general  in  all  civilized  races,  and  even  among  the  un- 
civilized there  are  many  who  evince  the  most  ardent  love  of  their 
own  land.  The  Esquimaux,  for  example,  are  quite  unable  to 
understand  how  any  one  can  live  in  a  country  which  has  neither 
ice  nor  seal,  and  their  attachment  for  their  own  land  is  most 
decided. 

Many  persons  evince  a  most  lively  affection  for  their  country, 
yet  are  not  locative  in  their  habits,  and  care  little  for  a  settled  place 
of  abode ;  yet  these  two  faculties  are  in  harmony  and  mutually 
assist  each  other.  Their  local  signs  in  the  face  adjoin,  and  their 
origin  is  the  same :  both  are  derived  from  the  action  of  the  glands. 
The  perfected  phase  of  this  trait,  which  is  observed  in  statesmen 
and  orators,  is  due  to  the  general  development  and  perfecting  of 
this  trait,  assisted  by  other  perfected  powers  in  the  individual  thus 
exhibiting  it. 

There  are  men  in  private  life  who  are  unknown  to  history  and 
to  fame,  whose  love  of  country  is  not  excelled  by  aijy  statesman  or 
hero.  There  are  women,  too,  whose  Patriotism  is  of  the  highest 
order.  Such  women  are  the  mothers  of  patriot  heroes.  It  is  to  be 
remarked  that  man  has  not  a  single  mental  faculty  which  is  not 
equally  the  attribute  of  woman,  and  if  woman  is  possessed  of 
Patriotism  it  is  intended  that  she  should  use  it  and  transmit  it, 
for  every  faculty  is  for  use.  Nothing  is  created  by  Nature  with- 
out a  purpose,  and  if  it  be  argued  that  Love  of  Country  was  given 
to  woman  to  transmit  to  her  sons,  I  answer  that  it  might  have  been 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM    THE    REPRODUCTIVE    SYSTEM.          177 

given  to  the  male  only,  and  so  transmitted  as  a  masculine  faculty 
exclusively  without  the  intervention  of  the  female. 

The  pages  of  history  are  brilliant  with  the  deeds  of  patriotic 
heroines,  and  for  one  whose  glorious  deeds  shine  forth  with  noon- 
day brilliancy  there  are  thousands  unknown  to  fame  who  have 
given  up  sons,  fathers,  and  brothers,  as  well  as  risked  their  own 
lives  and  fortunes,  in  defense  of  their  country ;  and  -the  bead-roll 
of  fame  might  be  enriched  with  names  whose  deeds  were  as  great 
as  those  of  Joan  of  Arc,  Charlotte  Corday,  or  Madame  Roland. 
This  faculty  is  universal  in  the  higher  races,  and  is  an  animal  or 
primitive  faculty,  and  manifested,  of  course,  in  a  limited  and 
animal-like  way  by  birds  and  beasts,  who  show  most  decided  love 
for  their  own  countries  by  pining  and  drooping  when  transported 
to  countries  unfavorable  to  their  development.  We  must  not  argue 
that  animals  do  not  possess  all  of  the  faculties  common  to  man 
because  they  do  not  express  them  as  we  do. 

We  shall  do  credit  to  our  modesty  if  we  refrain  from  setting 
ourselves  up  too  high  above  those  creatures  in  whose  organisms 
reside  the  self-same  traits  of  honesty,  affection,  maternal  love, 
fidelity,  industry,  patience,  love  of  home  and  of  country  which  the 
highest  human  races  possess,  varying  only  in  degree,  not  in  kind. 
There  is  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  faculties  which  derive  their 
sustenance  from  the  action  of  the  glands  have  each  a  separate 
source  of  supply ;  for  example,  the  sentiment  of  Amativeness  un- 
doubtedly derives  its  power  from  the  development  of  the  glands 
belongirg  to  the  reproductive  system,  while  the  sentiment  of  Love 
of  Young  doubtless  receives  its  sustenance  from  the  mammary 
glands,  which  are  largest  in  the  female  and  only  rudimentary  in 
the  male.  This  deficiency  in  the  male  would  account  for  the 
superior  strength  of  this  sentiment  in  woman.  Love  of  Home  and 
of  Country,  as  well  as  Approbativeness  and  Hospitality,  I  think  must 
be  derived  from  the  intestinal  glands.  Their  signs  being  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  mouth,  the  principal  organ  of  digestion,  would 
indicate  this  to  be  the  case. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE    REPRODUCTIVE    SYSTEM. 

Amativeness,  or  Love  of  the  Sexes. — Amativeness  and  repro- 
ductive capacity  are  known  by  thickness,  moisture,  and  redness  of 
the  centre  of  the  upper  Up.  When  very  thick  it  also  denotes 
glandular,  muscular,  and  adipose  development.  This  sign  is  better 
defined  in  the  physiognomies  of  ancient  races  and  in  European 
faces  than  in  American  people.  The  function  of  reproduction  is 
more  active  in  the  muscular  or  artistic  classes  than  in  all  others, 

12 


1  ',  ^  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

uncl  those  who  have  excelled  in  creatirc  «rt  will  disclose  the  sign 
of  this  function  and  faculty  well  defined. 

Its  use  primarily  is  for  the  propagation,  creation,  and  per- 
petuation of  the  race.  Its  moral  significance  is  of  incalculable 
importance,  for  upon  its  normal  action  and  natural  and  religious 
use  the  purity  and  welfare  of  the  human  family  are  dependent. 
It  has  no  fractional  activity  until  the  age  of  puberty,  at  which 
time  important  moral  as  well  as  physical  changes  occur.  These 
changes  are  equivalent  to  the  introduction  of  an  entirely  new 
faculty  and  function.  Its  full  moral  and  physiological  importance 
should  be  taught  to  youth,  as  ignorance  of  the  true  nature  of  its 
powers  may  lead  to  disastrous  results,  which  may  descend  to  the 
innocent  for  generations  and  lead  to  the  utter  demoralization  of 
entire  communities. 

It  has  been  the  custom  to  regard  the  sexual  system  as  some- 
thing bad,  and  entirely  animal  in  its  influence  upon  the  human 
mind ;  how  much  that  is  moral,  beautiful,  aspiring,  social,  and  ar- 
tistic proceeds  from  its  normal  development  the  reader  will  learn  as 
we  continue  the  science  of  physiognomy  in  these  pages.  I  feel  very 
much  strengthened  and  fortified  in  my  theories  by  much  that  Dr. 
Maudsley  has  written,  and  it  is  due  my  readers  that  my  ideas, 
novel  and  unique  as  they  may  seem,  should  be  supplemented  by 
authority  from  those  who  have  made  a  life-time  study  of  mind  in 
all  its  phases.  In  referring  to  the  fact  that  conscience  is  a  matter 
of  physical  organization,  and  also  of  the  effect  of  depreciated 
sexual  power  in  man,  he  remarks  : — 

Of  the  moral  character  of  eunuchs,  all  that  we  can  briefly  say  is  thnt 
in  most  cases  they  have  no  moral  character  ;  their  minds  are  mutilated,  like 
their  bodies ;  with  the  deprivation  of  sexual  feeling,  they  are  deprived  of 
all  the  mental  growth  and  energy  which  it  directly  or  remotely  imv>:iirs. 
How  much  this  is  it  would  be  hard  to  sa}r ;  but  were  man  deprived  of  the 
instinct  of  propagation,  and  of  all  that  mentally  springs  from  it,  I  doubt 
not  that  most  of  the  poetry  and  perhaps  all  of  the  moral  feeling  would  be 
cut  out  of  his  life.* 

Comment  on  such  evidence  is  wholly  unnecessary.  A  refer- 
ence to  the  faces  of  all  persons  who  are  most  remarkable  for  moral 
or  mental  energy  will  prove  the  statements  here  made.  All  well- 
sexed  men  and  women  inspire  more  attention  and  exert  more  in- 
fluence in  their  communities  than  do  those  who  are  more  feebly 
endowed  in  this  respect.  I  have  never  seen  the  portrait  or  face  of 
any  character  remarkable  for  any  mental  or  moral  gift  whose 
countenance  and  physique  showed  a  lack  of  procreative  power. 
The  organs  of  reproduction  are  situated  in  the  vegetative  or  chem- 

*  Body  and  Mind,  H.  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  118. 


FACULTIES    DERIVED   FROM   THE    REPRODUCTIVE    SYSTEM.          179 

ical  division  of  the  body.  The  signs  for  Amativeness  and  the  re- 
productive system  are  located  in  the  vegetative  division  of  the  face. 
Now,  although  the  organs  of  this  system  are  muscular,  the  func- 
tional action  of  these  systems,  both  in  male  and  female,  are  chemical 
mainly,  and  assisted  by  the  action  of  the  glandular  system.  The 
growth  of  the  embryo  is  a  purely  vegetative  or  chemical  process, 
as  much  so  as  is  the  growth  of  a  plant. 

The  procreative  act  is  the  highest,  holiest,  as  well  as  the  most 
constructive  and  creative  of  which  man  is  capable.     It  should  be  I 
so    taught   and   understood,    and   its   high    office    comprehended  ' 
thoroughly  by  those  who  enter  matrimony. 

Love  of  Young. — The  local  sign  for  love  of  children,  pets, 
and  animals  is  shown  by  the  drooping  of  each  side  of  the  upper 
lip  on  either  side  of  Amativeness,  of  which  it  is  the  natural  and 
necessary  companion.  It  forms  a  little  "  scallop  "  shape,  which 
also  assists  in  giving  beauty  to  the  .mouth.  Indeed,  all  well- 
developed  mouths  present  this  appearance  more  or  less.  Every 
function  that  is  of  use  to  the  individual,  and  in  a  normal  condition, 
sets  a  sign  of  beauty  in  the  face,  and  those  who  learn  to  under- 
stand these  signs  and  their  signification  will  enjoy  beauties  which 
are  denied  to  those  ignorant  of  them. 

In  some  subjects  the  outer  sides  of  the  lip  project  downward, 
almost  overlapping  the  lower  lip,  just  as  is  seen  in  dogs  and  cows 
and  other  animals  whose  love  of  offspring  is  intense.  This  sign  is 
situated  in  the  same  place  in  all  the  higher  animals.  As  I  have 
stated  elsewhere,  when  Nature  gives  the  love  or  capacity  for  any 
pursuit  she  also  gives  some  kind  of  power  for  its  expression. 
Hence,  when  we  observe  this  sign  largely  defined,  we  must  infer 
that  the  ability  to  nourish  or  care  for  the  young  accompanies  it. 
In  some  it  betokens  the  physical  development  essential  to  the 
nourishment  of  offspring, — that  is  to  say,  good  digestion  and  a 
suitable  endowment  of  the  glandular  system.  In  others,  in  whom 
the  brain  system  is  predominant,  it  is  associated  with  a  mirthful- 
constructive  talent,  which  manifests  itself  in  the  invention  of 
stories,  games,  and  amusements,  for  the  diversion  of  the  young. 
Miss  Louisa  Alcott,  the  celebrated  writer  for  children,  exhibits 
this  formation  ;  all  the  signs  of  this  kind  of  talent  are  prominent 
in  her  physiognomy. 

This  faculty  is  manifested  in  others  by  love  of  teaching  and 
training  young  children  and  animals.  No  one  can  succeed  in 
training  dogs  or  horses  who  has  not  this  faculty.  All  of  the  facul- 
ties and  functions  in  the  Vegetative  or  Chemical  Division  of  the 
face  are  related  in  some  degree  to  the  glandular  system.  Now,  as 
love  of  offspring  is  generally  stronger  in  woman  than  in  man,  she 


180  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is  by  Nature  especially  fitted  to  nourish  the  young,  and  the  senti- 
IIK  nt  of  Love  of  Young  is  created  and  sustained  by  the  glandular 
system — by  the  mammary  glands  in  particular.  In  man  these 
glands  are  rudimental,  hence  his  love  for  and  desire  to  nourish  and 
take  care  of  the  young  is  not  so  strong  as  in  woman,  although 
several  well-authenticated  cases  are  found  in  medical  works  of  men 
who  were  able  to  nourish  babes  at  their  breasts.  There  are  a  few 
ducts  and  a  small  gland  in  the  mammas  of  men,  it  is  true,  and  it 
is  quite  likely,  under  some  abnormal  conditions  of  the  generative 
function  in  man,  that  the  mammary  glands  have  become  en- 
larged, as  is  well  known  in  cases  where  the  testes  have  become 
atrophied. 

This  function  and  faculty,  it  will  be  observed,  has  its  moral 
and  intellectual  use,  as  well  as  its  physiological  power.  It  is, 
therefore,  highly  important  as  being  one  of  the  greatest  protectors 
of  infant  life  and  health  and  the  conservator  of  posterity.  The 
signs  of  the  functions  and  faculties  in  the  Chemical  Division  of  the 
body  are  the  most  easily  recognized  by  the  ordinary  observer ;  but 
more  profound  thought  and  reason  are  necessary  to  carry  this  law 
of  correspondence  of  functions  with  mental  and  moral  faculties  to 
its  ultimate  conclusions. 

Where  there  is  large  Love  of  Young,  in  combination  with  an 
average  or  good  physical  development  of  body,  all  of  the  facial 
glands  will  present  an  active  appearance,  exhibited  by  a  healthy, 
red  hue,  and  moist  condition.  The  portion  of  the  upper  lip  where 
the  sign  for  Love  of  Young  is  located  exhibits  redness  and  moisture. 
The  eyes  will  appear  bright  and  moist,  and  all  of  the  glands  con- 
cerned in  assimilation  will  be  found  active.  The  juices  extracted 
from  the  nutriment  are  received  into  the  lacteal  glands,  and 
supply  the  body  with  nourishment.  The  better  the  development 
of  these  glands,  the  greater  is  the  degree  of  the  "  sentiments " 
of  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Approbativeness,  Benevolence, 
and  Sociality. 

Many  physiologists  and  modern  writers  on  mind  have  ob- 
served the  action  and  effect  of  hope,  joy,  fear,  and  rage  upon  the 
glandular  system;  but,  singular  as  it  may  seem,  have  never  in  one 
instance,  that  I  am  aware  of,  connected  the  several  glands  with 
these  various  and  distinct  related  emotions  as  their  source  or  origin. 
Pathognomy  ought  to  have  enlightened  them  on  this  point,  as  in- 
sanity has  opened  the  door  so  widely  to  the  comprehension  of  the 
origin  of  mental  powers.  Yet,  we  find  among  writers  such  ob- 
sdrvations  as  the  following,  which  I  claim  corroborate  my  position 
as  to  the  origin  of  the  emotions  of  Hope,  Approbation,  Benevolence, 
Love  of  Young,  and  Mirthfulness. 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    REPRODUCTIVE    SYSTEM. 

Says  Dr  Tuke  :- 

As  respects  secretion,  the  emotions,  by  causing  a  larger  amount  of 
blood  to  be  transmitted  to  a  gland,  increase  sensibility  and  warmth,  and  so 
stimulate  its  functions ;  or  they  may  directly  excite  the  process  by  their 
influence  on  nerves  supplying  the  glands.* 

Mirthfulness. — The  most  prominent  sign  of  this  faculty  is 
found  at  the  outer  corners  of  the  mouth.  It  is  shown  firstly  by  a 
depression  caused  (when  smiling)  by  the  action  of  the  two  muscles 
named  major  and  minor  zygomaticus,  which  draw  the  mouth  out- 
ward and  upward,  and,  secondly,  by  glandular  tissue  or  adipose 
material.  The  more  these  muscles  are  exercised,  the  more  defined 
the  impress  of  such  activity  is  apparent,  and  hence  it  is  that  we 
often  find  dimples  at  this  place.  In  those  who  are  less  playful 
and  mirthful,  small  vertical  wrinkles  are  seen.  This  sign  adjoins 
the  local  sign  for  Love  of  Young,  and  by  virtue  of  its  character  is 
connected  naturally  and  necessarily  with  it.  In  some  it  causes  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  to  turn  upward.  Laurence  Sterne,  the  cele- 
brated humorous  writer,  had  this  peculiarity  in  a  marked  manner. 
It  is  adapted  to  the  care  and  amusement  of  the  young  as  well  as  to 
the  recreation  of  adult  life.  It  is  in  one  sense  creative  or  construct- 
ive', like  Amativeness,  as  it  assists  in  contriving  and  planning 
amusements  for  old  and  young;  it  shows  in  witty  and  funny 
speeches,  and  attracts  all  by  mirthful  and  lovable  manners;  it  is 
also  an  aid  to  digestion,  and  adjoins  its  most  prominent  sign.  All 
display  of  anger  or  sadness  while  eating  impedes  digestion,  while 
mirth  assists  its  action.  The  source  of  supply  of  Mirthfulness  •  is 
undoubtedly  glandular,  although  the  muscles  assist  its  expression. 
The  zygomaticus  minor  muscle  is  sometimes  scarcely  perceptible  or 
entirely  wanting. 

The  location  of  Mirthfulness  near  the  mouth  and  its  intimate 
relation  to  Love  of  Young  point  to  its  origin  as  glandular,  depend- 
ing undoubtedly  on  the  quantity  and  quality  of  nutrition  assimi- 
lated and  animal  warmth  supplied  to  the  system  by  the  action  of 
the  lacteal  glands.  Shriveled,  thin  persons,  or  dyspeptics,  are  not 
as  mirthful  as  those  whose  digestion  is  unimpaired;  and  as  dys- 
peptics regain  health  and  normal  conditions  their  love  of  fun  and 
mirthfulness  returns  to  its  natural  state.  The  location  of  this 
function  and  faculty  and  the  effect  of  its  normal  and  abnormal 
action  evidence  its  origin.  Like  all  the  faculties  found  in  the 
Vegetative  System,  it  must  be  considered  as  having  its  support 
from  sources  similar  to  those  of  other  functions  and  faculties  in 
this  system.  The  association  of  all  these  functions  is  for  mutual 

*  Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body,  D.  H.  Tuke,  M.D.,  p.  319. 


182  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

support  and  assistance;  hence,  their  origin  is  easily  determined. 
To  "laui^li  and  yrow  Hit"  is  a  truism.  Anger  and  sadness  suppress 
the  normal  supply  of  secretions,  while  mirth  and  contentment 
excite  them  to  action. 

In  regard  to  the  processes  of  Nutrition,  the  pleasurable  emotions 
UMnl  to  excite  them  ;  hence,  the  excitement  of  certain  feelings,  if  definitely 
directed,  restores  healthy  action  to  an  affected  part  and  removes  abnor- 
mal growths.  The  pleasurable  emotions  tend  to  act  only  in  one  direction, 
that  of  increased  activity  of  the  secretions,  but  the  painful  emotions  act 
both  in  stimulating  and  in  arresting  secretions.  Thus,  Grief  excites  the 
lachrymal  and  Rage  the  salivary  glands.  On  the  other  hand,  the  salivary 
secretion  may  be  checked  by  Fear,  and  the  gastric  by  Anxiety.* 

Most  of  us  have  witnessed  the  depressing  effects  upon  the 
mind  caused  by  the  recital  of  sad  news,  or  by  long-continued 
anxiety.  These  effects  extend  to  the  digestive  processes,  and  many 
persons,  when  under  the  influence  of  grief,  sadness,  or  anxiety, 
lose  all  relish  and  desire  for  food,  and  also  the  power  to  digest 
nourishment.  In  this  condition  it  is  wrong  to  urge  the  sufferer  to 
eat,  and  great  harm  may  result  in  the  attempt. 

Instead  of  making  attempts  to  force  them  to  take  nourishment, 
a  pleasant,  cheerful  manner  should  mark  those  surrounding  the 
individual,  and  the  mind  should  be  led  to  more  hopeful  and  cheer- 
ing views.  In  this  manner,  the  natural  secretions  which  have 
been  affected  by.  unpleasant  emotions  will  gradually  return  to  a 
normal  condition,  and  the  appetite  be  in  this  manner  restored. 

Pnewnativenesa  is  dependent  primarily  upon  the  perfection 
of  the  glandular  system,  yet  its  function  is  not  perfected  until  the 
blood  has  received  the  purifying  influences  of  the  oxygen  as  it 
reaches  the  lungs.  Color  also  has  a  mixed  origin,  being  both 
glandular  and  arterial. 

Sanativeness  belongs  partly  to  the  glandular  system,  but  is 
assisted  by  the  muscular  powers. 

THE   LIVER. 

Hope. — The  degree  of  this  very  important  faculty  found  in  an 
individual  is  dependent  upon  the  normal  action  of  a  strong  and 
healthy  liver.  If  the  liver  be  of  good  quality — that  is  to  say,  free 
from  all  inherited  weakness,  and  always  acting  normally — a  high 
quality  of  Hope  will  accompany  its  action.  Hope  is  a  great  sus- 
tainerof  life;  it  buoys  one  up  under  great  difficulties;  it  gives  the 
power  to  overcome  obstacles  by  a  hopeful,  cheerful  cast  of  mind 
— if  I  may  be  allowed  to  use  this  term  in  speaking  of  a  physical 
function,  for  we  derive  our  "mental  powers"  from  these  functions 

"Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body,  D.  H.  Tuke,  M.D.,  p.  319. 


THE    LIVER.  183 

direct.  In  sickness  no  faculty  except  Firmness  so  sustains  the  spirits 
and  strength  of  the  invalid.  In  this  way  it  promotes  health  and  lon- 
gevity. Whenever  I  see  an  individual  with  cheerless,  despondent, 
hopeless  views  of  life  and  the  future,  I  look  for  a  liver  diseased 
either  by  abuse  or  by  inheritance  from  some  "blue,"  grim,  joyless, 
jaundiced,  bilious  ancestor,  and  I  find  this  invariably  the  case. 
How  little  people  think,  as  they  stuff  and  gorge  and  make  them- 
selves bilious  and  jaundiced,  of  the  gloom  and  wretchedness  they 
are  storing  up  for  future  generations,  cursing  the  unborn  and 
sending  down  to  posterity  the  blighting  effects  of  their  uncon- 
trolled appetites!  Surely,  it  is  here  religion  should  commence, 
where  it  is  most  needed ;  and  Nature  has  placed  Conscientiousness 
in  the  Vegetative  Division  in  the  physical  basis  of  human  character, 
in  order  that  it  should  protect  the  body  in  purity  and  soundness, 
and  that  morality  should  prevail. 

When  I  observe  persons  whose  views  of  life  are  gloomy,  and 
who  live  without  hope,  I  cannot  refrain  from  paraphrasing  the 
Scriptures  thus: — 

The  fathers  have  chewed  gall,  and  the  children's  teeth  are  set  on  edge. 

I  suspect  there  must  have  been  many  keen,  observing, 
thoughtful  men  in  "  Bible  times,"  who  were  wiser  and  more  scien- 
tific than  they  dared  to  acknowledge — some  who  understood,  as 
Moses  did,  the  physical  construction  of  the  body,  as  well  as  man's 
requirements  toward  a  religious  life.  When  I  read  such  expres- 
sions as  the  "gall  of  bitterness,"  "bowels  of  mercy,"  etc.,  I  can- 
not but  think  that  some  of  the  men  of  those  times  must  have 
known  that  friendship  derived  its  merciful  attributes  from  the  in- 
testinal system,  and  that  hopelessness  and  bitterness  of  spirits  came 
from  an  overflow  of  the  gall-bladder;  else  why  such  expressions'? 
In  those  days  a  man  who  "knew  too  much"  was  called  a  "sor- 
cerer;" in  these  days,  if  he  dare  mention  the  "bottom  facts"  in 
regard  to  the  operations  of  God's  laws  as  exhibited  in  Nature's 
works,  he  is  generally  assailed  with  the  opprobrious^  epithet  of 
"infidel"  or  "materialist."  Yet,  how  any  one  can  demonstrate 
the  existence  of  God  and  his  laws  without  material  substance  I 
am  at  a  loss  to  understand.  As  burning  and  stoning  do  not  follow 
such  expressed  opinions  as  formerly,  they  are  allowed  to  exist. 
When  I  see  attacks  made  upon  those  giants  of  science,  Darwin, 
Huxley,  Spencer,  Haeckel,  and  others,  because  they  have  dis- 
covered greater  truths  than  their  petty  ignorant  opposers  can 
comprehend,  I  rejoice  that  they  live  in  the  nineteenth  century 
under  the  reign  of  the  civilization  of  the  printing-press;  for,  were 
they  still  under  the  dominance  of  the  ecclesiastical  powers  like 


184  PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

those  of  the  middle  ages,  the  faggot  and  torture  would  be  their 
portion.  The  probabilities  are  that  those  great  scientists  will  live 
to  bo  instrumental  in  disseminating  such  knowledge  of  the  laws  of 
(iod  as  will  assist  materially  in  the  advance  of  a  high  civilization 
in  spite  of  pope  or  priest,  bigot  or  ignoramus. 

The  liver  being  the  largest  gland  in  the  body,  we  must  infer 
that  it  creates  important  mental  states.  The  greatest  writers  on 
mind  seem  to  realize  its  importance,  and  have  gathered  extensive 
evidence  by  observation  and  experiment  which  go  far  toward 
proving  its  intimate  relation  to  mental  activity.  The  evidence 
collected  by  this  class  of  writers  is  chiefly  obtained  by  observing 
this  organ  in  a  state  of  disease.  Not  having  any  scientific 
knowledge  of  the  face  by  which  to  make  observations  of  the  liver 
in  a  state  of  health,  nor  to  observe  how  it  affects  the  normal  indi- 
vidual, their  only  resource  has  been  pathognomonic  observation, 
such  as  is  had  in  cases  of  sudden  emotion  or  long-continued  dis- 
orders of  this  viscus.  And  until  physicians  and  metaphysicians 
are  acquainted  thoroughly  with  the  facts  of  scientific  physiog- 
nomy these  methods  alone  will  have  to  be  employed  in  the  study 
of  those  diseases  of  the  mind  induced  by  disorders  of  the  liver,  or, 
conversely,  diseases  of  the  liver  induced  by  injuries  to  the  brain 
or  brought  014  by  violent  emotion.  The  following  description  of 
disease  of  the  liver,  produced  by  mental  shock,  is  stated  thus  by 
Dr.  Tuke.  He  remarks : — 

Dr.  Budd,  in  his  "  Diseases  of  the  Liver,"*  observes  that  jaundice 
following  mental  shock,  long-continued  anxietj'  or  grief,  is  often  unattended 
by  any  alarming  symptom,  but  now  and  then,  after  it  has  existed  for  some 
time  without  any  symptoms  indicative  of  especial  danger,  disorder  of  the 
brain  which  proves  rapidly  fatal  comes  on.  After  death,  in  such  cases,  por- 
tions of  the  liver  are  sometimes  found  completely  disorganized.  It  would 
seem  that  some  virulent  poinon  is  generated  in  the  liver  which  deranges  and 
then  paralyzes  the  brain,  and  after  death  comes  softening  and  disorganiza- 
tion of  the  liver  itself.  Dr.  Wilson  Phillip  asserts  that  depression  of  mind, 
if  protracted,  alters  the  structure  of  the  liver. 

Of  the  influence  of  the  liver  over  mental  states,  Dr.  John 
Wm.  Draper  observes  : — 

It  is,  however, on  all  hands  admitted  that  nothing  so  quickly  disturbs 
the  brain  in  its  action  as  functional  disturbance  of  the  liver.  If,  through  :i 
partial  failure  in  the  operation  of  that  great  gland,  the  products  which  it 
should  normally  secrete  begin  to  accumulate  in  the  blood,  or  have  to  seek 
new  channels  for  their  escape,  the  vigor  of  the  intellect  is  at  once  impaired.^ 

Not  only  is  the  general  condition  of  the  mind  impaired  by 
pathognomonic  changes  in  the  action  of  the  liver,  but  where  there 
is  an  inherited  defect  either  in  size  or  activity  of  this  organ  there 

*  Influence  of  the  Mind  upon  the  Body,  D.  H.  Tuke.  M.D.,  p.  304. 
t  Human  I'atliolog,-,  John  William  Draper,  M.D. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM   THE   INTESTINAL    SYSTEM.  185 

is  a  corresponding  defect  in  the  activity  and  clearness  of  the  in- 
tellect ;  especially  is  this  the  case  with  the  reasoning  and  analyti<'«l 
powers. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  viscus  is  both  an  excreting 
as  well  as  a  secreting  organ  ;  hence,  it  assists  in  relieving  the  sys- 
tem of  impurities,  where  its  action  is  strong  and  active.  A  tem- 
porary disturbance  of  its  function,  as  is  seen  in  a  torpid  or  inact- 
ive state  of  the  liver,  produces  a  temporary  inert  condition  of  the 
mind,  as  well  as  a  cheerless,  melancholy,  "blue"  state  of  feeling, 
which  a  return  to  normal  action  completely  changes  to  activity  of 
mind  and  to  a  cheerful,  hopeful  condition.  It  is  well  known  that  per- 
sons transacting  business  while  laboring  under  temporary  disease  of 
the  liver  are  not  so  well  able  to  perform  their  business  in  a  satis- 
factory manner  as  when  in  their  normal  condition  ;  neither  have 
they  the  same  control  of  the  moral  nature.  This  fact  is  too  well 
known  to  require  proofs  from  me.  This  being  admitted,  how  then 
can  it  be  doubted  that  a  healthy  condition  of  the  liver  leads  to 
morality,  while  an  unhealthy  state  of  this  organ  conduces  to  feeble- 
ness of  moral  action  ? 

Thet/??vtf  and  most  important  knowledge  for  mankind  to  gain 
is  that  concerning  his  own  body,  and  a  health-catechism  should  be 
the  first  book  placed  in  the  hands  of  youth,  who  should  be  taught 
that  the  worst  sin  against  God's  law  is  to  breathe  impure  air ;  next, 
to  drink  impure  water  and  eat  improper  food ;  and  that  to  keep 
those  laws  is  the  "  chief  end  of  man."  If  the  body  be  kept  in  a 
normal  condition,  pure  morals  and  good  minds  are  pretty  sure  to 
be  the  result.  The  candid  reader,  I  am  sure,  will  ere  this  have 
become  convinced  that  true  religion  and  a  good  liver  are  in  direct 
relation  to  each  other.  It  has  been  shown  that  insanity  is  often 
the  result  of  a  diseased  liver.  Now,  if  this  be  so,  can  it  not  be 
readily  seen  how  essential  to  a  pure  mind  and  religious  life  is  a 

sound  liver  ? 

* 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE    INTESTINAL    SYSTEM. 

Friendship. — Friendship  is  related  to  and  sustained  by  the 
intestinal  system,  and  is  comprised  in  the  chemical  or  vegetative 
part  of  the  process  of  digestion.  Its  principal  local  sign  is  fullness 
of  the  upper  portion  of  the  cheek,  and  adjoins  the  chief  sign  for 
Digestion,  or  Alimentiveness.  Fullness  of  the  salivary  glands 
just  in  front  of  the  ear-opening  is  another  sign  of  assimilative 
capacity.  The  first  stages  of  digestion — those  performed  by  the 
stomach — are  produced  by  muscular  action  chiefly,  with  slight 
assistance  from  the  chemical  action  of  the  salivary  and  gastric 
juices.  The  most  important  part  of  digestion  is  carried  on  by  the 


186  1'UACHCAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

alimentary  canal,  commencing  with  the  duodenum.  The  food,  in 
its  passage  through  the  intestines,  is  acted  upon  by  the  secretions 
of  the  liver  and  pancreas;  and  in  this  part  of  digestion  the  process 
is  mainly  chemical ;  and  it  is  here  that  the  juices  needed  for  ani- 
mal heat  and  warmth,  for  the  nutrition  of  the  body  generally,  are 
found.  It  is  here  that  color  is  evolved  by  chemical  action  and  sent 
through  the  glands  and  veins  to  its  several  destinations  in  the  tis- 
sues by  the  power  of  the  same  action  without  the  slightest  assist- 
ance from  the  muscular  system  ;  and  when  we  observe  fullness  of 
the  upper  part  of  the  cheek  and  a  bright-red  color,  we  know  that 
Friendship  is  active,  because  the  power,  the  warmth  e'ssential  to  its 
action,  is  present  in  the  body  in  just  the  right  proportion  to  enable 
the  individual  to  perform  the  offices  essential  to  the  active  duties 
which  Friendship  exacts.  A  thin,  flat,  pale,  or  bluish  upper 
cheek  shows  the  reverse  of  this  faculty,  and  will  always  be  accom- 
panied by  a  small  or  relatively  defective  intestinal  system. 

Friendship,  like  Love,  is  both  a  benevolent  and  a  selfish  trait. 
Its  character  is  dual,  as  is  its  functional  action,  for  the  glands  both 
excrete  and  absorb.  Primarily,  it  seeks  to  please  itself  in  social 
enjoyments,  in  the  society  of  friends,  and  in  eating  and  drinking 
with  them.  It  is  not,  like  the  Irishman's  "  reciprocity,"  all  on  one 
side.  It  seeks,  also,  the  erijoyment  of  those  it  loves ;  and,  where 
there  is  a  good  admixture  of  the  Architectural  or  Mathematical 
powers,  it  assists,  by  planning  and  personal  service,  in  every  way 
the  interests  of  the  objects  of  its  affection.  A  good  development 
of  the  intestinal  system  gives  to  the  organism  the  juices  and 
nourishment  needed  to  carry  forward  the  work  of  Friendship,  and 
also  affords  the  animal  warmth  essential  to  the  creation  and  per- 
petuation of  this  faculty,  either  as  a  sentiment  or  social  enjoyment. 
Its  physical  basis,  as  I  have  shown,  is  in  the  Chemical  Division ;  and, 
in  its  primitive  aspect,  it  creates  a  desire  for  association  and  com- 
panionship. In  the  early  stages  of  man's  development  it  assisted 
in  forming  tribes  and  clans,  and  the  faces  of  all  clannish  races  ex- 
hibit this  faculty  largely  ;  as,  for  example,  the  Highland  Scotch,  the 
Swiss,  the  Hollanders,  and  others.  As  the  organism  rose  higher 
by  the  development  and  perfection  of  other  faculties,  it  exhibited 
itself  more  as  a  sentiment,  and  showed  its  action  by  pleasant  speech, 
in  thought,  care,  and  active  works.  In  combination  with  the 
Chemical  Division  large  it  will  exhibit  itself  by  entertaining  friends 
with  feasts,  by  cooking  for  them,  and  by  presents  of  nice  foods, 
and  by  attention  to  their  bodily  wants.  With  the  Architectural 
faculties  added  it  shows  in  entertainments  also,  but  adds  both  sen- 
timent and  good  deeds.  With  the  highest  or  Mathematical  Divi- 
sion large,  where  the  brain  and  nerves  impart  sensitiveness, 'it  will 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM    THE   INTESTINAL    SYSTEM.  187 

be  exhibited  more  in  emotion,  feeling,  thought,  and  sentiment ;  in 
plans  for  the  welfare  of  friends;  in  poetry 'dedicated  to  beloved 
objects;  and  by  presents  of  flowers,  books,  and  pictures,  and  by 
delicate  attentions. 

The  Germans,  as  a  class,  are  the  most  sociable  and  friendly 
of  all  the  civilized  races.  They  are  also  the  best  feeders,  with  most 
uncommon  assimilative  powers.  Hence,  it  will  be  seen  that  Friend- 
ship is  a  conservator  of  life,  and  assists  in  the  progressive  develop- 
ment of  the  human  family,  both  morally  and  physiologically. 
Some  of  the  glands  involved  in  digestion  are  both  secretory  and 
excretory.  This  dual  action  gives  rise  to  a  dual  manifestation  of 
Friendship ;  it  is  both  selfish  and  unselfish. 

The  erroneous  views  of  metaphysical  writers  as  to  the  origin 
of  mind  have  given  rise  to  the  idea  that  Friendship,  as  well  as  all 
other  sentiments,  is  originated  and  operated  by  brain-power  alone. 
Had  these  writers  taken  the  trouble  to  investigate  man  in  a  scien- 
tific manner,  they  would  have  found  that  those  races  which  have  the 
best  assimilative  powers  are  inclined  to  be  the  most  sociable  and 
friendly.  Persons  who  are  very  abstemious  in  their  diet  always 
care  less  for  society  and  have  less  ability  for  social  efforts  than 
those  whose  digestion  is  very  strongly  developed.  The  act  of 
eating  is  itself  a  social  affair,  inasmuch  as  it  brings  together  those 
of  the  same  family  or  household,  and  this  constantly  recurring  act 
develops  the  desire  and  love  of  association.  Those  who  are  en- 
dowed with  large  Friendship  make  good  caterers  and  provide  well 
for  the  physical  wants  of  those  under  their  charge. 

Hollow-cheeked  and  pale-faced  persons  have  so  poor  a  diges- 
tion and  so  little  regard  for  food  that  they  are  incapable  of  selecting 
food  for  others ;  hence,  in  choosing  a  landlord  or  landlady,  never 
select  one  who  has  a  long,  thin,  pale  face,  for,  with  every  desire  to 
please,  they  will  prove  themselves  less  capable  of  selecting  and 
preparing  food  and  drink  than  those  who  exhibit  a  full  and  rosy 
development  of  this  part  of  the  face. 

The  close  proximity  of  the  facial  signs  for  Alimentiveness, 
Sociality,  and  Friendship  are  significant,  and  serve  to  show  the 
common  origin  of  all  these  sentiments.  The  base  of  all  of  these 
is  found  in  those  organs  which  conduce  to  the  perfect  assimilation 
and  appropriation  of  the  nutriment  taken  into  the  system.  No 
metaphysician  that  I  am  aware  of  has  given  the  origin  of  any  of 
these  social  sentiments,  but  has  left  the  whole  matter  to  be  referred 
to  the  action  of  the  brain  system. 

I  think  it  must  be  apparent  to  all  thoughtful  persons  that  the 
brain  can  create  nothing  of  itself;  but  must  depend  entirely  upon 
the  power  originated  or  residing  in  the  several  organ  systems  within 


188  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  body,  and  which  send  their  contributions  to  the  brain  through 
the  blood*,  nerves,  and  muscles.  The  body  is  the  manufactory,  thr 
in  flic,  rcgisteri  it  </  <m<l  photographing  <i./t/ntrnfnfi  ;  the  face  /*  the 
<>r  (//W  of  all  c.i'isfhig  state*  and  conditions  ;  and  not  only  is 
the  face  the  register  of  all  moral,  mental,  and  physical  con- 
ditions, but  it  is  also  the  indicator  of  the  grade  of  development 
of" our  ancestors,  and  one  skilled  in  physiognomy  is  often  able 
to  tell  the  habits,  customs,  professions,  and  physical  powers  and 
weaknesses  of  one's  ancestors  by  means  of  the  facial  signs  ob- 
served. A  developed  friendship  is  not  created  in  one  generation,  but 
must  be  the  product  of  the  habits  of  many  ancestors ;  hence,  when 
we  observe  the  sign  for  Friendship,  Sociality,  or  Alimentiveness 
large  in  the  countenance  of  an  individual,  we  are  safe  in  saying 
that  the  ancestors  of  that  person  were  friendly,  fyo'spitable  people. 
In  this  way,  as  in  all  ways,  "  our  deeds  do  follow  and  live  after 
us."  We  are  not  living  for  ourselves  alone,  neither  can  we,  if  we 
desire  it.  Our  faces  write  in  living  letters  not  only  our  characters, 
but  those  of  our  progenitors  also,  and  if  we  are  descended  from  the 
"  nobility"  we  need  no  "  Herald's  College"  to  proclaim  it.  Our 
faces  settle  the  question.  Said  Voltaire : — 

If  as  much  care  were  taken  to  perpetuate  a  race  of  fine  men  as  is  done 
to  prevent  the  mixture  of  ignoble  blood  in  horses  and  dogs,  the  genealogy 
of  every  one  would  be  written  on  his  face  and  displayed  in  his  manners. 

There  have  been  master  minds  in  all  ages  of  the  world  who 
have  comprehended  that  the  face  was  intended  to  disclose  the 
character ;  but  as  a  practical  system  has  been  lacking  by  which  to 
locate  and  verify  the  signs  of  character,  intuition  has  been  the 
main  dependence  of  all  observers. 

The  physiognomy  of  Shakespeare  reveals  a  character  possessed 
of  a  large  degree  of  this  faculty.  He  was  by  this  power  enabled 
to  divine,  as  it  were,  friendly  or  unfriendly,  honest  or  dishonest 
persons  by  simply  coming  within  their  personal  atmosphere.  It 
was  thus  he  comprehended  character  instantaneously.  His  writ- 
ings, as  well  as  his  physiognomy,  prove  his  possession  of  this 
power. 

Analysis. — As  I  have  previously  shown  that  Hope  derives  its 
power  from  a  portion  of  the  glandular  system, — viz.,  from  the  liver, — 
so  also  We  shall  find  that  the  analytical  power  is  in  strong  sympathy 
with  the  same  organ.  Its  facial  sign  adjoins  that  of  Hope,  and  is 
situated  upon  the  septum  of  the  nose  directly  under  the  cautionary 
action  of  the  nostrils.  These  two  faculties  and  functions  (Hope 
and  Analysis)  occupy  a  position  about  midway  between  the  Vege- 
tative, or  chemical,  and  the  Muscular,  or  mechanical  divisions  of  the 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM   THE    INTESTINAL    SYSTEM.  189 

face  and  body,  and  are  both  assisted  by  the  action  of  the  liver. 
This  organ  has  the  power  of  excreting  and  secreting,  and  assists 
by  its  clearness  of  action  the  so-called  mental  operations  so  neces- 
sary in  mechanical,  artistic,  and  literary  work. 

The  sign  for  the  Liver  and  Hope  in  the  face  is  situated  just 
above  the  Vegetative  Division  of  the  physiognomy,  yet  it  seems  to 
assist  the  action  of  this  department  as  well  as  the  action  of  the 
other  divisions  above ;  particularly  does  it  affect  the  lungs  and  heart. 
We  know  that  this  is  the  fact  physiologically,  and,  if  physiologi- 
cally, the  "  mental"  character  is  affected  by  such  interaction.  The 
kind  of  analytical  power  to  which  the  action  of  the  liver  gives  rise 
is  better  adapted  to  the  analysis  of  art,  literature,  mechanism,  and 
science,  than  the  sort  which  is  essential  to  abstract  reasoning. 
Hence,  we  observe  with  inventive,  fertile,  imaginative,  and  artistic 
persons  this  sign  is  very  pronounced.  The  septum  of  the  nose  of 
such  subjects  will  be  seen  projecting  downward,  with  an  unusual 
clearness  of  the  skin  and  brightness  of  the  eye,  thus  evidencing 
that  the  biliary  system  is  doing  its  perfect  work.  A  large  frontal 
brain,  if  of  high  quality,  gives  the  power  to  reason  abstractly,  but 
for  reflection  resulting  in  action,  as  in  executive  administration, 
and  in  the  several  forms  of  art,  as  in  painting,  sculpture,  acting,  etc., 
an  active  liver  is  necessary,  as  this  gives  clearness  and  activity  in 
carrying  out  the  ideas  which  the  mind  has  formed. 

Physiology  teaches  that  the  liver  acts  as  a  sort  of  "clearing 
house  "  for  the  blood  of  the  entire  system,  and  that  its  office  is  to 
cleanse  and  purify  the  blood  before  it  ascends  to  the  brain.  This 
being  the  case,  we  can  readily  understand  how  essential  to  the 
brain  is  the  perfect  action  of  this  organ  in  all  its  operations.  Hence 
it  is  that  where  we  observe  the  facial  sign  for  the  liver  we  always 
find  a  good  degree  of  analytical  power  accompanying  it.  This 
fact  should  teach  us  that  if  we  wish  to  increase  our  mental 
powers  we  should  pay  attention  to  the  condition  of  the  liver,  as 
far  more  depends  upon  the  condition  of  this  organ  than  most 
people  are  aware  of.  The  purity  and  vigor  of  the  entire  body 
depends  upon  the  purity  and  quality  of  the  blood,  and  thus  it  is 
that  the  interaction  of  the  liver,  blood,  nerves,  and  brain  are  all 
concerned  in  intellectual  manifestations  and  power.  All  organs 
of  the  viscera  are  directly  related  to  mentality,  and  the  mind  is 
dependent  upon  their  normal  action  for  the  ability  to  manifest 
Hope,  Analysis,  and  other  sentiments  and  powers.  I  feel  justified 
in  naming  the  liver  as  the  basis  of  Analysis,  for  the  reason  that  I 
have  observed  this  faculty  most  active  when  the  liver  was  most 
developed,  and  not  so  active  in  those  in  whom  the  sign  for  the  liver 
was  small,  even  when  the  fore-brain  was  well  developed.  Another 


190  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

reason  for  considering  these  faculties  as  having  a  common  basis  is 
Ix-cMUM'  their  signs  adjoin  each  other  in  the  septum;  and  it  is  a 
law  of  physiognomy,  as  well  as  of  physiology,  that  those  faculties 
and  functions  which  are  grouped  in  close  juxtaposition  are  mutually 
related  to  and  assist  eacli  other. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE    NERVES   OF  THE    SKIN. 

Modesty. — The  most  prominent  sign  of  Modesty  is  shown  by 
a  vertical  depression  running  down  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip. 
It  is  an  unfailing  sign  of  a  love  of  purity,  cleanliness,  and  gener- 
ally of  chastity ;  all  of  which  are  conducive  to  health  and  long  life. 
Persons  exhibiting  this  sign  use  refined  language,  dislike  all  coarse 
or  smutty  jokes  or  allusions ;  love  neatness  of  attire,  and  desire  to 
change  their  clothing  often;  dislike  bad  odors  emanating  from  the 
breath  or  skin;  bathe  frequently;  and  in  all  ways  testify  to 
cleanly,  chaste,  and  modest  tastes.  Its  location  near  Amativeness 
and  Self-esteem  suggests  the  beauty  and  utility  of  its  placing. 

Modesty  is  related  to  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  and  is  sus- 
tained by  the  nerves  of  the  skin-covering  mainly.  The  sensitive- 
ness of  the  skin  demands  that  care  shall  be  exercised  in  promoting 
the  comfort  of  the  body  by  cleanliness  without  and  purity  within. 
Individuals  exhibiting  the  sign  for  Modesty  take  as  much  pains  in 
the  preparation  of  their  food  as  they  do  in  preserving  the  skin,  for 
Modesty  is  more  than  "skin  deep."  It  is  concerned  with  the 
interior  conditions  as  well  as  with  the  exterior;  for  it  is  only  by 
having  a  state  of  soundness  and  purity  of  the  digestive  system  that 
a  fine,  clear,  healthy  skin  can  be  -obtained ;  and  although  very 
cleanly,  chaste,  and  modest  persons  may  not  know  enough  of  the 
rationale  of  this  faculty  to  reason  upon  it  they  will  observe,  if  they 
attend  to  it,  that  they  are  inclined  to  be  fastidious  in  regard  to  the 
quality  of  their  food  and  drink.  Care  in  this  direction  prevents 
the  pimples  and  blotches  which  are  often  observed  in  the  counte- 
nances and  on  the  bodies  of  many  persons. 

Modesty  is  innate  in  those  -who  exhibit  it  largely.  It  has 
many  phases,  and  presents  both  physical  and  mental  aspects. 
Some  individuals  exhibit  only  one  phase,  others  possess  several 
characteristics.  Those  persons  whose  skins  are  thick,  greasy,  and 
rough,  and  whose  hair  is  very  coarse  and  dull  are  never  as  modest 
and  cleanly  as  those  who  are  the  reverse,  and  this  is  still  another 
proof  of  its  origin. 

The  situation  of  the  local  sign  is  most  wisely  placed,  for  on 
the  one  hand  it  tempers  and  modifies  the  effects  of  Amativeness, 
which  would  otherwise  descend  to  coarse,  low,  and  sensual  behavior, 
and  on  the  other  hand  it  modifies  Self-esteem,  which  unrestrained 


ANALYSIS   OF    THE   GLANDULAR    SYSTEM.  191 

would  exhibit  egotism  of  the  most  offensive  arid  unbearable  descrip- 
tion. Scarcely  any  sign  so  exhibits  the  .wisdom  of  its  placing  as 
the  local  sign  for  Modesty.  This  sign  is  general  as  well  as  local, 
and  fine,  clear  skin,  as  well  as  bright,' fine,  glossy  hair,  attests  to 
that  love  of  cleanliness  and  neatness  which  is  one  of  its  most 
striking  phases. 

ANALYSIS    OF   THE   GLANDULAR    SYSTEM  AND  OLFACTORY  GANGLION. 

Cautiousness. — One  of  the  principal  facial  signs  of  Caution  is 
shown  by  extreme  length  of  nose.  Its  principal  use  is  to  protect 
the  body  by  the  sense  of  scent,  which  prevents  all  hurtful  and 
noxious  materials  from  entering  the  stomach,  and  keeps  poisonous 
gases  and  odors  from  the  lungs.  The  sense  of  scent  acts  as  a 
sentinel;  hence  its  position,  directly  above  the  mouth.  This  sign 
is  conceded  by  all  physiognomists.  In  the  .animal  world  this 
faculty  is  more  used  than  in  the  human  race ;  for  we  depend  more 
than  they  upon  our  eyes  and  acquired  experience.  The  eyes  and* 
observation  are  not  so  well  suited  to  this  purpose  in  animals  as  they 
are  in  men,  hence  it  is  that  all  animals  smell  their  food  constantly 
during  a  meal.  The  herbivorous  animals,  while  in  a  natural  state, 
seldom  touch  any  grass  or  herb  which  is  poisonous  or  detrimental 
to  them — so  unerring  is  their  scent;  yet,  after  becoming  domesti- 
cated, they  lose  this  faculty  partially.  This  sense  is  perhaps  as 
high  as  man's  power  for  observation;  yet  people  usually  speak  of 
it  as  "animal  instinct,"  conveying  the  idea  that  this  faculty  is 
something  inferior  to  human  observation,  while  in  reality  it  is  far 
superior  to  it ;  for  no  human  being  can  tell  by  scent  alone,  without 
experience,  whether  certain  plants  are  hurtful  or  useful.  In  ma  in- 
directions animals  possess  superior  powers.  Had  they  a  suitable 
physiological  development  which  would  enable  them  to  speak,  they 
would  soon  convict  many  of  us  of  more  cruelties,  meannesses,  and 
contemptible  behavior  than  even  wild  beasts  are  guilty  of. 

An  excess  of  Cautiousness  is  usually  associated  with  a  con- 
stricted state  of  the  liver  and  prevents  its  healthy  action.  Where 
this  is  the  case,  Hope  and  artistic  Analysis  are  never  strongly  devel- 
oped in  the  individual.  Intense  Secretiveness  tends  also  to  an 
inactive  liver. 

All  of  those  classes  of  animals  that  are  excessively  cautious 
and  secretive — as,  for  example,  the  tiger,  the  panther,  the  fox,  the 
coon,  the  skunk,  the  opossum,  and  the  cat — make  great  use  of  their 
flexor  muscles,  and  this,  added  to  the  fact  that  their  biliary  system 
is  not  so  powerful  as  their  thoracic  system,  causes  many  disorders 
of  the  liver  among  them. 

The  correlation  of  function  with  faculty,  and  of  form  with 


19 '2  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

function,  is  a  most  interesting  branch  of  our  subject,  and  will  be 
treated  of  later.  The  habits,  traits,  forms,  and  weaknesses  pro- 
duced by  different  degrees  of  development  of  the  liver  are  most 
wonderful.  The  sense  of  scent  is  a  powerful  animal  faculty,  and 
in  looking  for  its  origin  we  find  it  best  developed  in  the  most 
cautious  animnls;  hence,  the  length  as  well  as  width  of  the  nasal 
organ  stands  in  direct  relation  to  the  faculty  of  caution,  and  this 
reacts  upon  the  muscles,  particularly  upon  the  flexors,  as  by  the 
use  of  these  the  animal  is  enabled  to  sneak  and  hide.  Secretive- 
ness  and  Cautiousness  both  conspire  to  affect  the  action  of  the 
liver  as  well  as  of  the  muscles  and  the  sphincters.  Those  in  whom 
these  traits  are  paramount  are  usually  affected  by  constipation  and 
all  the  sphincters  of  the  body  are  very  tensely  constricted.  So 
great  is  this  contraction  in  some  cautious  and  secretive  persons  that 
it  induces  permanent  derangements  of  the  intestinal  system. 
Herein  we  have  the  most  positive  evidence  of  the  interaction  of  the 
mental  and  physical  states  of  function  and  faculty. 

The  Hebrew  race  is  the  most  Cautious  of  all  the  civilized 
races ;  the  facial  sign  of  this  trait  in  them  is  most  remarkably  devel- 
oped ;  their  noses  are  both  very  long  and  very  broad,  thus  evidencing 
a  talented  degree  of  Caution. 

The  several  faculties  the  signs  of  which  cluster  about  the  tip 
of  the  nose,  viz.,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  and  Human 
Nature,  are  based  mainly  upon  a  fine  development  of  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  assisted  by  the  muscular  system.  Acquisitiveness 
is  evolved  from  the  muscular  system  and  visceral  organs,  while 
Constructiveness  derives  its  power  from  muscle. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM   THE   OSSEOUS   SYSTEM. 

Veneration. — This  faculty  is  evolved  primarily  from  a  devel- 
oped condition  of  the  stomach.  Height  and  width  of  the  bridge 
of  the  nose  is  its  principal  local  sign  in  the  face.  Unlike  the  in- 
testinal system,  the  action  of  the  stomach  is  mainly  mechanical. 
We  find  its  local  sign,  as  well  as  the  organ  itself,  situated  in  the 
mechanical  or  architectural  division.  The  stomach  is  the  receiv- 
ing laboratory  where  the  solid  materials  are  first  mixed  by  me- 
chanical action  mainly.  This  operation  is  named  "'  peristaltic 
action,"  and  is  produced  by  the  contractions  of  the  muscles  of  the 
stomach  and  the  expansion  and  contraction  of  the  lungs  and  dia- 
phragm. The  saliva  and  gastric  juice  of  the  stomach  perform  only 
a  small  part  of  the  chemistry  oT  digestion.  The  materials  that  are 
taken  into  the  stomach,  after  being  thus  acted  upon,  are  distributed 
for  further  chemical  action  in  the  intestines,  glands,  etc.,  before  the 
act  of  creating  and  replacing  new  tissues,  bones,  muscles,  nerves, 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    THE   OSSEOUS    SYSTEM.  193 

etc.,  is  completed.  Although  we  are  dependent  upon  the  fluid  cir- 
culation to  convey  to  their  destinations  in  the  liquid  form  all  the 
materials  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  the  body,  at  the  same 
time  suitable  solid  materials  must  be  furnished  to  the  stomach,  to 
be  by  its  mechanism  converted  into  chyme,  a  kind  of  pulp.  There 
its  further  progress  is  continued  to  the  duodenum,  where  it  attains 
a  fluid  state  denominated  chyle.  This  is  received  into  the  general 
circulation,  and  assists  not  only  in  nourishing  the  body,  and  in 
creating  bone,  muscle,  and  nerve,  but  it  also  furnishes  the  materials 
essential  to  the  creation  of  other  human  organisms. 

This  slight  description  of  the  process  of  digestion  will  serve 
to  explain  how  the  perfected  and  developed  condition  and  action 
of  the  stomach  will  produce  a  corresponding  development  of  the 
bony  system,  as  well  as  a  fine  quality  of  all  the  softer  tissues. 

And  now  I  suppose  the  reader  will  ask  for  the  connecting 
proofs  of  the  relation  of  .the  stomach  with  the  faculty  of  Venera- 
tion and  its  sign  in  the  face.  This  question  is  pertinent,  and  de- 
mands on  my  part  a  decided  and  clear  answer.  Physiognomy,  like 
all  sciences,  is  founded  on  observation  primarily.  Now,  in  the 
faces  of  the  most  developed  races  arid  persons  (by  this  I  mean 
physical  as  well  as  moral  development)  we  observe  that  Jhe  nose  is 
high  and  broad  at  the  point  where  I  have  located  the  sign  for 
Veneration,  and  this  height  and  width  are  always  accompanied  by 
superior  strength  of  stomach.  In  the  noses  of  undeveloped  persons 
and  races  the  organ,  at  the  sign  for  Veneration,  is  flat  and  narrow, 
and  totally  different  in  appearance  from  the  former ;  and  with  this 
inferiority  of  nasal  development  we  always  find  co-existent  a  lack  of 
the  venerative  faculty,  while  the  character  is  inclined  to  low  thoughts 
and  impudence,  or  evinces  a  spontaneous  and  natural  disregard 
of  those  things  which  are  respected  by  the  opposite  type,  such  as 
laws,  customs,  proprieties,  old  age,  religion,  and  social  observances. 
Depression  of  the  nose  at  Veneration  is  always  accompanied  with  a 
relative  weakness  of  the  stoiixu-li.  The  logical  conclusion,  then, 
must  be  that  the  face  and  character  of  an  individual  who  is  physio- 
logically and  anatomically  developed  will  exhibit  a  degree  of  per- 
fection in  which  the  bony  system  is  one  of  the  dominant  tissues 
and  Veneration  one  of  the  most  marked  attributes.  Co)t1iinn-<l 
observation,  research,  and  coin/><irf*o)>-  on  my  part  have  given  me 
the  proof  that  the  development  of  the  nose  at  this  part  indicates 
a  vigorous  and  strongly  developed  condition  of  the  stomach.  This 
faculty  and  function  are  finely  illustrated  in  the  Hebrew  race,  for 
the  Hebrew  is  an  old  and  perfected  race, — one  which  has  paid 
especial  attention  to  the  hygienic  laws  as  inculcated  by  Moses; 
hence,  it  has  become  physiologically  developed,  and  in  point  of 


11)4  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


to  <//';/<  *f  is  not  excelled  by  any  other  civilized  race.  The 
of  most  of  them  are  high  and  broad  at  the  sign  for  Venera- 
tion. Their  regard  for  God,  law,  order,  old  age,  etc.,  is  exhibited 
in  their  lives,  and  certainly  a  race  which  has  given  to  the  world  a 
Deborah  and  a  Moses  in  ancient  times,  and,  in  modern  days,  a 
Mendelssohn,  an  Aguilar,  a  Heinrich  Heine,  a  Disraeli,  a  Lessing, 
a  Rachel,  a  Malibran,  and  a  Montifiore,  proves  its  title  to  a  high 
degree  of  development. 

As  before  stated,  a  nose  low  or  scooped  at  the  centre  is  uni- 
versally accompanied  by  a  predisposition  to  weakness  of  the 
stomach.  This  does  not  necessarily  involve  weakness  of  the  intes- 
tinal system,  for  the  one  depends  upon  muscular  or  mechanical 
action  and  the  other  part  of  the  process  of  digestion  —  the  chief 
part  —  upon  chemical  or  glandular  action.  Over  thirty  feet  of  in- 
testinal surface  (according  to  physiologists)  are  traversed  before  the 
process  of  digestion  is  complete.  In  the  animal  kingdom  we 
observe  among  those  that  have  very  flat  noses,  such  as  monkeys, 
apes,  and  other  flat-nosed  creatures,  that  dyspepsia  is  quite  preva- 
lent, more  so  than  among  camels,  dogs,  elephants,  and  horses. 
Dyspepsia  leads  to  consumption,  which  cuts  off  those  men  and 
animals  that  exhibit  a  low  formation  of  the  nose.  Persons  and 
animals  with  long,  slim  necks  are  also  predisposed  to  dyspepsia 
and  consumption,  and  accordingly  we  find  that  giraffes  especially 
are  subject  to  dyspeptic  ailments,  even  in  their  natural  state. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM   THE   OSSEOUS    AND   MUSCULAR    SYSTEMS. 

Executiveness.  —  This  faculty,  like  Veneration,  is  found  only 
among  the  most  developed  beings.  Wherever  it  is  observed  it  re- 
sults from  a  fine  development  of  the  bony  system,  and  its  local  sign 
is  manifested  by  height  of  the  nasal  bone  and  width  of  the  muscle 
just  above  Veneration.  Its  location  between  the  signs  for  Venera- 
tion and  Self-will  is  most  significant,  and  denotes  that  it  is  related 
in  its  action  to  both  these  faculties  o?  mind.  It  is  assisted  by  both, 
hence  their  juxtaposition  in  the  face.  Wherever  the  fluid  circula- 
tion of  the  body  has  done  its  work  thoroughly,  we  find  that  the 
bones  have  received  their  modicum  of  material,  created  by  thor- 
ough assimilation  of  the  nutriment  conveyed  to  the  stomach.  If 
heredity  has  in  the  first  instance  bestowed  upon  an  individual  a 
fine  development  of  the  osseous  system  the  ability  for  perfect 
assimilation  will  keep  up  the  same  high  standard  of  bone  growth, 
and  it  is  among  individuals  thus  endowed  that  we  may  look  for  the 
highest  examples  of  executive  powers.  Assistance  must  also  be 
received  from  the  muscular  system,  for  no  system  acts  entirely 
alone.  The  local  signs  which  lie  grouped  together  are  useful  in 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM   THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  195 

pointing;  out  the  systems  or  functions  which  they  represent  and 
from  which  they  derive  their  support.  Each  group  acts  in  conjunc- 
tion and  harmony  in  the  body,  and  promotes  the  mental  manifesta- 
tion made  possible  by  their  developed  condition.  Here,  as  else- 
where in  the  human  organism,  we  are  met  with  the  fact  of  the 
interrelation  and  correlation  of  physical  functions  with  mental 
faculties. 

FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM. 

Self-  Will. — The  ancient  metaphysicians,  not  having  a  phys- 
ical basis  upon  which  to  rest  their  deductions  in  regard  to  Mind, 
left  us  a  very  indefinite  idea  of  the  term  "  Will "  as  applied  to  the 
human  mind.  What  I  wish  to  describe  by  this  term  is  that  class 
of  acts  which  are  performed  by  aid  of  the  muscles  mainly  in  con- 
formity to  the  decision  of  the  individual.  Whenever  we  observe 
one  with  a  large  development  of  the  muscles  we  shall  find  the  sign 
for  Self-will  most  decided  in  the  face.  This  sign  is  situated  in  the 
nose  at  its  junction  with  the  forehead.  It  lies  between  the  eyes 
and  above  the  sign  for  Executiveness,  a  faculty  which  it  greatly 
assists.  It  is  composed  of  muscle.  It  is  true  that  there  is  bone 
beneath  it,  but  where  this  sign  is  most  apparent  the  muscle  fills  out 
this  portion  of  the  nose,  and  (as  we  see  in  Greek  profiles)  the  out- 
line of  the  nose  descends  in  one  continued  right  line  from  the  fore- 
head to  the  tip  of  the  nose. 

The  corroborative  evidence  of  its  muscular  origin  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  those  whose  muscular  system  is  best  developed  possess 
the  greatest  degree  of  will-power,  or  the  ability  for  prompt,  spon- 
taneous, and  forcible  action,  while  those  lacking  in  the  muscular 
system  are  correspondingly  deficient  in  this  most  useful  faculty  of 
mind.  The  faces  of  all  who  have  excelled  as  leaders,  commanders, 
and  those  who  have  led  in  the  greatest  enterprises  of  the  world 
exhibit  in  their  countenances  this  sign,  and  in  every  instance  where 
this  sign  is  exhibited  we  shall  find  a  superior  muscular  develop- 
ment. 1 1  do  not  mean  by  this  remark  that  we  shall  find  the  mus- 
cular system  of  a  prize-fighter,  but  that  the  muscles  dominate  the 
bony  system,  regardless  of  the  size  of  the  individual,  whether  it  be 
a  child  or  a  dwarf.  The  signs  for  the  supremacy  of  this  system 
are  manifest  all  over  the  entire  body,  and  are  known  by  thickness 
of  the  neck,  wide  and  thick  shoulders,  round  body  and  head,  full 
convex  eye,  round  ear,  curving  jaw,  round  thick  nose,  round  chin, 
fingers  inclined  to  taper,  and  all  of  the  joints  rounded  and  well 
covered  by  muscle.  These  signs  are  found  in  those  whose  will  is 
most  powerful. 

It  is  true  that  the  brain  where  conscious  intelligence  is  created, 


1J)6  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  where  sensation  and  motion  are  co-ordinated,  must  have  a 
quality  or  condition  corresponding  to  the  quality  of  muscle  found 
in  each  individual.  This  the  law  of  harmonious  action  teaches 
must  he  the  case;  the  action  of  the  muscles  depends  in  most  cases 
upon  the  ilirix'ion  of  the  thinking  or  conscious  portion  of  the 
brain,  and  those  who  possess  a  fine  and  large  degree  of  muscle 
decide  instantaneously.  In  many  instances  the  muscles  act  auto- 
matically after  repeated  movements  of  them  in  one  direction,  and 
instances  are  related  where  piano-players  have  heen  able  to  use 
this  automatism  while  asleep  at  the  piano. 

If  one  were  to  decide  upon  performing  a  certain  act  without 
going  any  further,  the  mere  act  of  deciding  could  not  be  considered 
an  act  of  the, will  purely,  but  must  be  understood  as  a  process  of 
the  «l>str<«:t  power  of  reason,  which,  if  followed  by  acts  of  the 
muscular  system  could  be  properly  demonstrated  an  exercise  of  the 
will.  Sometimes  the  voluntary  muscles  seem  to  act  spontaneously 
or  without  previous  decision  on  the  part  of  the  reasoning  powers, 
but  whether  fhe  individual  acts  spontaneously  or  with  purpose,  or 
whether  he  acts  wisely  or  unwisely,  the  one  best  endowed  in  the 
matter  of  muscle  can  act  with  the  greatest  force  and  spontaneity 
in  his  movements,  and  where  there  is  a  good  or  great  brain  system 
.in  addition,  the  thoughts  and  speech  are  capable  of  the  greatest 
degree  of  courage,  clearness,  and  power.  Such  people  are  execu- 
tive and  resolute,  with  ability  to  command  and  lead,  in  thought  as 
well  as  in  action.  If  Self-will  were  a  purely  mental  or  brain 
faculty,  then  those  with  the  most  powerful  brain  systems  would 
exhibit  the  greatest  degree  of  will-power;  but  observation  teaches 
us  that  this  is  not  the  case.  It  is  true  that  those  with  large  brain* 
have  decided  opinions,  but  where  we  observe  the  best  development 
of  the  muscles  there  is  to  be  found  the  greatest  capacity  for  the 
c.i-firession  of  the  active  will.  By  dividing  up  the  powers  of  the 
human  organism,  we  are  enabled  to  simplify  the  study  of  human 
science ;  not  only  to  simplify  its  study,  but  also  to  make  clear 
what  has  been  so  long  a  mystery  to  the  mass  of  mankind,  and 
when  the  masses  can  be  taught  that  the  first  and  most  important 
duty  of  life  is  to  understand,  care  for,  and  protect  the  body,  we 
shall  then  have  those  who  are  truly  religious ;  that  is  to  say,  those 
who  live  in  harmony  with  the  laws  of  God  and  Nature.  A  high 
and  fine  development  of  the  muscular  system  is  a  precious  inherit- 
ance ;  the  conservation  of  this  system  should  be  taught  as  a 
religious  duty.  The  world  is  peopled  with  the  weak'  of  will,  the 
irresolute,  the  timid  and  shrinking,  who  often  become  a  burden  to 
others  and  assist  in  swelling  our  criminal  classes.  Surely,  then, 
parents  should  see  that  daughters,  as  well  as  sons,  have  opportunity 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  197 

for  such  muscular  training  as  shall  fit  them  to  meet  the  battles  t 
and  storms  of  life  with  a  strong  and  courageous  will,  which  will  / 
enable  them  to  conquer  circumstances  as  well  as  their  own  defects. 

Credeneiveiiess. — A  faculty  which  is  so  generally  distributed 
in  so  large  a  measure  throughout  all  the  races  of  mankind  is  surely 
worthy  of  more  than  passing  notice. 

Credenciveness  in  its  normal  condition  is  the  faculty  which  is 
adapted  to  the  receptipn  and  belief  of  the  truths  of  history,  biog- 
raphy, current  events,  and  statements  of  individuals. 

It  has  been  named  by  phrenologists  "Faith,"  "Wonder," 
"  Spirituality,"  and  "  Marvelousness,"  neither  of  which  expresses  its 
normal  use  and  purpose.  Its  perversions  are  numerous  and  gross, 
leading  often  to  the  most  superstitious  and  degrading  practices.  Un- 
accompanied by  reason,  conscientiousness,  or  intelligence,  it  is  found 
among  the  degraded  idolaters  and  animal  worshippers  of  the  savage 
tribes,  and  leads  to  most  barbarous  and  inhuman  practices.  This 
faculty  is  also  possessed  in  varying  degrees  by  civilized  races,  and 
is  the  faculty  most  relied  upon  by  fanatics  and  despots  to  control 
multitudes  of  those  who  possess  Credenciveness  unbalanced  by 
reason,  conscientiousness,  or  knowledge.  The  religious  tyrants  of 
the  world  have  always  relied  upon  an  exaggerated  degree  of  Cre- 
denciveness in  their  followers  to  maintain  their  power  and  replenish 
their  coffers ;  and  even  in  this  enlightened  age  there  are  millions 
of  people  who  are  swayed  by  those  who  know  how  to  work  upon 
this  weakness,  and  thus  they  become  voluntary  contributors  toward 
the  maintenance  of  numbers  of  useless  persons,  simply  because 
they  arrogate  to  themselves  supernatural  powers  and  special  influ- 
ence with  God. 

The  uses  of  this  faculty  are  various.  Besides  the  aid  it  ren- 
ders to  our  daily  life  by  giving  us  the  desire  to  know  the  wonders 
of  Nature,  to  hear  the  news  and  statements  of  facts,  the  love  of 
stories,  history,  biography,  etc.,  it  assists  the  poet  in  clothing  his  de- 
scriptions in  most  exaggerated  and  wonderful  style,  such  as  are  found 
in  Dante's  "Inferno  "  and  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost."  This  faculty 
is  large  in  those  artists  who  by  their  works  illustrate  the  wonder- 
ful, weird,  mystic,  and  improbable.  The  paintings  of  Gustave 
Dore  and  William  Blake  show  the  effect  of  this  peculiar  faculty. 
Many  poets  have  given  convincing  proof  of  their  possession  of 
this  faculty  by  their  vivid  descriptions  of  heavens,  hells,  devils, 
furies,  and  dragons,  of  fearful  aspect ;  such  beings  are  described 
by  Milton  and  Dante,  who  also  have  given  us  pen-paintings  of 
scenes  of  supernal  beauty. 

The  founders  of  religions  deal  also  in  mystic  and  symbolic 
.language,  and  astonish  the  world  (without  enlightening  it  much) 


198  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

by  their  "  revelations,"  received  from  celestial  spheres.  Sweden- 
borg's  works  and  face  agree  perfectly  in  the  exhibition  of  the  faculty 
of  Credenciveness.  The  works  and  face  of  Mahomet,  too,  are  in 
perfect  accord  in  this  direction,  and  in  private  life  wherever  we  find 
a  very  superstitious  person,  one  who  revels  in  marvels,  miracles, 
and  wonderful  statements,  we  shall  find  the  wide-open  eye  and 
high-arched  brow  of  the  "believer"  of  anything  and  everything 
which  is  impossible,  improbable,  astounding,, and  marvelous.  The 
less  truth  there  is  in  anything,  the  more  attraction  is  there  for  this 
class  of  beings.  Europeans  as  a  class  are  more  credulous  than 
Americans.  They  are  yet  under  the  influence  of  mediaeval 
superstitions  and  the  authority  of  the  ecclesiastical  powers,  while 
Americans  have  had  one  hundred  years  of  enlightenment  and 
freedom  of  thought  and  conscience,  and  these  influences  tell  upon 
the  character,  for  Americans  have  less  veneration  and  less  credulity 
than  any  other  civilized  nation ;  yet  even  they  have  enough  and 
to  spare.  The  Chinese,  as  a  race,  are  very  credulous,  and  certainly 
we  can  scarcely  find  a  more  slavishly-superstitious  race.  Just  the 
opposite  of  theirs  is  the  physiognomy  of  a  scientist — one  who 
seeks  the  absolute  truth.  The  eyebrows  of  such  are  most  espe- 
cially significant  of  Observation, — the  faculty  which  is  just  the 
opposite  of  Credenciveness.  In  these  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye- 
brow is  brought  close  down  to  the  eye,  and  the  eye  itself,  no 
matter  how  large  it  may  be,  is  set  back  under  projecting  eye-bones, 
and  this  is  the  appearance  that  the  faces  of  the  most  practical 
classes  present — such  as  mechanics,  most  physicians,  naturalists, 
scientists,  and  practical  persons  generally. 

Now,  it  will  be  observed  that  all  of  these  indications  of  Cre- 
denciveness are  found  situated  in  the  muscular  system,  and  are  most 
developed  among  the  muscular  races ;  hence,  we  are  warranted  in 
ascribing  to  this  faculty  a  muscular  origin.  The  very  construction 
of  the  portion  of  the  face  about  the  eyes  and  eyebrows  renders  this 
class  of  persons  incapable  of  the  closest  observation.  Capacity 
for  accurate  observation  alone  can  give  this  power,  aided  by  Con- 
scientiousness, and  these  two  faculties  arise  from  the  bony  system. 
Those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  have  not  evolved 
to  that  plane  which  enables  them  to  comprehend  the  laws  and 
principles  of  Nature  so  well  and  so  readily  as  those  in  whom  the 
bony  system  is  dominant.  It  would  appear  that  religion  is  a  result 
of  evolutionary  progression,  and  that  the  capacity  to  understand 
absolute  truth  is  most  pronounced  where  reason  and  conscience 
are  the  most  developed,  and  these  faculties  are  strongest  in  the 
osseous  people  and  races ;  while  superstitious  religions,  and  beliefs 
in  charms,  incantations,  omens,  and  supernatural  beings  are  observed 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM   OSSEOUS   AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEMS.    199 

most  prevalent  among-  the  muscular  people  and  races — for  example, 
the  Turks,  Arabs,  Hindoos,  Chinese,  and  the  barbarous  races  gen- 
erally. Their  religious  beliefs  are  characterized  by  the  most 
childish,  mystic,  and  incomprehensible  ideas  and  ceremonies ;  or  in 
other  classes,  by  barbarous,  cruel,  and  degrading  rites.  The  re- 
ligion of  a  race  will  settle  its  grade  in  development  most  conclu- 
sively, for  "  religion  without  reason  is  superstition." 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE   OSSEOUS   AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEMS. 

Observation. — The  origin  of  this  faculty  is  without  doubt  in 
the  osseous  system,  assisted  by  the  muscles  and  certain  nerves,  inas- 
much as  it  is  the  most  general  and  the  best  developed  among  bony 
people  and  animals.  Its  principal  facial  sign  is  a  lowering  down  of 
the  eyebrows  at  their  inner  terminus  and  a  projection  forward  of  the 
frontal  bone  at  this  point.  Phrenologists  tell  us  that  this  appear- 
ance is  caused  by  "  brain  development "  at  this  locality,  but  I  think 
we  can  readily  prove  it  to  have  its  origin  in  the  osseous  system 
primarily,  assisted  by  the  eye  and  the  muscles  of  the  surrounding 
parts,  particularly  by  the  orbicularis  palpebrarum  and  the  corru- 
gator  supercilii  muscles,  which,  by  reason  of  their  constant  use  (by 
those  who  are  naturally  observant),  become  much  enlarged  as  age 
advances,  until  they  sometimes  present  the  appearance  of  a  small 
wen.  Again,  the  superior  size  of  these  muscles  at  this  point  is 
due  to  the  increased  size  of  the  bones  beneath  them. 

The  phrenological  theory  that  brain-matter  causes  the  bulging 
out  of  the  eyes  by  an  "  organ"  under  them,  or  back  of  them,  indi- 
cating Language,  is  as  erroneous  as  the  theory  that  brain  "  organs  " 
back  of  the  bones  of  the  superciliary  arch  cause  the  prominence 
which  they  name  "Observation,"  a  name  which  I  also  use  as  de- 
scriptive of  the  same  faculty  and  locality,  but  claim  for  it  an 
entirely  different  origin.  I  believe  I  have  stated  elsewhere  in  this 
work  the  origin  of  the  signs  adjacent  to  the  eyes.  The  develop- 
ment of  this  locality  takes  place  under  the  laws  of  progressive 
evolution,  and  when  organisms  have  reached  that  point  in  which 
the  bones  have  supremacy  over  the  muscles,  the  bones  adjacent  to 
the  eyes,  the  superciliary  ridges  are,  as  a  matter  of  course,  corre- 
spondingly developed.  Hence  it  is  that  we  find  the  faculty  of 
Observation  not  the  strongest  where  the  brain  is  the  largest,  but 
where  the  bony  system  is  best  exhibited. 

Bone  development  in  the  face  advances  jxtri  pawn  with  bone 
development  in  the  rest  of  the  body.  In  order  to  clear  away  the 
doubt  and  mystery  which  has  so  long  attended  the  analysis  and 
origin  of  mental  power,  we  must  lift  the  load  from  the  poor  over- 
loaded brain  and  relegate  to  their  own  sources  the  several  powers 


200  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSKKJNOM  V. 

concerned  in  the  so-called  "Menial  operations."  Again.  we  may 
find  corroborative  evidence  of  the  osseous  origin  of  the  several 
si^ns  and  i'aculties  by  reference  to  the  most  observing  animals,  — 
ine  horse,  the  elephant,  and  the  dog.  The  bony  system  of  these 
animals  is  in  excess  of  the  muscular,  and  their  uncommon  degree 
of  the  faculty  of  Observation  is  well  known. 

The  aggregation  of  bone  and  muscle  about  the  eyes,  as  ex- 
hibited in  the  countenance  of  the  most  observing  and  practical 
races  and  persons,  is  caused  in  the  first  instance  by  continued 
use  of  the  visual  organs.  Now,  it  is  a  well-settled  principle  of 
physiology  that  "use  increases  capacity,"  and  when  the  eyes  are 
greatly  exercised  an  unusual  flow  of  blood  to  those  parts  takes 
place,  and  a  corresponding  increase  of  size  of  all  of  the  several 
tissues  involved  in  the  act  of  seeing  occurs,  and  this  being  trans- 
mitted to  offspring  (who  by  virtue  of  another  principle  equally  po- 
tent, viz.,  "that  those  faculties  which  are  the  strongest  demand 
the  most  activity"),  exercise  in  a  greater  degree  the  same  faculties 
as  did  their  progenitors,  and,  thus  intensified  by  inheritance  and 
use,  the  great  observers  of  the  world  are  created,  not  by  their  own 
efforts  entirely,  but  by  the  efforts  of  their  ancestors  as  well.  If  we 
take  the  trouble  to  trace  the  lineage  of  any  of  our  eminent 
scientists,  mechanics,  or  inventors,  we  shall  undoubtedly  find  that 
they  have  inherited  from  some  practical  and  observing  ancestor  the 
capacity  for  increased  observation.  Erricsson  is  a  most  illustrious 
example  of  inherited  mechanical  powers. 

Bone  development  is  a  later  and  higher  evolution  than  muscle 
growth,  and  accordingly  we  find  that  those  races  and  persons 
whose  bony  systems  exceed  the  muscular  are  higher  and  more  per- 
fected generally  and  most  unquestionably  more  moral  and  prac- 
tical. The  reader  is  referred  to  the  general  description  of  the 
osseous  system  for  a  full  account  of  its  powers.  I  believe  that  all 
faculties,  as  well  as  functions,  are  represented  in  the  brain,  but 
doubt  the  ability  of  any  one  to  describe  the  character  of  others  by 
feeling  or  looking  at  the  brain,  without  reference  to  the  face  and 
the  form  of  the  body  generally. 

FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM   THE    MUSCULAR    AND    BKAIX    SYSTEMS. 


of  Events.  —  The  memory  of  events,  as  its  name  in- 
dicates, gives  the  power  to  retain  and  recall  events  of  all  kinds,  — 
history,  scientific  facts,  anecdotes,  experiments,  public  measures, 
news,  and  neighborhood  gossip.  Its  facial  sign  is  situated  above 
Observation  and  between  the  two  local  signs  of  Locality. 

Those  with  this  faculty  large  learn  readily  new  ideas,  princi- 
ples, and  doctrines  ;  can  become  good  teachers,  and,  with  Language 


FACULTIES   DERIVED    FROM    MUSCULAR    AND    BRAIN    SYSTEMS.    201 

large,  editors  and  writers.  It  endows  the  character  with  a  com- 
mon-sense view  of  affairs,  and  assists  progressive  tendencies.  It  is 
large  in  children,  as  their  faces  indicate.  It  is  possessed  by  histo- 
rians, descriptive  writers,  orators,  and  statesmen. 

Memory  of  Events  is  indebted  mainly  to  the  brain  system  for 
its  power,  aided,  by  the  muscular  system.  Its  complex  derivation 
gives  it  ability  to  remember  events  which  the  visual  organs  take 
cognizance  of,  as  well  as  what  is  heard, — as  events  transpire  in 
history,  or  in  affairs  of  the  city,  town,  or  neighborhood.  Where 
the  region  about  the  eyes  is  well  developed  the  character  will 
possess  great  practical  inclinations,  and  as  the  eyes  and  ears  are 
largely  concerned  in  the  reception  of  news,  both  by  seeing  and 
hearing,  this  department  of  the  mind  is  indebted  to  the  auditory 
and  optic  nerves,  as  well  as  to  the  muscles  of  those  parts. 

Memory  pertains  to  every  individual  thing  and  fact  in  exist- 
ence. There  is  memory  of  form,  of  words,  of  tunes,  of  time,  of 
voice,  of  taste,  of  color,  of  locality,  of  numbers,  and  of  all  sepa- 
rate parts,  particles,  and  motions  in  the  universe.  Indeed,  Memory 
is  a  universal  faculty,  and  adapted  to  the  recognition  and  retention 
of  all  matter  and  matters  whatsoever ;  it  is  as  illimitable  as  the 
scope  of  creation. 

Memory  is  a  faculty  of  the  five  systems  of  functions  ;  each  has 
its  own  sort  of  memory.  The  muscular  system,  in  a  most  especial 
manner,  is  endowed  with  Memory.  The  automatic  movements 
which  are  made  by  the  musician,  the  dancer,  the  athlete,  the 
mechanician,  etc.,  become  to  them  "  second  nature,"  as  we  term  it. 
So.  also,  the  olfactory,  auditory,  and  gustatory  nerves  store  up  sen- 
sations once  impressed  upon  them,  and  the  odor  of  a  flower  or  the 
taste  of  food  instantly  brings  to  the  recollection  scenes,  places,  and 
persons  long  since  (apparently)  forgotten.  Memory  connected  with 
the  taste  and  smell  must  be  the  strongest,  inasmuch  as  they  are 
the  parts  of  the  sense-memory  that  is  first  exercised  in  infancy. 
After  these,  the  visual,  auditory,  and  tactile  sensations  are  earliest 
used  and  the  easiest  recalled;  but  the  memory  of  thought,  of  ab- 
stract ideas,  comes  into  play  later  in  the  life  of  the  individual  after 
the  knowledge  of  things  has  ripened  into  thoughts. 

A  great  memory  in  any  department  of  mentality  is  a  grand 
gift,  and  where  great  memory  is  co-existent  with  other  equally  large 
powers  of  mind  we  have  individuals  of  the  first  class;  such  were 
Julius  and  Joseph  Scaliger,  Humboldt,  Lord  Macaulay,  Hugh 
Miller,  Guizot,  Richard  Person,  Baron  Cuvier,  Goethe,  Madame 
de  Stael,  and  Edmund  Burke,  of  whom  Dr.  Johnson  remarked 
that  '•  his  mind  was  a  perennial  stream."  Most  of  these  persons 
were  endowed  by  Nature  with  exceptional  powers  of  Memory,  but 


202  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

developed,  increased,  and  strengthened  by  wise  care  and  judicious 
practice.  There  are  some  persons  who  possess  most  uncommon 
powers  of  Memory,  but  have  no  originality.  Unlike  the  above- 
mentioned  persons,  they  contribute  nothing  to  the  general  store  of 
knowledge  or  thought,  but  are  mere  storehouses  of  the  thoughts 
of  others,  and  can  quote  by  the  hour  what  different  authors  have 
said,  yet  never  venture  upon  an  original  observation.  These  last 
may  be  likened  to  a  storehouse,  while  the  former  are  great  manu- 
factories wherein  thought  is  created  for  the  benefit  of  generations 
to  come.  Apropos  to  this,  the  poet,  Tupper,  observes,  "Memory 
is  not  wisdom ;  a  fool  can  rote  volumes."  Yet  this  faculty  is  often 
taken  by  the  thoughtless  as  an  indication  of  wisdom. 

The  possession  of  a  great  memory  merely  is  no  indication  of 
intellect  or  wisdom.  Many  persons  noted  for  memory  of  various 
kinds  have  also  been  noted  for  absence  of  intelligence  of  most 
other  things.  Young  Bidder,  the  arithmetician,  possessed  a  most 
extraordinary  gift  of  calculation,  yet  was  incapable  of  being  educated 
for  the  higher  departments  of  mathematics  for  lack  of  sufficient 
intellect  to  supplement  his  arithmetical  powers.  Indeed,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  extended  memorizing  often  injures  and  impairs  the 
reasoning  faculties.  Many  gifted  creative  minds  are  very  deficient 
in  certain  departments  of  Memory.  The  agitation  and  rapidity  of 
thought,  and  the  manifold  combinations  of  ideas,  of  construction  and 
reconstruction  essential  to  original  creations,  whether  of  music, 
science,  or  literature,  must  naturally  militate  against  that  calm  and 
quiet  condition  of  the  brain  which  is  essential  to  extended  memor- 
izing. This  is,  no  doubt,  the  experience  of  all  creative  minds,  unless 
an  unusually  great  memory  has  been  inherited  along  with  the  other 
powers. 

As  Memory  belongs  to  every  part  of  the  organism,  so  its  cul- 
tivation can  be  proceeded  with  from  the  physical  stand-point  as 
well  as  from  the  mental,  and,  indeed,  in  children  this  part  of  the 
memory  would  be  the  only  proper  part  to  commence  with.  It  is 
this  department  of  mind  that  the  kindergarten  system  of  education 
seeks  to  develop  when  it  educates  the  young  child  in  size,  form, 
color,  touch,  taste,  and  smell ;  for  as  physical  sensations  are  the 
first  which  are  experienced  by  the  human  being,  this  method  of 
teaching  is  simply  following  the  methods  of  Nature  in  this  respect. 
The  old-time  method  of  education  was  to  commence  with  the  use 
of  abstract  memory, — the  memorizing  of  ideas,  words,  and  expres- 
sions,— and  this  involved  the  forcing  into  action  that  part  of  the 
memory  which  develops  latest  in  life.  This  is  manifestly  im- 
proper and  injurious.  Nattii-Sx  1<><«-I, ;,>.(/  and  Nature's  leading  can 
never  take  us  wrong.  The  old-time  ideas  of  Memory  contributed 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM   MUSCULAR   AND   BRAIN   SYSTEMS.    203 

to  this  ignorant  method  of  procedure.  Metaphysics  taught  that 
memory  was  a  unit  and  the  direct  effect  of  the  action  of  the  brain 
alone.  It  admitted  not  the  degraded  body  into  the  companion- 
ship of  Memory.  The  ideas  entertained  in  regard  to  it  were  very 
restricted.  On  this  point  the  following  expression  from  Dr.  Mauds- 
ley  is  pertinent.  He  observes : — 

Take,  for  example,  the  so-called  faculty  of  memory,  of  which  meta- 
physicians have  made  so  much,  as  affording  us  the  knowledge  of  personal 
identity.  From  the  way  in  which  they  usually  treat  of  it  one  would  sup- 
pose that  Memory  was  peculiar  to  Mind,  and  far  beyond  the  reach  of  phys- 
ical explanation.  But  a  little  reflection  will  prove  that  it  is  nothing  of  the 
kind.  The  acquired  functions  of  the  spinal  cord  and  of  the  sensory  gan- 
glia obviously  imply  the  existence  of  Memoiy,  which  is  indispensable  to 
their  formation  and  exercise.  How  else  could  these  centres  be  educated  ? 
The  impressions  made  upon  them  and  the  answering  movements  both  leave 
their  traces  behind  them,  which  are  capable  of  being  revived  on  the  occa- 
sions of  similar  impressions.  A  ganglionic  centre,  whether  of  mind,  sensa- 
tion, or  movement,  which  was  without  memor}7,  would  be  an  idiotic  centre 
incapable  of  being  taught  its  functions.  In  every  nerve-cell  there  is  Memory, 
and  not  only  so,  but  there  is  memory  in  every  organic  element  of  the  body. 
The  virus  of  small  pox  or  of  syphilis  makes  its  mark  on  the  constitution  for 
the  rest  of  life.  The  Memory  in  which  the  scar  of  a  cut  on  a  child's  finger 
is  perpetuated  and  grows  as  the  body  grows  evinces,  as  Mr.  Paget  has 
pointed  out,  that  the  organic  element  of  the  past  remembers  the  change 
which  it  has  suffered.* 

Memory  of  all  sorts  depends  upon  a  healthy  condition  of  the 
body  for  the  exercise  of  its  greatest  degree  of  power.  Slight  ill- 
ness will  sometimes  weaken  the  memory  of  persons,  places,  duties, 
words,  and  facts  to  an  astonishing  degree,  and  not  until  the  bodily 
health  resumes  its  normal  condition  will  the  memory  resume  its 
power. 

There  are  cases  on  record  where  the  memory  has  been  almost 
entirely  obliterated  by  long-continued  illness,  by  debauchery,  and 
also  by  sudden  fright  and  terror,  by  suspense  long-continued,  and 
by  sexual  excesses,  self-abuse,  and  other  causes.  Memory  is  sub- 
ject to  many  diseases,  and  investigators  who  have  adopted  the 
physiological  method  of  research  are  accumulating  a  vast  amount 
of  useful  knowledge  as  to  the  origin  or  cause  of  these  diseases, 
together  with  the  means  for  their  remedy.  Mons.  T.  H.  Ribot 
has  written  a  very  common-sense  and  useful  work  on  "  Diseases  of 
the  Memory,"  and  as  he  has  adopted  the  new  method  of  analyzing 
Memory  he  has  advanced  our  knowledge  in  this  direction  im- 
measurably. Of  the  various  inequalities  of  Memory  he  has  the 
most  just  ideas.  The  fact  that  some  persons  possess  memory  of 
W7ords  and  not  of  colors,  memory  of  forms  and  not  of  sounds,  etc., 

*  Body  and  Mind.  H.  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  24. 


204  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  that  the  base  of  some  departments  of  Memory  is  to  be  found 
in  the  organic  functions  is  recogni/ed  by  him,  us  the  following 
extract  will  prove.  He  observes: — 

Through  differences  of  constitution  the  impression  transmitted  may 
Ix1  faint  or  strong,  stable  or  transient.  The  preponderance  ol'  jiny  system 
of  organs — those  of  generation,  for  exami)le — gives  the  superiority  to  one 
group  of  recollections.  There  remain  the  higher  ])sychie  states.  ab>t  raei 
ideas,  and  complex  sentiments.  These  cannot  be  referred  direct  ly  t<>  any 
organ.  The  seat  of  their  production  and  reproduction  has  never  been 
located  with  precision,  but  as  they  no  doubt  result  from  an  association  or 
disassociation  of  primary  states,  there  is  no  ground  for  supposing  that  they 
are  exceptional.* 

Of  the  possessions  of  partial  memories  he  observes: — 

What  is  implied  by  these  partial  memories?  Special  develo/nnent  of 
a  .<jti'fi<il  sense  with  the  anatomical  structures  dependent  on  it.  To  m'nke  this 
clearer  take  a  particular  case — for  instance,  a  good  visual  memory.  This 
has  for  its  condition  a  good  structure  of  the  eye,  of  the  optic  nerve,  and  of 
the  portions  of  the  brain  which  concur  in  the  act  of  vision, — that  is  to  say 
(according  to  the  received  notions  of  anatomists),  certain  portions  of  the 
pons,  the  crura,  the  optic  tract,  and  the  hemispheres. f 

M.  Ribot  gives  as  among  the  causes  of  loss  of  memory  the 
following:  "Weakened  circulation  of  the  blood,  deficient  action 
of  the  heart,  excessive  fatigue,  and  lack  of  nutrition,  together  with 
the  immoderate  use  of  stimulants,  narcotics,  and  sedatives,  such  as 
hasheesh  and  bromide  of  potassium,"  which  last  very  greatly  im- 
pairs the  general  memory.  Besides  the  work  by  M.  Ribot,  above . 
mentioned,  the  reader  can  consult  with  profit  "  Principles  of  Mental 
Physiology,"  by  Wm.  W.  Carpenter,  M.D. 

Weight. — The  sense  of  weight  or  balance  is  inherent  in  the 
muscular  system,  and  its  effects  are  wrought  almost  entirely  by  the 
movements  and  adjustments  of  the  muscles,  as  in  walking,  danc- 
ing, skating,  and  balancing.  It  is  the  peculiar  inherited  quality 
of  the  muscles  which  gives  ability  for  marksmanship,  aim  and 
direction, — as  in  shooting,  handling  tools,  such  as  the  graver,  the 
chisel,  the  use  of  levers,  and  dentists'  instruments,  etc. ;  it  gives 
the  intuitive  perception  of  the  laws  of  equilibrium,  or  gravity, 
motion,  and  resistance  ;  it  is  one  of  the  essentials  in  engineering, 
setting  up  and  running  machinery,  and  in  the  mechanical  part  of 
music.  Children  possessed  of  a  good  degree  of  this  sense  walk 
earlier  than  others  and  love  to  be  in  constant  motion.  The  effects 
produced  by  its  development  j  taint  to  its  origin.  It  has  several 
facial  signs.  As  muscle  produces  curves,  and  bones  cause  angles, 
we  shall  expect  to  find  in  the  rounded  individual  many  evidences 
of  this  sense.  The  rounding  head,  the  rounding  out  of  the  sides 

*  The  Diseases  of  Memory.  T.  H.  Ribot  (Hiunbolilt  Library),  p. :{.!.  f  IbUI..  \i.  :52. 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    MUSCULAR   AND    BRAIN    SYSTEMS.    '205 

of  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead,  and  the  filling1  out  of  the  super- 
cilii  muscle  at  its  intersection  with  the  pyramidalis  nasi  muscle  are 
some  of  its  facial  and  local  signs. 

The  muscular  sense,  or  faculty  of  weight,  is  large  in  singers, 
musical  instrumentalists,  acrobats,  sailors,  athletes,  rowers,  swim- 
mers, and  equestrians,  as  well  as  in  astronomers,  engravers,  sculp- 
tors, jewellers,  glass-blowers,  weavers,  plumbers,  and  mechanics 
generally. 

Those  who  possess  a  large  share  of  this  sense  are  not  liable 
to  seasickness,  for  the  reason  that  the  adjustments  necessary  for 
walking,  balancing,  etc.,  are  easily  made,  and  the  individual  shifts 
his  position  and  maintains  his  equilibrium  most  readily. 

The  united  action  of  the  bones  and  muscles  form  a  system  of 
lever-powers,  and  hence  it  is  that  the  joints  of  those  who  have  sen- 
sitive and  highly  organized  muscles  can  change  and  adapt  their 
positions  more  readily  than  where  this  system  is  deficient  in  size 
and  quality.  "  Physical  Imitation  "  is  a  muscular  faculty,  as  well 
as  Constructiveness,  Language,  and  Self-will ;  hence,  it  must  be 
apparent  to  the  reader  how  important  is  the  development  and  ex- 
ercise of  the  muscular  system  to  the  growing  child,  and  when  he 
reflects  that  those 'faculties  which  are  put  in  constant  use  are  trans- 
mitted in  an  intensified  and  augmented  degree  he  will  realize  the 
vastness  of  results  which  flow  from  a  highly  developed  muscular 
sense.  The  Greeks  comprehended  the  influence  which  the  de- 
velopment of  the  muscles  had  upon  the  character,  and  accordingly 
we  find  that  their  government  sustained  at  a  great  expense  elabo- 
rate gymnasia,  where  athletic  games  were  taught  to  men.  women, 
and  children.  These  games  were  accounted  sacred,  and  great 
prizes  and  honors  awarded  to 'the  successful  competitors.  How 
vast  the  influence  which  this  muscular  development  of  the  Greeks 
has  exercised  upon  ancient  as  'well  as  modern  art, '  science1, 
and  intellect,  it  would  be  hard  to  say,  but  looking  backward  to 
the  days  of  their  great  sculptors,  orators,  actors,  poets,  and  crowned 
athletes  we  are  forced  to  recognize  that  the  high  development  of 
the  muscular  sense  is  one  of  the  most  important  factors  in  char- 
acter-building, both  mentally,  morally,  and  physically. 

Not  only  is  the  high  development  of  the  muscular  system  a 
powerful  ally  to  art,  but  it  also  contributes  to  assist  poor,  ailing 
humanity  by  its  magnetic  qualities ;  for  we  find  in  this  system  the 
capacity  for  imparting  vital  powers  to  those  who  have  lost  strength 
and  who  are  suffering  under  diseased  conditions.  The  capacity 
for  healing  by  magnetic  powers  or  manipulation  is  most  strongly 
indicated  where  the  muscular  system  is  dominant,  and  is  least 
exhibited  where  the  vegetative  system  is  in  the  ascendancy. 


206  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Locality. — Locality  is  a  faculty  from  which  is  derived  the 
sense  of  locating  and  placing  all  things  which  one  observes,  and 
of  being  able  to  re-locate  them  by  recalling  to  mind  their  places 
mid  positions. 

It  is  always  found  large  in  those  who  love  motion,  and  ac- 
cordingly we  observe  in  the  faces  of  travellers  the  local  sign  for 
locality  well  defined.  Naturalists,  navigators,  scientists,  and  me- 
chanics find  this  a  most  useful  faculty,  and,  as  they  are  obliged  to 
exercise  this  trait  constantly,  it  soon  makes  a  most  decided  im- 
press upon  the  countenance.  By  constant  practice  the  inn *<•[<•, 
at  the  local  sign  for  Aveight  assumes  a  size  most  noticeable,  and 
is  often  mistaken  for  a  false  growth  or  wen  by  those  who  are 
ignorant  of  how  large  a  facial  muscle  may  become  by  constant  use. 
AN' here  the  brain  system  is  regnant  this  faculty  and  sign  are  rela- 
tively small ;  so,  also,  where  the  vegetative  system  dominates,  but 
with  the  muscular  system  slightly  in  the  ascendant,  there  we  find 
it  the  best  defined;  hence,  we  know  that  it  originates  in  that 
system.  Another  proof  is,  that  the  sign  itself  is  shown  by  the 
fullness  of  a  particular  muscle.  One  peculiarity  in  regard  to  the 
signs  in  the  face  is  that  each  so-called  "  mental  faculty"  exhibits  its 
facial  sign  by  the  development  in  the  face  of  the  system  or  systems 
from  which  its  power  is  derived,  and  which  is  its  physical  base ;  thus, 
to  illustrate,  the  sign  for  Benevolence  is  found  in  the  development 
of  the  under  lip,  and,  as  the  size  of  the  under  lip  is  caused  by  the 
development  of  the  glands  therein,  so  we  know  that  Benevolence 
is  created  and  sustained  by  the  power  and  action  of  the  glandular 
system.  The  only  method  to  observe  in  tracing  the  origin  of  facial 
signs  is  to  analyze  their  purpose  as  well  as  the  system  or  tissue 
which  promotes  their  action,  observe  its  laws  and  methods,  and 
study  its  immediate  surroundings. 

FACULTIES    DERiyED    FROM    THE   GLANDULAR    AND    ARTERIAL    SYSTEMS. 

Analysis  of  Color. — The  ancient  writers  classified  the  several 
races  of  men  by  the  colors  exhibited  in  their  skin,  hair,  and  eyes, 
and  the  combinations  of  colors  observed  by  them  were  denominated 
"  temperaments."  Hippocrates,  the  most  noted  physician  of  ancient 
times,  described  four  primary  constituents  of  the  blood,  or  what  he 
assumed  to  be  its  constituents,  as  the  basis  of  human  character. 
These  he  named  the  "  blood,"  the  "  phlegm,"  the  "  yellow  bile," 
and  the  "black  bile."  According  to  the  predominance  of  one  or 
the  other  of  these  components  in  the  individual,  he  was  considered 
to  be  either  of  the  "  sanguine,"  "  phlegmatic,"  "  the  choleric,"  or 
"  melancholic"  temperament.  This  classification  of  the  structure 
and  character  of  mankind  was  the  standard  authority-  for  ages,  and 


FACULTIES   OF   GLANDULAR    AND   ARTERIAL    SYSTEMS.  207 

existed  as  such  with  slight  modifications  by  later  observers,  until 
modern  phrenology  was  announced  as  a  science,  when  its  promul- 
gators  modified  these  four  primary  temperaments  into  the  lym- 
phatic, the  sanguine,  the  bilious  and  nervous,  or  mental;  the 
latter  addition  being  the  radical  idea  introduced  into  the  ancient 
system.  Now,  the  ancient  writers,  both  in  their  scientific  writings 
as  well  as  in  their  poems  and  statuary,  show  that  they  laid  little 
stress  upon  the  formation*  of  the  brain  as  illustrative  of  character. 
It  was,  in  fact>  an  unknown  region  to  them.  They  knew  nothing 
olMts  importance  to  the  human  body,  and  did  not  realize  its  rela- 
tions at  all.  Lavater  first,  and  after  him  Gall  and  Spurzheim, 
the  promulgators  of  phrenology,  made  the  first  departure  from  the 
ancient  method  of  classification  based  on  color,  and  classified  by 
the  form  of  the  brain,  as  well  as  the  colors  of  the  organism.  The 
phrenologists  went  almost  as  far  in  one  direction  as  the  ancients 
had  in  the  other  r  while  the  latter  laid  all  the  stress  upon  color,  so 
the  former  laid  the  most  stress  upon  the  shape  of  the  brain,  and, 
going  farther,  at  last  located  the  entire  mind  therein. 

Scientific  physiognomy  extends  somewhat  the  science  of 
mind,  and  shows  that  mind  is  inherent  in  every  atom  of  the  body ; 
that  form,  not  only  of  the  brain,  but  of  the  face,  the  limbs,  the 
trunk,  the  viscera,  the  hands,  the  feet,  the  fingers  and  toes,  together 
with  color,  quality,  size,  proportion,  and  compensation,  must  all  be 
regarded  in  order  to  secure  a  just  comprehension  of  any  individual 
character  of  mind.  Still,  color  plays  a  most  important  part  in  re- 
vealing character.  In  order  to  understand  its  importance  as  a 
revelator  of  mental  and  physical  characteristics,  we  must  analyze 
its  purpose  and  trace  it  to  its  origin.  The  color  which  emanates 
from  the  sun  is  undoubtedly  the  source  from  which  we  obtain  the 
greater  amount  of  coloring  matter.  Light  is  composed  of  all 
colors,  and  it  is  from  sunlight  that  we,  as  well  as  all  vegetation, 
derive  the  larger  amount  of  color.  The  lesser  quantity  is  brought 
into  the  human  system  through  the  medium  of  nutriment  received 
through  animal  and  vegetable  foods.  These  articles  of  food  take 
up  from  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  earth,  air,  and  water  por- 
tions of  'coloring  matter  which,  by  the  fine  and  subtle  chemistries 
of  Nature,  are  carried  through  these  channels  until  they  reach  the 
complex  human  system,  and  are  there  organized  into  several 
colors,  which  we  observe  in  the  white,  red,  black,  and  yellow 
races,  as  well  as  in  the  diverse  shades  which  we  find  in  the 
Caucasian,  or  white  race.  Experiments  with  the  spectroscope  have 
demonstrated  that  each  mineral  possesses  a  color  peculiar  to  itself, 
and  chemical  analysis  has  taught  us  that  a  bright-yellow  colot 
is  a  product  of  sodium  or  salt ;  strontium  and  lithium  give  forth 


•JDS  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGTNOM V. 

red  ;  copper.  green  ;  arsenic,  lilac.  Various  shades  of  these  several 
colors  are  produced  while  these  minerals  are  in  a  state  of  incan- 
descence, and  form  what  is  called  their  spectra.  By  the  use  of 
the  prism,  which  is  a  triangular  piece  of  glass,  a  volume  of  color 
from  any  one  of  these  metals  while  in  an  incandescent  state  can  he 
obtained,  and  by  refraction  the  lines  of  light  are  thrown  apart,  and 
the  color,  which  is  a  property  of  that  particular  mineral,  is  thrown 
into  view.  Continued  experiments  on  the  part  of  the  great  sci- 
entists and  chemists  of  the  world  have  demonstrated  that  the 
potencies  of  all  substances  in  Nature  may  be  known  by  their 
colors.  Now,  if  it  be  possible  to  determine  the  power  of  an  ele- 
mentary substance  by  its  color, — such,  foil  example,  as  sodium, 
which  is  a  mineral  almost  universally  present  in  air,  water,  and  in 
all  organized  bodies, — would  it  not  be  logical  to  infer  that  colors  as 
we  find  them  exhibited  in  the  highest  organism  in  the  world  would 
be  equally  susceptible  of  analysis  and  classification,  and  their  power 
demonstrated  ?  The  truth  is,  that  color  is  so  universal  a  constituent 
of  all  things  in  Nature,  and  man  has  been  so  accustomed  to  its 
effects,  that  an  analysis  of  its  properties  and  potencies  has  not  been 
sought  until  recently.  But  the  labors  of  such  physicists  as  Wol- 
lasten,  Bun  sen,  Frauenhofer,  Helmholtz,  Lockyer,  Dalton,  Ber- 
zelius,  Kirch  off,  Brewster,  and  others,  are  unfolding  to  the 
knowledge  of  man  the  highly  important  part  which  color  plays 
in  the  construction  of  the  entire  universe,  as  well  as  in  its  effect 
upon  man's  organism.  Every  phase  of  color,  each  shade,  hue,  a.nd 
tint,  reveals  somewhat  of  man's  character,  and  when  the  glands  by 
their  subtile  chemistries  have  extracted  the  colors  from  the  nutri- 
ment taken  into  the  stomach  (which  had  been  previously  drawn 
up  from  the  soil  into  the  grains  and  vegetables  through  their  roots) 
and  placed  them  in  the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  of  man,  it  is  quite 
within  the  power  of  ordinary  minds  to  comprehend  and  it/ft  /•/>/•<  f 
the  signification  of  the  several  colors  thus  placed. 

\Ve  have  only  to  refer  to  the  origin  and- primitive  meaning  of 
colors  as  disclosed  by  the  spectrum  and  chemical  analyses,  in  order 
to  determine  the  relation  which  they  bear  to  man  and  the  powers 
which  he  derives  from  them.  We  shall  find  in  this  comparison  a 
remarkable  coincidence  of  signification,  and  a  true  interpretation 
of  Nature's  methods  of  revealing  her  laws  and  power. 

Without  going  into  an  exhaustive  description  of  the  signifi- 
cance of  colors  here,  I  will  briefly  state  that  experiments  with  the 
solar  spectrum  have  demonstrated  that  red  gives  forth  the  most  heat; 
yellow  stands  next  in  power  ;  green  the  third  ;  blue  still  less,  while 
the  violet  ray  has  the  least  of  all.  The  mineral  substances  from 
which  each  of  these  colors  are  derived  are  known  to  chemists.  It 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  BRAIN  AND  NERVE  SYSTEM.    '209 

follows  as  a  logical  sequence  that  wherever  we  find  corresponding 
colors  in  man  we  shall  also  find  a  correspondence  of  properties  ; 
as,  for  example,  with  red,  we  shall  observe  the  most  heat  or  vitality 
and  power ;  and  thus  in  decreasing  degrees  the  grade  of  potency 
of  other  and  weaker  hues.  It  must  be  apparent,  also,  that  if  cer- 
tain colors  are  present  in  an  individual,  the  mineral  constituents 
from  which  these  colors  are  drawn  must  be  present ;  of  course,  not 
in  the  crude  state,  but  organized  in  the  blood,  the  bones,  the 
muscles,  the  skin,  the  hair,  and  eyes.  The  variations  in  the  min- 
eral constituents  in  different  human  organisms  have  been  proven  by 
the  analyses  of  the  several  parts  of  the  body  in  different  individuals 
after  death.  For  it  has  been  demonstrated  experimentally  by  physi- 
cists that  sodium,  calcium,  iron,  copper,  and  other  minerals  enter 
into  the  composition  of  the  human  body  in  varying  degrees  of 
quantity,  and  are  different  in  the  several  organs ;  hence,  the  differ- 
ences in  power,  health,  activity,  and  appearances  in  divers  indi- 
viduals are  shown  and  may  be  known  by  analyses  of  the  several 
colors  of  the  various  parts  of  their  bodies.  One  fact  is  patent  to 
all,  that  colorless,  pallid  persons  never  possess  the  same  degree  of 
health,  power,  and  activity  that  is  exhibited  by  the  well  and  nor- 
mally colored.  And  this  is  equally  true  in  regard  to  plants. 

FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    BRAIN    AND    NERVE    SYSTEM. 

Mental  Order. — This  department  of  Order  is  largest  where 
the  brain  system  is  dominant,  and  enables  its  possessor  to  arrange 
thoughts,  sentences,  quotations,  and  all  his  mental  operations  in 
an  orderly,  precise,  and  systematic  manner.  This  form  of  order  is 
operated  by  the  brain  purely, — by  that  part  of  the  brain  which  is 
representative  of  this  faculty;  for  there  can  be  no  longer  a  doubt 
that  every  department  of  mind,  ever}7  faculty,  and  every  function 
is  represented  and  localized  in  the  brain ;  and  that  this  department 
of  Order  derives  its  energy  from  the  brain  purely,  without  the 
assistance  of  the  muscles,  the  bones,  the  viscera,  or  other  parts. 
We  must  consider  it  as  having  its  origin  in  the  brain.  Many  per- 
sons who  possess  Mental  Order  in  large  measure  are  deficient  in 
Physical  Order  and  seem  to  have  no  ability  for  the  methodical 
systematic  arrangement  of  their  homes,  furniture,  clothing,  books, 
etc.  Mental  Order  is  large  in  writers  of  history,  scientists,  and 
naturalists,  and  is  possessed  by  inventors  and  good  mechanics. 

Physitsfil  Order  is  derived  from  a  square,  precise,  and  orderly 
arrangement  of  the  osseous  system.  Where  this  system  is  slightly 
in  the  ascendancy  over  the  muscular  system,  we  find  the  best  talent 
in  this  direction.  Its  possessors  will  have  a  place  for  everything 
and  everything  in  its  place;  will  be  precise,  methodical,  exact, 


'210  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  with  a  fair  degree  of  time  will  be  prompt  and  punctual  in 
keeping  engagements  and  observing  set  times  for  duties,  business, 
pleasures,  etc.  They  are  pained  and  irritated  if  their  associates 
fail  to  replace  things  where  they  belong,  and  if  they  become 
enfeebled  by  nervous  disorders  are  very  fussy  and  suffer  by  seeing 
things  disordered  or  out  of  their  place.  This  faculty  is  quite 
small  where  the  vegetative  system  is  dominant,  for  this  system 
possesses  very  little  either  of  Mental  or  Physical  Order.  The  vege- 
tative system  is  based  on  the  fluid  circulation  and  the  nature  of 
fluid  is  such  that  it  moves  and  shifts  and  does  not  remain  in  fixed 
positions,  but,  like  the  water  of  the  ocean,  surges  from  point  to 
point  and  never  returns  to  the  same  place.  Hence,  very  little 
Order  may  be  expected  from  the  soft,  fluidic,  yielding,  vegetative 
individual. 

Order  is  adapted  to  everything  in  Nature  and  must  be 
supreme  on  earth,  as  well  as  "  Heaven's  first  law  "  All  creatures 
have  their  appropriate  sphere  or  realm,  and  when  they  are  inap- 
propriately placed  chaos  and  suffering  is  the  result.  Each  indi- 
vidual has  his  or  her  place  in  Nature,  and  until  this  is  found  their 
highest  use  and  happiness  will  not  ensue.  Physiognomy  is  the 
best  means  known  to  man  for  classifying  and  grading  all  human 
beings  and  for  pointing  out  and  determining  their  place  according 
to  the  order  or  grade  of  intellect  which  each  possesses. 

FACULTY    DERIVED    FROM   THE   FIVE    SUPERIOR    SYSTEMS. 

Time. — The  faculty  of  Time  has  several  diverse  phases  and  is 
manifested  in  very  different  and  distinct  ways.  Time,  as  we  com- 
pute it,  is  caused  by  the  revolutions  of  the  earth,  sun  and  moon. 
This  is '  our  basis  for  the  calculation  of  time ;  hence,  time  and 
motion  are  synonymous,  and  the  several  distinct  phases  of  time 
which  we  observe  in  the  acts  and  organisms  of  man  are  dependent 
upon  some  of  the  many  modes  of  motion,  either  within  or  without 
his  body,  for  their  ability  to  manifest  their  presence.  One  phase 
of  this  faculty  enables  us  to  take  cognizance  of  the  lapse  of  time, 
of  periods  of  succession  of  hours,  days,  months,  and  years.  This 
peculiar  form  of  time  inheres  in  the  brain  <n/</  /tcrrous  system, 
and  is  exhibited  in  its  highest  power  by  astronomers  and  mathe- 
maticians, and  is  dependent  largely  upon  abstract  mathematical 
faculties  for  its  expression.  Its  computations  can  be  conducted 
by  the  brain  alone,  without  the  assistance  of  the  other  parts  of  the 
organism.  Another  form  of  time  gives  the  ability  to  keep  time 
in  dancing,  walking,  marching,  athletics,  beating  time  on  instru- 
ments with  the  hands,  and  in  singing,  playing  upon  musical  instru- 
ments, and  in  manufacturing  time-keeping  instruments,  which 


FACULTY    DERIVED    FROM    THE    FIVE    SUPERIOR    SYSTEMS.          211 

Illustrate  the  periodic  movements  of  the  earth,  winds,  tides,  etc. ; 
also,  in  elocution,  oratory,  and  speaking.  In  all  these  movements 
the  muscular  system  is  most  concerned,  and  this  sort  of  time  is 
discoverable  in  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant 
and  who  are  possessed  of  a  rounded  form.  In  elocution  and 
oratory  the  regular  periodic  beating  of  the  heart,  and  the  rhythmic 
movement  of  the  lungs  and  periodic  circulation  of  the  blood  doubt- 
less influences  the  speech  by  dividing  it  up  into  natural  pauses. 

Time  is  most  certainly  concerned  in  the  process  of  digestion. 
and  here  two  different  phases  of  time  will  be  observed  in  action. 
That  part  of  the  digestive  process  which  is  performed  by  the 
stomach  has  a  certain  set  and  defined  time  for  the  proper  discharge 
of  its  duties;  for  the  time  essential  to  the  digestion  of  all  articles 
of  food  by  the  stomach  is  known  and  has  been  tabulated  in  medical 
works.  The  process  of  digestion  in  the  stomach  is  affected  and 
assisted  by  the  movements  of  the  heart  arid  lungs,  and  thus  we  see 
why  it  is  that  those  in  whom  the  thoracic  system  is  large  exhibit  a 
good  sense  of  time  in  walking,  speaking,  singing,  etc.  The 
rhythmic  movements  of  the  heart,  the  lungs,  and  stomach  combined 
contribute  to  produce  movements  of  a  precise  and  periodic  nature, 
and  those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  predominates  are  the  best 
adapted  to  regularity  and  automatism  of  motion  of  all  sorts.  The 
time-keeping  sense  in  marching  and  walking  and  in  taking  cog- 
nizance of  the  lapse  of  time — in  being  punctual  in  keeping  engage- 
ments and  in  observing  regular  habits — is  almost  lacking  in  those 
in  whom  the  vegetative  system  predominates.  The  explanation 
of  this  is  that  the  process  of  digestion  is  almost  constantly  goi/tg  on 
in  the  intestines  and  the  functional  action  of  the  intestines  is  not 
dependent  upon  a  certain  set  period  of  time  for  its  performance. 
Individuals  have  been  known  to  exist  thirty  days  and  over  without 
action  of  the  intestinal  system ;  hence,  time  affects  this  part  of  the 
organism  the  least.  In  the  lowest  animal  organisms  assimilation 
is  constantly  going  on,  and  the  intestinal  system  of  the  human 
species  is  analogous  to  the  primitive  intestinal  tube  of  the  gastrula 
(the  primitive  intestinal  animal). 

Several  forms  of  the  time-sense  are  often  observed  in  combina- 
tion in  one  individual.  Musical  composers,  for  example,  like 
Handel  and  Meyerbeer,  illustrate  by  their  combination  of  the  brain 
and  muscular  systems  the  possession  of  two  sorts  of  time — the  sort 
which  inheres  in  the  brain  system  exclusively,  added  to  the  rlii/tluitH- 
sort  which  is  the  essential  property  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
which  cannot  be  performed  by  means  of  any  other  department  of 
the  bodily  organization.  Brain  is  competent  to  perform  only  its 
own  peculiar  form  and  share  in  the  illustration  of  the  time-keeping 


'212  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

faculty,  and  until  this  division  and  distribution  of  the  several  parts 
of  this  faculty  is  made,  and  each  form  of  the  faculty  assigned  its 
own  proper  sphere  of  action,  we  shall  have  no  just  or  correct  ideas 
of  this  all-pervading  sense.  The  phrenological  idea,  that  ontj  lift/*- 
.v/f///  at  the  outer  angle  of  the  eyebrow  stands  indicative  of  this 
universal  faculty,  is  most  absurd  in  the  presence  of  the  great 
enlightenment  which  physiological  analysis  throws  upon  the  origin 
of  the  several  sources  of  Time.  It  is  not  disputed  that  the  faculty 
of  Time  is  represented  in  the  brain.  It  probably  has  sect  m/ 
representatives  there,  each  standing  for  its  own  peculiar  phase  in 
the  bodily  organism.  The  appearance  at  that  portion  of  the  eye- 
brow which  is  said  by  phrenologists  to  be  the  sign  for  the  presence 
of  an  "  organ  "  of  Time  in  an  individual  is  a  local  sign  of  the  sort 
of  time  which  inheres  in  the  osseous  system  and  is  caused  by  the 
«(/ti<ireness  of  the  bones  at  this  point,  and  not'  by  a  bulge  of  brain. 
The  osseous  system  illustrates  a  different  phase  of  time  than  that 
exhibited  by  the  brain,  the  thoracic,  or  the  muscular  system.  The 
dominance  of  the  osseous  system  in  an  individual  gives  the  sort 
of  time-sense  which  exhibits  punctuality  in  habits,  promptness  in 
keeping  engagements,  and  in  being  able  to  tell  the  time  of  day  or 
night  instinctively.  Time,  as  well  as  Order,  is  one  of  the  le.ading 
characteristics  of  the  bony  system,  and  belongs  to  the  mind  of  the 
bones.  The  vegetative  individual  possesses  little  of  either  of  these 
faculties,  because  lacking  in  bone;  yet  many  have  the  sort  of  time 
useful  to  musical  accentuation,  if  a  fair  share  of  muscle  is  in  combi- 
nation. Many  eminent  singers  in  whom  the  vegetative  svstem  is 

•i*  O  »' 

well  developed  possess  the  faculty  of  musical  time  through  their 
combination  of  the  muscular  and  vegetative  systems.  A  predomi- 
nance of  the  osseous  and  muscular  systems  will  exhibit  a  different 
phase  of  time  than  where  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  are  pre- 
eminent. So,  also,  an  individual  in  whom  the  brain,  muscular, 
and  osseous  systems  are  well  developed  and  of  high  quality  will 
possess  a  combination  of  several  kinds  of  Time,  which  may  assist 
in  musical  composition  or  in  astronomical  labors.  In  which  of 
these  it  may  result,  will  depend  upon  other  faculties  in  the  combi- 
nation. If  the  osseous  system  predominates  slightly,  then  a  scien- 
tific tendency  will  be  exhibited;  but  if  the  muscular  system  is  in 
the  ascendency,  a  musical  or  artistic  capacity  is  present.  A  little 
more  bone  or  a  trifle  more  muscle  makes  a  vast  difference  in  the 
direction  of  mental  efforts ;  so,  also,  does  a  slight  difference  in  the 
(/unlity  of  the  several  constituents  of  a  given  organism,  generally 
speaking.  Where  the  quality  of  the  skin  is  of  a  high  grade,  all 
the  other  tissues  and  constituents  will  be  of  the  same  quality,  even 
if  they  are  not  largely  developed,  In  the  investigation  of  the 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  213 

source  or  sources  of  a  faculty,  and  in  the  analysis  necessary  to  the 
same,  we  must  be  guided  by  a  close  investigation  of  the  physio- 
logical and  anatomical  structure  of  the  body.  Neither  one  person 
nor  one  generation  is  competent  to  perceive  and  relate  all  that  may 
be  said  on  the  subject  of  physiognomy;  for,  like  astronomy,  one 
generation  of  observers  after  another  must  leave  to  posterity  the 
result  of  their  labors  to  be  added  to  and  built  upon  by  their  succes- 
sors. There  is  much  that  can  be  learned  only  by  an  examination 
of  the  living  subject,  and  the  teacher  of  this  science  should  endeavor 
to  teach  from  the  book  of  Nature  all  departments  of  the  science, 
as  it  is  only  in  this  manner  that  the  infinite  number  of  minute 
differences  in  human  nature  can  be  observed  and  comprehended ; 
for  the  smallest  and  finest  appearances  in  a  physiognomy  are  some- 
times the  most  decisive,  as,  says  Lavater,  "to  despise  what  is 
minute  is  to  despise  Nature;"  hence,  jn  looking  for  the  origin 
of  the  faculty  of  Time,  or  indeed  of  any  other  trait,  we  must 
analyze  first  its  manifestations  as  it  outworks  mentally,  then  trace 
it  to  its  origin  and  analyze  the  action  and  the  constituents  of  the 
system  or  function  from  which  it  proceeds.  There  is  no  other 
reliable  method. 

The  periodic  character  of  all  vital  phenomena  is  well  demon- 
strated in  all  Nature's  works,  whether  it  be  in  the  process  of  diges- 
tion, in  the  repair  of  tissue,  the  periodic  movements  of  the  heart 
and  lungs,  or  in  the  regularity  attending  gestation  in  the  various 
animal  organisms.  All  attest  not  only  that  Time  is  a  universal 
property,  but  that  it  has  many  modes  of  manifesting  its  several 
phases ;  hence,  the  idea  of  pointing  to  one  single  sign  as  its  repre- 
sentative in  the  face  is  too  contracted  entirely.  We  must  learn 
how  to  separate  and  analyze  its  several  manifestations  before  passing 
judgment  on  this  point. 

0  . 

FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM. 

Calculation. — Arithmetical  ability,  or  the  capacity  for  compre- 
hending and  calculating  numbers,  memorizing  dates  and  figures, 
and  reckoning  sums,  is  a  trait  entirely  distinct  from  those  which 
conduce  to  mathematical  power.  Although  the  mathematician  is 
dependent  upon  a  certain  degree  of  knowledge  of  arithmetic,  yet 
the  two  are  not  always  found  associated  in  the  same  individual. 
The  origin  of  pure  Calculation  is  undoubtedly  in  the  muscular 
system,  and  is  represented  in  the  brain. 

The  best  natural  calculators  in  the  world  are  those  in  whom 
the  muscular  system  predominates  slightly  over  the  osseous.  The 
Mongolian  race,  for  example,  are  natural  and  rapid  calculators, 
and  show  early  "and  decided  ability  in  the  direction  of  arithmetical 


'2\4  I'UACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

calculation;  yet  the  great  majority  of  them  would  he  wholly  unable 
to  learn  mathematics,  for  the  reason  that  pure  mathematics  is 
mainly  dependent  upon  the  reasomny  faculties  for  power  to  exhibit 
its  principles,  and  reason  of  a  high  order  is  not  a  development 
observed  in  the  majority  of  this  race.  Calculation  is  also  possessed 
by  some  animals  in  a  marked  degree.  The  pig  has  been  trained 
to  use  blocks  in  numbering,  but  its  powers  are  quite  limited.  The 
elephant,  the  horse,  the  magpie,  and  the  dog  possess  considerable 
ability  in  comprehending  the  number  of  articles  which  they  use,  or 
which  have  been  intrusted  to  them. 

On  this  point  Professor  Haeckel  remarks  thus: — 

At  the  lowest  stage  of  human  mental  development  are  the  Australiansr 
some  tribes  of  the  Polynesians,  and  the  Bushmen,  Hottentots,  and  some  of 
the  Negro  tribes.  Language,  the  chief  characteristic  of  genuine  men,  has 
with  them  remained  at  the  lowest  stage  of  development,  and  hence,  also,, 
their  formation  of  ideas  has  remained  at  a  low  stage.  Many  of  these  wild 
tribes  have  not  even  a  name  for  animal,  plant,  color,  and  such  most  simple 
ideas,  whereas  they  have  a  word  for  every  single  striking  form  of  animal  and 
plant,  and  for  every  single  sound.  In  many  of  their  languages  there  are  nu- 
merals only  for  one,  two,  and  three.  No  Australian  language  counts  beyond 
four.  Veiy  many  wild  tribes  can  count  no  further  than  ten  or  twenty  r 
whereas  some  very  clever  dogs  have  been  made  to  count  to  forty  and  even 
beyond  sixty.* 

There  have  been  many  persons  who,  from  birth,  have  mani- 
fested most  extraordinary  powers  of  calculation.  George  Bidder, 
well  known  to  fame,  is  an  example  of  the  precocious  development 
of  this  trait,  yet,  although  his  calculations  were  most  extraordinary 
and  lightning-like,  he  was  quite  unable  to  pursue  the  higher  mathe- 
matics with  a  view  of  studying  for  a  profession,  proving  conclu- 
sively that  a  different  department  of  the  mind  and  body  is  used  in 
each  of  these  branches  of  nnmerical  computation.  There  are  many 
phases  of  the  calculative  faculty.  Where  it  is  exhibited  by  those 
in  whom  the  muscular  system  predominates  it  is  usually  accom- 
panied by  a  good  share  of  what  is  termed  "  policy,"  or  worldly 
calculation.  In  the  Mongolian  race,  and  in  those  individuals  of 
the  Caucasian  race  who  resemble  the  Mongolian  in  their  anatomical 
development,  a  large  degree  of  cunning,  craft,  and  slyness  is  ob- 
served. These  traits  are  all  based  on  pure  calculation,  and,  although 
they  have  no  immediate  relation  to  numbers,  are  yet  one  phase, 
and  the  lowest  phase,  of  Calculation ;  and  this  form  of  calculation 
is  the  compensation  for  mental,  moral,  or  physical  defects,  which 
prevent  the  individual  or  animal  from  making  his  way  or  procur- 
ing a  living  by  moral  and  intellectual  efforts.  Craft  in  nfan  or 

*  History  of  Creation.  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  363. 


FACULTIES   DERIVED   FROM    THE   MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  215 

animal  is  a  sign  of  weakness  of  some  sort,  for  "  craft  is  but  the 
substitute  of  power." 

The  class  of  animals  in  whom  are  found  the  greatest  degree 
of  calculation,  cunning,  slyness,  and  deception  are  those  in  whom 
the  muscular  system  dominates  the  osseous  or  brain  systems,  as 
will  be  observed  in  the  tiger,  the  panther,  the  cat,  the  rat,  the  fox, 
the  coon,  the  opossum,  and  the  skunk,  etc.,  while  in  those  animals 
in  whom  the  osseous  system  is  in  the  ascendency,  as  the  dog,  the 
horse,  and  the  camel,  we  find  very  little  cunning  or  slyness.  The 
latter  class  possess  real  power  of  mind  and  morality  as  compared 
with  the  former,  hence  can.  main  tain  themselves  without  resort  to 
trickery.  Shy  and  timid  animals  also  exhibit  a  large  share  of  cal- 
culation of  a  different  sort  from  that  shown  by  tlie  sly  animals. 
The  deer,  the  hare,  and  the  rabbit  are  dependent  upon  their  fleet- 
ness  and  extra  caution.  Cautiousness  is  one  form  of  calculation, 
and  cautiousness  in  excess  is  not  exhibited  either  by  persons  or 
animals  possessed  of  good  moral  and  intellectual  powers. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  saying  that  a  good  arithme- 
tician cannot  be  honest  or  possess  reason,  yet  I  may  safely  assert 
that  the  world  has  given  us  many  illustrious  examples  of  men  who 
were  eminent  for  rectitude  and  reason,  who  were  greatly  deficient 
in  calculation.  George  Combe,  who  was  talented  as  a  lawyer  and 
lecturer,  and  was  noted  for  the  integrity  and  purity  of  his  life,  said 
that  "  after  seven  years'  study  of  arithmetic  he  could  not  compre- 
hend the  multiplication  table."  In  this  gentleman  the  brain  system 
was  dominant.  Many  eminent  astronomers,  chemists,  and  physi- 
cists possess  both  calculative  and  mathematical  ability,  but  these 
are  first-class  minds,  such  as  Herschel,  Lalande,  Pascal,  Del  Ambre, 
Procter,  Newton,  Lavoisier,  D'Alembert,  Dal  ton,  Oersted,  Count 
Rumford,  Wollaston,  and  numberless  others.  In  these  individuals 
most  of  the  mental  powers  are  above  the  average,  and  other 
faculties  are  of  the  first  grade.  In  such  minds  neither  calculation, 
policy,  nor  craft  predominate,  for  the  reason  that  real  power  and 
ability  preclude  the  necessity  of  substitutes  or  the  compensatory 
assistance  of  cunning  or  craft. 

Calculation,  or  computation,  is  nearly  related  to  Order  as  well 
as  to  Time,  and  the  local  signs  of  these  faculties  are  grouped  in  such 
contiguity  in  the  face  as  to  show  their  "nearness  of  relationship  and 
mutual  dependence  upon  and  assistance  to  each  other.  Each 
faculty  presents  many  phases.  Not  only  are  these  differences  dis- 
tributed singly  among  many  individuals,  but  several  forms  of  the 
same  trait  are  often  observed  in  the  same  character.  Most  faculties 
appear  to  have  a  range  of  action  of  considerable  compass ;  thus. 
Calculation  ranges  in  man  and  animals  all  the  way  from  the  useful 


2K>  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    I'HYSKHJNO.M V. 

condition  of  numerical  computation,  through  the  various  grades  of 
policy  (which  is  also  a  most  useful  and  necessary  trait,  being  nearly 
allied  to  tact)  down  to  cautiousness,  cunnhig,  deception,  trickery, 
slyness,  shyness,  and  timidity.  We  cannot  impute  cunning  or 
deception  to  an  individual  simply  from  his  possession  of  fine  arith- 
metical ability,  yet  he  may,  and  almost  always  does,  possess  in 
combination  a  good  share  of  worldly  policy  and  tact.  The  skilled 
physiognomist  can  decide  which  of  these  forms  each  person  pos- 
sesses. 

In  deciding  as  to  the  origin  of  faculties,  we  are  obliged  to 
depend  upon  long-continued  observations  for  verification,  and  from 
observation  both  in  the  human  and  animal  kingdoms  we  are  led  to 
analyze  the  action  and  nature  of -the  constituents  of  the  function, 
or  system  of  functions,  in  which  we  observe  a  faculty  to  be  the 
most  developed.  From  this  analysis  we  must  make  a  logical  deduc- 
tion which  shall  agree  with  the  facts  observed,  as  well  as  with  the 
related  law.  And  when  the  reader  asks — as  he  most  certainly  has 
the  right* — how  the  muscular  system  is  proven  to  be  the  origin, 
source,  or  base  of  Calculation,  I  shall  refer  him  first  to  the  fact  that 
long-continued  observation  has  shown,  first,  that  this  power  is 
found  best  developed  in  those  persons  and  races  of  men  in  whom 
the  muscular  system  is  paramount ;  next,  that  its  lowest  develop- 
ments, such  as  craft,  cunning,  etc.,  are  found  universally  distributed 
in  varying  degrees  among  those  classes  of  animals  in  which  the 
muscular  system  is  dominant.  Furthermore,  Calculation  is  most 
nearly  related  to  Acquisitiveness  in  its  nature  and  action,  and  Ac- 
quisitiveness is  indebted  mainly  to  the  muscular  system  for  its 
getting  and  acquiring  power,  and,  in  its  primitive  or  animal  mani- 
festations, is  exhibited  by  the  desire  for  getting  food  and  materials 
for  nest-»and  home-  building,  as  we  observe  in  the  animals  and 
birds  of  the  forest ;  and,  as  those  animals  who  are  best  endowed 
by  Xature  with  the  getting  and  preying  instinct  and  talent  exhibit 
the  predominance  of  the  muscular  system,  we  must  logically  con- 
clude that  the  origin  of  Calculation  is  muscular,  for  "  similarity  of 
structure*. denotes  similarity  of  function  and  faculty"  all  along  the 
line  of  organic  evolution. 

Music. — Whatever  doubt  there  may  be  in  the  mind  of  man 
in  regard  to  the  origin  and  source  of  the  so-called  "mental  facul- 
ties" there  can  surely  he  no  doubt  as  to  the  source  from  whence 
is  derived  the  capacity  for  singing  and  playing  upon  musical 
instruments. 

The  parts  of  the  organism  involved  in  the  production  of  tone 
or  sound,  whether  in  vocal  or  spoken  sound,  are  mainly  muscular. 
It  is  true  that  the  auditory  nerves  assist  in  conveying  to  the  depart- 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.      217 

merit  of  brain  assigned  to  the  consciousness  of  sound  the  sonorous 
vibrations  of  the  atmosphere,  yet  without  the  aid  of  the  muscular 
system  there  could  be  neither  spoken  nor  vocal  sound.  Brain 
alone,  -no  matter  how  well  developed,  has  not  the  capacity  to  pro- 
duce vocal  music,  for  singing,  speaking,  and  oratory  are  dependent 
upon  a  fine  quality  and  high  development  of  the  larynx,  the  glottis, 
the  trachea,  the  vocal  cords,  the  lips,  the  tongue  and  cheeks, 
together  with  a  suitable  development  of  the  diaphragm,  thorax, 
and  ear. 

All  these  parts  of  the  organism  are  mainly  of  a  muscular  or 
cartilaginous  nature,  and  where  these  several  parts  of  the  body  are 
strong  and  of  high  quality  there  will  be  found  the  most  spontane- 
ous capacity  for  vocal  expression '  by  singing  and  instrumentation. 
The  principles  upon  which  sound  is  based  are  those  which  are  also 
found  to  exist  in  muscle,  viz.,  resonance,  elasticity,  and  the  ability 
to  produce  curved  motions.  In  order  to  comprehend  the  rationale 
of  the  signs  of  musical  ability,  we  are  obliged  to  analyze  the  origin 
of  sound  and  the  instrumentalities  which  produce  it.  Sound  is 
caused  by  vibrations  of  the  atmosphere  set  in  motion  by  force 
acting  upon  various  substances — such  as  wood,  metal,  reeds,  wire 
strings,  etc.  Vocal  sounds  are  originated  in  the  larynx,  which  is 
of  a  cartilaginous  nature.  The  action  of  this  organ  sets  in  motion 
atmospheric  air,  which,  impinging  upon  the  tympanum  of  the  ear, 
is  there  recognized  as  soft  or  hard,  short  or  long  tones,  according 
to  the  force  and  time  employed  in  such  performance.  Sound  once 
set  in  motion  forms  waves  or  curves  in-thetair,  which  are  caught 
by  the  external  ear  and  thrown  upon  the  tympanum  or  drum,  and 
here  the  nerves  of  the  ear  and  brain  recognize  the  sounds  thus 
received  and  imitate  and  modulate  them  by  the  aid  of  the  muscles 
of  the  glottis,  the -larynx,  the  vocal  cords,  the  trachea,  the  tongue, 
the  lips,  the  cheeks,  and  ear.  Two  of  the  elements  of  sound  are 
resonance  and  elasticity,  and  these  two  elements  are  found  in  the 
atmosphere,  as  well  as  in  reeds,  strings,  wire,  and  cartilage. 
Another  element  of  sound  is  the  wavy  or  curved  motion  through 
the  air,  and  sound  which  proceeds  from  the  larynx  conies  through 
circular  waves  as  it  flows  through  the  air  toward  the  ear.  The 
auricle,  or  shell  of  the  ear,  is  also  round,  and  the  inner  formations 
are  of  a  curved  or  spiral  character,  as  exhibited  in  the  cochlea,  in 
the  three  semicircular  canals.  The  meatus  auclitorius,  or  external 
opening  of  the  ear,  as  well  as  the  auricle,  are  both  circular  in 
formation. 

In  the  human  being  the  ability  to  execute  curves  is  confined 
to  cartilaginous  or  muscular  material,  and  a//  art  As  fotnnlid  on 
the  circle  or  sections  of  it.  In  singing  and  speaking  the  larynx 


218  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

must  be  able    to    construct   every  gradation    of  the   circle.     As 
Swcdengorg  expresses  it : — 

It  must  have  acquired  the  faculty  of  opening  the  glottis  into  all 
measures,  H^ures,  and  forms  whatever  that  can  be  described  by  the  geomet- 
ric compass  or  summed  up  by  the  analytical  calculus  from  the  line  or  fissure 
to  the  complete  circle. 

We  are  here  met  with  the  fact  that  geometrical  measurement 
and  form  is  yet  another  element  of  sound,  and  we  shall  find,  as 
we  continue  to  investigate  the  complex  mechanism  which  we  call 
man,  that  all  the  sciences,  chemical,  architectural  and  mathemati- 
cal, have  their  exponent  and  highest  illustration  in  that  most 
marvellous  and  sublime  of  all  God's  creations — man's  physiognomy. 

In  the  preceding  ideas  it  has  been  shown  that  the  elements 
of  sound  are  resonance,  elasticity,  and  circular  form ;  and  the 
necessary  components  of  a  musician  are  resonance,  elasticity  and 
circular  formation.  Who  shall  say  that  the  science  of  physiognomy 
is  not  capable  of  mathematical  illustration "? 

As  before  stated,  the  parts  of  the  body  which  are  involved  in 
the  production  and  reception  of  sound  or  tone  are  situated .  in  the 
mouth  and  its  surroundings,  as  well  as  in  the  ear.  Accordingly, 
we  shall  expect  to  find  in  the  formations  of  the  vocal  and  auditory 
apparatus  of  singers  and  orators  a  different  construction  from  that 
of  those  not  so  well  endowed  musically  or  vocally.  Were  we  to 
examine  these  parts  in  the  organisms  of,  say,  one  hundred  of  the 
most  eminent  singers,  we  should  find  that  their  facial  resemblances, 
in  these  respects,  were  identical,  although  of  different  nationalities 
and  of  the  most  diverse  individualities ;  yet  in  all  cases  we  should 
find  a  nose  soft,  muscular,  round,  and  relatively  short,  notably  in 
the  face  of  Miss  Annie  Louise  Carey,  Madame  Scalchi,  Sir  Arthur 
Sullivan,  Madam  Sembrich,  Albani,  Emma  Abbot,  and  Campanini. 

Indeed,  the  noses  of  all  good  singers  are  short  in  relation  to 
the  other  facial  features.  There  are  two  causes  for  this.  In  the 
first  place,  all  great  singers  possess  a  predominance  of  the  muscu- 
lar system,  and  muscle  tends  to  shorten,  while  bone  tends  to 
lengthen  features.  Then,  again,  if  the  nose  were  long  relatively 
to  other  features,  there  would  not  exist  sufficient  length  from  the 
roof  of  the  mouth  to  the  point  of  the  chin  to  give  volume ;  there 
would  not  be  sufficient  area-  for  the  i>r<><! action  of  tone.  This 
peculiarity  of  formation  gives  height  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 
Thus  it  will  be  observed  that  in  order  to  produce  powerful,  sonorous, 
vocal  effects,  there  must  be  a  consensus  of  action  between  the  bony 
structure  of  the  nose,  the  head  and  the  ear.  and  the  muscles  in- 
volved in  the  performance  of  vocality.  The  nasal  and  frontal  bones 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.      219 

are  of  a  loose,  spongy  nature,  and  the  cavities  termed  "  frontal 
sinuses  "  assist  materially  in  affording  resonance  to  the  voice.  The 
bones  of  the  ear — the  malleus,  the  incus,  and  the  stapes — also 
contribute  by  their  reverberatory  quality  to  the  reception  of 
sound  and  tone,  while  the  auditory  nerves  are  useful  in  distinguish- 
ing the  differences  in  sounds.  The  formation  of  the  mouth  and 
its  surroundings  also  promote  the  production  of  tone.  Height  of 
the  roof  of  the  mouth  is  essential,  as  well  as  length  of  the  chin 
forward  and  downward;  and  full  cheeks  give  the  second  dimen- 
sion necessary,  while  width  from  the  lips  to  the  vocal  cords  give 
the  third  measurement ;  this  formation  is  characteristic  of  most  good 
singers  and  speakers.  It  is  this  space  which  gives  room  for  volume 
to  the  voice.  The  ear  is  also  concerned  in  musical  efforts,  and 
must  by  its  shape,  size,  and  quality  assist  in  the  general  make-up 
of  a  musician.  Accordingly,  wre  find  that  the  musical  ear  will  be 
as  Professor  Willis  has  described  it ;  he  observes : — 

The  rounded,  well-formed  ear  that  sets  forward  and  outward  instead 
of  being  flat  on  the  head  is  a  pretty  good  sign  of  musical  taste,  if  not  of 
talent. 

Of  the  form  of  the  unmusical  ear,  he  remarks  thus : — 

Observe  the  angular  and  sharp-pointed  form  of  the  top  of  the  ear. 
It  is  built  on  the  same  principle  as  the  long,  sharp-pointed  ear  of  the  ass 
and  mule,  which  animals  are  not  noted  for  their  appreciation  of  music.* 

"  All  animals  with  the  rounding  ear  are  more  or  less  fond  of 
musical  sounds,  while  those  with  sharp-pointed  ears  are  disgusted 
with  or  indifferent  to  music."  This  has  been  tested  by  several 
observers  with  the  above  results.  Every  minute  appearance  of  the 
ear  is  noteworthy  and  has  its  meaning.  The  external  ear  in  every 
case  is  suited  to  the  head  and  person  upon  whom  it  is  observed ; 
it  is  suited  also  to  the  throat,  nose,  and  mouth  found  in  combina- 
tion with  it,  and  it  would  suit  no  other,  so  homogeneous  is  Nature 
in  all  her  operations.  There  are,  of  course,  great  differences  in 
the  quality  of  bone  in  different  individuals,  but  I  must  believe  that 
the  bones  of  those  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  are 
less  charged  with  lime  and  mineral  matters,  and  possess  a  larger' 
proportion  of  animal  ingredients  than  those  in  whom  the  osseous 
system  is  supreme.  The  artist  and  singer  must  not  only  possess 
more  fle.r/hle  muscles  for  the  purposes  of  art  and  vocality,  but  must 
also  be  possessed  of  more  flexibility  of  bone,  than  the  mechanic, 
the  scientist,  or  moralist.  In  the  former,  all  the  powers  and  pur- 
poses are  in  direct  opposition  to  the  latter.  The  artistic  classes  are 
for  the  expression  of  motion,  emotion,  imitation,  and  amusement, 

*A  Treatise  on  Human  Xature  ami  Physiognomy.  Prof.  A.  E.  Willis,  \>.  tii5.    Chicago,  1882. 


220  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

while  the  mechanical  and  scientific  classes  deal  with  the  laws  and 
principles  of  Nature ;  hence,  their  characters  exhibit  the  most  in- 
tegrity, stability,  firmness,  and  accuracy,  as  befits  those  engaged  in 
the  discovery  and  application  of  the  laws  and  truths  of  Nature. 
These  laws  are  founded  on  eternal  tnttlt*  hence  those  who  assist 
in  the  exposition  of  them  must  in  their  own  organisms  possess  the 
qualities  which  partake  of  the  nature  of  the  phenomena  which 
they  investigate.  As  well  ask  a  blind  man  to  state  the  difference 
between  light  and  darkness  as  to  expect  the  purely  artistic  to 
comprehend  the  laws  which  reveal  the  sciences,  or  to  expect  from 
the  purely  mechanical  and  scientific,  the  flexible,  yielding,  resonant 
qualities  essential  to  art-purposes.  Whenever  Nature  constructs 
a  great  musician,  she  does  not  endow  him  with  great,  square, 
strong  bones  and  relatively  spare  muscles.  Man  often  makes  the 
stupid  mistakes  of  compelling  children  to  study  arts  and  sciences 
for  which  Nature  has  not  fitted  them ;  but  where  man  co-operates 
with  Nature,  those  great  geniuses  are  produced  who  dazzle  and 
astonish  the  world,  and  whose  works  and  lives  go  down  the  ages 
to  bless,  enrich,  and  stimulate  the  multitude. 

The  logical  outcome  of  this  analysis  of  music  is — 1st,  that  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  singing  tones  the  right  mechanism  must 
be  afforded  by  Nature ;  2d,  that  this  mechanism  is  mainly  con- 
structed of  muscle,  and  possesses  the  same  qualities  as  does  the 
atmosphere,  viz.,  those  of  resonance,  flexibility,  and  capacity  for 
producing  curves ;  3d,  that  the  signs  of  this  musical  capacity  are 
•to  be  met  with  in  the  muscular  system,  and  most  of  them  are  ex- 
ternal, as  in  the  mouth,  the  ear,  the  cheeks,  the  lips,  the  chin,  and 
the  thorax ;  4th,  it  is  proven  that,  in  order  to  produce  volume  of 
tone,  the  area  of  the  internal  structure  of  the  mouth  must  possess 
vertical,  lateral,  and  antero-posterior  space ;  5th,  it  is  shown  that 
the  glottis  must  be  able  to  form  all  "  measures  and  figures  that  can 
be  described  by  the  geometric  compass  or  summed  up  by  the  ana- 
lytical calculus  from  the  line  of  fissure  to  the  complete  circle,"  and, 
lastly,  the  logical  deduction  is  that  the  musical  individual  is  dis- 
covered by  roundness  of  the  entire  body,  roundness  of  the  head, 
the  face,  the  ear,  the  cheeks,  the  throat,  the  chin,  the  thorax,  and 
the  fingers  round  and  tapering. 

Analysis  and  logic  will  reveal  much  of  Nature's  methods  of 
construction,  while  a  systematic  course  of  observation  and  general- 
izing will  provide  the  material  from  which  the  deductions  can  be 
made. 

Language. — Investigation  as  to  the  origin  of  language  has 
been  conducted  with  great  ardor  in  the  two  last  centuries,  and  has 
resulted  in  a  systematic  classification  of  the  relationship  of  all 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.      221 

languages  and  dialects,  both  ancient  and  modern.  To  the  inde- 
fatigable labors  of  one  man — Max  Miiller — are  we  indebted  for 
great  light  upon  this  branch  of  knowledge.  His  method  of  classi- 
fication is  based  upon  the  grammatical  construction  of  language, 
and  not  on  the  similarity  of  the  words,  as  is  popularly  believed. 

Had  Mr.  Max  Miiller  made  use  of  the  knowledge  which  scien- 
tific physiognomy  imparts  he  would  have  been  able  to  advance  his 
efforts,  and  perhaps  have  made  his  undertaking  lighter,  for  the 
language  of  a  race  depends  greatly  upon  its  anatomical  and  physio- 
logical structure.  In  spoken  sound,  as  in  singing,  the  effort  is 
made  by  aid  of  the  several  parts  involved  in  the  production  and 
reception  of  musical  sounds.  Yet  when  we  come  to. analyze  spoken 
language  we  must  take  a  wider  range  of  research,  for  the  reason 
that  all  persons  express  themselves  by  speech,  while  only  a  few, 
comparatively,  use  musical  tones. 

The  means  of  communicating  ideas  and  wants  by  language  is 
universal,  yet  the  kind  of  language  used  varies  in  different  indi- 
viduals ;  and  the  kind  of  language  which  will  be  used  by  the  nu- 
merous races,  both  civilized  and  uncivilized,  depends  entirely  upon 
the  peculiarities  of  their  anatomical  structure,  together  with  the 
grade  of  quality  of  their  development  as  a  race  and  as  individuals. 

If  one  were  to  contrast  the  language  of  the  ancient  Greeks 
and  Chinese,  for  example,  he  would  find  the  expression  of  ideas, 
of  shades  and  grades  of  thought  and  feeling,  capable  of  being 
expressed  by  these  two  languages  as  diverse  as  are  these  two 
peoples ;  and  in  the  structure  of  both  face  and  form  he  would  trace 
(if  he  understood  physiognomy)  the  origin  of  these  diversities,  and 
assign  to  each  the  language  proper  to  the  two  distinct  races.  An 
examination  of  the  bones  of  the  skull  alone  would  not  give  this 
insight  into  these  existing  differences,  but  an  examination  of  the 
entire  outline  of  the  body,  together  with  a  critical  analysis  of  the 
face  and  the  quality  of  the  individual,  would  explain  how  the 
ancient  Greeks  came  to  construct  so  elaborate  and  pliant  a  lan- 
guage, and  one  so  capable  of  expressing  the  most  minute  shades  of 
thought  and  feeling.  This  could  be  done  by  an  investigation  of 
their  faces  and  figures  alone,  without  reference  to  their  literature, 
for  in  this  people  the  brain  and  muscular  systems  predominated, 
and  in  this  peculiarity  of  structure  we  find  the  mechanism  required 
for  philosophy  and  art,  as  well  as  for  the  grand  achievements  of 
oratory  which  have  probably  never  been  equalled  by  any  race. 
Of  this  peculiar  flexibility  of  the  Greek  language,  Professor  Jebb 
remarks : — 

By  using  one  turn  of  phrase  instead  of  another  which  would  have  been 
equally  correct,  or  with  the  help  of  those  little  words  called  "  participles, " 


222  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which  answered  to  the  play  of  features  or  tone  of  voice  in  talking,  or  even 
by  n  slight  rlmnge  in  the  order  of  the  sentence,  a  Greek  could  mark  with 
delicate  precision  the  meaning  which  he  meant  to  convej".  This  peculiar 
power  which  the  language  acquired  of  being  bent  into  the  exact  shape 
of  the  thought  entitles  Greek  to  be  called  the  most  flexible  of  languages. 
No  one  who  is  a  stranger  to  Greek  literature  has  seen  how  perfect  an  instru- 
ment it  is  possible  for  human  speech  to  be.* 

The  language  of  the  Greeks  grew  and  developed,  as  did  the 
people,  and  the  master-pieces  of  the  Greek  sculptors  which  have 
escaped  the  ravages  of  time,  and  are  to  be  seen  in  the  various  art- 
galleries  and  museums  of  Europe,  disclose  to  us  the  source  of  the 
linguistic  power  of  this  nation. 

In  this  people  the  muscular  system  was  trained  and  developed 
in  every  part  to  the  highest  state  of  perfection  possible ;  hence, 
they  possessed  the  most  perfect  mechanism  for  speaking,  and  also 
for  hearing,  for  the  auditory  apparatus  is  almost  entirely  within  the 
muscular  system,  as  are  the  organs  of  speech.  It  is  rational  to 
conclude  that  the  one  conditions  the  other,  and  so  among  the 
families  of  language  the  Greek  stands  pre-eminent  for  its  capacity 
to  express  with  greatest  precision  and  exactness  the  most  delicate 
shades  and  grades  of  thought,  emotion,  and  feeling.  By  referring 
to  any  good  work  on  ethnology  the  reader  can  make  comparison 
between  the  Greek  and  the  uncivilized  races.  Not  only  will  the 
physiognomy  of  the  former  disclose  the  facial  signs  .for  superior 
linguistic  capacities,  but  the  outlines  of  the  entire  organism  of  the 
Greek  will  (apart  from  the  face)  indicate  this  superiority  if  read  by 
the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy.  I  claim  that  by  observation 
of  the  individual  one  can  decide  as  to  what  class  of  words  he  will 
make  use  of,  and  that  by  classifying  a  race  or  individual  according 
to  the  laws  laid  down  in  the  chapter  on  the  "  Five  Systems  of  Func- 
tions" it  can  be  known  whether  one  will  use  adjectives  profusely, 
whether  he  will  make  greater  use  of  the  purest  Anglo-Saxon,  using 
nouns  most,  or  those  words  which  express  concrete  ideas,  such  as 
horse,  dog,  cow,  man,  or  other  words  or  short  sentences  which  com- 
pletely express  in  short,  terse,  and  practical  words  complete  i<l<«*. 
Those  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  will,  if 
possessed  of  an  average  quality  of  brain,  make  use  of  many  ad- 
jectives, expletives,  interjections,  and  ejaculations  ;  if  educated,  will 
use  the  most  ornate  language,  and  embellish  with  all  the  graces  of 
rhetoric  his  speech  and  writings.  Mad.  de  Stael  is  a  good  illus- 
tration of  this  class.  In  her  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  were 
dominant.  Where  the  osseous  system  is  supreme,  the  most  direct, 
simple,  clear,  and  practical  language  will  control  the  utterance. 

*  Greek  Literature,  R.  C.  Jebb,  p.  8.    1879. 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    MUSCULAR    SYSTEM.  223 

Where  education  has  assisted  the  individual  he  will  be  able  to 
make  the  most  clear,  concise,  and  explicit  descriptions,  both  in 
writing  and  speaking.  Such  persons  are  eminently  adapted  to  the 
elucidation  of  mechanical  and  scientific  principles.  Professor  Tyn- 
dall,  for  example,  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  this  class.  His 
language  is  sufficiently  ornate  and  pleasing,  but  its  general  style 
is  more  explicit,  definite,  clear,  pointed,  logical,  and  direct  than 
merely  ornamental.  The  bone  and  brain  systems  are  most  pro- 
nounced in  Professor  Tyndall. 

I  should  name  the  class  of  persons  of  whom  Mad.  de  Stael 
stands  representative  "adjective"  men,  and  Professor  Tyndall's 
class  "  noun  "  men.  These  differences  can  as  well  be  understood 
by  an  examination  of  the  hand,  the  fingers,  or  shape  of  the  finger- 
nails as  by  observation  of  the  face,  for  here  the  sign  for  the  gilt  of 
Language,  or  fluency,  is  denoted  by  fullness  of  the  muscular  eyeball. 
Fluency  alone  does  not  indicate  the  gift  of  Language  in  its  highest 
and  best  sense.  Fluent  chatter  is  not  fluent  sense,  neither  is  it  con- 
versation, nor  oratory.  Other  signs  must  decide  to  which  of  these 
departments  the  individual  belongs. 

Where  the  faculty  of  Language  is  best  defined,  it  is  shown  by 
a  fine  development  and  high  quality  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
reference  to  any  part  of  this  system  will  decide  upon  its  presence 
or  absence.  The  signs  for  mentality  will  exhibit  its  quality  and 
power.  Persons  in  whom  the  thoracic  system  abounds  will  give 
vent  to  many  exaggerations  in  speech.  Their  feelings  always 
being  at  very  high '  or  very  low  tension,  they  will  in  accordance 
with  this  formation  express  themselves  vehemently,  with  force, 
enthusiasm,  and  joyfulness ;  or,  if  under  the  influence  of  sorrow, 
the  feelings  will  give  expression  to  the  most  despondent  and  hope- 
less words,  and  in  listening  to  one  under  these  influences  we  \yould 
imagine  that  never  before  was  such  a  desolate,  bereaved,  forlorn, 
and  deserted  being. 

This  class  of  persons  are  electric,  made  so  by  the  full  and  free 
inhalation  of  the  atmosphere,  which  elevates  and  depresses  (ac- 
cording as  it  is  good  or  bad,  or  scarce  or  plenty),  and  allows  great 
scope  for  expansiveness.  To  use  a  homely  expression,  "  they  are 
always  either  up  in  the  garret  or  down  in  the  cellar,"  but  to  their 
credit  I  will  say  they  reside  chiefly  in  the  garret  when  they  are  not 
still  higher  up — in  the  observatory.  When  excited  by  indignation, 
their  expletives  are  of  the  most  pointed  description,  and  I  have 
known  most  amiable  and  moral  persons  bring  out  at  such  times  a 
"big,  big  D,"  or  a  sudden  and  lively  reference  to  the  father  of  lies, 
appearing  afterward  to  be  much  relieved  by  the  explosion.  Not 
only  is  the  kind  of  language  which  one  uses  indicated  by  his  form, 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    1'HYSIOGNOMY. 

but  the  quality  of  tone  produced  and  exhibited  by  his  anatomical 
formation  can  be  known  (if  disease  has  not  changed  it)  to  the 
skilled  physiognomist  So  harmonious  is  Nature,  and  so  homo- 
geneous the  human  organism,  that  any  given  part  indicates  the 
character  of  the  whole.  This  principle  was  well  understood  by 
Lavater,  who,  writing  upon  this  point,  remarked: — 

Consider  the  voices  of  men  ;  their  height,  depth,  strength,  wcnkin  >s  ; 
whether  hollow,  clear,  rough,  pleasant,  natural  or  feigned  ;  and  inquire  what 
foreheads  and  what  tones  are  oftenest  associated.  If  the  student  has  a  good 
ear,  he  will  certainly  acquire  the  knowledge  of  temperament,  character,  and 
what  class  the  forehead  belongs  to  by  the  voice.* 

And,  again,  he  observes : — 

Tall  people  with  a  flatness  of  breast  have  weak  voices. f 

Persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  and  of  a 
fine  quality  possess  rich,  mellow,  full  tones  of  voice  ;  but  where  the 
muscles  are  not  of  high  quality  the  voice  will  be  "  throaty,"  thick, 
and  unmusical ;  even  if  they  use  the  voice  in  singing,  it  will  be 
disagreeable  and  lacking  in  clearness,  sweetness,  and  purity. 

The  grade  of  the  mental  development  of  a  race  or  of  an  indi- 
vidual will  discover  the  class  of  ideas,  as  well  as  exhibit  the  sort 
of  language,  suited  to  the  expression  of  the  grade  of  intelligence 
which  it  has  reached.  The  minds  of  uncivilized  races  could  not 
comprehend  many  of  the  ideas  which  are  common  to  the  most 
civilized,  and  we  find  upon  investigating  the  languages  of  savages 
that  they  are  as  lacking  in  the  ideas  of  many  moral,  affectional,  and 
emotional  sentiments  as  they  are  in  suitable  words  for  the  expres- 
sion of  them.  Indeed,  they  could  not  comprehend  either  the 
meaning  of  many  of  our  words,  expressive  of  the  simplest  do- 
mestic duties 'and  habits,  nor  see  the  necessity  or  use  for  such 
duties  and  customs.  The  mouth  and  its  surrounding  parts  of  the 
Tasmanian,  Bushman,  and  Hottentot,  for  example,  unfolds  the 
grade  of  mental  development,  together  with  the  style  of  language 
which  such  minds  would  naturally  make  use  of.  Only  words 
expressive  of  th^  simplest  animal  necessities,  and  of  rage  and  war- 
fare, with  very  few  terms  of  parental  or  conjugal  love,  or  of  mercy, 
justice,  right  or  wrong,  could  issue  from  such  lips.  No  person 
possessed  of  common  sense,  even  if  devoid  of  a  knowledge  of 
physiognomy  would  expect  anything  different  from  such  mouths. 
The  physiognomical  sense  is  sufficiently  strong  in  the  civilized 
races,  at  least,  to  enable  them  to  comprehend  this  at  the  first 
glance;  yet,  in  spite  of  this  inherited  and  intuitional  capacity  for 

*  Essays  on  Physiognomy,  Lavater,  p.  158.  t  Ibid.,  p,  309. 


FACULTIES  DERIVED  FROM  THE  MUSCULAR  SYSTEM.      225 

physiognomy,  many  persons  will  avow  their  utter  disbelief  in  the 
theory  that  the  countenance  unfolds  character. 

That  language  improves  in  the  ratio  that  the  body  develops 
physiologically  is  proven  not  only  by  reference  to  the  savage  races, 
but  also  by  the  fact  that  language  is  not  as  essential  to  the  ex- 
pression of  our  physical  wants  as  it  is  to  the  expression  of  the 
higher  intellectual  and  moral  faculties.  Many  deaf-mutes  are  able 
by  natural  signs  to  make  their  physical  wants  known  without 
education  in  the  sign  language ;  but  when  it  is  required  to  enun- 
ciate ideas  and  sentiments,  apart  from  mere  physical  wants,  then 
education  must  supply  a  system  by  which  these  can  be  imparted. 
The  language  of  savages  is  expressive  only  of  the  commonest 
wants  of  life,  and  all  of  their  social  intercourse  might  be  carried 
on  by  simple  natural  signs  in  daylight,  at  least,  but  communicating 
in  the  dark  requires  sound,  or  touch. 

Language  is  the  natural  expression  of  the  intellectual  powers. 
It  is  related  to  the  three  divisions  of  the  face,  inasmuch  as  the 
mouth,  nose,  and  eyes  are  concerned  in  its  expression.  Speech 
is  necessary,  alike  for  the  elucidation  of  mechanical,  artistic,  re- 
ligious, moral,  and  mathematical  ideas.  I  believe  speech  to  be 
related  to  pulsation ;  forasmuch  as  language  is  naturally  and 
necessarily  divided  into  pauses,  there  must  be  synchronous  action 
between  the  rhythmic  movements  of  the  heart  and  lungs  and  the 
natural  accentuation  and  periodicity  of  syllables  and  sentences. 
In  Chapter  III,  Part  II,  will  be  found  further  analysis  of  the  voice. 

Language  and  Music  are  very  nearly  related.  The  art  of 
writing  poetry  depends  greatly  upon  one's  sense  of  rhythm,  and 
rhythm  is  a  musical  attribute.  Sympathy  is  another  musical 
quality  observed  in  language ;  harmony  another, — that  is  to  say, 
the  harmony  between  what  one  says  and  what  one  means,  for  a 
good  observer  can  detect  the  want  of  harmony  between  the  lan- 
guage and  the  feeling  to  which  it  professes  to  give  utterance. 
Ruskin  beautifully  expresses  this  idea  in  the  following : — 

To  teach  the  meaning  of  a  word  thoroughly  is  to  teach  the  nature  of 
the  spirit  that  coined  it.  The  secret  of  language  is  the  secret  of  sympathy, 
and  its  full  charm  is  possible  only  to  the  gentle.  And  of  yet  greater  im- 
portance is  it  deeply  to  know  that  every  beauty  possessed  by  the  language 
of  a  nation  is  significant  of  the  innermost  laws  of  its  being.  Keep  the 
temper  of  the  people  stern  and  manly  ;  make  their  associations  courteous, 
grave,  and  for  worthy  objects  ;  occup}^  them  in  just  deeds,  and  their  tongue 
must  needs  be  a  grand  one.  All  great  languages  invariably  utter  great 
things,  and  command  them  ;  the  breath  of  them  is  inspiration,  because  it  is 
not  only  vocal,  but  vital,  and  you  can  only  learn  to  speak  as  these  men  by 
becoming  what  these  men  were. 

In  this  quotation,  Ruskin  shows  that  he  comprehends  the 

15 


226  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

relation  which  exists  between  the  character  and  the  language  of  a 
race,  and  to  the  observer  and  thinker  nothing  can  be  more  sug- 
gestive of  the  harmony  of  Nature  than  the  investigation  and 
analysis  of  the  language  and  characteristic  traits  which  are  found 
in  combination  in  a  people.  Men  and  language  evolve  together  in 
the  same  ratio.  As  the  Greek  race  developed  its  beauty,  strength, 
and  flexibility  of  mind  and  body,  so  the  Greek  tongue  evolved  its 
keenness,  richness,  power,  and  pliancy.  The  powers  of  the  people 
and  the  possibilities  of  their  language  advanced  j_>ari  passu.  In 
tone,  in  compass,  in  harmony,  in  grandeur,  will  a  race  rise  in  the 
direct  ratio  with  the  upward  march  of  its  physiological  and  ana- 
tomical formation.  Mark  the  Saxon  phraseology  so  common  to  the 
English,  its  practicability,  domesticity,  its  will,  bluntness.  straight- 
forwardness, and  monosyllabic  veracity,  and  we  find  in  it  the  picture 
of 'the  people, — all  bone  and  muscle,  and  square  bones  and  round 
muscles  at  that.  Carry  the  analysis  further ;  observe  the  Celt ; 
compare  his  emotional,  witty,  artistic,  sarcastic,  vengeful,  variable 
and  imitative  .mind  and  polysyllabic  language,  and  we  have  his 
bodily  image  before  us, — lithe,  slim,  flexible,  handsome,  rich- 
colored,  restless  and  amusing,  a  blending  in  his  anatomical  make- 
up of  smaU,  round  bones  and  supple,  round  muscles. 

This  analysis  of  form-development  and  correspondence  of 
language  might  be  carried  to  great  lengths,  and  most  of  the  char- 
acteristics of  race  be  explained  by  a  critical  survey  of  its  language, 
or  vice  versa ;  a  description  of  the  language  of  a  people  might 
well  be  given  from  a  scientific  analysis  of  their  bodily  and  facial 
peculiarities.  This,  of  course,  presupposes  a  knowledge  of  scien- 
tific physiognomy,  for  without  this  science  practically  applied  such 
comparisons  could  not  be  instituted. 

It  is  horse-physiognomy  which  the  stock-breeder  puts  into 
practice  when  by  the  union  of  certain  breeds  he  combines  the 
traits  of  celebrated  horses  and  produces  by  such  union  certain  de- 
sired virtues.  Were  he  ignorant  of  the  meaning  and  locality  of 
what  are  termed  "good  points"  in  an  animal  he  could  not  produce 
the  desired  result,  and  no  good  breeder  ever  risks  ignorance  and 
expects  excellent  results, — that  is  to  say,  in  horse-breeding.  With 
his  children  it  is  different,  for  the  "  good  points "  which  might  be 
looked  for  in  a  wife  he  does  not  understand,  and  would  probably 
care  little  for  if  he  did.  "  There's  money  in  fine  colts,"  but  no 
man  sells  his  children,  and  seems  not  to  care  that  a  fortune  should 
come  with  each  one  in  the  form  of  an  intellectual  or  moral  birth- 
right. This  might  be  the  inheritance  of  many  did  man  only  pos- 
sess the  ambition  and  aspiration  to  become  the  progenitor  of 
noble  and  perfected  offspring.  Surely,  children  are  of  more  im- 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    BRAIN    SYSTEM.  227 

portance  than  horses,  hogs,  or  calves;  yet  not  the  thousandth  part 
of  the  care  is  taken  to  rear  fine  specimens  of  the  former  as  there  is 
to  produce  thoroughbred  specimens  of  the  latter. 

In  this  age,  as  in  ancient  times,  the  nations  which  have  ex- 
celled in  muscular  development  have  produced  the  best  linguists. 
The  majority  of  continental  Europeans  possessing  a  supremacy  of 
the  muscular  system  are  excellent  linguists,  many  of  them  speak- 
ing several  languages.  The  English,  not  possessing  as  pliant 
muscles  as  the  Celtic  Europeans,  and  having  heavy  bones  in  com- 
bination, are  quite  inferior  to  the  latter  in  linguistic  attainments. 
The  Americans,  also,  are  not  as  capable  as  the  Celtic  races  in  this 
direction,  yet  have  more  capacity  for  learning  and  pronouncing 
language  than  the  English,  for  the  reason  that  their  muscles  are 
more  pliant  and  finer,  and  have,  in  addition,  a  more  sensitive  ner- 
vous system,  which  assists  the  ear  in  distinguishing  sound.  Then, 
too,  the  European  races  possess  the  procreative  faculty  in  a  greater 
degree  than  do  Americans,  and,  as  this  power  is  based  upon  the 
strength  and  integrity  of  the  muscular  system,  they  are  more  crea- 
tive mentally ;  hence,  able  to  learn  and  use  languages  with  greater 
ease  and  facility.  Singers  learn  languages  easily,  and  most  of  the 
great  musical  artists  speak  several  languages  fluently.  They  de- 
pend upon  the  fine  development  of  muscle  in  both  cases  for  their 
ability.  The  integrity  of  the  reproductive  system  leads  to  great 
solidity  of  the  family  institution. 

FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM   THE    BRAIN    SYSTEM. 

Comparison,  Causality,  Reason. — In  the  faces  of  all  persons 
who  excel  as  reasoners,  such  as  jurists,  statesmen,  orators,  natural- 
ists, scientists,  inventors,  mathematicians,  and  chess-players,  the 
nose  is  observed  to  be  uncommonly  broad  and  proportionately  long. 
According  to  the  law  of  harmony  or  of  homogeneousness, 'there 
should  be  a  corresponding  proportional  breadth  of  the  body.  In- 
vestigation and  comparison  of  the  physiognomies  and  forms  of 
these  several  classes  of  persons  prove  this  universal  law  of  shap- 
ing. Not  only  is  comparative  physiognomy  justified  in  this  in- 
stance, but  also  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  as  well ;  for 
Nature  declares  that  where  the  outlet  of  an  organ  is  large  the  re- 
lated organ  itself  is  on  a  corresponding  scale  ;  hence,  where  the 
nose  and  nostrils  are  broad  a  similar  form  will  characterise  the 
lungs  and  digestive  apparatus  and  produce  breadth  of  body. 

The  reasoning  powers  are  those  that  sit  in  judgment  upon  all 
the  other  mental  faculties,  as  well  as  decide  upon  the  qualities, 
conditions,  and  relations  of  all  things  in  existence,  and  are  used 
to  comprehend  the  vast  and  complex  chain  of  laws  governing  the 


228  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

universe.  It  is  evident,  then,  that  the  base  from  which  the  sus- 
tenance essential  to  support  so  important  a  faculty  is  drawn  should 
be  a  broad  one, — should  have  its  foundation  broad  and  deep. 
Accordingly,  We  find  in  the  persons  of  those  who  excel  in  reason  a 
proportionate  breadth  of  body,  and  this  reveals  the  fact  that  the 
visceral  organs  are  large,  round,  and  strong ;  also,  that  the  mus- 
cular and  osseous  systems  are  well  developed.  If  to  these  anatomi- 
\  cal  conditions  we  add  high  quality,  we  have  all  the  essentials  for 
•  sound  judgment,  reason,  causality,  and  comparison.  The  mind,  to 
co-ordinate, — to  grasp  broad  generalizations, — to  comprehend  vast 
schemes,  as  in  the  laws  of  a  country  or  the  laws  of  a  universe ;  the 
ability  to  plan  a  great  campaign,  or  the  capacity  for  analyzing  and 
combining  grand  and  abstruse  mathematical  principles,  must  have 
breadth  and  strength  in  the  body  in  order  to  impart  similar  powers 
to  the  deductions.  A  survey  of  the  organisms  of  many  English 
jurists  and  commanders,  or  of  the  majority  of  eminent  scientists  of 
all  nations,  will  illustrate  this  principle.  I  would  refer  the  reader  to 
an  examination  of  the  portraits  of  the  following-named  persons  as 
elucidating  the  law  governing  the  reasoning  faculties :  Lord  Mans- 
field, attorney-general ;  Lord  Chatham,  jurist ;  Leonard  Euler, 
mathematician ;  Benjamin  Franklin,  philosopher ;  John  Locke, 
philosopher ;  Sir  John  Herschel,  astronomer  ;  Baron  Cuvier,  natu- 
ralist ;  George  Washington  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  statesmen. 

The  noses  of  uncivilized  races  and  of  undeveloped  persons, 
as  well  as  those  of  children,  are  deficient  in  development  of  the 
"bridge,"  while  in  adult  life  the  nose,  if  it  become  well  developed, 
makes  a  most  decided  and  broad  contour  at  this  part,  and  in  those 
persons  where  this  formation  is  present  we  may  expect  to  find  the 
reasoning  faculties  well  exhibited.  In  physiognomy,  as  well  as  in 
all  of  Nature's  works,  Form  is  self-revealing,  and  needs  only  to  be 
interpreted  according  to  its  shape  in  order  to  have  the  correct 
meaning ;  hence,  breadth  of  nose,  of  shoulder,  or  of  body  signifies 
power  of  some  sort, — if  it  be  only  power  of  the  muscles,  or  capac- 
ity for  digestion,  or  for  breathing.  If  to  breadth  of  body  Nature 
has  added  quality,  then  we  find  breadth  of  mind ;  in  other  words, 
the  capacity  for  logical  ratiocination, — for  comprehending  cause 
and  effect.  In  those  in  whom  the  square  bony  system  is  in  com- 
bination with  a  broad  form  inventive  power  will  be  exhibited,  but 
where  the  head  and  body  are  round,  made  so  by  a  combination  of 
muscle  and  brain,  we  have  the  right  conformation  for  reasoning 
upon  mathematical,  astronomical,  and  philosophical  questions. 
In  the  first  instance,  we  shall  observe  the  long,  high,  broad,  and 
bony  nose,  the  nose  of  science  and  of  mechanical  invention.  In 
the  second  instance,  we  shall  observe  the  nose  to  be  long,  broad, 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE    BRAIN    SYSTEM.  229 

and  muscular.  The  mind,  in  combination  with  such  noses,  will 
possess  the  capacity  for  analyzing  the  general  principles  of  systems, 
and  by  tracing  effects  to  causes  discover  underlying  lawrs.  One  in- 
dividual thus  characterized  deals  with  the  principles  that  move 
matter,  the  other  with  principles  which  exhibit  mentality,  and  he 
seeks  to  connect  cause  with  effect,  and  to  trace  the  connecting 
links  between  motive  and  action.  The  physiognomies  of  Lord 
Bacon,  Professor  Tyndall,  Professor  Helmholtz,  Michael  Faraday, 
and  Charles  Darwin  illustrate  the  former  »class,  while  the  faces  of 
Socrates;  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Herbert  Spencer,  Sir  William  Herschel, 
and  Dr.  Gall  stand  representative  of  the  latter  class. 

The  development  of  the  reasoning  faculties  among  the  masses 
within  the  last  fifty  years  has  advanced  in  an  astonishing  degree. 
As  the  great  leaders  of  thought — those  who  treat  of  causation — 
give  out  freely  to  the  world  their  theories  and  discoveries,  the 
people,  by  the  aid  of  cheap  printing,  read  and  accept  their  ideas, 
and  thus  become  familiar  with  the  grand  generalizations  of  causal 
science  as  well  as  with  the  facts  of  life.  This  is  doing  much 
toward  the  uprooting  of  superstition  and  the  development  of  reason, 
and  has  in  many  countries  almost  entirely  supplanted  medieval 
superstition  and  bigotry.  The  environment  of  civilized  man  and  his 
adaptation  to  it  is  not  a  more  certain  thing  than  that  he  is  capable 
of  comprehending  the  laws  which  control  it,  and  until  this  is  un- 
derstood man  falls  short  of  his  religious  duty.  To  neglect  the 
study  of  causes  is  to  remain  in  childish  ignorance  To  compare, 
classify,  arrange  facts,  forms,  substances,  and  from  them  to  deduce 
the  laws  which  govern  and  control  them,  is  the  power  which 
distinguishes  the  civilized  man  from  the  savage.  And  in  this 
connection  let  me  say  that  the  chief  facial  sign  which  distin- 
guishes developed  men  from  the  undeveloped  is  the  local  facial 
sign  for  Reason,  viz.,  height  and  width  of  the  "bridge"  of  the 
nose. 

The  median  line  of  the  face  from  the  chin  to  the  forehead,  by 
its  height  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  as  well  as  by  its  fullness, 
reveals  in  its  development  the  perfected  man.  The  physiognomies 
of  persons  in  all  ages  of  the  world  who  have  been  pre-eminent  in 
every  department  of  thought  and  action  disclose  this  peculiar  for- 
mation ;  and  this  determination  outward  and  fonvard  of  the  nose 
is  one  most  decided  evidence  of  the  presence  of  reason  and  per- 
fection of  character  in  man.  Comparison  of  the  physiognomies  of 
the  leaders  of  thought  in  all  ages  shows  the  development  in  the 
median  line  of  the  face  to  be  of  about  the  same  grade;  from  this 
we  may  conclude  that  the  development  of  man  mentally  has 
reached  its  acme,  and  that  further  progress  of  the  race  will  be  in 


230  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  general  and  universal  improvement  of  the  masses  uniformly 
and  universally. 

Mr.  George  Henry  Lewes  remarks  that  "  to  know  more  we 
must  be  more ;"  hence,  in  order  to  rise  to  greater  heights  man 
must  have  a  different  environment  and  another  sphere  of  action. 
The  world  as  now  constituted  is  suited  to  man  as  now  constituted, 
and  the  one  progresses  and  improves  as  the  other  advances,  but 
always  within  certain  circumscribed  limits  varying  only  in  the  de- 
velopment of  different  sides  of  human  nature  in  different  ages. 
Thus,  the  classic  age  brought  the  artistic  faculties  of  mankind  to 
the  highest  degree  of  perfection  possible  to  man.     The  present  age 
gives  scope  to  man's  greatest  capacity  for  invention  and  for  the 
application  of  natural  laws  and  principles.     Which  side  of  human 
nature  will  be  next  presented  for  the  perfecting  process  it  is  difficult 
to  say.     We  thus  learn  that  progress  is  the  eternal  law  of  Nature, 
and  we  reason  from  this  that  advance  of  some  kind  will  be  con- 
tinued until  every  department  of  our  nature  has  been  so  wrought 
upon  and  tempered  by  experience  that  perfect  human  beings  must 
eventually  stand  representative  of  the  imperfect,  feeble,  and  dis- 
eased procession  of  creatures  who  are  marching  adown  the  ages  in 
solemn,  yet  hopeful  spirit,  looking  ever  forward  to  the  future, — "  to 
the   good  time  coming,"  which  all  see  just  ahead,  and  toward 
which  all  thoughts  are  turned,  and  upon  which  all  hopes  centre. 
The  idea  of  ultimate  perfection  is  ingrained  and  has  its  origin  in 
the  nature  of  man.    It  embraces  cause  and  effect.    Man  is  capable 
of  advancing  in  reason  and  morality,  and  this  tendency  to  improv- 
ability,  being  an  ordinance  of  Nature,  is  intuitional  in  man,  and 
those  who  are  not  sufficiently  developed  in  reason  to  take  a  broad 
view  of  the  world,  past  and  present,  and  to  classify  and  summarize 
the  progress  which  is  apparent  to  the  thoughtful  and  observant, 
feel  rather  than  think  that  perfection — human  perfection — is  the 
ultimate  destiny  of  the  human  race.     The  two  prime  factors  work- 
ing to  produce  this  condition  are  the  faculties  of  reason  and  of  con- 
scientiousness.     The  two   latest-acquired  features  of  the  human 
physiognomy  are  a  perfected  chin  and  nose,  and  these  two  features 
represent  the  local  signs  for  two  powerful  traits,  without  which 
man  would  be  only  an  ingenious  and  amusing  animal,  quite  limited 
in  his  scope,  even  as  a  human  being,  and  doomed  to  die  out,  as  do 
all  races  and  individuals  who  are  not  based  on  truth,  conscientious- 
ness, and  morality ;  e.g.,  soundness  in  their  physiological  construc- 
tion, and  withal  a  perfected  kidney  system.     For  Conscience,  like 
Heason,  is  founded  in  the  physical  structure.     Says  Dr.  Cross : — 

Life  is  not  a  spirit  floating  loosely  among  the  organs,  but  is  the  per- 
petual produce  of  the  vital  manufactory  within,  while  Nature  herself  is  the 
assiduous  and  indefatigable  operator. 


FACULTIES    DERIVED    FROM    THE   BRAIN    SYSTEM. 

The  reasoning  faculties  increase  in  man  in  the  ratio  that 
physiological  development  and  normal  construction  of  the  human 
organism  advance.  Health  statistics  and  insurance-society  reports 
show  that  the  grade  of  health  of  civilized  communities  is  higher 
than  in  former  ages.  This  being  the  case,  we  may  infer  that  the 
mental  and  moral  conditions  are  changing  for,  the  better,  and  that 
reason  will  become  more  general ;  most  especially  as  we  join  to 
this  improved  physical  state  knowledge  of  the  wide-spread  truths 
of  the  numerous  sciences  which  are  now  being  disseminated 
throughout  the  world.  There  are  comparatively  few  independent 
thinkers, — those  who  think  outside  the  groove  cut  by  tradition  and 
custom.  Then,  too,  the  majority  are  like  sheep,  always  following 
a  leader,  who,  possessed  perhaps  of  no  more  knowledge  than  his 
followers,  may  have  much  more  craft  and  audacity,  and  so  gets  a 
following  who  quote  him  and  repeat  on  all  occasions  his  senseless 
and  incomprehensible  jargon,  which,  from  its  mystery,  is  by  them 
confounded  with  wisdom ;  for  it  is  the  custom  of  the  unreasoning 
to  consider  as  wisdom  that  which  is  incomprehensible.  Many  dis- 
like to  reason  on  the  merits  of  a  question  which  comes  up  in  a 
family  or  in  a  society ;  women  especially  are  disinclined  to  reason 
on  abstract  principles,  for  the  reason  that  they  have  been  taught 
that  to  differ  with  others  in  a  logical  way  is  "  unfeminine,"  but  at 
the  same  time  will  not  hesitate  to  dispute  violently  over  the  shade 
of  ribbon  or  the  pronunciation  of  a  word.  Men  are,  in  one  sense, 
blamable  for  this  state  of  mind  in  women,  for  they  discourage  all 
attempts  on  the  part  of  women  to  argue  logically,  condemning  as 
"unwomanly,"  "unlovely,"  "masculine,"  and  "strong-minded" 
those  who  thus  exercise  the  God-like  faculty  of  reason.  In  this 
way  an  incentive  is  held  out  to  women  to  suppress  reason  and  to 
live  more  and  more  in  the  emotional  nature,  which  has  been 
already  too  much  developed  in  them.  It  is  time  that  a  check  be 
put  to  its  further  development.  Reason  should  be  cultivated  by 
those  who  are  desirous  of  'being  the  mothers  of  men ;  for  soft, 
gushing,  sentimental  mothers  are  surely  not  fit  to  train  heroes,  nor 
to  mold  the  mind  of  youth  to  noble  and  useful  purposes. 

Among  men,  too,  this  faculty  is  greatly  needed,  for  I  find  that 
whereas  among  women  the  softer  emotions  are  allowed  to  usurp 
its  place  in  the  conduct  of  life,  so  in  man  the  stronger  emotions, 
the  passions  of  hatred,  revenge,  combativeness,  and  destructiveness 
are  exercised  in  place  of  reason  and  sound  sense.  Indeed,  men  in 
many  instances  act  more  like  children  than  do  women.  Mothers 
should  cultivate  in  their  children  the  propensity  which  nearly  all 
youth  exhibit  of  inquiring  into  the  cause  of  things.  Parents  should 
read  up  on  all  subjects  upon  which  their  children  question  them, 


232  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

so  as  to  be  prepared  to  impart  information.  An  interesting  occur- 
rence which  took  place  in  my  own  family  may  not  be  inappropriate 
at  this  point,  and  will  serve  to  emphasize  this  advice.  My  son,  aged 
seven  years,  one  day  heard  some  gentlemen  talking  about  physio- 
logical subjects.  He  came  to  me  with  inquiries  about  the  circu- 
lalion  of  the  blood,  etc.  Whereupon  I  took  down  a  work  on 
physiology  and  showed  him  a  cut  describing  the  localities  and 
forms  of  all  the  internal  organs  of  the  body,  such  as  the  heart,  the 
liver,  the  lungs,  the  kidney,  the  brain,  etc.  He  asked,  "  Is  that 
all  of  us "?"  "  Yes,  my  son,"  I  replied.  "  Where  then  does  the 
soul  lie1?"  he  asked.  For  a  moment,  I  was  nonplused.  Up  to 
that  time  I  had  taken  for  granted  that  I  knew  all  about  the  soul, 
but  my  son's  question,  direct  and  to  the  point,  showed  me  instantly 
that  I  knew  nothing  whatever  of  it ;  so  I  replied,  after  some  hesi- 
tation, "  Well,  I  suppose  God  has  it,  my  boy."  He  then  asked, 
"  What  does  God  keep  it  for,  if  it  is  ours  1" 

Questions  as  deep  and  profound  as  this  child's  will  be  asked 
of  many  mothers,  and  they  must  be  ready  with  facts,  knowledge, 
and  positive  truths,  if  they  desire  to  be  able  to  train  their  sons  to 
manhood  aright.  There  is  no  better  preparation  for  motherhood 
than  a  thorough  knowledge  of  natural  laws  as  elucidated  by  the 
several  sciences.  To  train  the  conscience  and  reason  in  children 
is  a  grand  work.  It  is  said  that  the  Rev.  Lyman  Beecher,  the 
father  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  drilled  his  children  thoroughly  in 
logical  reasoning,  and  that  when  a  question  was  brought  up  in  the 
family  he  compelled  them  to  reason  it  out  to  its  conclusion ;  and 
it  was  remarked  that  a  stranger  coming  into  the  house  at  such  a 
time  would  have  supposed  the  family  quarrelling,  so  earnest  and 
interested  became  the  debate.  The  education  of  the  children  by 
the  mother  can  be  made  a  source  of  education  to  herself,  and  while 
she  is  leading  her  son  or  daughter  to  investigate  the  why  and  the 
wherefore  of  things  observed  her  own  mind  expands,  and  reason 
develops  by  exercise.  How  much  the  present  generation  of  sci- 
entists is  indebted  to  the  theological  and  metaphysical  disputants 
of  the  middle  ages  it  would  be  difficult  to  say ;  but  of  one  thing 
we  may  be  sure,  that  under  the  laws  of  hereditary  transmission 
many  of  the  present  generation  have  received  a  logical  impulse 
from  ancestors  who  cudgelled  their  brains  reasoning  upon  "fore- 
ordination,"  or  "  election,"  or  who  practiced  mental  gymnastics  in 
wrangling  over  the  theory  of  "  phlogiston,"  or  splitting  hairs  over 
the  termination  of  a  verb.  I  certainly  feel  somewhat  indebted  for 
my  reasoning  powers  to  my  Scotch  ancestors,  who  "  wrestled 
mightily  before  the  Lord,"  vainly  endeavoring  to  reconcile  God's 
mercy  with  Calvinistic  doctrines.  The  application  of  logic,  reason, 


FACULTY   DERIVED    FROM    BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS   SYSTEM.        233 

and  argument  to  things  not  important  is  a  species  of  mental  gym- 
nastics ;  and,  if  during  the  dark  ages  the  philosophers  who  used 
these  faculties  left  no  other  legacy  to  posterity  than  a  sharpened 
capacity  for  logical  reasoning,  they  are  surely  deserving  of  recog- 
nition and  gratitude  ;  for  this  inherited  tendency  is  now  being  used 
by  scientific  minds,  the  world  over,  in  elucidating  the  laws  and 
truths  of  Nature.  Hence,  we  owe  them  thanks.  They  had  their 
pleasure  and  enjoyment  out  of  this  faculty ;  we  are  reaping  the 
harvest  of  utility  and  certain  knowledge  from  this  our  royal  inheri- 
tance. 

Physiognomy,  in  acting  the  part  of  a  benefactor  to  the  poor, 
overworked  brain,  has  done  it  a  great  service  in  surveying  the  field 
of  mental  labor  and  in  assigning  to  each  faculty  a  locality  and  a 
headquarters  from  which  it  derives  its  power.  When  scientific 
physiognomy  divided  up  the  faculties  and  lilted  the  labor  of  nearly 
all  of  these  off  the  brain,  where  they  had  been  placed  by  phre- 
nology, it  was  found  that  there  were  very  few  indeed  that  could 
claim  the  brain  as  their  exclusive  seat  and  source.  Even  the 
reasoning  faculties,  which  one  might  think  should  be  classed  as 
purely  mental  faculties,  physiology  shows  that  even  these  purely 
mental  faculties  (if  any  can  be  so  distinguished)  are  indebted  to  a 
broad  and  normal  development  of  all  the  visceral  organs  for  the 
power  essential  to  their  highest  expression.  Yet,  they  do  not 
require  either  a  fine  development  of  bone  or  muscle  to  assist  in 
their  operations,  as  do  art  and  mechanics,  but  they  do  demand 
that  there  shall  be  a  broad,  strong  and  normal  development  of  the 
visceral  organs  for  their  support,  and  for  the  exhibition  of  their 
highest  excellence.  This  fact  is  undeniable;  not  only  must  there 
be  strength,  breadth,  and  normal  action  of  these  organs,  but  we 
must  believe  that  a  high  quality  of  organization  is  also  one  of  the 
essentials  of  such  as  are  naturally  endowed  with  large  reasoning- 
powers. 

In  many  gifted  reasoners — notably  in  the  case  of  Herbert 
Spencer,  who  possesses  all  the  attributes  of  reason — quality  of  a 
very  high  order  seems  to  take  the  place  of  very  great  size  or  width 
of  body.  Indeed,  we  may  say  there  are  two  diverse  formations  in 
which  are  exhibited  great  reasoning  powers,  equally  talented  and 
equally  admirable.  These  two  classes  of  reasoners  may  be  recog- 
nized at  sight  by  the  mention  of  the  names  of  two  typical  philoso- 
phers,— David  Hume  and  Herbert  Spencer,  for  example. 

FACULTY   DERIVED   FROM   THE   BRAIN    AND    NERVOUS    SYSTEM. 

Intuition. — Very  great  differences  in  the  capacity  for  discern- 
ing differences  of  states,  conditions,  character,  and  qualities  are 


234  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

observed  in  the  human  family.  Some  possess  the  ability  to  com~ 
prehend  at  a  glance  the  physical  as  well  as  moral  and  mental 
states  of  the  individual  under  observation.  Not  only  can  they 
recognize  these  conditions  instantaneously,  but  they  detect  with 
unerring  accuracy  changes  which  have  taken  place  since  last  seen. 
In  the  matter  of  foods,  fabrics,  qualities  of  material  objects  and  of 
natural  growth,  they  seem  to  be  able  instantaneously  or  spon- 
taneously to  arrive  at  just  conclusions  in  regard  to  their  qualities, 
and  their  relations  to  their  environment.  In  fact,  they  possess  a 
faculty  for  "  divining,"  as  it  were,  conditions  of  all  sorts  which 
they  observe.  This  is  the  faculty  denominated  Intuition,  and  is 
shown  in  that  development  of  the  body,  as  well  as  brain,  of  those 
who  have  inherited  an  intensified  or  highly-wrought  quality  of  the 
mental  and  emotional  nature.  When  we  reflect  upon  the  electric 
flashes  of  the  mind  under  stimulus  of  great  excitement,  it  will  not 
seem  at  all  mysterious  if  we  find  in  certain  individuals  this  same 
electric  quality  to  be  a  constant  and  unchanging  condition,  an 
habitual  and  natural  state  of  existence.  This  peculiar  development 
is  brought  about  in  many  ways.  The  history  of  genius  and  talent 
would,  if  sought  for  physiologically,  unfold  many  laws  pertaining 
to  this  little-understood  faculty. 

Intuition  is  the  "seventh"  sense,  and  should  be  ranked  among 
the  senses  as  a  true  and  distinct  one ;  not  local,  but  diffused  like 
the  nervous  system,  which  is  its  source  and  seat.  This  faculty 
derives  its  power  either  from  («)  a  particular  shape  and  quality 
of  the  brain,  (6)  or  from  a  peculiar  quality  of  the  nervous  system,' 
(c)  or  from  an  inherited  high  organic  quality  of  the  visceral  organs 
and  muscles.  Where  this  faculty  is  exhibited  in  the  bra&n  forma- 
tion, it  will  be  indicated  by  a  high  and  broad  forehead,  together 
with  bright  and  large  eyes,  either  large,  round  and  convex,  or  large, 
bright  and  flat.  The  larger  the  eye,  the  greater  is  the  expansion 
of  the  optic  nerve,  and  where  this  nerve  is  greatly  expanded  and 
sensitive  (as  is  shown  by  its  brilliancy),  Intuition — oi\  in  other 
words,  sensitiveness  to  external  impressions — is  the  result.  Very 
fine  and  clear  skin  arid  fine  hair  are  corroborative  signs. 

The  nervous  system  is  divided  into  two  parts:  1,  the  en- 
cephalon  and  the  cerebro-spinal  system,  and,  2,  the  ganglionic  or 
sympathetic  system.  -  The  following  description  of  the  powers  and 
action  of  these  two  departments  of  the  brain  system,  by  Dr.  Dalton, 
will  elucidate  the  subject.  He  remarks: — 

The  cerebro-spinal  system  consists  of  an  apparatus  of  nerves  and 
ganglia  destined  to  bring  the  individual  into  relation  with  the  external 
world.  By  means  of  the  special  senses  he  is  made  cognizant  of  sights, 
sounds,  tastes,  and  odors  by  which  he  is  attracted  or  repelled,  and  which 


FACULTY  DERIVED  FROM  BRAIN  AND  NERVOUS  SYSTEM.    235 

guide  him  in  the  pursuit  and  choice  of  food.  B\r  the  general  sensations  of 
touch  and  the  voluntary  movements,  he  is  enabled  to  alter  at  will  his  position 
and  location  and  to  adapt  them  to  the  varying  conditions  under  which  he 
may  be  placed.  The  great  passages  of  entrance  into  the  body  and  of  exit 
from  it  are  guarded  by  the  same  portion  of  the  nervous  system.  The  intro- 
duction of  food  into  the  mouth  and  its  passage  through  the  oasophagus  into 
the  stomach  are  regulated  by  the  same  nervous  apparatus ;  and  even  the 
passage  of  air  through  the  larynx  and  its  penetration  into  the  lungs  are 
equally  under  the  guidance  of  sensitive  and  motor  nerves  belonging  to  the 
cerebro-spinal  system.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  above  functions  relate 
altogether  to  external  phenomena,  or  to  the  interior  of  the  frame.  If  we 
examine,  however,  the  deeper  regions  of  the  body,  we  find  located  in  them  a 
series  of  internal  phenomena  relating  only  to  the  substances  and  materials 
which  have  already  penetrated  into  the  frame,  and  which  form  or  are  form- 
ing a  part  of  its  structure.  These  are  the  purely  vegetative  functions,  as 
they  are  called,  or  those  of  growth,  nutrition,  secretion,  excretion,  and  repro- 
duction. These  functions  and  the  organs  to  which  they  belong  are  not 
under  the  direct  influence  of  the  cerebro-spinal  nerves,  but  are  regulated  by 
another  portion  of  the  nervous  system,  viz.,  the  ganglionic  system,  or,  as  it 
is  more  commonly  called,  the  "  sj'stem  of  the  great  sympathetic."* 

It  is  observed  that  when  the  latter  portion  of  the  nervous 
apparatus  is  in  an  extremely  sensitive  condition  it  intensifies  the 
power  of  all. of  the  special  senses,  thus  assisting  very  greatly  the 
power  for  perception  of  all  external  objects.  It  is  owing  to  this 
keen,  vivid,  and  intense  feeling  that  talented  persons  and  geniuses 
are  able  to  depict,  portray,  enact  or  create  the  great  works  of  art  and 
science  which  enrich  the  world.  Intuition  is  one  of  the  chief  at- 
tributes of  a  highly  organized  mentality.  The  capacity  for  education 
which  the  special  senses  possess  is  shared  alike  by  the  Intuition. 
This  faculty  or  sense  can  be  equally  developed  until  it  sometimes 
assumes  a  degree  of  power  which  approaches  the  supernatural,  and 
its  effect  is  often  in  this  condition  mistaken  for  the  manifestation 
of  supernatural  powers.  Just  to  what  extent  this  faculty  may  be 
developed  it  is  impossible  to  say,  but  since  in  this  age  persons  pos- 
sessing singular  powers  are  not  persecuted  and  put  to  death  for 
exhibiting  them  (as  was  formerly  the  custom)  we  shall  probably 
be  able  to  experiment  and  observe  unhindered  these  peculiar  and 
occult  developments  of  intensified  and  rare  organizations  which 
are  observed  in  all  civilized  communities.  .  Sometimes  this  trait  is 
exhibited  in  a  musical  genius;  sometimes  a  great  scientist  startles 
the  world  by  the  discoveries  which  owe  their  origin  to  a  large 
endowment  of  this  sense.  The  world-renowned  Pasteur,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  "germ  theory"  of  disease,  is  an  excellent  illustra- 
tion of  this  faculty.  The  brain  and  nerve  system  is  in  him  pre- 
eminent and  of  very  high  quality.  Indeed,  in  all  our  investigations 
of  superior  persons,  we  shall  find  that  an  ex«tf<-</  (/n«Iify  of  the 

*  Dal  tun's  treatise  of  Human  Physiology,  p.  513. 


236 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


nerves  of  sensation,  of  the  organs  of  emotion,  or  of  the  muscles,  is 
present,  and  is  in  them  the  main  factor  which  causes  an  uncommon 
and  high  degree  of  excellence. 

I  would  here  suggest  to  the  anatomist  who  wishes  to  immor- 
talize his  name  that  he  undertake  to  trace,  if  possible,  the  course 
of  connection  between  the  organs  and  functions  of  the  viscera  and 
senses  and  the  cerebral  structure,  taking  the  evolution  of  the  five 
organ  systems  for  his  basis  of  investigation.  He  would  do  what 
no  one  has  as  yet  been  able  to  demonstrate  scientifically  and  beyond 
all  doubt. 

For  many  centuries  the  Aristotelian  theory  of  the  circle  held 
possession  of  the  mind  of  the  scientific  world.  It  was  argued  that 
as  the  circle  was  the  most  perfect  of  forms  it  must  hence  repre- 
sent the  orbit  or  path  of  the  celestial  bodies  through  space.  Kepler 
proved  this  to  be  an  error,  and  from  that  moment  astronomy  ad- 
vanced with  rapid  strides.  This  idea  held  captive  the  minds  of 
men,  and  impeded  for  ages  the  advance  of  truth.  The  theory  that 
the  brain  is  the  sole  and  exclusive  seat  of  mind,  intelligence,  and 
mental  sensations  has  kept  back  for  years  the  knowledge  of  the 
true  nature  of  man,  therefore  of  true  religion.  If  we  desire  to  pro- 
gress in  knowledge  of  the  truth  of  God's  laws,  of  scientific  and 
exact  law,  we  must  utterly  repudiate  and  cast  out  such  monstrous 
error,  and  henceforth  regard  the  entire  organism  of  man  as  the  seat 
of  his  mind. 

I  will  close  this  chapter  by  stating  my  belief  that  no  one  will 
rise  from  the  perusal  of  its  pages  without,  in  some  degree,  modify- 
ing preconceived  ideas  as  to  the  rationale  of  mental  operations  and 
the  origin  and  locality  of  the  mind. 

The  following  exhibit  shows  the  various  organs  and  functions 
from  which  the  several  mental  faculties  derive  their  powers  :— 


1.  FIRMNESS,  . 

2.  CONSCIENTIOUSNESS, 

3.  ECONOMY,    . 

4.  LOVE  OF  HOME, 

5.  PATRIOTISM, 

6.  BENEVOLENCE,     . 

7.  BlBATIVENESS,      . 

8.  ALIMENTIVENESS, 

9.  AMATIVENESS,     . 

10.  LOVE  OF  YOUNG, 

11.  MlRTHFULNESS,     . 

12.  APPROBATIVENESS, 

13.  FRIENDSHIP, 

14.  HOSPITALITY, 


Osseous  System. 
Kidney  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  S}Tstem. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  S^ystem. 
Intestinal  System. 
Reproductive  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Glandular  System. 
Intestinal  System. 
Glandular  S^ystem. 


ORIGIN    OF    THE    SEVERAL   MENTAL   FACULTIES. 


237 


15.  PNEUMATIVENESS, 

16.  COLOR, 

17.  SANATIVENESS,  . 

18.  SELF-ESTEEM,    . 

19.  MODESTY,  . 

20.  FORCE, 

21.  RESISTANCE, 

22.  SECRETIVENESS, 

23.  CAUTIOUSNESS,  . 

24.  HOPE, 

25.  ANALYSIS,. 

26.  MENTAL  IMITATION,  . 

27.  SUBLIMITY, 

28.  IDEALITY,  . 

29.  HUMAN  NATURE,     ,  . 

30.  ACQUISITIVENESS, 

31.  CONSTRUCTIVENESS,    . 

32.  VENERATION,     . 

33.  EXECUTIVENESS. 

34.  SELF-WILL, 

35.  CREDENCIVENESS, 

36.  PRESCIENCE, 

37.  FORM, 

38.  SIZE, 

39.  OBSERVATION,   . 

40.  MEMORY  OF  EVENTS,  . 

41.  LOCALITY,. 

42.  WEIGHT,   . 

43.  LANGUAGE, 

44.  Music, 

45.  TIME, 

46.  ORDER, 

47.  CALCULATION,   . 

48.  CAUSALITY, 

49.  COMPARISON, 

50.  INTUITION, 


Thoracic  System. 

Glandular  and  Arterial  Systems. 

Glandular  and  Muscular  Systems. 

Osseous  System. 

Skin  and  Nervous  Systems. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  and  Glandular  Systems. 

Muscular  and  Glandular  Systems. 

The  Liver. 

The  Liver. 

Nervous  System. 

Perfected  Condition  of  the  Mind  and  Body. 

High  Quality  of  Bruin,  Muscles,  and  Nerves. 

Fine  Quality  of  Nerves  and  Muscles. 

Muscular  and  Visceral  Organs. 

Muscular  System. 

Osseous  System. 

Osseous  and  Muscular  Systems. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  and  Nervous  Systems. 

Osseous  S3'stem. 

Osseous  System. 

Muscular  and  Nervous  Systems. 

Brain  and  Muscular  Systems. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

Muscular  System. 

The  Five  Systems. 

Brain  and  Osseous  Systems. 

Osseous  and  Muscular  Systems. 

The  Brain  and  Visceral  Structure. 

The  Brain  and  Developed  Visceral  Structure. 

The  Brain  and  Nerves. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THEORIES  OF  THE  MODE  OF  ACTION  OF  CERTAIN  TRAITS. 

"N"o  impartial  judge  can  doubt  that  the  roots,  as  it  were,  of  those  great 
faculties  which  confer  on  Man  his  immeasurable  superiority  above  all  other 
animate  things  are  traceable  far  down  in  the  animate  world." — HUXLEY. 

THIS  age  is  peculiarly  one  of  invention,  of  scientific  re- 
search, investigation,  and  demonstration.    The  invention 
of  the  numerous  and  varied  instruments  used  in   the 
discovery  of  the  laws  and  application  of  the  apparently 
inexhaustible  forces  of  Nature  proves  to  us  that  there  is 
nothing  created  in  vain.     Recent  discoveries  in  light,  color,  sound, 
electricity,  and  the  atmospheres  are  opening  to  us  the  most  subtle 
powers  in  the  great  laboratory  of  Nature.     Examine  them  as  we 
will,  destructive  as  many  seem,  they  have  each  a  use  in  the  great 
scheme  of  Nature.     Electricity  is  a  creator  and  a  destroyer;  air 
tears  down  and  rebuilds ;  the  atmospheres  tend  to  both  life  and 
death.     The  forces  which  seem  beneficent  act  also  a  malevolent 
part.     Why  is  this !     Why  does  God  permit  sin  ? 

These  are  questions  which  theologians  have  grappled  with, 
unsuccessfully,  for  centuries.  It  is  only  the  scientist  who,  aided 
by  a  persistent  and  intelligent  "  interrogation  of  Nature,"  can 
answer  these  questions.  The  invariable  conclusion  will  be,  that 
everything  has  its  use  and  place  in  the  world;  that  nothing  is 
made  in  vain;  that  thunder  and  lightning  are  useful;  that  birds 
and  beasts  of  prey  are  necessary.  Even  snakes,  gnats,  flies,  fleas, 
and  other  destructive  and  annoying  creatures  have  their  use  in 
the  world. 

So  in  the  human  family  all  those  passions  which,  unrestrained 
and  not  balanced  by  justice  and  reason,  cause  destruction  and 
suffering,  are,  in  the  present  undeveloped  condition  of  large  num- 
bers of  persons,  useful  and  essential  to  their  preservation.  Jealousy, 
revenge,  suspicion,  force,  secretiveness,  and  conceit,  all  assist  defect- 
ive individuals  in  maintaining  their  lives,  happiness,  and  property. 
None  of  these  traits  would  exist  in  a  hurtful  degree  were  all  per- 
sons born  balanced ;  but  as  long  as  natural  laws  are  ignored  in 
the  propagation  of  the  race,  just  so  long  shall  we  have  to  contend 
with  the  sin  and  misery  caused  by  defective,  weak,  or  overforceful 

(239) 


'-240  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

individuals.  11'  a  lew  generations  were  to  live  in  accordance  with 
a  knowledge  of  "revealed  religion,"  as  shown  by  the  laws  of 
physiology,  anatomy,  hygiene,  and  physiognomy,  and  other  divine 
sciences,  they  would  almost  regenerate  the  world,  and  sin — that  is 
to  say,  unbalanced,  defective  beings-* — would  soon  cease  to  be  propa- 
gated. We  are  in  the  transition  state,  moving  from  the  lower  to 
the  higher.  Human  nature,  like  all  growths,  has  its  order  of 
progress  marked  by  laws  which  are  unerring.  It  is  our  province 
and  duty  to  seek  these  laws  and  apply  them,  in  order  to  facilitate 
man's  rise  to  that  high  and  holy  estate  which  is  his  destiny. 

The  first  step  toward  this  much-desired  result  must  be  to 
understand  the  meaning  of  the  forms  and  faces  about  us ;  next, 
what  causes  produce  them ;  and  then  to  make  use  of  this  knowl- 
edge to  create  higher  types.  The  only,  reparation  we  can  make  to 
the  world  for  our  failings  is  to  assist  in  perpetuating  a  race  which 
shall  be  as  noble  as  the  laws  of  science  can  create.  Most  persons 
love  and  propagate  the  race  instinctively,  without  any  other  guide 
than  their  feelings  in  the  matter.  Is  this  worthy  such  an  exalted 

» 

character  as  the  highest  development  of  evolution  claims  for  him- 
self] The  major  part  of  the  world  live  in  their  instincts,  as  do  the 
animals,  but  without  the  restraint  which  holds  the  animal  to  the 
due  observance  of  the  law  of  his  being,  and  which  prevent  him 
from  making  the  stupid  and  miserable  failures  in  modes  of  living, 
propagation,  etc.,  which  man,  with  all  his  boasted  reason  and  free- 
dom of  action,  is  continually  repeating  over  and  over  again. 

How  many  persons,  observing  the  action  of  love,  jealousy, 
revenge,  suspicion,  secretiveness,  self-conceit,  and  the  like,  pause 
to  reflect  for  one  moment  on  the  laws  or  rationale  of  any  of  these 
passions  or  traits  I  None  of  these  traits  in  excess  are  to  be  found 
in  a  well-balanced  character;  that  is  to  say,  where  reason,  intelli- 
gence, morality,  and  practicality  are  about  equal.  Of  ^yhat  use  are 
secretiveness,  self-conceit,  suspicion,  or  jealousy,  to  such  persons] 

If  we  analyze  the  face  of  Washington  and  read  his  biography, 
we  shall  find  that  no  such  traits  dimmed  the  splendor  and  nobility 
of  his  life.  His  countenance  discloses  an  equilibrated  condition 
of  the  five  superior  systems  of  functions,  and  the  signs  for  quality, 
or  a  high  condition  of  all  his  powers,  are  also  observable.  In  such 
persons  the  petty  passions  have  neither  place  nor  use.  Only  those 
who  are  feeble  or  lacking  in  some  respect  exhibit  any  of  the  above- 
mentioned  vices.  As  an  illustration  of  this  principle,  I  quote  the 
following  from  Lavater.  He  observes: — 

I  once  asked  a  friend.  "  How  does  it  happen  that  artful  and  subtle 
people  always  have  one  or  both  eyes  rather  closed?"  "Because  they  are 
feeble,"  answered  he;  "  Who  ever  saw  strength  and  subtlety  united?" 


THEORIES   OF    THE    MODE    OF    ACTION    OF    CERTAIN    TRAITS.       241 

It  is  often  argued  that  these  passions  are  "  human,"  and  that 
as  long  as  humanity  exists  we  shall  exhibit  these  infirmities.  Now, 
had  we  never  observed  characters  without  such  passions  we  might 
agree  to  this  argument;  but  we  find  many  persons  (some  distin- 
guished, others  unknown  to  fame),  who  have  happily  inherited 
well-balanced  organizations,  destitute  alike  of  weakness  and  vices, 
and  these  are  certainly  as  "human"  as  the  others.  I  firmly  believe 
that  if  religious  people  would,  for  one  generation,  pay  as  much 
attention  to  the  right  generation  of  their  offspring  as  stock-breeders 
give  to  improving  cattle,  we  should  succeed  in  breeding  out  many 
moral  defects,  mental  weaknesses,  and  physical  blemishes.  A 
knowledge  of  the  human  face  is  the  first  essential  to  this  end. 
A  stock-breeder  comprehends  all  the  points  of  a  fine  horse  before 
he  endeavors  to  improve  its  progeny.  He  also  understands  what 
combinations  to  make  in  order  to  produce  superior  animals ;  in 
fact,  he  studies  the  physiognomy  of  the  animals;  that  is  to  say,  the 
meanings  of  their  size,  form,  color,  quality,  and  proportion,  and 
how  to  combine  them  to  produce  certain  desired  results.  This  is 
done  by  the  exercise  of  his  observation  and  reason.  Is  it  not  quite 
as  important  that  the  same  faculties  should  be  used  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  human  race? 

According  to  my  way  of  thinking,  there  can  be  no  higher 
religious  act  than  the  endeavor  to  create  a  human  being  on  im- 
proved or  scientific  principles.  The  mass  of  humanity  are  at  the 
present  time  living  in  utter  ignorance  of  themselves.  They  do  not 
know  the  meaning  of  one  single  sign  of  character  in  the  face. 
They  do  not  comprehend  the  signification  of  the  form,  size,  color 
or  quality  of  the  nose,  the  mouth,  the  eyes,  the  chin  or  forehead. 
They  are  unable  to  judge  with  certainty  of  the  character  exhibited 
in  the  walk,  the  voice,  the  gesture  or  attitude  of  those  with  whom 
they  associate.  Most  persons  attach  no  importance  to "  such 
matters,  and  if  the  subject  is  brought  to  their  notice  they  conclude 
that,  as  they  extract  no  meaning  from  such  phenomena,  it  is 
impossible  for  any  one  else  to  do  so.  And  yet  they  understand 
thoroughly  that  the  shape  of  the  fox,  for  example,  denotes  slyness ; 
that  of  the  lion,  boldness  and  strength ;  that  of  the  hare,  timidity ; 
and  that  of  the  greyhound,  fleetness;  but  seek  not  to  extend  and 
apply  these  physiognomical  appearances  and  principles  to  the 
human  family,  where  they  can  be  most  efficiently  used  in  upbuild- 
ing the  human  race. 

The  bases  of  the  several  passions  and  their  methods  of  action 
are  as  little  comprehended  as  are  the  signs  in  the  face.  The 
rationale  of  the  love  of  the  sexes,  of  jealousy,  suspicion,  conceit, 
etc.,  seem  to  be  very  imperfectly  understood.  The  following 


'342  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

annhsis  and  description  of  the  action  of  amativcness,  or  sex-love, 
will  enable  the  reader  to  form  a  more  just  and  comprehensive  view 
of  this  important  faculty  and  function: — 

ANALYSIS  OF   AMATIVENESS. 

Love,  or  Amativeness,  is  the  fundamental  faculty  of  the 
human  organism.  Like  other  faculties,  it  has  its  physical  and 
mental  aspects.  Just  in  proportion  as  the  sentiment  of  Amative- 
ness,  or  sex-love,  is  found  developed  in  an  individual  shall  we  find 
that  the  functional  capacity  for  reproduction  is  present  in  the  same 
decree,  and  this  correlation  of  physical  function  with  mental  faculty 
obtains  throughout  the  entire  range  of  character,  not  only  of  the 
human  organism,  but  it  inheres  also  as  a  principle  in  the  Animal 
Kingdom. 

In  its  normal  development,  it  is  the  most  beautiful  and  con- 
servative of  all  the  traits.  It  binds  together  hearts  and  homes, 
which  serve  to  make  the  foundations  of  society  and  government 
sure.  Like  all  other  faculties,  it  is  manifested  in  different  degrees 
and  manner  by  each  individual.  The  location  in  the  face  is  in  the 
chemical  or  moral  group,  and  in  close  proximity  to  Love  of  Chil- 
dren, Mirthfulness,  and  other  domestic  faculties. 

When  possessed  in  a  large  degree,  in  combination  with  Con- 
structiveness,  it  is  most  potent  in  producing  the  varied  kinds  of 
creative  talent  and  art;  and  all  who  have  excelled  in  the  origi- 
nating of  ideas  in  every  department  of  literature,  in  sculpture,  in 
painting,  and  in  dramatic  representation  or  fiction, — in  short,  all 
those  who  have  shown  themselves  creative  to  any  great  degree, — 
have  possessed  the  procreative  power  in  their  physical  organization 
in  a  marked  manner.  Exhibited  largely,  and  with  a  moral 
balance,  it  makes  the  man  very  much  of  a  man,  the  woman  very 
much  of  a  woman;  and  such  persons  will  be  more  influential  in 
their  community  than  those  deficient  in  this  faculty.  The  latter 
are  the  small  and  impoverished  characters  one  meets  with,  each 
hating  the  opposite  sex, — being  hated  in  return;  and  this  arises 
from  the  iact  that  they  are  not  sufficiently  sexed  to  appreciate  their 
opposites. 

This  faculty,  exhibited  in  its  physical  development,  without  a 
balancing  degree  of  Conscientiousness,  leads  to  licentiousness  and 
a  violation  of  Nature's  laws,  and  these  are  sure  to  entail  suffering 
on  its  possessor  and  on  all  who  come  under  its  influence.  This 
should  warn  us  to  observe  the  law  of  Nature  in  regard  to  the 
normal  use  of  this  function,  for  every  function  has  a  law  for  its 
government  and  protection.  Each  should  seek  this  law  for  him- 
self, since  that  law  which  may  be  binding  on  one  does  not  neces- 


ANALYSIS    OF    AMATIVENESS.  243 

sarily  involve  every  organization;  although  the  seventh  command- 
ment should  be  binding  on  all.  Each  has  a  law  peculiar  to  his 
own  organization,  which  should  be  religiously  observed.  Indeed, 
religion  should  commence  with  the  perpetuation  of  the  race.  I  refer 
now  to  that  religion  which  is  the  living  up  to  natural  law,  and 
which  if  rightly  understood  and  observed,  as  the  laws  of  physiology 
and  hygiene  teach,  would  soon  give  us  a  race  bom  under  the  law 
of  true  religion,  that  would  become  a  blessing  to  themselves  and 
to  the  world  at  large. 

There  are  as  many  kinds  of  love  as  there  are  persons  in  exist- 
ence, hence  the  variety  of  its  manifestation.  Some  undeveloped 
characters  exhibit  only  the  lowest  form  and  seek  only  the  physical 
enjoyment  of  this  trait.  Others,  better  endowed,  illustrate  by  their 
disinterested  acts  toward  the  one  beloved  the  highest  manifestation 
of  this  passion.  The  physiognomy  read  scientifically  will  reveal 
just  what  kind  of  -love  -the  individual  has  to  offer.  Persons  with 
a  large  degree  of  this  function  and  faculty  are  highly  magnetic, 
and  are  enabled  to  attract  those  of  the  opposite  sex  spontaneously, 
and  without  effort.  There  is  no  doubt  but  all  of  the  faculties 
which  derive  their  power  from  physical  functions  have  each  a 
magnetic  or  attractive  quality  which  calls  forth  a  response  in  kind 
from  others  similarly  endowed,  or  who  are  susceptible  to  that  par- 
ticular attraction.  Friendship  attracts  friends,  Love  begets  love, 
Love  of  Young  meets  with  a  spontaneous  recognition  and  return 
from  children,  and  Benevolence  recognizes  a  similar  spirit  and 
responds  in  unmistakable  language.  These  attractions  are  mutual 
and  instant,  without  premeditation  or  design,  and  often  not  at  all 
understood  by  those  affected  by  them.  Most  especially  is  this 
magnetic  quality  possessed  by  those  who  have  a  fine  muscular 
system.  Such  persons  possess  capacity  for  healing,  and  are  espe- 
cially adapted  to  promote  health  in  others  by  the  system  of  rubbing 
denominated  the  "Massage."  This  faculty  is  never  present  in 
those  in  whom  muscle  is  greatly  deficient.  I  have,  myself,  in 
sickness,  experienced  the  benefit  of  this  gift  at  the  hands  of  a 
woman  who  was  not  cognizant  of  her  power.  I  was  relieved 
entirely  and  restored  to  health  by  rubbing  and  manipulation  of 
my  body,  when  medicines  and  physicians  failed  utterly  to  restore 
me.  The  most  enlightened  physicians  now  recognize  "  Magnetism  " 
as  one  of  the  remedies  of  Nature,  and  often  order  its  application. 
I  have  observed  several  men  and  women  who  possessed  the 
attractive  power  which  is  evolved  from  a  large  development  of 
Amativeness,  who  seemed  to  possess  this  faculty  in  this  large 
degree  as  a  compensation  for  the  absence  of  all  moral  qualities. 
These  persons  were  able  to  fascinate  almost  any  one  of  the  opposite 


'244  PRACTICAL    AM)    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sex,  and  were  really  so  dangerous  and  unprincipled  in  the  use  they 

made  of  this  power  that  many  parents  withheld  their  youth  from 
a-MK-iatiiiu  with  them.  In  almost  every  community  there  are  some 
of  both  >exes  thus  endowed,  and  it  is  right  that  in  the  interest^ 
of  morality  physiognomy  should  unveil  them;  although  this  cla^ 
of  persons  soon  make'  themselves  understood,  yet  often  not  until 
they  have  destroyed  the  happiness  of  numbers. 

One  of  the  laws  of  human  nature  is,  that  the  stronger  the 
faculties  possessed,  the  greater  the  inclination  to  use  them.  Thus 
by  observation  of  the  face  of  an  individual  we  easily  discern  which 
powers  are  dominant,  judging  by  those  signs  which  are  the  most 
pronounced. 

The  normal  action  of  Amativeness  is  to  make  men  and  women 
more  manly  and  more  womanly.  It  gives  them  the  desire  and 
knowledge  of  how  to  attract  and  win  the  esteem  of  their  opposites 
in  sex  and  makes-them  attentive,  agreeable,  and  fascinating,  tender 
and  loving  in  a  pre-eminent  degree,  and  is  altogether  the  most 
important  faculty,  by  reason  of  its  creative  power  and  its  wide- 
spread influence  upon  the  life  and  happiness  of  the  entire  human 
family,  both  civilized  and  barbarous. 

ANALYSIS   OF   JEALOUSY. 

Jealousy  is  commonly  thought  to  be  the  necessary  accompani- 
ment of  love  and  a  proof  of  its  presence.  A  scientific  analysis  of 
this  passion  shows  it  to  be  the  result  of  an  unbalanced  condition. 
Wherever  we  find  practicality  lacking,  or  where  the  reasoning 
powers  are  not  active,  we  shall  find  this  trait  running  riot.  Per- 
sons with  small  self-esteem  are  also  subject  to  this  passion.  They 
are  so  constantly  depreciating  themselves  that  they  naturally  and 
instinctively  infer  that  any  one  else  is  preferred  to  them ;  that  is, 
they  feel  it  to  be  so.  Of  course,  they  do  not  reason  upon  it,  not 
understanding  the  philosophy  of  this  trait,  and  not  knowing, 
either,  where  to  locate  it  in  the  face. 

Unbridled  and  unbalanced  will  produces  Jealousy ;  so  also 
does  deficient  reasoning  power,  as  well  as  a  lack  of  conscientious- 
ness. In  almost  all  cases  where  the  practical  faculties  are  lacking, 
we  find  a  large  share  of  this  detestable  trait.  The  individual  thus 
endowed  cannot  perceive  the  meaning  of  certain  acts  and  words, 
through  lack  of  reason  to  comprehend  the  connection  between 
them ;  hence  concludes  that  they  are  adverse  to  his  interests,  and 
Jealousy  is  the  result.  For,  as  Shakespeare  phrases  it,  "Jealousy 
is  the-  green-eyed  monster  which  doth  mock  the  meat  it  feeds  on," 
and,  "  Trifles  light  as  air  are,  to  the  jealous,  confirmations  strong 
as  proofs  of  holy  writ." 


ANALYSIS   OF   JEALOUSY.  245 

The  jealousy  born  of  sex-love  is  not  the  only  phase  of  the 
passion  exhibited  by  unbalanced  and  defective  organizations,  but 
it  is  also  found  excessive  in  the  character  of  artists,  actors,  singers, 
athletes,  rowers,  swimmers,  wrestlers,  and  all  who  compete  for 
honors,  fame,  and  public  applause.  The  reader  will,  by  reference 
to  the  above-named  classes,  remark  that  Jealousy  is  more  active  in 
those  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant.  This  is 
one  proof  that  the  grade  of  evolution,  which  the  dominance  of  this 
system  illustrates,  is  not  so  perfected  nor  so  finished  as  where  the 
osseous  system  is  well  developed,  and  this  fact  of  cotnjxirnf/re  unde- 
velopment  is  the  fundamental  reason  why  Jealousy  is  so  rife  among 
these  classes. 

Jealousy  is  both  an  animal  and  a  childish  trait,  hence  a  trait 
of  undeveloped  natures.  Children,  through  lack  of  sufficient 
reason,  judgment,  or  perception,  arc  unable  to  distinguish  the 
differences  which  exist  in  conditions  and  persons,  therefore  the 
motives  which  actuate  those  with  whom  they  associate  in  their 
treatment  of  them  are  not  comprehended  by  them,  and  Jealous}  is 
often  the  result.  Now  children,  like  all  the  muscular  classes  above 
enumerated,  depend  largely  upon  the  faculty  of  Approbativeness, 
and  this  desire  to  meet  approval  is  one  that  is  very  useful  and 
essential  in  the  unfolding  of  the  youthful  mind.  It  is  often  taken 
advantage  of  by  parents  and  teachers  to  stimulate  to  unreasonable 
activity  all  the  powers  of  the  child,  both  mental  and  physical. 
Where  it  is  too  much  developed  or  drawn  upon,  the  consequence 
is  jealousy  of  others'  efforts,  while  selfishness,  conceit,  or  other  like 
pernicious  and  disagreeable  effects  are  engendered. 

In  actors,  actresses,  opera-singers,  and  athletes  the  action  of 
Approbativeness  is  so  excessive  as  to  occasion  much  unhappiness, 
and  often  engenders  petty  struggles  and  wordy  warfare,  as  all  know 
who  have  mingled  much  with  them.  And  as  Approbativeness  is  a 
trait  quite  active  in  childhood,  these  classes  of  persons  resemble 
children  in  this  particular. 

The  animals  in  which  Jealousy  is  most  developed  are  also  those 
in  which  the  muscular  system  is  supreme,  as,  for  example,  the  tiger, 
the  panther,  the  leopard,  the  hyena,  the  cat,  and  the  ape  tribes. 

Again,  another  evidence  of  lower  grade  in  evolution  or  de- 
velopment is  shown  in  the  fact  that  those  classes  of  persons  and 
animals  in  which  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  as  a  rule  exhibit 
also  the  dominance  of  the  biliary  system  over  the  heart  and  lungs, 
and  in  the  order  of  the  evolution  of  organs  and  functions  the  biliary 
system  is  evolved  before  the  heart  and  lungs,  hence  is  not  indicative  > 
of  as  high  a  grade  of  development  as  where  the  heart  and  lungs 
are  relatively  more  powerful. 


246  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  muscular  animals,  then,  it  will  be  observed,  are  not  so 
highly  organized  as  the  bony  animals,  or  those  in  which  the  osseous 
system  is  in  excess  of  the  muscular,  as,  for  example,  the  horse,  the 
camel,  the  dog,  etc.  ;  and  although  these  animals  sometimes  exhibit 
Jealousy,  it  is  never  so  deep  or  lasting  as  with  the  former  cla>s, 
and  some  among  them  seem  to  be  entirely  free  from  its  influence. 

From  the  above  analysis,  we  rind  that  Jealousy  is  a  product 
of  a  peculiar  physiological  and  anatomical  organization.  It  may 
proceed  from  one  of  three  causes:  (1)  from  a  lack  of  that  grade 
of  evolution  which  is  exhibited  in  the  osseous  system;  (2)  it  may 
proceed  from  the  relatively  greater  development  of  the  biliary 
system  than  that  of  the  lungs  and  heart;  (3)  it  may  be  the  result 
of  disproportion  between  the  several  faculties,  as,  for  example  (/<)» 
defective  reasoning  power,  (b)  absence  of  practicality,  (c)  lack  of 
conscientiousness,*  (<l)  lack  of  self-esteem. 

Whatever  be  the  cause,  it  can  be  very  considerably  modified, 
and,  in  some  cases,  almost  eradicated,  by  an  intelligent  understand- 
ing, together  with  an  earnest  desire  to  improve  and  perfect  the 
character.  If  man  were  not  the  most  malleable  creature  in  exist- 
ence this  knowledge  would  be  of  little  use,  but,  as  the  laws  of 
adaptation  are  paramount  in  him,  he,  better  than  any  other  organ- 
ized creature,  can  bring  himself  into  harmony  with  his  environ- 
ments, and  can  modify  and  eradicate  often  the  hereditary  defects 
and  peculiarities  which  have  been  transmitted  to  him. 

Let  reason,  then,  be  cultivated,  and  love  and  compassion  also, 
and  when  one  is  inclined  to  be  jealous  of  others  let  him  subject 
himself  to  a  course  of  self-examination,  and  this  will  soon  put  to 
flight  such  wicked  and  unjust  thoughts  and  passions  as  Jealousy 
creates.  Let  him  reflect  that  it  is  a  standing  menace  and. insult  for 
one  to  be  constantly  jealous  of  another.  It  is  a  most  dangerous 
and  destructive  passion,  and  leads  to  utter  demoralization  of  all 
that  is  good  and  noble.  It  is  the  father  of  persecution,  of  misery, 
and  of  unspeakable  suffering,  and  often  ends  in  murder,  suicide, 
and  madness. 

Jealousy  is  sometimes  the  cause  of  serious  physical  disturb- 
ances, and  these  disturbances  are  proofs  of  the  physical  bases  of 
the  sentiments.  Strange  that  so  many  years  of  observation  of  the 
serious  pathological  changes  wrought  in  the  visceral  organs  by  the 
overindulgence  in  Jealousy  and  kindred  passions  should  not  have 
taught  physicians  the  locality  of  the  mind  and  the  sources  whence 
each  mental  faculty  derives  its  functional  support,  particularly  as 
we  have,  as  Cuvier  remarked,  "  all  the  various  tribes  of  animals, 
which  are  so  many  experiments  ready  prepared  for  us  by  Nature." 

Physiognomists  must  always  refer  to  the  animal  kingdom  for 


ANALYSIS   OF    REVENGE.  247 

verifications  and  explanations  when  anything  seems  obscure  in  the 
human  subject,  for  the  methods  which  Nature  has  pursued  in  the 
course  of  evolutionary  development  are  common  to  both  the  ani- 
mal and  human  kingdoms,  and  the  best  way  to  trace  phenomena 
is  to  look  for  its  meanings  in  the  primary  or  primitive  state  of 
development ;  thence,  by  tracing  it  along  up  the  line  of  physio- 
logical unfoldment,  we  arrive  at  its  final  and  full  meaning  when 
we  observe  its  action  in  the  human  being  confirming  or  coinciding 
with  its  appearances  in  the  animal. 

ANALYSIS   OF    REVENGE. 

Revenge,  like  its  kindred  passion,  Jealousy,  is  more  largely 
developed  among  the  dark  races  than  among  lighter  people,  for,  as 
in  the  animal  kingdom,  the  darker  the  skin,  the  less  developed  the 
organization.-  So,  also,  is  Jealousy  more  active  when  found  among 
dark-skinned  people,  with  dark  or  black  eyes.  I  have  never  seen 
this  trait  in  excess  in  a  well-balanced  organization.  We  shall  often 
find  it  large  in  those  whose- will  is  in  excess  of  reason  and  justice. 
Their  "  will  is  law  "  to  them,  and  when  they  cannot  enforce  it  upon 
others  they  seek  to  be  revenged,  believing  that  they  are  wronged. 
In  some  a  deficiency  of  the  practical  faculties  will  cause  this  trait. 
This  defect  prevents  the  possessor  from  seeing  the  acts  of  others  in 
their  true  light,  and  he  consequently  thinks  himself  an  injured  in- 
dividual, and  meditates  revenge  for  his  supposed  injury.  This  trait 
is  found  most  active  with  muscular  people,  especially  if  they  be 
dark,  and  is  often  accompanied  with  a  large  degree  of  secretiveness. 

Revenge,  vindictiveness,  malice,  and  spite  are  four  forms  of 
the  same  trait,  manifesting  their  several  variations  according  to  the 
grade  of  development  as  to  color,  race,  and  traits  which  are  found 
in  combination  in  the  individual.  The  darkest  races  of  the  un- 
civilized tribes,  such  as  Indians,  Malays,  Mongols,  and  the  African 
races,  manifest  the  strongest  degree  of  this  destructive  faculty. 
Among  civilized  people  t.he  Celtic  races  exhibit  more  of  this  trait 
than  do  the  Anglo-Saxon  races.  More  particularly  is  the  deepest 
phase  of  Revenge  prevalent  among  the  Italians,  Spanish,  and  Portu- 
guese than  it  is  among  the  French. — a  lighter  branch  of  the  Celts. 

Among  the  French  this  trait  exhibits  more  of  the  character 
of  malice  and  spite,  especially  among  the  common-minded,  while 
the  educated  indicate  its  presence  by  wit  and  sarcasm  in  writing 
and  speaking,  which  is  its  last  and  most  refined  expression.  The 
sign  for  spite,  as  well  as  for  vindictiveness,  is  commonly  observed 
among  the  lower  classes  of  the  French ;  often,  too,  among  the 
undeveloped  Irish  it  is  observed.  Sometimes  we  find  this  sign  in 
the  faces  of  Germans,  English,  and  Americans,  yet  it  is  infrequent 


24S  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

;ix  compared  to  the  first-mentioned  classes.  When  we  ascend 
from  the  dark  muscular  races  to  the  light  osseous  races  we  find 
occurring  important  modifications  of  all  the  more  destructive  and 
immoral  traits,  for,  inasmuch  as  bone  and  light  color  are  an  ad- 
vance4, physiologically  and  anatomically,  upon  muscle  and  dark 
color,  so  arc  justice  and  reason,  which  are  more  characteristic  of 
the  former,  generally,  than  of  the  latter.  So  we  must  expect  to  find 
a  more  mild,  placable,  and  reasonable  method  of  action  obtaining 
in  the  more  developed  character^.  How  many  times  must  I  repeat 
that  mind  is  only  a  question  of  physiological  and  anatomical  forma- 
tion '?  Mind  inheres  in  every  atom  of  the  world.  Certainly  it 
must  have  its  beginnings  in  the  mineral  kingdom,  for  all  later 
growths  are  sustained  by  the  nourishment  derived  mainly  from 
mineral  sources  and  mineral  constituents,  such  as  lime,  carbon, 
soda,  etc.,  which  are  found  in  varying  proportions  in  every  plant 
and  animal  organism  in  the  world. 

Revenge,  then,  it  will  be  remarked,  results  from  either  general 
nndevelopment,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Indians,  the  Africans,  the 
Malays,  etc.,  or  else  is  the  result  of  a  lack  of  equilibrium  or  bal- 
ance in  the  faculties  of  Reason,  Conscientiousness,  or  those  of  Prac- 
ticality. One  or  more  of  these  may  be  involved  in  the  production 
of  this  destructive  trait. 

The  question  why  God  permits  sin  finds  its  solution  in  the 
analysis  of  unbalanced  characters.  The  predisposition  to  breaches 
of  morality  is  the  result  primarily  of  deficient  organic  construction 
of  the  body,  and  this  comes  directly  from  ignorance  on  the  part  of 
parents  of  the  right  methods  for  improving  progeny.  When  we 
see  people  intermarry  whose  ancestors  are  known  to  be  possessed 
of  consumptive,  insane,  or  nervous  tendencies,  we  may  surely  look 
for  immoral,  weak,  imbecile,  and  defective  offspring,  with  unbal- 
anced tempers,  unbridled  wills,  or  with  wills  so  weak  as  to  consti- 
tute moral  imbecility.  God  works  by  Law,  and  people  create 
immoral  monsters  by  ignorantly  or  willfully  violating  natural  law. 
Man  creates  sin  by  the  help  of  the  chief  devil,  Ignorance.  Sin  is 
simply  undevelopment  primarily. 

The  selfishness  of  man  also  assists  in  creating  sin.  When  a 
man  or  a  company  of  men  rob  the  laborer  of  the  interest  on  his 
labor  they  commit  sin,  and  one  which  will  surely  be  followed  in 
this  life  by  retribution.  The  sin  of  greed,  if  practiced  on  a  large 
scale  and  made  offensive  to  a  large  number  of  the  community,  will 
right  itself  after  it  becomes  unbearable;  for  society  goes  forward 
by  fixed  law, — by  evolution. — and  it  is  with  society  as  with  the 
stomach.  When  abused  by  overloading  and  gormandizing  it 
throws  off  the  effete  and  destructive  matter  and  a  state  of  calm 


ANALYSIS   OF    SECRETIYENESS.     '  249 

healthfulness  pervades  the  body.  Just  so  it  is  with  the  body  politic. 
Witness  the  American  Revolution  of  1776,  and  the  French  Revo- 
lution of  1792.  And  we  may  look  to  the  coming  years  of 
this  century  for  a  grander  revolution  than  the  world  has  ever  wit- 
nessed, for  the  sin  of  greed  has  about  gone  its  length,  and  will, 
like  a  fever  in  the  human  body,  burn  out  its  own  vileness.  A 
condition  of  enlightened  self-interest  is  what  must  ensue  before 
humanity  can  become  civilized,  and  in  order  to  bring  this  about  a 
scientific  analysis  of  the  individual  members  composing  society 
must  be  had,  and  improvements  attempted  on  an  individual  and 
scientific  basis — scientific  because  according  to  the  laws  of  Nature, 
which  are  the  laws  of  God. 

By  the  chastening  hand  of  destiny  the  wrongs  of  society  are 
avenged;  but  Revenge,  in  the  old  Mosaic  sense  of  "an  eye  for  an 
•eye  and  a  tooth  for  a  tooth,"  seems  to  our  enlightened  sense  an 
animal-like  method  of  proceeding,  and  not  calculated  to  improve 
our  sense  of  justice.  "  The  whirligig  of  time  "  often  makes  all 
things  even.  It  is  better  to  leave  injuries  to  time,  to  the  chances 
and  changes  of  life  to  right,  than  to  endeavor  to  revenge  them.  As 
a  rule,  in  this  world  we  reap  what  we  sow,  and  those  who 
are  engaged  in  sowing  the  seeds  of  malice,  spite,  and  revenge,  in 
the  long  run  bring  just  punishment  on  their  own  heads. 

No  person  of  noble  or  balanced  character  seeks  to  be  revenged 
for  wrongs  done  him;  yet  many  of  the  noblest  are  often  foully 
dealt  with,  for  "Envy  loves  a  shining  mark."  It  is  only  ignoble, 
unbalanced,  animal-like  people  who  seek  revenge,  and  this  trait, 
like  jealousy,  proceeding  as  it  does  from  those  who  are  defectively 
-organized,  needs  no  reality  to  spur  it  on  to  action.  Suspicion,  the 
most  unfounded,  is  often  its  only  basis.  Ungoverned  will  is  one 
of  the  incitants  to  revenge.  Look  at  it  as  we  will,  we  shall  find 
ignorance  or  undevelopment  at  the  bottom  of  all  revengeful  de- 
sires. Children  who  show  a  propensity  in  this  direction  should  be 
carefully  trained  with  the  view  of  eradicating  it.  The  conscience 
should  be  cultivated  and  appealed  to  as  well  as  the  affections. 
Reasoning  upon  the  dreadful  effects  wrought  by  revengeful  per- 
sons should  be  presented  to  their  minds,  and  all  right  methods 
taken  to  raise,  cultivate,  and  develop  the  moral  status  of  such 
unfortunate  children  as  have  inherited  this  dreadful  trait  from  their 
ancestors. 

ANALYSIS   OF    SECRETIVENESS. 

Whenever  Secretiveness  is  observed  in  an  unusual  degree  in 
an  organization  we  naturally  infer  that  there  is  something  to  con- 
ceal, something  deficient  for  which  Secretiveness  is  the  compensa- 
tion. Secretiveness  is  the  fine  veil  which  Nature  gives  to  hide  a 


250  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

defect  in  either  the  mental,  moral,  or  practical  part  of  the  organism. 
Some  bracts  of  prey  possess  this  faculty  in  a  large  degree.  This 
is  their  normal  condition.  Having  no  mental  or  mechanical 
powers,  as  has  man,  to  assist  in  .procuring  food,  this  faculty  is 
needed  by  them  for  this  purpose.  Tigers,  wolves,  cats,  foxes, 
opossums,  and  all  animals  with  the  muscular  system  predominating, 
are  most  largely  endowed  with  this  propensity.  Like  its  kindred 
passions,  Jealousy,  Revenge,  and  Suspicion,  it  proceeds  from  a 
want  of  balance  in  the  faculties;  a  lack  of  proper  development  of 
the  reasoning  faculties,  Causality  and  Comparison,  will  produce  it ;  a 
deficiency  in  Friendship  or  Human  Nature  will  cause  it;  but 
wherever  it  is  manifested  one  or  more  of  these  deficiencies  will  be 
found.  Want  of  common  honesty  and  uprightness  of  intention  is 
sometimes  the  reason  that  Nature  has  provided  this  veil  to  assist 
the  unfortunate  possessor  in  making  his  way  through  the  world. 
Secreti veness  is  given  to  animals  to  enable  them  to  both  avoid 
and  prey  upon  each  other.  Many  persons  having  this  trait, are 
often  considered  very  wise,  owing  to  the  careful  and  deliberate 
manner  which  they  use  in  conversation.  It  is  well  that  Nature 
has  put  this  check  upon  their  tongues;  for  if  reason,  justice,  per- 
ception, or  friendliness  did  not  accompany  the  utterance  of  their 
thoughts,  they  would  inevitably  be  led  into  more  trouble  than  they 
could  easily  extricate  themselves  from ;  hence  this  check.  Some 
mistake  cunning  or  craft  for  wisdom.  With  persons  in  whom 
Secretiveness  predominates  the  flexor  muscles  are  more  active  than 
with  others,  and  a  constricted  state  of  the  bowels  and  glandular 
system  takes  place  in  consequence  of  the  effort  made  to  liold  iny 
as  it  were.  This  unceasing  desire  creates  a  constricted  state  which 
if  too  long  continued  sets  up  a  diseased  condition,  particularly 
affecting  the  liver,  causing  biliousness,  jaundice,  and  other  derange- 
ments of  the  liver. 

The  physicians  of  Jay  Gould,  the  great  financier,  have 
declared,  I  am  informed,  that  his  recent  illness  was  owing  to  his 
secretiveness,  and  that  liis  endeavor  to  keep  his  plans  secret  made 
such  inroads  upon  his  health  as  to  threaten  his  life  unless  he 
relaxed  somewhat  his  accustomed  habits  in  this  respect.  Many 
very  secretive  persons  are  affected  with  disorders  of  the  liver;  so 
also  are  revengeful  characters.  These  emotions  affect  this  gland, . 
as  well  as  the  secretions  of  other  organs.  I  have  known  very 
undeveloped  persons  who  were  accounted  very  wise  in  their  com- 
munity simply  by  reason  of  their  excessive  reserve  caused  by 
Secretiveness.  Not  being  able  to  fully  comprehend  the  import  of 
questions  addressed  them,  they  would  refrain  from  giving  satisfac- 
tory answers,  thus  concealing  their  intentions  and  deluding  those 


ANALYSIS   OF   SECRETIVENESS,  251 

about  them,  and  conveying  the  idea  that  they  were  uncom- 
monly wise.  Men  who  are  very  able  mentally  and  developed 
morally  are  able  to  instantly  comprehend  and  meet  with  mental 
resource  any  proposition  presented  to  them;  hence  are  able  to 
answer  in  a  manner  suited  to  the  occasion.  By  using  discretion 
and  judgment  in  their  conversation,  they  have  no  need  of  undue 
secretiveness. 

Secretiveness  in  excess  always  stamps  itself  unmistakably  upon 
the  countenance,  and  the  more  its  possessor  endeavors  to  conceal 
his  sentiments  and  character  the  more  noticeable  and  prominent 
the  signs  become.  As  soon  as  one  discovers  uncommon  secretive- 
ness  in  a  character,  let  him  ask  himslf  for  what  is  it  the  compen- 
sation? In  almost  all  cases  he  will  find  that  either  the  practical 
and  observing  faculties  are  deficient,  or  the  reasoning  powers  lack- 
ing, or  conscientiousness  at  a  low  ebb.  Sometimes  one  or  more 
of  these  traits  will  be  deficient  in  an  individual.  I  have  known 
two  persons  in  whom  this  was  the  case,  yet  both  preserved 
great  integrity  and  honesty  of  character.  Another  subject  pos- 
sessed of  excessive  secretiveness,  who  came  under  my  observation, 
exhibited  extraordinary  executive  and  mechanical  abilities,  but  was 
deficient  in  the  power  for  abstract  reason  as  well  as  conscientious- 
ness, being  sly  and  untruthful ;  yet  this  man  passed  for  a  very 
wise  man,  and  his  friends  often  remarked,  "Oh!  Jones  is  a  very 
bright  fellow  ;  you  never  hear  him  talking."  If  I  am  not  greatly 
mistaken,  it  is  the  "bright"  men  who  disclose  their  brightness  by 
what  they  say  and  do  rather  than  by  what  they  don't  say  or  omit 
doing.  Certainly  a  dumb  man  could  not  make  his  intelligence 
evident  if  he  took  every  precaution  to  hide  it  by  never  expressing 
his  thoughts  in  any  way. 

When  very  secretive  persons  are  led  by  any  sudden  burst  of 
emotion  to  unbosom  themselves,  as  it  sometimes  happens,  their 
revelations  are  perfectly  astounding.  They  will  reveal  such  things 
as  no  man  of  average  common  sense  would  speak  of,  thus  evidenc- 
ing that  a  lack  of  judgment  or  a  lack  of  principle  is  the  cause  of 
this  check  which  Nature  has  put  upon  their  tongues. 

One  peculiarity  of  secretive  people  is  that  they  will  seldom 
speak  of  even  the  most  ordinary  matters  in  the  presence  of  several 
others,  but  sometimes,  with  a  friend  or  two  at  most,  they  wrill  di>- 
close  their  thoughts  and  plans  to  those  whom  they  trust ;  and  those 
possessed  of  conscientiousness  trust  those  whom  they  have  proved, 
but  the  sly,  untruthful,  secretive  individual  seldom  trusts  any  one. 
He  judges  others  by  himself  and  suspects  every  one  about  him. 
This  is  the  most  hopeless  kind  of  secretiveness.  The  reader  may 
set  it  down  as  good,  physiognomical  law  that  Secretiveness  is 


252  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

intended  to  conceal  something,  else  it  would  have  no  place  in  the 
human  organism. 

Nature  always  endeavors  to  establish  a  balance  in  the  mental 
;IN  in  the  physical  department  of  man.  Equilibrium  is  the  law  of 
Nature  everywhere,  and  when  an  individual  comes  into  existence 
weighted  with  an  undeveloped  organism  there  is  always  a  sort  of 
equilibrium  attempted,  otherwise  the  machinery  of  the  mind  or 
body  would  not  work,  and  when  the  equilibrium  of  mind  is 
destroyed,  insanity  or  idiotcy  is  the  result.  If  the  equilibrium  of 
tin1  body  is  destroyed  beyond  repair,  death  ensues. 

The  facial  signs  for  Secretiveness  will  be  found  in  the  mouth 
and  eye,  and  these  two  features  are  evolved  from,  and  are  repre- 
sentatives of,  the  glandular  and  muscular  systems.  Nature  seems 
to  be  so  anxious  to  assist  in  revealing  her  meanings  to  us,  that  the 
sign  for  every  function  is  seated  within  the  system  which  sustains 
it.  And  this  is  yet  another  method  employed  by  Nature  for 
making  her  meanings  known. 

THEORY    OF    SUSPICION. 

One  reason  why  one  suspects  the  action  and  speech  of  others 
is  because  he  does  not  possess  sufficient  reason  to  enable  him  to 
comprehend  motives,  or  lie  does  not  possess  sufficient  perception  to 
judge  of  the  intentions  of  others  by  their  acts  and  language,  and 
attributes  to  them  quite  different  motives  than  those  which  have 
really  actuated  them,  and  therefore  substitutes  his  suspicions.  As 
in  the  other  traits  previously  mentioned,  he  may  possess  so  little 
honor  or  honesty  as  not  to  be  able  to  comprehend  it  in  others, 
hence  suspects  they  are  moved  by  motives  similar  to  his  own ;  but 
whatever  produces  Suspicion,  a  defect  will  always  be  found  in  the 
organization  as  the  exciting  cause. 

Suspicion,  like  revenge  and  jealousy,  is  primarily  a  defect  in 
the  physiological  elements.  Very  often  a  lack  of  coloring  matter 
in  the  system  is  the  cause  of  that  lack  of  soundness,  of  integrity, 
so  to  speak,  of  all  the  senses  as  well  as  of  the  brain,  which  pre- 
vents one  from  observing  accurately  and  reasoning  soundly  upon 
what  transpires.  This  trait  is,  I  think,  more  general  among  very 
light-eyed  persons,  particularly  those  possessing  eyes  the  color  of  a 
peeled  onion,  for  I  cannot  describe  this  peculiar  sort  of  eye  more 
accurately.  The  cause  of  this  deficiency  is  found  in  the  absence 
of  coloring  matter  in  the  system,  and  want  of  pigmentary  substance 
prevents  the  senses,  particularly  those  of  sight,  smell,  and  hearing, 
from  being  as  perfect  as  where  integrity  and  soundness  of  all  the 
senses  are  present.  This  condition  is  created  by  a  due  admixture 
of  coloring  matter  furnished  by  the  fluid  system  to  the  glands  and 


THEORY    OF    SUSPICION.  253 

ducts,  whose  office  it  is  to  carry  to  the  several  parts  of  the  system 
the  sort  of  nutriment  which  is  charged  with  the  pigmentary  sub- 
stance observed  in  the  ganglia  of  the  olfactory,  auditory,  and 
visual  nerves.  Not  only  arc  these  several  senses  deprived  of  their 
due  proportion  of  coloring  pigment  by  this  abnormal  action,  but 
the  entire  nervous  system,  including  the  brain,  is  relatively  weak 
by  reason  of  absence  of  that  degree  of  power  that  normal  cplor 
affords. 

Other  parts  of  the  system  remote  from  the  senses  sympathize 
when  deprived  of  that  quality  of  soundness  which  color  alone  can 
give.  The  kidney  system  is  often  enfeebled  by  this  condition,  as 
well  as  the  reproductive  system.  The  correlation  of  color  with 
functional  strength  and  weakness  is  beginning  to  be  understood  by 
naturalists.  Darwin  makes  special  note  of  it  in  his  works  on 
"The  Origin  of  Species,"  and  in  "The  Descent  of  Man." 

Reference  has  been  made  in  the  section  on  Color  to  the  defect- 
ive visual,  auditory,  and  gustatory  senses  of  Albinos.  This  class 
of  persons  are  always  weaker  in  their  senses,  as  ,.jvell  as  in  their 
intellectual  ability,  than  those  who  possess  average  color,  and  this 
is  caused  by  absence  of  color.  Not  only  are  they  deficient  in 
coloring  pigment  in  the  several  ganglia  of  the  senses,  but  they  are 
lacking  in  color  in  the  arterial  system  as  well,  as  is  evidenced  by 
their  pallid  complexion,  pink  or  light  eyes,  whitish  hair,  white 
eyebrows  and  lashes.  Such  persons  constitute  morbid  varieties. 
Can  any  one  explain  why  the  absence  of  color  in  these  people 
affects  their  mentality,  except  upon  the  ground  that  mind  inheres 
in  the  entire  organism,  and  that  mind  and  body  are  one  and 
indivisible"?  The  proofs  which  Nature  offers  on  this  point  are 
overwhelming,  and  cannot  be  explained  away. 

Suspicion  is  not  the  attribute  of  noble,  intelligent,  and  highly 
moral  people,  but  belongs  to  those  who  are  in  some  way  defective 
in  some  part  of  their  being.  A  knowledge  of  physiognomy  alone 
will  reveal  what  this  defect  is  and  where  its  evidences  are 
situated. 

This  analysis  of  color  and  suspicion  teaches  that  the  produc- 
tion of  color  is  a  religious  duty,  a  duty  which  we  owe  not  only  to 
ourselves  but  to  our  offspring;  those  who  are  to  inherit  our  indi- 
viduality. When  I  see  women  who  live  in  homes  with  the  windows 
constantly  shrouded  for  fear  of  a  stray  fly  or  a  faded  carpet,  and 
whose  faces  resemble  in  color  a  turnip-sprout  in  a  dark  cellar, 
I  believe  them  guilty  of  immorality;  for  whatever  vitiates  and 
deforms  the  physical  powers  acts  directly  upon  the  moral  status, 
and  if  colorless  women  produce  colorless  children  (as  they  are 
quite  likely  to)  they  depreciate  the  mental  and  moral  power  of 


'„>:>  I  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOM  V. 

their  offspring  in  an  intensified  form,  for  inherited  weaknesses 
are  always  intensified  and  show  at  an  earlier  age  than  where 
they  are  acquired  in  other  ways.  In  order,  then,  to  prevent 
unbalanced,  suspicious  persons  from  being  born,  people  should 
refrain  from  intermarrying  with  those  devoid  of  color  in  the 
skin,  hair,  and  eyes.  Parents  must  live  in  accord  with  divine 
law,  and  open  their  homes  to  the  influx  of  sunlight  and  fresh 
air,  and  thus,  by  coloring  the  blood  properly,  the  integrity  and 
soundness  of  all  the  tissues  will  be  enhanced  and  suspicious 
persons  will  cease  to  be  perpetuated. 

Noted  criminals  are  usually  very  suspicious,  and  the  theory 
I  propound,  of  the  direct  relation  between  defective  moral  traits 
and  defective  physical  functions,  finds  in  the  criminal  classes  its 
exemplification  and  verification.  Elsewhere  I  have  given  the 
reader  the  evidence  of  prison  surgeons  as  well  as  the  experience 
of  Dr.  Maudsley  (whose  knowledge  of  insanity  is  quite  extended), 
as  to  the  lack  of  physical  soundness  of  the  professional  criminal 
classes,  and  tlys  evidence  corroborates  my  theories-  on  the 
correlation  of  the  moral  and  mental  faculties  with  the  physical 
functions. 

The  study  of  the  insane  reveals  the  fact  that  Secretiveness 
is  a  prominent  trait  among  them  as  well  as  of  the  criminal 
classes.  Physical  defects  observed  in  the  insane  give  a  clue  as 
to  the  cause  of  their  mental  degeneracy,  and  so  long  as  people 
are  born  unbalanced  in  their  physiological  structure,  just  so  long 
shall  we  have  suspicious,  criminal,  and  insane  characters  per- 
petuated. 

We  cannot  dodge  the  issue;  if  we  desire  to  become  pure, 
noble,  and  religious,  we  must  eat,  drink,  sleep,  exercise,  and  rest 
in  accord  with  hygienic  law.  If  we  desire  noble,  unsuspicious 
offspring  we  must  build  them  upon  improved  principles,  taking 
natural  laws  for  our  guide,  and  ignoring  the  animal-like  and 
instinctive  methods  of  propagation  at  present  employed  in  all 
the  civilized  as  well  as  uncivilized  races ;  and  herein  is  a  most 
ludicrous  parallel  between  those  who  consider  themselves  highly 
civilized  and  the  lowest  Hottentot  in  existence.  They  both  per- 
petuate the  race  upon  the  same  low  plane  of  animal  instinct  or 
lust.  All  the  boasted  reason,  culture,  and  high  development  of 
the  most  civilized  seem  not  to  have  lifted  them  in  this  particular 
one  degree  above  the  very  lowest.  It  is  only  when  animal  propa- 
gation is  intended  that  man  uses  his  boasted  reason  and  culture. 
To  improve  animals  by  design  and  law  seems  to  him  the  right 
method  to  apply,  but  the  rearing  of  his  offspring  he  leaves  to 
chance,  to  lust  and  ignorance.  No  -wonder,  then,  we  have  our 


ANALYSIS   OF   ANGER,    WILL,    TEMPER.  255 

jails,  penitentiaries,  hospitals,  and  insane  asylums  filled  to  over- 
flowing with  the  results  of  animal  lust,  ignorance,  and  vice.  Our 
stables,  dairies,  poultry-yards,  and  kennels  shine  by  comparison 
with  our  homes.  Why?  Because  design,  cool  reason,  education, 
and  natural  law  have  contributed  in  the  latter  case  to  the  improve- 
ment of  species,  and  in  the  former  ignorance,  lust,  neglect, 
animality,  and  defiance  of  law  have  filled  every  community  with 
criminal,  vicious,  imbecile,  defective,  deformed,  and  sickly  beings, 
who  stand  as  frightful  examples  of  man's  utter  ignorance  of  the 
meaning  of  relic/ion. 
* 

ANALYSIS    OF    ANGER,    WILL,    TEMPER 

Let  us  examine  these  three  phases  of  a  trait  which  is  truly 
a  hydra-headed  monster,  manifold  in  its  motives  and  action.  Most 
phases  of  anger  are  detrimental  to  mental  power  and  destructive 
to  health.  Only  what  may  be  called  *•'  righteous  indignation  " — 
that  is  to  say,  the  indignation  resulting  from  perceiving  an  infrac- 
tion of  the  laws  of  justice  or  morality — is  ennobling  to  the  indi- 
vidual and  conduces  to  strengthen  both  health  and  moral  percep- 
tion. This  is  the  legitimate  use  of  anger,  and  it  should  be  reserved 
for  such  purposes.  To  become  enraged  at  animals  is  at  once 
wicked  and  stupid,  and  serves  to  show  the  superiority  of  animals 
to  man.  Nothing  indicates  the  coward  more  than  cruelty  to  our 
domestic  animals,  who  give  us  faithful,  gentle,  uncomplaining 
service,  and  often  die  in  harness  while  working  for  our  benefit. 
The  law  justly  takes  cognizance  of  such  treatment.  These  crea- 
tures are  of  our  own  flesh  and  bloods,  and  we  are  not  their  equals 
in  some  things,  although  we  may  possess  some  qualities  which 
are  superior,  but  treating  them  cruelly  and  inhumanly  is  not  the 
way  to  prove  it. 

Those  animals  and  men  who  are  capable  of  exhibiting  the 
greatest  degree  of  anger  or  will  are  those  in  whom  the  muscular 
system  is  dominant.  The  part  of  the  system  which  is  called 
into  action  in  the  expression  of  most  phases  of  anger  is  the 
muscular,  and  in  its  ultimate  effects  results  in  the  use  of  the  muscles 
by  inflicting  blows,  and  in  the  use  of  the  muscles  of  the  organs  of 
Vpeech  in  wordy  warfare.  The  classes  of  animals  which  are  most 
given  to  the  destructive  use  of  their  angry  passions  are  the  car- 
nivorous animals,  and  in  all  these  the  muscular  system  is  para- 
mount; hence  we  look  to  that  system  as  the  source  of  anger,  will, 
or  temper,  as  it  is  variously  termed.  Vegetative  animals  also  give 
way  to  blind  rage. 

Persons  in  whom  the  biliary  system  predominates  over  the 
thoracic  are  more  given  to  exhibitions  of  ungovernable  will  and 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

temper  than  lighter-colored  persons.  Color  indicates  heat,  and 
heat  gives  power  and  activity  to  the  organs.  A  dark  man,  with 
the  muscular  system  in  the  ascendency,  will  show  more  destructive 
temper  than  a  light  man  of  the  same  build'.  Here  too  much  color 
acN  as  injuriously  as  too  little  color,  producing  undevelopment  of 
certain  faculties  and  functions.  Self-will  is  a  faculty  derived  from 
the  muscular  system,  and  when  this  faculty  is  in  excess  of 
Conscientiousness  and  Reason  an  unbalanced  degree  of  selfish, 
unreasoning  desire  is  present.  Here  the  muscular  system,  being  in 
excess  of  the  osseous,  creates  a  disparity  between  the  will  and 
Conscientiousness,  and  unbridled  and  often  vicious  will  is  the 
result. 

Many  criminal  faces  that  I  have  examined  exhibited  a  defiant, 
scowling  expression  and  the  sign  for  Self-will  very  large.  There 
are  many  persons  who  are  not  ranked  with  criminals  who  exhibit 
terrible  will-power,  and  in  their  intercourse  with  their  family  and 
friends  create  great  suffering.  Many  mothers,  in  their  foolish 
fondness  for  their  children,  cultivate  in  them  this  faculty  to  an 
abnormal  degree,  and  often  live  to  regret  it.  Where  this  faculty 
exists  in  childhood  in  an  excessive  form,  the  parents  should 
endeavor  to  level  up  the  other  traits  of  character  by  appealing  to 
the  reason,  to  the  sense  of  justice,  and  to  the  affectional  nature 
of  the  child,  in  order  to  establish  a  balance  in  the  several  depart- 
ments of  the  mind.  Laws  of  all  kinds,  both  natural,  statute,  and 
social,  should  be  drilled  into  such  a  disposition,  and  in  childhood 
a  s£nse  of  responsibility  of  the  individual  to  laws,  rides,  and  regula- 
tions should  be  made  most  impressive.  In  this  way  only  can  such 
unbalanced  dispositions  be  benefited. 

Like  other  evil  passions,  the  indulgence  of  temper  leads  to 
serious  physical  disturbances,  and  I  have  known  of  a  very  willful 
girl  who  became  jaundiced  and  turned  a  greenish  color  in  one  night 
by  giving  way  to  her  temper  when  opposed  in  her  vicious  desires. 
Aside  from  the  deleterious  effects  upon  themselves,  the  possessors 
of  ungoverned  tempers  do  great  injury  to  innocent  people  and  often 
make  them  the  victims  of  this  debasing  passion.  Murder,  suicide, 
and  madness  frequently  result  from  overindulgence  in  temper,  and 
mothers  inflict  irreparable  injury  upon  unborn  offspring  by  allow- 
ing themselves  to  give  way  to  paroxysms  of  anger  while  pregnant. 
Murderers  can  be  bred  as  well  as  moralists,  by  direct  act  of  the 
mother's  mind,  as  is  well  known.  An  instance  of  this  immense 
power  which  the  mother  wields  over  her  unborn  offspring  is  noted 
by  Mrs.  Lucinda  B.  Chandler  in  her  tract  on  "Motherhood."  She 
observes : — 


ANALYSIS   OF    ANGER,    WILL,    TEMPER.  257 

An  instance  recorded,  only  more  marked  than  man}'  that  transpire, 
illustrates  the  effect  of  strong  emotion  or  passion.  A  husband  so  offended 
his  wife  that  she  did  not  speak  to  him  for  three  months  previous  to  the  birth 
of  her  child.  The  child  could  never  speak  to  his  father.  An  attempt  to  do 
so  would  cause  violent  paroxysms,  and,  though  he  remained  at  home  and 
carried  on  business  with  his  parent,  he  was  obliged  to  turn  his  back  upon 
him  and  speak  as  if  addressing  another  person.  Now,  if  by  reason  of  irre- 
sistible desires,  powerful  impressions,  or  strong  emotion,  the  body  can  be 
stamped  ineffaceably,  or  mental  action  determined  over  which  the  person 
has  no  control,  can  it  be  a  question  that  upon  the  moral  nature  the  more 
highly  sensitive  spiritual  tablet  impressions  as  deeply  graven  and  inefface- 
able will  be  recorded?  * 

The  case  of  Lord  Byron,  which  I  have  noted  elsewhere,  is 
corroborative  of  this  power  of  the  mother  in  molding  for  good  or 
evil  her  child's  will  or  want  of  will,  and  proves  also  the  intimate 
relation  between  mental  states  and  physical  or  functional  conditions. 

The  excessive  indulgence  of  anger  affects  the  liver,  the  glands, 
the  nervous  system,  and  brain,  and  causes  disturbances  of  a  serious 
nature  in  these  several  parts  of  the  body.  Excessively  nervous 
persons  sometimes  give  way  to  violence  of  temper.  This  is  caused 
by  an  abnormal  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  system  and  insufficient 
use  of  self-control.  This  remedy  is  a  most  potent  factor  in  all 
mental  and  moral  disturbances.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  its 
power.  It  can  almost  set  death  at  defiance,  and  certainly  changes 
very  materially  the  action  of  the  glands,  of  the  heart,  the  nerves, 
and  brain,  as  all  medical  records  attest. 

Violent  paroxysms  of  anger  often  induce  paralysis  and 
apoplexy.  Self-will  is  the  basis  of  all  exhibitions  of  anger  or 
temper,  as  it  is  termed.  Yet  this  use  of  the  word  should  not  be 
confounded  with  the  term  will,  as  applied  to  express  decision  or  a 
choice  of  methods.  Until  the  jargon  of  ancient  metaphysics  is 
eliminated  from  modern  philosophy  by  scientific  analysis,  we  shall 
find  a  confusion  of  terms  which  will  muddle  and  mystify,  rather 

V  V      ' 

than  elucidate,  phenomena.  There  will  also  have  to  be  changes 
wrought  in  existing  ideas  in  regard  to  the  locality  and  nature  of 
the  mind,  for  metaphysicians  of  the  old  school  have  treated  the 
mind  as  an  entity  not  dependent  upon  the  body ;  hence  very  little 
light  has  been  derived  from  a  most  extensive  literature  on  Mental 
Philosophy.  Another  vast  contribution  to  literature  has  been  made 
by  writers  on  the  Nature  of  the  Soul,  with  about  as  much  practical 
success  as  the  mental  philosophers  aforesaid.  We  are  living  in  a 
material  world,  possessed  of  material  faculties  and  senses,  which 
are  in  harmony  with  our  environment,  entirely  suited  in  every  way 
to  the  present  phase  of  existence.  The  mind,  as  exhibited  by  the 

*  Motherhood,  Lucinda  B.  Chandler,  p.  4.     Published  by  the  Moral  Education  Society,  Chicago. 

17 


258  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

\arious  organs  of  the  body  as  well  as  by  the  brain  and  nervous 
>\>trm.  is  entirely  an  animal  organ,  made  up  of  blood  and  tissues 
as  much  so  as  is  the  brain  of  a  tiger  or  of  a  horse.  1  believe  that 
research  and  experiment  on  the  part  of  scientists  in  time  to  come. 
added  to  what  is  known  positively  of  the  locale  and  operation  of 
the  mind,  will  give  us  all  that  M-  to  be  known  of  this  hitherto 
obscure  and  occult  department  of  our  existence.  My  belief  is 
founded  on  the  practical  methods  at  present  in  use  by  investigators, 
both  in  the  laboratory  and  dissecting-room,  as  well  as  in  the 
philosopher's  study.  These  problems  of  life  and  mind  will  have 
to  be  thought  out,  as  well  as  worked  out,  by  experimental  demon- 
stration. The  sciences  of  Evolution  and  Physiognomy  combined 
throw  a  flood  of  light  upon  the  origin  of  the  human  mind. 

The  human  soul,  whatever  and  wherever  that  may  be,  I 
believe  is  not  known  to  any  man,  and,  inasmuch  as  it  is  popularly 
believed  to  be  the  p&rt  of  us  which  is  immortal,  the  individuality 
which  is  to  take  a  leading  part  after  death  in  the  next  world,  it 
strikes  me  that  it  would  be  the  most  practical  way  to  defer  the 
consideration  of  it  until  our  perfect  possession  of  it  is  assured  and 
our  environment  in  harmony  with  its  highest  cultivation.  We  are 
sure  of  the  body  and  mind  here,  and  it  would  seem  that  the  best 
way  to  enhance  the  welfare  of  the  soul  hereafter  would  be  to  pay 
strict  attention  to  the  conditions  of  the  mind  and  body  in  this  life. 
Surely  there  is  great  room  for  improvement  in  this  department,  and 
entirely  too  little  known  on  these  subjects.  Would  it  not  be  far 
better  if  all  would  devote  more  time  to  the  consideration  of  the 
real  and  tangible,  the  possible  and  the  probable;  and  would  it  not 
be  less  confusing  if  the  mind  was  studied  apart  from  any  idea  of 
its  connection  with  a  soul,  and  in  relation  to  its  connection  with  a 
body"?  I  believe,  if  such  a  course  were  pursued  and  the  knowledge 
thus  gained  practically  applied  for  one  generation  only,  that  there 
would  be  more  perfect  bodies  and  minds,  consequently  more  perfect 
souls,  and  infinitely  better-balanced  dispositions.  That  this  method 
will  be  pursued  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  present  and  follow- 
ing ages  I  do  not  for  a  moment  doubt.  It  is  not  that  the  "  wish  is 
father  to  the  thought "  in  my  case,  but  that  I  see  in  the  "  Signs  of 
the  Times  "  a  true  renaissance,  a  new  birth,  a  baptism  of  science, 
an  attempt  to  return  to  natural  methods.  What  has  brought  this 
new  departure  about1?  Several  circumstances  have  contributed, 
but  the  chief  factor  is  the  wide-spread  knowledge  of  scientific 
thought  and  demonstration.  Notwithstanding  the  opposition  of 
nearly  all  religious  sects  to  science,  the  fact  remains  that  absolute, 
provable,  scientific  truth  is  attractive  to  large  numbers  of  persons, 
and  these  truths  are  being  rapidly  adopted. 


ANALYSIS   OF    SELFISHNESS.  259 

The  enlightenment  whicn  the  printing-press  has  shed  abroad 
has  dissolved  the  darkness  and  superstition  engendered  by  mediaeval 
ecclesiasticism,  and  a  more  healthful  and  natural  or  normal  condi- 
tion of  the  mind  is  developing  under  these  influences.  We  are  in 
a  fair  way  of  knowing  in  what  true  religion  consists.  My  concep- 
tion of  religion  is  that  it  is  obedience  to  the  laws  of  God,  as 
indicated  by  the  laws  of  Nature.  All  religious  systems  should 
conform  to  and  work  in  harmony  with  the  fundamental  laws  of 
our  existence,  or  give  up  all  claim  to  being  "religious."  Certain 
it  is  that  the  attempts  at  "  regeneration  "  never  have  succeeded  in 
making  healthful  moral  bodies  and  minds  out  of  unhealthful  bodies 
and  weak  or  defective  minds.  In  order  that  the  numerous  ab- 
normal manifestations  of  mental  and  moral  faculties  shall  cease  to 
be  perpetuated,  there  must  be  had  a  practical  knowledge  of  the 
source  of  each  faculty,  and  the  law  of  self-control  taught  as  para- 
mount to  all  others.  When  these  are  taught  as  zealously  and 
applied  as  conscientiously  as  have  theological  conceptions  of  religion 
in  the  past,  the  result  will  be  shown  in  that  equilibrated  state  of 
mind  from  which  all  taint  of  unbridled  will,  ungoverned  temper, 
and  uncontrolled  lust  and  passion  have  disappeared. 

ANALYSIS   OF    SELFISHNESS. 

Selfishness  is  one  of  the  traits  of  human  nature  which  has 
two  entirely  distinct  and  opposite  methods  of  action  and  purpose — 
one  of  which  may  be  commended,  the  other  reprehended.  Selfish- 
ness, like  all  other  faculties,  has  its  use  and  purpose  in  the  human 
economy.  Its  primal  and  essential  use  is  the  preservation  of  the 
body  and  to  provide  for  its  perpetuation  and  maintenance.  Its 
next  legitimate  use  is  for  the  protection  and  sustenance  of  those 
who  are  dependent  upon  us.  ALL  manifestations  of  selfishness 
that  seek  to  please  self  and  to  acquire  by  the  suffering,  misery,  and 
unhappiness  of  others  are  wrong  and  should  be  repressed.  Speak- 
ing for  myself,  if  I  wished  to  pursue  a  course  with  the  view  of 
gaining  the  most,  I  would  act  the  most  unselfish  and  benevolent 
part  in  order  to  gain  my  purpose,  for  we  get  in  this  world  very 
much  what  we  give.  If  we  strew  our  pathway  through  life  with 
love,  kindness,  sympathy,  noble  deeds,  justice,  and  gentleness,  we 
shall  receive  back  the  same  with  interest;  but  if,  on  the  contrary, 
we  pursue  a  malevolent  career,  and  deal  out  hatred,  malice,  con- 
tempt, jealousy,  suspicion,  secretiveness,  and  anger,  we  shall  reap  a 
harvest  of  these  passions  a  thousandfold. 

An  undue  degree  of  selfishness  is  indicative  of  an  undeveloped 
nature.  This  trait  is  both  inherited  and  acquired,  increases  by 
use,  and  in  excess  causes  unhappiness  to  its  possessor.  The  most 


260  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sdiish  people  are  never  the  happiest;  they  cut  themselves  off  from 
the  pleasures  and  enjoyments  of  the  benevolent,  and  thus  limit 
the  range  of  their  happiness.  They  belong  to  that  class  which 
Lavater  describes  thus: — 

Which  desires  much,  but  enjoys  little,  and  whoever  enjoys  little 
gives  little. 

I  have  never  studied  a  character  which  possessed  an  excess  of 
selfishness  that  did  not  have  also  some  serious  deficiency  in  the 
mental  or  moral  construction.  Like  the  other  passions  treated  of 
in  this  chapter,  it  shows  undevelopment.  The  dark  races  are,  as  a 
rule,  more  selfish  than  the  light  ones.  They  are  less  perfect,  less 
progressive,  generally. 

All  Nature  attests  this  truth,  that  the  more  refined  the  person 
the  lighter  the  color;  it  is  the  same  with  animals.  The  most 
destructive,  revengeful,  and  jealous  are  the  darkest,  while  the 
white  or  mixed  colors  are  the  most  docile,  amiable,  and  teachable. 
This  is  a  general  principle.  Of  course,  there  are  exceptions ;  some 
undeveloped  light  persons  being  more  selfish  than  very  highly 
organized  dark  persons,  but  this  can  be  discerned  by  reference 
to  the  quality  of  the  skin,  etc. 

The  excessive  exercise  and  indulgence  of  jealousy,  suspicion, 
secretiveness,  and  anger  produce  morbid  and  abnormal  conditions 
of  health,  and  herein  is  another  proof  of  the  relation  of  the  physical 
organs  to  mental  conditions.  Many  infants,  even,  have  been  made 
ill  with  jealousy  by  the  petting  and  attentions  bestowed  by  the 
mothers  or  nurses  upon  another  child.  Anger  indulged  in  has 
wrecked  the  health  of  many.  Suspicion  often  leads  to  insanity, 
and  secretiveness  almost  to  nonentity.  Jealousy,  the  meanest  and 
lowest  of  the  passions,  tends  to  murder  and  suicide,  and  self-conceit 
in  excess  to  insanity.  These  excesses  should  be  avoided,  not  only 
for  our  own  preservation,  but  for  the  sake  of  those  who  are  to 
inherit  our  individuality.  All  traits  that  are  cultivated  and 
indulged  in  are  transmitted  with  increasing  power,  and  we  have  in 
this  way  the  ability  to  become  the  benefactors  of  the  race  or  to 
curse  it  beyond  redemption. 

Hippocrates,  the  celebrated  Greek  physician  and  physiogno- 
mist, says^of  envy: — 

The  effects  of  envy  are  visible  even  in  children  ;  they  become  thin  and 
easily  fall  into  consumption.  Envy  takes  away  the  appetite  and  sleep,  and 
causes  feverish  motions  ;  it  produces  gloom,  shortness  of  breath,  impatience, 
restlessness,  and  a  narrow  chest. 

The  possessor  of  all  these  passions  is  antagonistic  not  only  to 
the  health  of  the  possessor,  but  very  much  against  his  interest. 


ANALYSIS   OF    SELFISHNESS.  261 

Their  action  produces  misery  and  unhappiness,  both  to  the  subject 
and  to  the  object.  These  conditions  can  be  partially  remedied  by 
seeking  out  the  defect  and  making  a  constant  struggle  to  correct  it. 

Selfishness  has  its  normal  scope  and  action.  Unselfishness  is 
often  so  excessive  as  .to  work  injury  to  its  possessor  as  well  as  its 
objects.  Yet  there  is  very  little  danger  of  the  majority  suffering 
in  this  manner.  The  undue  action  of  selfishness  is  founded  in 
defective  organization  of  some  sort.  An  excess  of  the  vegetative 
system  exhibits  a  lack  of  sympathy  and  an  incapacity  through 
excess  of  fat  to  move  actively  in  efforts  for  the  relief  of  others. 
An  excess  of  muscles  also  is  often  accompanied  by  selfishness 
through  lack  of  sufficient  sensitiveness  to  feel  for  others,  or  by 
reason  of  insufficient  intelligence  to  comprehend  the  duties  and 
rights  of  others,  or  by  reason  of  too  little  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous 
system  to  enable  its  possessor  to  feel  for  others.  The  muscles  are 
not  endowed  with  a  great  degree  of  sensitiveness,  and  where  they 
are  well  developed,  without  a  due  share  of  sensitiveness  such  as 
a  normal  development  of  the  nervous  system  and  brain  bestow,  the 
mind  is  apt  to  exhibit  a  large  degree  of  selfishness. 

Another  form  of  selfishness  is  caused  by  an  insufficient  develop- 
ment of  the  glandular  system.  This  defect  impoverishes  the  system 
to  such  a  degree  as  to  render  one  incapable  of  feeling,  hence  of 
expressing,  sympathy.  Many  of  the  celebrated  misers  exhibit  this 
defect.  If  the  glands  are  normal  and  supplied  with  plentiful  nutri- 
ment the  system  will  be,  by  reason  of  the  normal  supply  of  the 
body,  in  a  normal  condition;  hence  warmth,  sympathy,  and  the 
active  expression  of  it  will  be  the  result.  Unless  one  is  well  sus- 
tained by  nutriment  and  all  his  own  bodily  wants  supplied,  he  will 
feel  unable  to  make  any  very  active  efforts  for  others,  and  with  a 
low  grade  of  development  of  the  active  agents — the  glands — there 
is  an  absence  of  that  faculty  which  proceeds  from  their  activity,  viz., 
Sympathy ;  hence  Selfishness  results ;  and  in  the  case  of  misers  the 
sense  of  what  is  due  to  their  own  bodies  and  minds  is  quite  weak, 
and  they  continue  a  course  of  semi-starvation  of  both  body  and 
mind  until  they  are  wholly  incapable  of  judging  of  the  rights  of 
self  any  more  than  they  are  of  the  rights  of  others. 

When  Selfishness  gets  to  this  stage  it  is  seldom  perpetuated ; 
for  a  law  of  Nature  here  steps  in  and  protects  the  world  from  the 
propagation  of  monsters.  Misers  seldom  have  children,  at  least  not 
after  this  idiosyncrasy  has  become  marked.  The  cause  of  this  in- 
capacity to  perpetuate  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  glands  involved  in  the 
action  of  the  reproductive  system  are  as  defective  as  are  the  glands 
which  produce  or  evolve  warmth  and  sympathy,  and  as  they  are  as 
impoverished  as  the  other  glands  of  the  system  there  is  little  desire 


262  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  use  them,  and  probably  there  would  be  no  practical  results  if 
it  were  attempted.  Then,  too,  misers  lacking  warmth  of  feeling 
or  emotion,  by  reason  of  the  defective  action  of  the  glands,  rarely 
manifest  that  degree  of  love  for  the  opposite  sex  which  those  do 
who  are  normally  constituted,  hence  there  arises  neither  the  emotion 
of  love  nor  its  accompanying  physical  desire,  thus  evidencing  the 
vitiated  condition  of  that  system  upon  which  not  only  sound  man- 
hood but  sound  morals  rest.  The  hoarding  faculty  which  is  the 
peculiar  characteristic  of  the  squirrel,  rat,  and  magpie,  and  similar 
lowly  animals,  appears  in  the  case  of  misers  to  have  drawn  off  the 
strength  from  all  other  faculties  and  concentrated  it  in  acquiring, 
but  more  particularly  in  hoarding. 

All  persons  who  exhibit  an  excess  of  selfishness  are  defective 
either  in  their  mental  or  moral  natures.  All  disproportion  and 
inharmony  of  character  denote  lack  of  equilibrium  in  the  physio- 
logical elements  of  the  mind.  Selfishness  is  a  trait  which  can  be 
greatly  modified  in  youth  by  judicious  training ;  yet  many  parents 
cultivate  this  trait  and  make  it  excessive  by  making  idols  of  chil- 
dren who  might  be  easily  influenced  to  become  useful  and  balanced 
members,  of  society.  I  do  not  know  of  one  defect  of  character 
which  is  more  easily  modified  than  Selfishness,  if  it  be  attempted  in 
early  childhood.  There  is  so  much  then  that  is  plastic  to  appeal 
to,  and  the  selfish  propensities  have  not  crystallized  with  years  of  use. 

I  am  often  asked  where  the  sign  for  Selfishness  is  located  in 
the  face;  there  is  no  single  sign  for  this  faculty.  It  will  be 
observed  as  a  general  quality  dependent  upon  the  want  of  balance 
in  an  individual.  The  excessively  fat  are  usually  quite  selfish,  for 
fat  is  a  tissue  which  is  negative  in  its  nature  and  is  not  endowed 
with  feeling  or  sensitiveness ;  besides,  where  it  is  excessive  in  its 
development,  its  possessor  is  too  busy  looking  after  his  own  comfort 
to  think  of  others,  and  too  weighty  and  bulky  to  move  actively  in 
those  acts  of  friendship  and  benevolence  which  require  personal 
effort.  Persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  is  dominant  and 
who  have  an  inferior  development  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system 
are  selfish  to  a  degree.  This  class  of  persons  are  noted  for  round 
heads,  not  high  above  the  ears,  but  wide  over  the  ears,  with  short, 
broad,  squat  bodies.  The  cause  of  their  selfishness  is  twofold. 
One  cause  is  found  in  the  excess  of  muscle.  Now  muscle  is,  in 
itself,  unfeeling,  not  sensitive,  like  nerve;  and  muscle,  too,  is  the 
dominant  system  of  the  natural  commercialist  class,  which  is  in  its 
last  analysis  a  robber-class,  just  as  are  the  birds  of  prey,  living  off 
the  industries  of  others,  without  producing  anything  themselves, 
yet  exacting  tribute  from  both  consumer  and  producer  on  their 
own  terms. 


ANALYSIS   OF    SELF-CONCEIT.  263 

Another  foundation  for  selfishness  is  the  short  stature.  Short, 
squat  people  have  never  the  high  and  noble  aspirations  of  the 
taller.  I  do  not  include  in  this  list  the  short  and  finely  organized 
persons,  but  those  who  are  short,  round,  coarse,  muscular,  and 
with  round,  flat  heads,  full  of  earthy  material ;  natural  commercial- 
ists.  This  class  are  never  seen  heading  reformatory  movements, 
and  in  their  Forms  and  lives  offer  a  marked  contrast  to  the  tall, 
high  head  and  long,  slim  face  of  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  who  is  a 
celebrated  English  philanthropist. 

Each  selfish  person  presents  a  different  variety  and  a  different 
degree  of  this  trait,  and  in  each  case  it  can  be  determined  by  a 
scientific  analysis  of  character;  but,  whatever  its  origin,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  universal  and  active  agents  in  the  promotion  of  sin, 
suffering,  and  vice.  By  its  cultivation,  at  the  expense  of  Justice 
and  Conscientiousness,  entire  nations  are  kept  in  bondage  to  a  few 
selfish  ones.  Nothing  but  enlightened  self-interest  will  break  these 
bonds  and  restore  to  all  their  rights  in  the  productions  which  they 
create  by  their  life-long  toil. 

ANALYSIS   OF    SELF-CONCEIT. 

Self-conceit  is,  perhaps,  the  most  harmless  of  this  class  of 
traits,  but  at  the  same  time  is  ever  offensive.  Like  all  other  facul- 
ties, it  has  its  use  and  purpose.  Nature  has  made  nothing  in  vain, 
and  so  there  would  seem  to  be  wisdom  even  in  giving  one  an 
undue  share  of  this  petty  trait,  Where  it  is  observed  to  predomi- 
nate in  an  organization,  it  will  be  found  to  proceed  from  a  lack  of 
balance,  as  in  the  case  of  the  preceding  traits  mentioned  in  this 
chapter.  It  is  sometimes  caused  by  merely  a  want  of  good  taste, 
or  a  deficiency  in  ideality,  or  of  sound  reason,  or  want  of  a 
knowledge  of  human  nature,  or  by  a  lack  of  the  perceptive  or 
reflective  power,  or  by  dense  obtuseness  of  the  mental  faculties 
generally.  There  are  various  other  causes  which  produce  it;  but, 
whatever  the  cause,  it  is  designed  to  make  up  to  its  possessor  the 
absence  of  something  which,  if  felt  too  keenly,  would  render  him 
unhappy;  so,  Conceit,  coming  to  his  relief,  puts  him  "on  good 
terms  with  himself,"  and  therefore  has  its  use. 

I  have  sometimes  observed  this  trait  very  large  in  persons 
possessing  real  merit  in  some  directions,  but  lacking  in  others. 
Conceit  gives  a  sense  of  self -satisfaction,  which  is  needed  by  its 
possessor  just  as  long  as  he  has  the  deficiency  for  which  this  is 
the  compensation.  If,  on  learning  that  he  has  a  defect,  and  in 
what  it  consists,  he  should  strive  to  remedy  it  by  strengthening  the 
defective  trait  or  traits,  he  would  soon  be  able  to  develop  a  more 
harmonious  condition,  and  Conceit  would  diminish  or  disappear 


264  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

entirely.  Ihvnrfs  and  deformed  persons  are  invariably  conceited; 
the  compensator}  power  oi'  Self-conceit  in  these  cases  is  well  illus- 
t rated;  in  such  it  is  useful,  and  prevents  unhappiness. 

In  the  case  of  an  idiot,  one  might  ask  what  compensation  he 
could  possibly  receive  for  his  immense  defect.  The  only  compen- 
sation possible  under  such  circumstances  would  be  utter  ignorance 
of  his  conilition,  and  this  Nature  has  given,  for,  were  he  sensible 
of  his  condition,  it  would  cause  intense  suffering;  hence,  the  only 
compensation  would  be  total  ignorance  on  the  subject. 

Eyofixin,  pure  and  simple,  which  arises  from  a  surplus  of 
Self-esteem,  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  that  form  of  Self-conceit 
which  results  from  other  deficiencies.  Self-conceit  is  a  petty  faculty, 
while  Egotism  carries  with  it  a  dignity  which  is  often  only  a 
"  mockery  of  wisdom,"  yet  is  never  quite  the  small,  pert,  sharp 
little  faculty  exhibited  by  those  possessing  a  large  degree  of  Con- 
ceit. Egotism  likes  to  assume  dignity,  importance,  and  loftiness, 
while  Conceit  takes  quite  a  different  range  of  action,  using  slurs, 
sarcasm,  innuendoes,  and  petty  flings  and  stings  for  its  weapons. 
Very  small  men  and  women  are  quite  apt  to  be  conceited.  Egotism, 
on  the  contrary,  is  more  apt  to  be  the  vice  of  larger  persons.  The 
sublimity  of  egotism  was  manifested  in  Emanuel  Swedenborg,  who 
thought  nothing  of  talking  with  angels  and  visiting  both  heaven 
and  hell.  George  Francis  Train  is,  perhaps,  the  most  egotistic 
man  living,  and  he  is  a  tall  and  well-developed  man. 

Where  the  self-feeling  is  so  strongly  pronounced  it  is  likely  to 
result  in  insanity.  Many  inmates  of  insane  asylums  exhibit  Self- 
esteem  in  an  inordinate  degree.  Where  it  is  strongly  manifested  in 
childhood,  it  should  receive  attention  from  parents,  and  means  used 
to  check  it  before  the  charagter  becomes  so  warped  as  to  render  it 
impossible.  The  theory  of  Self-conceit  is  that  it.is  caused  by  defects 
of  some  sort,  either  physical  or  mental,  and  is  the  only  compensation 
which  this  class  of  imperfect  beings  could  receive  in  order  to  create 
a  feeling  of  content  or  satisfaction  with  themselves.  I  think  that  the 
experience  with  and  analysis  of  all  self-conceited  persons  will  bear 
me  out  in  the  assertion  that  they  are  defective  in  a  most  noticeable 
manner.  I  have  often  observed  that  lisping  persons  are  conceited ; 
where  this  correlation  exists,  the  moral  faculty  of  exact  truth-telling 
is  likely  to  be  weak.  If  not  this,  then  the  judgment  will  be  of  an 
inferior  or  infantile  sort.  A  different  phase  of  defect  will  be  ex- 
hibited in  each  separate  case,  and  the  closest  analysis  of  the 
physiognomy  is  essential  in  order  to  verify  the  various  phenomena 
presented  by  the  several  cases  which  come  under  investigation. 
This  foolish  trait  can  be  very  greatly  modified  in  childhood  by 
judicious  training  on  the  part  of  parents  and  teachers. 


ANALYSIS   OF    SCORN    AND    CONTEMPT.  265 

All  these  deficiencies  can  be  remedied  in  a  great  degree,  and 
sometimes  eradicated,  by  a  careful  and  scientific  analysis  of  char- 
acter and  a  settled  determination  to  improve  it.  The  laws  of 
physiognomy,  thoroughly  comprehended,  will  be  the  guide  to  that 
result;  individual  determination  must  do  the  rest.  This  improve- 
ment must  be  undertaken  in  a  religious  spirit,  reflecting  that  all 
our  actions,  mentally,  morally,  and  physically,  affect  not  only  our- 
selves, but  go  down  to  posterity,  and  curse  or  bless,  for  ages  to 
come,  all  who  inherit  our  blood  even  in  the  remotest  degree. 

The  man  whose  life  is  passed  with  reference  only  to  himself, 
without  regard  to  children  and  children's  children,  is  little  better 
than  the  brute  creature  •  in  some  respects  he  is  worse,  for  the  brute 
is  not  characterized  by  such  selfishness  as  this  course  would 'imply. 
There  can  be  no  motive  more  honorable  in  man  than  the  desire  to 
transmit  to  his  offspring  great  and  noble  qualities,  and  this  result 
can  be  obtained  only  by  leading  an  honorable  and  noble  life.  We 
may  endow  offspring  with  fortune,  but  nobility  and  talent  must  be 
inherited ;  they  cannot  be  bought  in  the  market. 

ANALYSIS   OF    SCORN    AND    CONTEMPT. 

It  is  an  undeveloped  and  unbalanced  nature  indeed  which 
expresses  contempt  for  others  for  any  reason  except  for  ignoble 
action  or  sentiment.  Whenever  this  trait  is  manifested,  look  out 
for  an  inferior,  impoverished  character.  The  truly  noble  or  wise 
never  exhibit  scorn  and  contempt  for  anything  except  what  is  des- 
picable. Whenever  a  character  exhibits  these  qualities,  the  ob- 
server will  be  able  to  instantly  detect  by  the  disproportion  of  the 
facial  features  that  disproportion  or  want  of  balance  in  the  mental 
or  moral  traits  of  the  person  thus  exhibiting  this  repulsive  charac- 
teristic. 

Many  persons  who  possess  this  peculiarity  are  lacking  in 
Self-esteem,  and  the  action  of  the  character  in  these  cases  is  to 
cause  scorn  or  contempt  for  others  through  want  of  sufficient  self- 
esteem  to  be  able  to  judge  of  the  like  faculties  in  others;  hence 
they  are  unable  to  show  proper  respect  where  it  is  due.  It  is  not 
at  all  necessary  that  the  objects  of  scorn  should  deserve  it  in  the 
opinion  of  those  who  exhibit  this  trait,  for  they  vent  their  scorn 
alike  upon  the  deserving  and  upon  the  undeserving.  This  proves 
that  the  unworthiness  is  in  themselves. 

In  some  instances  the  observing  faculties  are  deficient  and  the 
individuals  so  unbalanced  in  this  direction  that  they  cannot  com- 
prehend fully  the  character,  action,  and  motives  of  others ;  hence 
the  display  of  scorn  in  these  cases.  Others  are  deficient  in  Ven- 
eration ;  or  it  may  be  Conscientiousness  is  so  undeveloped  that  the 


266  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

individual  cannot  estimate  the  worth  and  value  of  his  associates, 
hence  he  treats  them  to  a  liberal  dose  of  his  contempt.  The  truth 
is  that  whoever  exhibits  scorn  and  contempt  has  himself  some  con- 
temptible trait  of  character,  otherwise  he  would  not  express  it  to 
those  whose  actions  and  conduct  did  not  justify  its  exhibition. 

One  must  possess  largely  in  his  own  character  any  power  or 
faculty  which  he  exhibits  outwardly  in  his  life  and  conduct.  A 
painter  must  be  well  colored  in  order  to  be  able  to  make  an  intel- 
ligent and  artistic  use  of  colors.  A  mechanic  must  be  built  upon 
the  angular  plan  in  order  to  illustrate  similar  form  in  the  construc- 
tion of  his  work,  and  unless  these  principles  are  present  in  these 
various  classes  of  persons  they  will  be  unable  to  exemplify  them  in 
their  professions. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  all  the  traits;  a  lack  of  Self-esteem 
is  felt  by  the  one  exhibiting  it,  and,  consciously  or  unconsciously, 
he  betrays  sometimes  by  scornful  conduct  the  absence  of  true 
Self-esteem  which  exists  in  his  own  character,  or  the  lack  of 
Veneration,  or  of  Conscientiousness ;  or  it  may  be  that  the  reason- 
ing faculties  are  deficient,  and  thus  his  mind  is  incapable  of 
reasoning  upon  cause  and  effect,  and  therefore  he  treats  with  scorn 
all  who  come  under  his  displeasure.  In  each  individual  case  the 
observer  must  seek  out  the  cause  and  endeavor  to  cultivate  and 
develop  the  enfeebled  faculty  which  causes  the  disgusting  exhibition 
of  weakness  or  folly,  as  exhibited  by  those  who  are  scornful. 
When  scorn  proceeds  from  lack  of  Self-esteem,  the  upper  lip  will 
be  found  relatively  short.  When  it  proceeds  from  lack  of  Ven- 
eration, the  nose,  at  its  middle  portion,  will  be  depressed,  inclined 
to  flatness.  If  want  of  Conscientiousness  is  the  cause,  a  very 
narrow,  infantile  chin  will  mark  its  origin.  The  most  frequent 
cause  of  this  miserable  trait  is  want  of  Self-esteem. 

The  indulgence  of  this  trait  reacts  fearfully  upon  its  possessor, 
for,  as  it  is  exhibited  alike  to  friend  and  foe,  to  the  worthy  as  well 
as  to  the  unworthy,  a  feeling  of  contempt  for  such  unjust  treatment 
is  most  justly  entertained  by  those  who  are  the  objects  of  its  action, 
and  either  active  measures  are  pursued  to  retaliate  or  the  subject 
loses  the  esteem  and  friendship  of  those  whose  friendship  it  would 
be  well  to  preserve.  But  whatever  may  be  the  cause  of  undue 
exhibitions  of  scorn,  undevelopment  of  some  faculty  is  surely  at 
the  bottom  of  it.  It  is  with  this  faculty  as  with  Secretiveness,  the 
more  it  is  practiced  the  stronger  its  impress  is  made  upon  the  face, 
and  the  expression  of  the  muscles  about  the  lips,  chin,  and  nose 
all  unfold  a  tale  not  at  all  flattering  to  the  subject  of  these  animal 
or  infantile  passions.  Let  one  observe  the  appearance  of  the 
muscles  of  the  chin,  those  denominated  by  anatomy  the  levafores 


ANALYSIS   OF   ENTHUSIASM.  267 

menti  and  the  triangular-la  oris  (a  muscle  arising  from  the  bone 
of  the  lower  jaw  and  inserted  in  the  angle  of  the  mouth).  The 
combined  action  of  these  muscles,  where  it  is  habitual,  produces  a 
well-defined,  horizontal  wrinkle  across  the  chin  at  its  middle  range, 
which  becomes  a  permanent  feature  when  the  sentiment  of  Scorn 
is  habitually  felt. 

Habitual  scorn  is  petty  in  its  action,  so  also  is  excessive  self- 
esteem  when  exhibited  by  small  characters ;  yet  it  is  different  in  its 
manifestations.  A  woman  once  said  to  another  of  a  man  who  had 
injured  her:  "Do  you  not  hate  him]"  To  which  the  former 
replied:  "  Hate  him1?  No;  I  would  not  expend  so  much  sentiment 
upon  him."  This  is  fine  scorn  and  true  self-esteem,  supported  by 
reason  and  common  sense. 

Contempt  and  Scorn  are  two  excellent  qualities  when  used  in 
their  legitimate  sphere,  viz.,  in  despising  what  is  low,  vulgar, 
mean,  ignoble,  vicious,  corrupt,  depraved,  and  immoral ;  but  to  use 
it  toward  the  poor,  the  weak,  the  ignorant  and  unfortunate  is  to 
prove  its  possessor  still  lower  and  more  unfortunate. 

ANALYSIS   OF   ENTHUSIASM. 

The  transition  from  the  contemplation  of  Scorn  to  the  analysis 
of  Enthusiasm  is  like  tasting  of  spice  in  order  to  dispel  the  flavor 
of  some  bitter  pill,  and  really  to  the  lover  of  noble  character  the 
exhibition  of  any  ignoble  trait  in  others  is  most  disagreeable  and 
unpalatable.  Enthusiasm  in  young  or  old  is  most  commendable, 
and  is  usually  allied  to  noble  deeds  or  noble  aspirations. 

It  is  Enthusiasm  that  moves  the  world.  It  is  Enthusiasm  that 
leads  to  great  discoveries, — to  inventions, — to  great  moral  and 
governmental  reforms,  and  to  all  the  numerous  and  varied  achieve- 
ments of  art,  science,  religion,  morals,  and  all  lofty  and  noble  aims. 
In  every  community  there  are  always  a  few  who  by  superiority  of 
organization  are  able  to  influence  and  lead  the  rest.  This  proceeds 
as  much  from  their  superior  quality  of  enthusiasm  as  from  their 
superior  strength  of  mental  faculties. 

In  studying  the  biographies  of  all  those  who  have  led  the 
world  in  thought  and  action,  in  government,  in  war,  in  science, 
and  in  art,  we  shall  find  that  they  were  capable  of  arousing  in 
others  that  faculty  of  which  they  possessed  a  superabundance — 
Enthusiasm.  Had  Columbus  not  been  an  enthusiast,  America 
might  not  have  been  discovered.  Had  Raphael  not  been  an 
enthusiast,  the  wonderful  painting  of  the  '*  Crucifixion "  and  his 
beautiful  Madonnas  and  his  numberless  other  magnificent  works 
of  art  would  not  have  found  the  light.  Had  not  Martin  Luther 
been  an  enthusiast,  religious  freedom  would  not  have  been  given 


268  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  the  world.  Analyze  the  leading  and  foremost  characters  of 
History,  both  male  and  female,  and  we  shall  find  that  the  moving 
and  propelling  force  behind  all  their  other  qualities  was  the  attribute 
of  Enthusiasm. 

Let  it  be  understood  that  active  enthusiasm  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  that  spirit  of  torpid  deration  which  is  exhibited  by  a 
class  of  religious  devotees,  who  are  wrongfully  named  enthusiasts, 
of  which  St.  Theresa  was  a  shining  light.  It  is  pertinent  that  I 
should  mark  the  distinction  here  between  these  two  classes,  one 
of  which  has  won  freedom,  knowledge,  wisdom,  beauty,  comfort, 
and  happiness  for  the  world,  while  the  other  has  contented  itself 
with  a  selfish,  torpid,  and  inactive  contemplation,  believed  by  its 
subjects  to  be  the  best  means  by  which  to  attain  happiness  for 
themselves  in  a  future  state  of  existence.  The  contrast  between 
these  two  classes  of  persons  is  most  striking  and  serves  to  show 
that  a  cool,  firm,  determined  purpose  to  do  something  for  one's 
own  selfish  use,  although  it  may  be  brought  about  by  ignoring 
practical,  worldly  methods  and  advantages,  is  not  the  highest  kind 
of  enthusiasm,  and,  although  much  admired  in  the  middle  ages, 
has  quite  gone  out  of  fashion  now,  although  there  is  a  feeble 
attempt  on  the  part  of  our  more  superstitious  people  to  carry  out 
the  teachings  of  esoteric  Buddhism  and  other  occult  and  undemon- 
strative theories ;  yet  these  will  not  succeed  to  any  extent,  for  it  is 
not  possible  to  engraft  very  strongly  upon  a  bony,  practical  race 
the  theories  of  a  nation  of  dreamers  and  unpractical  theorists. 
The  practical  influences  surrounding  the  masses  will  neutralize 
appreciably  all  attempts  of  those  most  developed  in  the  faculty  of 
Credenciveness  to  foist  upon  the  public  of  this  country  such  non- 
sensical and  unprovable  fables.  The  scientific  spirit  and  knowledge 
of  this  age  is  too  well  developed  to  accept  these  Oriental  faiths, 
which  are  not  in  harmony  with  the  grade  of  evolution  which  the 
people  of  the  northern  races  have  reached.  We  need  not  fear 
that  this  age  and  country  will  produce  either  a  St.  Theresa 
or  a  St.  Simon  Stylites,  nor  a  band  of  dirty,  howling  dervishes. 
The*enthusiasm  of  the  present  age  seeks  more  active  outlets ;  and 
if  expeditions  to  the  North  Pole  do  not  cool  the  ardor  of  those 
engaged  in  them,  the  enthusiastic  investigations  into  the  proper- 
ties of  electricity,  or  the  destructive  powers  of  explosives,  will 
keep  alive  a  natural  and  useful  degree  of  this  most  exalting 
quality  of  the  human  mind  which  is  shared  in  common  with 
the  race. 

The  muscles  assist  Art,  Enthusiasm,  and  many  great  and 
noble  efforts ;  they  are  also  the  source  of  many  disorders,  very 
many  of  which  can  be  remedied  by  self-control  and  by  becoming 


ANALYSES   OF    LAZINESS,    OBSTINACY,    CONTRARINESS.  269 

interested  in  some  unselfish  undertaking.  Thus,  by  diverting  the 
action  of  the  muscles  into  new  channels  the  primary  trouble  is 
overcome. 

ANALYSIS   OF    LAZINESS. 

There  are  several  classes  of  those  who  are  congenitally  lazy, 
but  the  two  most  common  ones  are  those  who  are  inert  by  reason 
either  of  too  much  fatty  matter  or  by  having  too  large  and  too 
heavy  bones,  or  a  bony  system  so  much  in  excess  of  the  muscular 
that  it  is  an  effort  to  rise  or  to  move  about  actively. 

Others  who  are  congenitally  indolent  are  defectively  organized 
in  other  ways — some  lack  ambition  or  self-esteem,  or  are  very 
selfish,  or  are  so  mentally  defective  as  to  have  very  few  mental 
tastes  to  gratify ;  but,  by  whomsoever  laziness  is  manifested,  that 
character  is  'certainly  defective  in  some  department  of  his  organism. 
Some  are  too  delicately  organized  to  be  actively  useful ;  such 
fragile  beings  are  to  be  pitied.  The  remedy  for  such  beings  is  to 
live  much  out  of  doors,  to  practice  light  gymnastics,  eat  food  that 
can  be  easily  assimilated,  and  endeavor  to  tone  up  the  system  by 
hygienic  treatment. 

ANALYSIS   OF   OBSTINACY. 

Obstinacy  proceeds  from  a  disproportion  between  the  bones 
and  the  muscles,  whereby  the  former  are  too  large  and  heavy  for 
the  muscles  to  move.  The  joints  in  obstinate  subjects  are  large, 
and  resemble  those  of  'the  ass.  Stupidity  or  mental  obtuseness  of 
some  sort  is  always  manifested  by  the  excessively  obstinate.  It  is 
a  defective  condition,  and  shows  that  it  is  such  by  the  peculiarities 
of  the  disposition  or  by  feeble  mentality.  Many  obstinate  people 
show  in  their  face  the  absence  of  certain  traits ;  the  observing 
faculties  in  some  are  relatively  feeble;  in  others,  absence  of  color 
of  the  eyes ;  in  others,  want  of  good  reasoning  faculties ;  in  others 
still,  Conscientiousness  is  wanting.  Whatever  be  the  cause,  the 
face  as  well  as  the  entire  body  will  reveal  the  defect.  Parents 
should  endeavor  to  ascertain  what  the  defect  is  and  then  take 
measures  to  level  up  the  weak  part  of  the  character.  If  it  cannot 
be  eradicated  it  can  be  modified  by  judicious  training. 

ANALYSIS   OF    CONTRARINESS. 

Contrariness  is  often  confounded  with  obstinacy  by  those  not 
accustomed  to  analyze  closely.  Their  methods  of  action  are  quite 
different,  and  their  results  also.  Obstinacy  is  a  firm,  persistent, 
unyielding  force.  Contrariness  is  a  shifting,  changeable,  incon- 
sistent trait, — now  agreeing,  again  opposing.  Such  characters  are 


270  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

unreliable ;  one  never  knows  what  position  they  will  maintain. 
Generally  the  last  one  who  converses  with  a  contrary  character  is 
able  to  gain  and  hold  his  approval  of  a  plan  proposed.  Contrari- 
ness is  a  peculiarity  of  the  muscular  system,  and  shows  by  un- 
common ease  of  the  joints  and  too  great  flexibility  of  the  muscles. 
The  peculiarity  of  structure  causes  the  muscles  to  shift  and  change 
rapidly,  first  in  one  direction  and  then  in  another.  Those  mani- 
festing it  often  possess  crookedness  of  some  of  the  features  of  the 
face  as  well  as  of  the  limbs. 

A  disproportion  between  the  bones  and  muscles  is  the  cause 
of  this  defect.  The  bones  being  relatively  small  and  often  round, 
and  the  muscles  very  flexible,  this  form  of  structure  creates  a 
shifting,  changeable,  and  often  brilliant  mind  in  the  direction  of  art 
or  literature.  The  moral  sense  of  this  class  is  relatively  feeble : 
Self-esteem  wanting ;  Firmness  at  zero,  and  all  of  the  substantial 
traits  absent;  yet  Generosity  and  Sympathy  present,  as  well  as 
Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young,  while  Commercialism,  Specula- 
tion, and  Acquisitiveness  are  large. 

These  analyses  of  defects  serve  to  show  how  important  is  a 
balanced  condition  of  all  of  the  organs  and  systems  of  the  body. 
Man  in  all  ages  has  shown  his  instinctive  appreciation  of  symmetry 
by  his  love  and  appreciation  of  symmetrically-built  women ;  of 
these  very  few  will  be  produced  until  the  present  abnormal 
taste  in  regard  to  the  female  figure  is  modified.  Not  until  the 
small,  wine-glass-shaped  waist  is  known  to  be  a  more  awful  species 
of  deformity  than  any  produced  by  savages,'  and  this  changed  to 
the  normal  form,  which  is  just  the  reverse  of  the  former,  shall  we 
have  the  highest  type  of  human  symmetry  and  real  thorough-bred 
human  beings. 

Practical  and  scientific  physiognomy  teaches  that  all  defects 
can  be  remedied  to  a  large  extent ;  hence,  the  defectively  consti- 
tuted need  not  despair  of  improvement.  Were  it  riot  that  human 
nature  is  most  malleable  there  would  be  no  hope  for  the  wicked ; 
but  this  science  teaches  not  only  how  to  improve  those  who  are 
congenitally  imperfect,  but  it  also  shows  how  to  generate  improved 
or  superior  offspring.  Progress  is  the  eternal  law  of  Nature ; 
hence,  physiognomy  does  not  condemn  the  unfortunate  to  endless 
suffering ;  neither  does  it  lead  to  fatalism,  as  do  many  theologies, 
but  bids  humanity  work  for  that  perfectness  which  is  sure  to  be 
the  reward  of  those  who  apply  the  laws  of  Nature  intelligently. 
That  old  slander  upon  science,  viz.,  that  "  it  leaves  man  without 
hope  for  the  future,"  is  entirely  disproved  by  physiognomy,  for 
above  and  beyond  all  theologies  it  shows  him  that  absolute  bodily 
perfection  and  eternal  happiness  is  the  destiny  of  all  who  are 
generated  and  governed  by  natural  law. 


PART  II. 

PRACTICAL  PHYSIOGNOMY. 


(271) 


CHAPTER  I. 


PRACTICAL  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

THE  THREE  NATURAL  AND  PRIMITIVE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE  CREATED 
BY  THE  MOUTH,  THE  NOSE,  AND  THE  EYES. 

THE   MOUTH.— Nature  has  divided  the  face  into  three 
primary  and  principal  divisions,  each  of  these  divisions 
having  for  a  centre  a  feature  which  is  representative  of 
a  certain  organ  system  within  the  body.     The  mouth  is 
the  centre  of  the  most  primitive  system  of  functions,  viz., 
that  of  digestion,  and  this  feature  and  its  surroundings  as  we  find 
them  in  developed  man  disclose 
the  size,  power,  and  condition 
of  the  various  organs  and  func- 
tions which  assist  the  processes 
of  digestion,  viz.,  secretion,  ex- 
cretion, growth,  and  reproduc- 
tion,— the  primitive  functions. 
This    division    is    named    the 
vegetative  system,  and  is  mainly 
chemical  in  its  action. 

THE  NOSE. — The  nose  is 
the  centre  of  the  second  nat- 
ural division  of  the  face,  and 
represents  by  its  form,  height, 
and  size  of  the  nostrils  the 
size  and  vigor  of  the  lungs, 
heart,  liver,  and  stomach ;  also 
the  activity  of  the  brain,  for 
lungs,  heart,  and  brain  stand 
in  direct  relationship  with  each 
other.  The  activity  of  the 
brain  is  dependent  upon  the  rate  of  motion  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood  for  its  ability  to  perform  rapid,  clear,  and  strong  thinking. 
The  larger  the  nostrils,  the  broader  the  thorax,  and  generally  the 
middle  portion  of  the  face. 

THE  EYES. — The  eyes  form  the  third  natural  centre  of  a  group 
of  local  signs   of  character.     The   eyes   indicate,  primarily,   the 

18  (273) 


FIG.    12.— THE    .THREE     NATURAL     AND 
PRIMITIVE  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE. 


'274  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


ability  for  receiving  saimil'mii*  and  ///>/>/vWo//*  by  virtue  of  the 
connection  with  and  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve;  and,  secondly, 
the  capacity  for  motion  by  virtue  of  their  muscular  formation, 
which  exceeds  in  variety  of  movement,  as  well  as  excessive  mus- 
cular development,  any  other  portion  of  the  muscular  system; 
hence,  the  eye  is  properly  the  facial  representative  of  that  system. 

The  eye  represents  by  its  size  the  muscular  development  of 
the  entire  body.  The  large,  full,  convex  eye  denotes  more  power- 
ful muscles  than  the  small,  sunken  eye.  The  large  eye  is  the  eye 
of  magnitude,  the  small  eye  the  eye  of  accuracy.*  The  degree  of 
brightness  of  the  eye  reveals  the  qualify  of  the  brain  and  nervous 
system. 

These  three  natural  divisions  of  the  face  are  related  to  and 
exhibit  the  signs  of  the  five  superior  systems  of  the  body,  viz.,  the 
vegetative,  the  thoracic,  the  muscular,  the  osseous,  and  brain  and 
nerve  systems.  The  predominance  of  one  of  these  systems  over 
the  others  creates  a  distinct  mental  character  and  an  entirely 
different  bodily  form. 

The  first  division  (A,  Fig.  12  )  indicates  the  vegetative 
functions.  Its  development  creates  and  sustains  the  moral,  domes- 
tic, and  social  functions  and  faculties.  The  dominance  of  this 
system  is  indicated  by  soft,  fatty  tissue  all  over  the  body;  full 
cheeks;  large,  globular  face  ;  wide  mouth,  full  lips;  round,  fat  chin; 
the  nose  short  and  broad  ;  small,  sleepy  eyes  ;  low,  narrow  forehead  ; 
small  head,  large  abdomen  ;  short,  fat  arms,  legs,  hands,  and  feet  ; 
and  short,  round  body. 

The  second  grand  division  (B,  Fig.  12)  exhibits  the  signs  for  all 
functions  which  create  and  sustain  architectural  or  formative  efforts, 
both  in  the  body  and  externally,  in  mechanism,  art,  literature,  etc. 
It  is  very  properly  denominated  "  architectural  "  because  it  discloses 
the  signs  for  all  the  constructive  powers  inherent  in  the  human 
body  and  mind.  The  functions  which  are  exhibited  by  signs  in 
this  division  of  the  face  are  mainly  mechanical,  and  are  illustrated 
in  the  mechanism  of  man's  body.  For  example,  the  several  lever 
powers  in  the  interaction  of  the  bones  and  muscles;  the  pulley  in 
one  of  the  muscles  of  the  eye  ;  the  hinge-joint  in  the  elbow,  ankle, 
and  knee;  the  ball-and-socket  joint  in  the  articulation  of  the  thigh- 
joint;  the  principle  of  the  valve  in  the  heart,  pylorus,  and  veins; 
while  the  mechanical  principles  of  acoustics,  optics,  pneumatics, 
magnetism,  capillaiy  attraction,  and  gravitation  are  all  included 
in  the  organs  and  functions  which  are  represented  in  this  division 
of  the  face.  The  mental  powers  which  are  exhibited  and  sustained 
by  the  action  of  these  several  mechanical  principles  enable  one  to 

*  The  mechanical  construction,  also,  must  be  perfect  in  order  to  produce  accuracy  of  vision. 


THE    THREE    NATURAL    DIVISIONS    OF    THE    FACE. 


275 


illustrate  in  his  work,  whether  in  architecture,  art,  or  fiction,  the 
same  formative,  constructive  principles. 

The  third  natural  division  of  the  face  (C,  Fig.  12)  represents 
the  developed  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  discloses  the  local 
signs  for  abstract  reason,  mathematical  ability,  and  intuition. 

These  three  grand  divisions  of  primitive  man  and  of  childhood 
have  in  the  highly-developed  mature  human  being  a  superaddition 


Mathematical  and  Reason 


Mechanical  and  Practical 


FIG.  13.— THE  FIVE  PRACTICAL  SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE. 

of  faculties  which  are  the  result  of  evolutionary  progress  and 
refinement,  and  are  not  primitive  faculties  except  in  their  rudiment- 
ary state.  In  infancy,  as  well  as  in  undeveloped  races,  many  of 
the  facial  signs  of  character  are  not  recognizable  because  the  facial 
features  are  not  developed  fully — the  nose  and  chin,  for  example; 
neither  are  the  functions  of  the  several  organ  systems  of  the  body 
matured  in  youth.  The  reproductive  system  is  not  functionally 
active,  nor  are  the  bones  complete  in  number — the  teeth,  for  ex- 
ample. Many  of  the  bones  of  the  body  are  not  completely  ossified 
and  perfected  in  childhood.  A  good  physiognomist  can  readily 


276  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHVSHHiNOMY. 

recoil  ii/e  the  latent  powers  by  reference  to  those  parts  of  the  same 
system  which  are  developed. 

The  dominance  of  the  thoracic  system  causes  the  formation  of 
one  distinct  form,  while  the  preponderance  of  the  osseous  system 
produces  another  quite  different  formation  of  body  and  distinct 
mental  powers.  The  muscular  system  in  the  ascendency  creates 
another  variety  of  body  and  mind,  while  the  brain  and  nervous 
system  creates  yet  another  distinct  formation  of  body.  As  these 
are  all  described  in  Chapter  III,  a  minute  description  of  them  here 
is  Unnecessary. 

THE  FIVE  PRACTICAL  SUBDIVISIONS  OF  THE  FACE. 

THE  FACIAL  SIGNS  OF  THE  PHYSIOLOGICAL  ORGANS  AND  FUNCTIONS. 

Iii  describing  the  signs  of  character  in  the  five  subdivisions 
of  the  face,  I  have  decided  to  first  give  the  signs  for  the  physical 
functions,  and  follow  with  the  signs  for  the  mental  faculties  and 
domestic  sentiments,  which  are  created  by  the  development  of  the 
physical  functions. 

DIGESTION,  OR  ALIMENTIVENESS. — The  five  subdivisions  of  the 
face  not  only  unfold  all  of  man's  mental  character,  but  at  the  same 
time  disclose  all  the  peculiarities  of  his  physiological  and  anatomi- 
cal structure.  The  first  division  reveals,  by  the  size  of  the  mouth, 
the  lips,  and  fullness  of  the  cheeks,  that  the  process  of  digestion 
or  assimilation  of  nutriment  is  perfect;  but  where  the  mouth  is 
narrow,  the  lips  thin,  and  the  cheeks  hollow,  we  find  not  only  poor 
digestive  capacity,  but  corresponding  enfeebled  mental  powers; 
for  in  the  vegetative  system,  where  assimilation  of  both  liquid 
and  solid  food  takes  place,  size  of  the  apparatus  involved  counts 
for  a  good  deal,  and  here  size  is  more  indicative  of  power  and 
capacity  than  in  any  of  the  higher  divisions;  that  is  to  say,  this 
department  is  less  dependent  upon  quality  than  are  the  signs  for 
mental  powers. 

As  we  ascend  the  scale  of  progressive  evolution,  quality^ 
refinement,  and  intensity  of  the  higher  faculties  take  the  place 
of  mere  size  as  an  active  agent  in  producing  high  characteristics. 
Yet  size  of  the  mouth  is  one  indicator  of  mental  capacity,  for 
without  good  nutritive1  capacity  the  mind  would  become  enfeebled 
and  decay. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  comprehend  the  exact  position 
of  the  facial  signs  for  the  visceral  organs  and  other  bodily  systems, 
I  introduce  figure  on  opposite  page,  upon  which  are  marked. the 
positions  of  the  signs  of  all  those  great  formative  visceral  organs 


THE    FIVE    PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS    OF    THE    FACE. 


277 


which,  in  a  state  of  normalcy,  produce  beauty  and  strength  both 
of  feature  and  expression,  and  in  an  abnormal  condition  disclose 
both  weakness  of  function  and  ugliness  of  feature  and  expression. 
These  signs  form  one  of  my  greatest  discoveries,  and  have  been  said 
by  many  able  physicians  to  be  "  properly  a  part  of  medical  science." 
This  may  be  taken  for  granted,  for,  when  the  signs  of  all  the  vis- 
ceral organs  have  been  discovered  and  their  normal  and  abnormal 


FIG.  14.— LOCATION  OF  THE  SIGNS  FOR  THE  VISCERAL  ORGANS. 

The  signs  for  the  visceral  organs  in    the  face  can  be  discerned  by  the  following 
indications  :— 

1.  The  Kidneys.    Width  of  the  bony  structure  of  the  chin. 

2.  The  Intestines.     Fullness  and  redness  of  the  cheeks. 

3.  The  Glands.     Fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  lower  lip. 

4.  The  Mammary  Glands.     Downward  curving  of  the  cornel's  of  the  lower  lip. 

5.  The  Reproductive  System.    Fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  centre  of  the 

upper  lip. 

6.  The  Spinal  Column.    Length  of  the  upper  lip. 

7.  The  Liver.    Downward  projection  of  the  septum  of  the  nose  near  the  junction 

with  the  lip. 

8.  The  Lungs.    Large  nostrils  and  healthy  color  of  the  skin. 

9.  The  Heart.    Large  nostrils  ;  also  general  development  of  the  muscular  system. 

10.  The  Stomach.     Height  and  width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose. 

11.  The  Muscular  System.      The  eyes  ;  large,  convex  eyes  denote  large  development 

of  the  muscular  system. 

12.  The  Osseous  System.    Projection  of  the  superciliary  ridges,  long  and  high  nose, 

square  chin. 

13.  The  Brain  and  Nerve  System.     Broad  and  high  forehead,  pyriform-shaped  face, 

fine  skin  and  hair,  bright  eyes,  head  high  above  the  ears  and  well  forward  of 
the  ear-openings. 

14.  The  Sense  of  Hearing.    A  well-rounded  ear,  set  out  from  the  head. 

appearances  noted,  the  intelligent  physician  can  ^make,  use  of  this 
knowledge,  in  the  diagnosis  and  prognosis  of  a  disease,  by  being 
able  to  estimate  by  the  development  of  each  visceral  sign  in  the 
face  how  much  resistance  or  assistance  each  of  these  functions 
would  be  capable  of  during  the  progress  of  the  disorder 


278  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

There  cannot  be  the  slightest  doubt  that  a  well-balanced  and 
normal  development  of  the  viscera  would  be  better  able  to  withstand 
the  ravages  of  a  disorder  than  an  ill-balanced  or  feeble  condition  of 
the  internal  organs.  In  many  subjects  there  exist  very  great  differ- 
ences of  degree  in  the  power  of  each  visceral  organ.  Some,  for 
example,  have  a  weak  stomach  and  a  strong  intestinal  system,  and, 
vice  versa  ;  others,  again,  show  a  weak  kidney  system  and  a  fair  de- 
velopment of  the  lungs  ;  others,  still,  exhibit  great  muscular  energy 
and  a  weak  liver.  All  of  these  variations  of  organ  and  function 
are  to  be  found  graven  upon  the  face, — the  only  suitable  locality 
for  such  registration  in  the  human  organism. 

To  facilitate  the  comprehension  of  these  discrepancies  I  have 
prepared  the  figure  on  page  277,  and  follow  it  with  a  description  of 
the  signs  of  faculties  and  functions  in  the  face.  They  are  entirely 
reliable,  making  allowance,  of  course,  for  those  transient  appear- 
ances which  do  not  indicate  a  congenital  form  of  feature,  as,  for 
example,  hollow  cheeks  may  follow  emaciation  caused  by  disease, 
which,  upon  a  return  to  normal  health,  become  full,  but  the  sign 
in  such  cases  for  poor  digestion,  viz.,  hollow  cheeks,  is  the  indica- 
tion only  of  the  temporary  suspension  of  that  function. 

THE  GLANDS. — We  have  found  that  the  mouth,  the  first  facial 
feature  evolved,  discloses  by  its  size,  etc.,  the  power  and  capacity 
of  the  entire  alimentary  canal.  We  shall  discover,  if  we  observe 
closely,  that  the  lower  lip  discloses,  by  its  fullness,  redness  and 
moisture,  the  development  of  the  glandular  system,  which  is  one 
portion  of  the  digestive  tract.  The  glands  are  a  most  powerful 
adjunct  to  digestion  and  nutrition,  as  has  been  explained  elsewhere. 
A  thin,  dry,  and  bloodless  lower  lip  discloses  the  poverty  of  the 
glandular  system  as  well  as  the  absence  of  its  associated  sentiment, 
Sympathy,  Generosity,  or  Benevolence. 

THE  REPRODUCTIVE  SYSTEM.  —  This  system  combines  in  its 
operation  several  important  glands,  both  in  the  male  and  female, 
as  well  as  a  number  of  muscular  organs  and  apparatus  of  a  carti- 
laginous nature;  hence  its  facial  signs  are  found  botli  in  muscular 
and  glandular  tissues.  The  sign  for  the  reproductive  system  is 
shown  by  fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  centre  of  the  upper 
lip.  The  more  decided  are  these  signs,  the  more  decided  is  the 
vigor  and  strength  of  this  system.  A  thin,  pale  upper  lip  dis- 
closes a  relatively  weak  or  defective  reproductive  system,  together 
with  a  feeble  development  of  its  associated  sentiment,  Ama- 
tiveness. 

LACTATION. — The  sign  which  adjoins  the  reproductive  system 
on  either  side  of  the  upper  lip  is  glandular  and  denominated  "  Love 
of  Young."'  This  sign  is  shown  by  a  projection  downward  of  the 


THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS   OF   THE   FACE.  279 

upper  lip  on  either  side  of  Amativeness  ;  sometimes  the  lips  droop 
to  such  an  extent  .as  to  almost  overlap  the  lower  lip  just  as  is  seen 
in  dogs  and  cows.  Redness  and  moisture  of  this  portion  of  the 
upper  lip  is  indicative  of  normal  action  and  development  of  the 
function  of  lactation  and  also  of  its  associated  sentiment,  Love  of 
Offspring.  Congenital  defect  in  the  development  of  this  function 
and  faculty  is  shown  by  a  thin,  pale,  dry,  and  straight-cut  appear- 
ance at  this  portion  of  the  upper  lip.  A  good  development  of  this 
portion  of  the  face  announces  the  ability  to  nourish  and  sustain 
offspring,  by  a  development  of  those  glands  which  assist  directly 
in  the  sustentation  of  infants,  viz.,  the  mammary  glands. 

The  development  of  the  glandular  portion  of  the  alimentary 
tract,  as  indicated  by  fullness  and  redness  of  the  lips  and  cheeks, 
creates  and  sustains  at  least  nine  domestic  and  social  sentiments, 
viz. :  Economy,  Hospitality,  Patriotism,  Mirthfulness,  Approba- 
tiveness,  Friendship,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Benevolence. 

THE  KIDNEYS. — Within  the  first  division  of  the  face  will  be 
found  the  sign  for  the  kidney  system,  which  is,  as  we  have  learned 
in  former  chapters,  a  primitive  system,  and  was  evolved  next  after 
the  intestinal  system.  The  sign  for  this  system  is  disclosed  by, 
and  is  located  in,  the  osseous  structure.  The  reason  for  this  is 
explained  in  full  in  Part  I,  Chapter  V.  The  principal  facial  sign 
for  this  system  is  shown  by  relative  icidtli  of  the  bcniy  structure 
of  the  chin ;  not  of  the  lower  jaw  at  its  angles,  but  of  the  chin 
below  the  mouth.  A  large  development  of  fat  does  not  neutralize 
the  significance  of  this  sign,  provided  the  osseous  structure  is 
proportionally  broad.  It  is  not  essential  that  the  chin  should 
present  a  spare  and  bony  appearance  in  order  to  give  the  sign 
its  full  significance  and  weight;  yet  at  the  same  time,  a  soft, 
fat,  round,  double  or  triple  chin,  although  it  may  have  a  good 
breadth  of  bone  underneath,  will  modify  the  nature  materially  of 
the  character  in  which  this  combination  is  found.  The  associated 
faculty  of  Conscientiousness  will  not  be  so  severely  and  sternly 
exercised  when  accompanied  by  a  large  amount  of  fat.  Justice 
will  be  tempered  by  mercy  in  such  subjects,  yet  honesty  and 
integrity  will  characterize  the  individual  thus  constructed. 

In  the  first  or  primitive  portion  of  the  face,  there  has  now 
been  shown  trie  signs  for  the  primitive  functions  of  digestion,  viz., 
reproduction,  secretion  (by  the  glands)  and  excretion  by  the  kidneys, 
and  intestines,  growth  by  assimilation  of  nutriment,  and  respiration 
or  mouth-breathing,  which  is  the  primitive  mode  of  inhalation. 
All  of  these  functions  defend  upon  the  organs  above  mentioned 
for  their  power  to  act.  The  sentum-iitx  derived  from  the  functional 
action  of  these  systems  and  organs  are  primitive  or  domestic,  and 


•,N)  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

relate  to  the  preservation  of  the  individual  and  the  reproduction 
and  sustentation  of  the  race.  The  sentiments  derived  from  them 
are  related  to  the  preservation  of  offspring,  tire  storing  of  food  by 
economy,  love  of  the  domicile,  whether  of  hut,  cave,  tent,  or  house, 
and  love  of  the  country  where  one's  interests  are  centred.  The 
moral  sentiment  of  conscientiousness  or  integrity  relates  not  only 
to  morality  as  an  ethical  sentiment,  but  in  its  primitive  and  physio- 
logical aspect,  where  the  kidney  or  fluid  system  of  the  body  has 
performed  its  work  perfectly,  integrity  or  soundness  of  all  the  tissues 
and  organs  is  assured.  This  primitive  group  of  associated  physical 
functions  and  mental  faculties  is  most  significant  as  well  as  beauti- 
ful and  harmonious,  and  no  observing  person  can  for  one  moment 
doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  philosophy  which  expounds  their  action, 
nor  the  propriety  of  the  localization  of  their  signs  in  the  mouth 
and  adjacent  parts. 

In  the  preceding  pages  there  has  been  given  a  practical  method 
by  which  to  ascertain  and  locate  the  signs  for  all  the  primitive  or 
vegetative  functions.  The  method  of  localizing  the  higher  develop- 
ments, viz.,  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  heart,  the  muscles,  the  bones, 
and  brain,  will  now  be  unfolded. 

THE  LUNGS  AND  HEART. — The  lungs  and  heart  in  all  normally 
constituted  bodies  must  always  stand  in  harmonious  relationship 
with  each  other.  If  the  lungs  be  large  and  strong,  the  heart  will 
necessarily  be  of  corresponding  size  and  vigor  in  order  to  receive 
the  large  amount  of  blood  which  the  lungs  oxygenate;  and  as  a 
rule,  where  the  circulation  of  the  blood  is  strong  and  rapid,  the 
liver  in  its  action  partakes  of  this  activity  and  assists  by  its  secreting 
powers  the  cleansing  and  purifying  of  the  blood,  which  is  its  func- 
tion. Thus,  in  the  next  upward  progressive  step  in  the  evolution 
of  the  organs,  we  come  to  consider  the  claims  of  the  liver,  heart, 
and  lungs. 

The  nostrils,  by  their  size  and  form,  bear  direct  relationship 
to  the  lungs  and  also  to  the  heart  through  their  mutual  relation- 
ship and  intimate  interaction.  The  size  of  the  nostrils  denotes 
the  size  of  the  lungs  and  related  size  and  vigor  of  the  heart.  The 
shape  of  the  nostrils  announces  the  shape  of  the  lungs.  If  the 
nostrils  are  round,  the  lungs  will  partake  of  the  same  form.  If 
the  nostrils  are  pinched  and  narrow,  forming  a  knife-blade-like  slit, 
the  lungs  will  possess  a  corresponding  formation  and  a  correspond- 
ing lack  of  vigor. 

THE  LIVER. — The  color  of  the  skin  is  an  infallible  indicator 
of  the  condition  of  the  liver.  If  the  skin  be  clear,  the  liver  is  in 
good  order  and  acting  normally;  but  the  local  sign  for  a  well- 
developed,  vigorous  liver  is  known  by  the  downward  projection  of 


THE    FIVE   PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS    OF    THE    FACE. 

the  septum  or  middle  partition  of  the  nose,  and  in  the  localizing 
of  this  sign  we  have  another  remarkable  group  of  functional  signs 
which,  in  their  action  within  the  body,  mutually  assist  and  con- 
dition each  other,  and  stand  in  close  and  intimate  relationship. 
Now,  upon  the  vigor  and  power  of  these  three  great  organs,  the 
heart,  the  liver,  and  lungs,  man  depends  for  his  ability  to  think 
clearly,  strongly,  and  profoundly.  If  any  one  doubt  this  statement 
let  him  examine,  say,  one  hundred  persons  of  all  ages  and  sexes, 
whose  nostrils  are  narrow  and  small  and  whose  nasal  septum  is 
not  developed  downward,  and  compare  them  with  one  hundred 
whose  nostrils  are  large  and  round*  or  large  and  long,  and  whose 
nasal  septum  is  well  developed,  and  he  will  become  convinced  of 
the  active  part  which  lungs,  heart,  and  liver  play  in  the  manifesta- 
tion of  intellectual  power. 

We  have  now  located  the  signs  for  the  primitive  organs,  and 
considered  three  others  which  assist  in  shaping  and  forming  the 
outlines  of  the  body ;  for,  as  we  shall  see  later,  although  the  pre- 
ponderance of  the  primitive  functions  creates  a  sort  of  globular 
formation  of  the  face,  features,  and  body,  yet  the  vegetative  person 
is  never  so  sharply  outlined  as  where  there  is  in  combination  a 
fine  thoracic  development ;  for  nose-breathing  is  a  high  function, 
and  those  who  can  breathe  vigorously  through  the  nose  present 
more  strongly-defined  outlines  than  do  those  whose  thorax  is  flat 
and  depressed.  Large  lungs  and  a  high,  arched  chest  belong 
together,  and  here  we  find  the  outline  which  exhibits  the  greatest 
power  in  all  of  Nature's  works.  We  may  set  it  down  as  a 
principle  in  architecture  that  when  a  building  or  a  bod)  has 
well-defined  arches  in  its  outlines  great  strength  is  present.  In 
this  illustration  we  find  that  the  lungs  contribute  to  fashion  the 
outline  of  both  nose  and  chest.  We  shall  find,  in  the  course  of  our 
physiognomical  studies  in  these  pages,  that  not  only  do  the  lungs 
create  the  shape  of  the  chest  and  nose,  but  also  fashion  the  out- 
lines of  the  forehead.  The  heart  by  its  size  and  action  assists  in 
forming  the  shape  of  the  forehead,  and  a  skillful  physiognomist 
can  as  easily  describe  the  shape  of  the  forehead  by  observation  of 
the  formation  of  the  chest  as  he  can  by  looking  at  the  forehead 
itself,  so  surely  do  these  great  visceral  organs  create  external  forms. 
And  for  this  reason  I  have  in  my  system  of  physiognomy  denomi- 
nated the  great  middle  division  of  the  face  the  u  Architectural," 
for  here  are  situated  the  signs  for  all  those  great  format  ire  (>r</anx 
of  which  the  nose  and  nostrils  are  the  centre  and  exponent.  The 
placing  of  the  sign  for  the  liver  in  the  septum  of  the  nose  is  most 
significant  and  highly  appropriate,  for  inasmuch  as  the  liver,  heart, 
and  lungs  bear  direct  and  intimate  relations  with  each  other,  and 


282  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as  they  arc  placed  in  the  body  in  such  contiguity  as  to  facilitate 
their  interaction,  so  it  is  logical  to  infer  that  their  facial  signs 
would  be  placed  in  such  position  of  intimacy  as  would  reveal  their 
locality.  Such,  indeed,  is  the  case,  and  it  was  by  this  inductive 
process  of  reasoning  that  I  have  been  enabled  to  make  many  of 
my  discoveries,  aided  by  years  of  research  and  observation. 

Thus,  the  signs  for  the  lungs,  heart,  and  liver  form  a  group 
most  closely  associated,  and  point  to  the  intimate  relationship  of 
the  organs  of  which  they  stand  representative ;  and  when  the 
reader  takes  up  the  consideration  of  the  grouping  of  the  mental 
signs  he  will  be  as  much  surprised  at  this  felicitous  method  of 
grouping  as  he  is  at  the  appropriateness  of  the  placing  of  the 
functional  signs  in  the  face. 

THE  STOMACH. — The  upper  portion  of  the  nose,  usually  de- 
nominated the  "bridge,"  represents  by  its  width  and  height  above 
the  plane  of  the  face  the  size  and  vigor  of  the  stomach.  The  stomach 
is  mainly  a  muscular  organ,  and  hence  belongs  to  the  architectural 
division,  for  muscles  assist  in  creating  form  and  shape.  Noses  flat 
and  depressed  at  the  centre  indicate  a  weak  stomach  as  compared 
to  those  which  are  high  and  broad.  Breadth  here  as  elsewhere  in 
man's  organization  denotes  strength.  As  the  body  rises  to  the 
dignity  of  muscles,  muscular  organs,  and  bones,  the  form  becomes 
more  defined.  We  have  observed  how  comparatively  shapeless, 
by  reason  of  its  soft  tissues,  is  the  vegetative  system,  and  through 
lack  of  solid,  firm  materials ;  but  the  lungs,  heart,  and  stomach, 
being  composed  of  dense  and  firm  fibres,  and  preserving  consider- 
able mechanical  force  and  activity  as  well  as  a  fixed  and  distinct 
formation,  contribute  greatly  to  fashion  and  determine  the  exterior 
outlines  of  the  body.  Not  only  do  they  contribute  by  their  own 
formation  to  define  the  outlines  of  the  thorax  where  they  are  situ- 
ated, but  their  operation  decides  the  outlines  of  the  forehead  and 
limbs  through  the  amount  of  blood  created  and  sent  .to  the  distant 
parts  of  the  body  by  their  action.  Fluids,  it  is  true,  create  tissue, 
and  those  soft  tissues  as  seen  in  the  infant  do  not  assume  as  decided 
and  distinct  outlines  as  do  the  developed  bone  and  muscle  of  later 
years;  hence,  we  cannot  rank  the  stomach  with  the  vegetative 
organs,  although  it  is  one  of  the  principal  portions  of  the  digest- 
ive apparatus.  The  intestines,  it  will  be  recalled,  were  the  origi- 
nal primitive  organs  of  digestion,  and  the  stomach  has  evolved 
since  and  takes  rank  with  the  higher  muscular  organs.  Its  very 
motion  in  the  process  of  digestion  is  mechanical,  and  is  caused  by 
contraction  of  the  fibres  and  muscles  of  the  coats.  This  motion, 
termed  the  "peristaltic  motion,"  is  the  main  part  of  its  office  in 
the  process  of  digestion,  the  chemical  or  vegetative  part  of  the  act 


THE    FIVE    PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS   OF   THE    FACE.  283 

being  inferior,  and,  although  the  gastric  juices  act  upon  the  nutri- 
ment in  the  stomach,  yet  the  vegetative  or  chemical  part  of  diges- 
tion is  performed  mainly  in  the  intestines;  hence,  their  character 
and  office  in  the  human  economy  is  quite  distinct,  and  the  action 
of  these  two  organs  produces  distinct  formations  and  character' 
istics. 

THE  MUSCULAR  OR  MOTIVE  SYSTEM. — One  of  the  principal 
facial  signs  of  the  muscular  system  is  height  and  width  of  the 
nose  at  its  junction  with  the  forehead.  AVhere  the  muscular  sys- 
tem is  well  developed  all  over  the  body,  the  muscles  at  this  point 
will,  of  course,  be  correspondingly  developed. 

The  eye  is  also  one  of  the  principal  facial  signs  of  the  mus- 
cular system.  A  full,  convex  eye  announces  a  fine  development 
of  the  muscles,  while  a  small,  sunken  eye  indicates  an  inferior  de- 
velopment of  the  muscles.  The  height  observed  between  the  eyes 
(sign  for  Self-will)  where  the  nose  joins  the  forehead  is  caused  by 
the  intermingling  of  the  occipito-frontalis  and  the  corrugator  super- 
cilii  muscles.  Thus,  it  will  be  remarked  that  the  facial  signs  for 
the  muscular  system  are  situated  in  muscular  development.  These 
two  signs,  as  well  as  the  external  ear,  which  is  composed  of  muscle 
or  cartilage,  will  give  the  reader  all  the  sigris  needed  for  ascer- 
taining the  amount  of  muscular  development  in  an  individual ; 
although,  where  this  system  is  the  dominant  one,  many  other  cor- 
roborative signs  may  be  found  not  only  in  the  face  but  in  every 
outline  of  every  part  of  the  head  and  body ;  but  I  am  now  con- 
sidering facial  signs  alone. 

MOTION. — In  using  the  eye  as  the  facial  representative  of  the 
muscular  system  I  do  so  for  the  reason  that  it  is  composed  mainly 
of  muscle ;  that  is  to  say,  it  derives  its  form  and  size  from  the  form 
and  size  of  the  muscles  involved,  and  as  Nature  is  harmonious  the 
form  and  size  of  the  muscles  of  one  part  of  the  body  will  agree  in 
development  with  the  muscular  development  of  all  the  otber  parts 
of  the  same  body.  Hence,  it  will  be  observed  that  as  the  size  of 
the  eye  denotes  the  amount  of  muscular  development,  it  stands 
representative  of  the  function  of  motion,  for  those  who  possess  a 
well-developed  muscular  system  love  motion  and  move  with  more 
ease  and  rapidity  and  are  more  continuous  in  their  movements 
than  those  with  small,  sunken  eyes  and  less  muscular  develop- 
ment. Motion  is  also  related  to  Language  by  the  movements  of 
the  vocal  cord,  larynx,  tongue,  lips,  and  ear. 

VISION. — If  the  eye  were  composed  of  muscles  only  it  would 
not  be  an  organ  of  vision  ;  for  this  purpose  it  is  supplied  with  an 
appropriate  nervous  mechanism  which  is  connected  with  the  brain. 
It  is  also  supplied  with  a  coloring  pigment  and  certain  glands- 


284  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

which  asMst  its  operatons  ;  but  it  is  the  optic  nerve  which  by  its 
(•.i-jmiixioit  gives  the  sense  oi'  sight,  and  in  this  organ  we  have 
the  sign  for  the  development  of  the  nervous  system.  The  bright- 
ness of  the  eye  is  one  sign  of  the  f/t/a/if//  of  the  nervous  system. 
The  capacity  of  the  eye  to  receive  instant  and  accurate  impressions 
depends  upon  the  high  quality  of  the  nervous  system  combined 
with  a  perfect  mechanical  construction,  and  brightness  of  the  eye 
is  one  of  the  facial  signs  for  high  quality. 

HEARING. — The  external  ear,  being  mainly  of  a  muscular  or 
cartilaginous  nature,  is  an  exponent  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
as  the  facial  signs  alone  are  now  being  described  it  is  quite  appro- 
priate to  make  mention  of  a  feature  so  nearly  related  to  those 
facial  features  which  stand  in  direct  relationship  to  the  ear.  The 
mouth,  larynx,  and  nose  are  all  concerned  in  the  production  of 
tone  or  sound ;  hence,  they  stand  in  close  and  intimate  relation- 
ship with  the  ear — the  organ  which  receives  and  judges  of  sound. 
The  most  muscular  ears  are  round,  short,  and  thick.  The  ears  of 
those  in  whom  the  osseous  system  is  supreme  are  relatively  thin- 
ner and  longer,  not  so  circular,  but  more  angular  or  elliptical  in 
their  outlines.  The  ear  of  the  vegetative  person  is  also  round, 
but  is  thicker  than  fhe  purely  muscular  ear,  and  shows  a  greater 
development  of  soft,  fatty  tissue  in  harmony  with  the  dominant 
development  of  the  rest  of  the  body. 

A  neck  thick  and  straight  at  the  back  is  another  sign  of  the 
predominance  of  the  muscular  system.  There  are  many  other  dis- 
tinguishing signs  of  this  tissue  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  which 
will  be  treated  of  in  their  proper  place. 

THE  OSSEOUS  SYSTEM. — An  extended  description  of  the  bony 
system  is  not  given  here  for  the  reason  that  it  has  been  amplified 
in  the  third  chapter.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  principal  facial  sign 
for  this  system  is  shown  by  the  development  of  the  bones  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  forehead,  denominated  "  the  superciliary  ridges," 
or,  as  one  might  say  in  simple  language,  the  bones  of  the  eyebrows. 
Where  these  bones  project  greatly,  the  bony  system  of  the 
entire  body  is  correspondingly  developed.  It  is  true  that  other 
parts  of  the  iace  disclose  the  predominance  of  this  system,  but  this 
is  the  most  reliable  and  also  the  most  prominent  bone  of  the  face. 
Where  this  system  has  supremacy,  the  bones  of  the  nose  will  be 
high  and  long  as  compared  to  a  purely  muscular  nose,  for  bone 
tends  to  lengthen  and  muscle  to  shorten  features  as  well  as 
the  trunk  and  limbs.  The  chin  is  relatively  long  and  wide,  also 
the  upper  lip  relatively  long,  the  forehead  square,  and  the  malar 
or  cheek-bones  prominent.  The  general  effect  produced  by  the 
predominance  of  the  osseous  system  is  squareness  and  length,  in 


THE    FIVE    PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS    OF    THE    FACE.  285 

contradistinction  to  the  muscular  system,  for  where  this  system  is 
in  the  ascendency  curves  and  arches  appear  in  every  part  of  the 
face  and  body.  Where  the  eyebrows  are  greatly  arched,  the 
osseous  system  is  not  so  well  developed  as  where  they  assume  a 
horizontal  shape.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious ;  bones  produce 
straight  lines  and  angles,  while  muscle  creates  curves.  Character 
can  3* ust  as  well  be  comprehended  by  understanding  and  applying 
these  basic  principles  of  Form  as  by  a  more  elaborate  examination, 
for  Form  comes  by  design  and  is  based  on  unchangeable  principles, 
hence  can  be  delineated  and  translated  into  character. 

THE  BRAIN  AND  NERVE  SYSTEM. — A  short  description  of  the 
external  form  of  this  system,  which  is  divided  into  four  principal 
divisions  (but  really  forming  one  system),  will  now  be  given.  Anato- 
mists divide  the  nervous  system  into  four  principal  parts,  viz,  the 
brain,  the  spinal  cord,  the  nerves,  and  the  ganglia.  The  student 
of  physiognomy  will  do  well  to  study  the  anatomical  and  physio- 
logical formation  of  this  most  important  system,  for,  taken  in 
connection  with  physiognomy,  it  will  be  most  valuable  and 
instructive. 

The  prominent  facial  signs  for  the  predominance  of  this  system 
are  width  and  height  of  the  forehead,  height  of  the  brain  above 
the  ears,  a  pyriform  or  pear-shaped  face,  the  nose  and  chin  rela- 
tively small ;  bright,  clear  eyes ;  fine,  thin,  sensitive  skin ;  small 
nostrils,  fine  hair,  and  thin  eyebrows.  These  signs  indicate  the 
supremacy  of  this  system  over  all  others.  Where  the  brain  system 
is  observed  in  combination  with  the  osseous  or  muscular  systems 
well  developed,  the  features  par^ke  of  some  of  the  distinguishing 
characteristics  of  all  of  these  systems.  Happily  there  are  very  few 
persons  in  the  community  who  exhibit  the  brain  system  in  the 
ascendency,  for  it  almost  always  denotes  delicacy  and  shortness  of 
life.  Unsupported  by  a  good  thoracic  development  and  strong 
digestive  powers,  a  large  brain,  even  of  the  highest  quality,  is  a 
serious  disadvantage,  for  the  unceasing  mental  activity  which  is 
characteristic  of  subjects  thus  formed  will  soon  wear  them  out. 
Smallness  of  the  bones  and  muscles  accompany  this  system  and 
show  its  extreme  delicacy  of  structure.  The  hands  and  feet  are 
relatively  small  and  thin,  the  chest  flat,  and  the  joints  small. 

If  we  were  to  depend  solely  upon  dissections  of  the  brain 
to  guide  us  as  to  its  office  and  purpose  in  the  human  economy, 
we  should  be  quite  in  the  dark  in  regard  to  its  powers.  Unlike 
the  visceral  organs  of  the  body,  whose  Operations  can  be  under- 
stood by  examining  them  in  the  dissecting-room,  the  brain  does 
not  disclose  its  capacity  for  thought  through  the  experiments  of 
anatomists.  We  are  obliged,  therefore,  to  pursue  other  methods 


286  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  investigation  in  order  to  discover  its  mode  of  action  and  the 
meanings  of  its  external  formation.  The  study  by  physicians  of 
those  with  disordered  or  defective  minds,  together  with  the  investi- 
gation of  those  whose  brains  have  been  accidentally  injured,  has 
given  the  world  the  most  definite  knowledge  in  regard  to  the 
method  of  action  of  this  portion  of  man's  structure,  while  the 
observations  and  comparisons  of  physiognomists  have  advanced  our 
understanding  of  the  meaning  of  the  forms  of  the  brains  observed 
in  the  various  races  of  man. 

Great  attention  is  now  paid  to  the  training  of  the  feeble- 
minded and  imbecile,  as  well  as  to  the  treatment  of  the  insane, 
and  it  is  here  that  the  most  marked  advance  in  mental  knowledge 
has  been  made.  While  the  brain  and  nervous  system  is  in  a  nor- 
mal condition  and  acting  healthfully,  it  does  not  present  (strange  as 
it  may  seem)  so  fruitful  a  field  for  investigation  as  the  mind  in  dis- 
order ;  on  the  principle  that  a  man  would  never  think  of  inquiring 
into  the  construction  of  a  complete  piece  of  machinery  so  long  as 
all  went  well  with  it,  but  directly  it  becomes  disordered  and  per- 
forms its  work  poorly,  he  then  investigates  and  endeavors  to  remedy 
it  by  a  study  of  the  principles  involved  in  its  construction. 

As  physiognomists,  we  are  much  concerned  in  the  external 
shape  and  other  physical  indications  of  the  brain,  as  well  as  in  the 
laws  affecting  its  internal  action.  In  delineations  of  character  we 
can  derive  assistance  from  the  observations  and  research  of  phy- 
sicians to  the  insane,  and  of  anatomists  who  make  a  special  study  of 
this  portion  of  the  human  anatomy,  while  physiognomical  obser- 
vation can  also  be  of  assistance  to  these  classes  of  investigators. 

The  theoretical  division  of  tliis  work  has,  I  opine,  given  the 
reader  the  idea  that  other  organs  of  the  body  are  of  equal  impor- 
tance with  the  brain.  The  ancients  instinctively  comprehended 
this,  for  Taine  tells  us  that 

The  Greeks,  having  assigned  to  the  body  a  dignity  of  its  own,  were 
not  tempted  like  the  moderns  to  subordinate  it  to  the  head.  A  chest 
breathing  healthily,  a  trunk  resting  solidty  on  the  thighs,  and  a  nervous, 
supple  leg,  impelling  the  body  forward  with  ease,  they  did  not  occupy  them- 
selves solely  with  the  breadth  of  a  thoughtful  forehead,  with  the  frown  of 
an  irritated  brow,  or  a  turn  of  a  sarcastic  lip.* 

A  large  brain  of  li'igli  quality,  together  with  large  lungs,  good 
digestive  and  fair  muscular  and  osseous  development,  will  exhibit 
uncommonly  great  mental  power ;  but  a  large  brain,  particularly  a 
large  front  brain,  without  most  of  these  accessories,  will  exhibit 
either  feebleness  and  dullness  of  mind  or  such  feebleness  of  body  as 
to  make  the  brain  of  little  practical  benefit.  A  moderate-sized 

*  Philosophy  of  Art,  H.  Taine,  p.  135. 


THE   FIVE    PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS    OF   THE   FACE.  287 

brain  with  large  lungs  will  disclose  more  mental  vigor  than  a 
merely  large  front  brain,  for  the  largest  brains  on  record  have  been 
those  of  idiots. 

TOUCH. — The  entire  outer  skin-covering  is  the  organ  of  touch 
through  which  our  impression  of  temperature  and  the  divers 
qualities  of  objects  come  to  us.  The  finer  the  skin,  the  more  vivid, 
accurate,  and  powerful  will  be  the  capacity  for  receiving  impres- 
sions of  surrounding  objects  and  atmospheres,  etc.  The  tips  of  the 
fingers  and  the  tip  of  the  tongue  are  the  most  sensitive  to  tactile 
impressions. 

MENTAL    SIGNS   OF   CHARACTER    IN    THE   FACE. 

FIRST  SUBDIVISION  (I). — By  dividing  the  face  into  five  parts  we 
are  enabled  to  make  a  ready  estimate  of  the  relative  development 
of  these  several  subdivisions.  Where  there  is  great  length  or  great 
relative  length  and  breadth  from  the  nostrils  downward,  including 
the  chin,  the  domestic,  social,  and  moral  faculties  are  most  de- 
cidedly exhibited.  (See  Fig.  15.)  These  mental  faculties  are  named 
as  follows :  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Benevolence,  Economy, 
Alimentiveness  or  Digestion,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Patriot- 
ism or  Love  of  Country,  Love  of  Home,  Hospitality,  Mirthfulness, 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty. 

SECOND  SUBDIVISION  (2). — The  division  of  the  face  lying  be- 
tween the  nostrils  and  the  line  drawn  across  the  middle  of  the 
nose  discloses  the  locality  where  the  facial  signs  for  Imagination, 
Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Analysis  are 
situated,  as  well  as  the  signs  for  Hope  and  Acquisitiveness. 

The  noses  most  developed  in  width  and  height  at  the  lower 
part  are  seen  in  the  countenances  of  the  most  talented  artists  and 
writers.  Here  the  term  "  artist"  is  used  in  its  most  comprehensive 
sense,  and  includes  all  kinds  of  artists,  such  as  actors,  poets,  paint- 
ers, sculptors,  elocutionists,  orators,  writers,  and  athletes.  Rem- 
brandt's nose  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  one  type  of  artist,  so 
also  is  the  nose  of  Dickens.  Wilkie  Collins'  nose  exhibits  another 
form  of  the  dramatic  writer's  nose.  Many  persons  term  these 
large  noses  "  homely,"  perhaps  because  they  are  not  in  accord  with 
the  ideas  of  Greek  art.  Now,  art-ideas  of  the  human  face  are 
formed  without  any  reference  as  to  the  real  meaning  of  the  outlines 
delineated,  hence  it  is  that  Art  utterly  fails  as  a  revelator  of  char- 
acter and  physiognomy.  Lavater  tells  us  that 

Characters  pregnant  with  strong  contending  powers  gene  rail}'  contain 
in  the  prominent  features  of  the  face  somewhat  of  the  severe,  violent,  and 
perplexed  ;  consequently  are  very  different  from  what  the  Grecian  artists 
and  men  of  taste  name  "  beauty."* 

*  Lavater s  Essays,  p.  29. 


288 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


We  are  not  to  be  disappointed  because  Art  fails  to  expound 
the  meanings  of  forms  in  a  scientific  manner.  Art  is  intended 
more  for  sensuous  enjoyment  and  amusement  than  for  instruction, 
and  all  classes  of  artists  are  not  noted  for  the  high  grade  of  prac- 


Matlieiniilical  and  Reasoning.     /  -_ 


Mechanical  and  Practical. 

(4) 


Domestic,  Moral,     IS 
and  Social. 


FIG.  15.— LOCAL  SIGNS  FOR  THE  MENTAL  FACULTIES. 

This  table  of  numbered  names  refers  to  the  numbers  upon  the  above  outline. 
There  are  several  which  are  omitted  from  this  list,  for  the  reason  that  thev  have 
several  facial  and  bodily  signs  or  are  general, — Color,  for  example.  Those  which  are 
omitted  are  described  in  their  own  proper  order :  these  are  Color,  Sanativeness, 
Force,  Time,  Order. 


1.  Conscientiousness. 

2.  Firmness. 

3.  Economy. 

4.  Love  of  Home  (centre). 

5.  Patriotism  (side). 

6.  Benevolence. 

7.  Bibativeness. 

8.  Alimentiveness. 

9.  Amativeness. 

10.  Love  of  Young. 

11.  Mirthf ulness. 

12.  Approbativeness. 

13.  Friendship. 

14.  Hospitality. 

15.  Pneumativeness. 


16.  Self-esteem. 

17.  Modesty. 

18.  Resistance. 

19.  Secretiveness. 

20.  Cautiousness. 

21.  Hope. 

22.  Analysis. 

23.  Mental  Imitation. 

24.  Sublimity. 

25.  Ideality. 

26.  Human  Nature. 

27.  Acquisitiveness. 

28.  Construetiveness. 

29.  Veneration. 

30.  Executiveness. 


31.  Self-will. 

32.  Credenciveness. 

33.  Prescience. 

34.  Form. 

35.  Size. 

36.  Observation. 

37.  Memory  of  Events. 

38.  Locality. 

39.  Weight. 

40.  Language. 

41.  Music. 

42.  Calculation. 

43.  Causality. 

44.  Comparison. 

45.  Intuition. 


ticality  and  reason  which  characterizes  scientists,  whose  province  is 
to  investigate  natural  laws  and  expound  them,  while  Art  is  merely 
imitative,  and  aims  at  exciting  the  emotions  mainly ;  yet  both  are 
useful  to  humanity. 


THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL   SUBDIVISIONS  OF   THE  FACE.  289 

The  nose  is  the  most  salient  feature  of  the  face,  and  where  the 
nose  is  relatively  large,  and  particularly  where  it  is  developed  about 
the  point  and  projecting  downward  below  the  tip,  and  where  there 
is  breadth  across  the  tip, — where  the  septum  or  middle  partition 
projects  well  downward  below  the  alae  or  sides  of  the  nostrils, — 
we  may  expect  a  bold,  original,  ingenious,  constructive  mind  of 
some  sort ;  the  form  or  outline  of  the  nose  will  decide  what  direc- 
tion the  mental  powers  will  take.  The  reader  is  referred  for  illus- 
tration of  this  appearance  to  the  noses  of  talented  artists  and 
literates,  musical  composers,  philosophers,  and  inventors.  I  dare 
affirm  he  will  never  find  one  good  artist  with  a  sharp,  gimlet-like, 
pointed  nose.  The  observer  is  not  to  confound  the  thick,  bulbous 
nose  of  the  habitual  drunkard  .and  glutton  with  the  thick,  round, 
and  broad  constructive  nose  of  the  artist  or  musician,  for  these  are 
quite  different,  and,  once  examined,  can  never  be  confounded  with 
each  other.  The  names  of  the  signs  of  faculties  situated  in  this 
division  are  as  follow:  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sub- 
limity, Ideality,  Human  Nature,  Acquisitiveness,  Constructiveness, 
and  -Cautiousness.  These  faculties,  it  will  be  observed,  include 
nearly  all  the  powers  of  mind  essential  to  Art,  also  one  branch  of 
mechanism,  viz.,  Constructiveness,  and  most  of  the  literary  and 
inventive  faculties. 

This  part  of  the  face,  by  its  development,  discloses  the  grade 
of  intelligence  to  which  a  race  or  individual  has  reached.  The 
entire  nose  discloses  more  of  the  mind — that  is  to  say,  the  ability 
for  thought  and  action — than  any  other  single  feature ;  hence,  it  is 
at  once  an  animal  and  a  mental  organ. 

THIRD  SUBDIVISION  OF  THE  FACE  (3). — The  third  subdivision 
of  the  countenance  includes  the  signs  for  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness,  Self-will,  Credenciveness,  Prescience,  Form,  and  Size.  This 
portion  of  the  nose  is  most  important  as  an  exponent  of  active 
qualities  of  mind  as  well  as  of  those  which  induce  reflection  in 
many  directions.  Of  this  part  of  the  face  Herder  remarks . — 

That  region  of  the  face  which  includes  the  eyes,  eyebrows,  and  nose 
also  includes  all  the  chief  signs  of  will  or  mind  in  action.* 

To  know  how  completely  this  remark  expresses  the  truth,  one 
has  only  to  observe  the  faces  of  those  who  are  deficient  in  pure 
will-power  and  compare  them  with  those  of  strong  and  active  will,  as 
exhibited  by  commanders,  leaders  in  reforms,  and  superintendents, 
etc.  In  the  former  he  will  observe  a  sinking  in  of  the  nose  where 
it  joins  the  forehead.  This  appearance  is  indicative  of  weak-willed 
persons  with  a  lack  of  Executiveness.  This  deficiency  does  not 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p.  29. 
19 


290  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

apply  to  Firmness,  for,  although  Firmness  and  Will-power  repre- 
sent two  kinds  of  forces  of  mind,  they  are  not  the  same  in  action, 
nor  are  they  derived  from  the  same  source,  for  Will-power  purely  is 
derived  from  the  muscular  system  and  Firmness  from  the  osseous 
structure.  A  defective  will  does  not  indicate  a  weak  intellect  or 
deficient  intelligence  unless  all  purposive  will  is  lacking,  as  in  im- 
beciles. The  facial  evidence  of  large  Self-will  is  height  of  the 
nose  where  it  joins  the  forehead.  Among  those  who  are  weak  in 
intellect  there  will  often  be  found  a  small,  concave  nose,  together 
with  a  lack  of  development  of  the  bones  beneath  the  eyebrows, 
and  the  eyebrows  will  sometimes  describe  quite  a  high  arch.  This 
high  arching  of  the  eyebrows  indicates  the  absence  of  an  observing 
mind. 

The  most  striking  proof  of  intelligence  and  perspicuity  are 
found  in  the  high,  broad,  and  well-developed  nose, — one  uniformly 
developed  the  entire  length  and  corresponding  breadth. 

THE  FOURTH  SUBDIVISION  (4). — The  fourth  subdivision  of  the 
physiognomy  exhibits  the  most  practical  portion  of  the  character. 
It  is  only  necessary  for  a  good  physiognomist  to  observe  this  region 
of  the  face  to  instantly  decide  as  to  the  grade  of  practical  and 
mechanical  mentality  present. 

It  must  be  apparent  to  the  thoughtful  that,  as  the  eyes  bring 
into  the  mind  the  great  bulk  of  our  knowledge  of  the  world, 
the  parts  adjacent  will  become  developed  according  to  the  degree 
of  use  to  which  they  are  subjected.  This  logic  is  correct,  for  we 
find  in  the  faces  of  the  most  practical  and  observant  persons,  such 
as  mechanics,  physicians,  scientists,  naturalists,  navigators,  etc.,  a 
great  projection  of  the  bones  covered  by  the  eyebrows,  while  the 
eyes  are  deep-set  and  the  muscles  covering  the  lower  part  of  the 
forehead  are  greatly  developed,  where  are  situated  the  local  signs 
for  Observation,  Locality,  Weight,  Form,  Size,  and  Order,  all  of 
which  assist  both  mechanical  and  practical  efforts.  The  late  Charles 
Darwin's  physiognomy  discloses  these  peculiarities  in  a  marked 
degree,  and  he  was  perhaps  the  most  close,  accurate,  and  persistent 
naturalist  of  this  century. 

Of  this  peculiar  formation  of  the  eyebrows  Lavater  remarks 
as  follows : — 

I  have  seen  no  man  hitherto  with  sharp,  projecting  eyebrows  who  had 
not  great  propensity  to  an  acute  exercise  of  the  understanding  and  to  wise 
plans.* 

The  local  signs  situated  in  this  division  are  denominated 
Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  Locality,  Weight,  Color,  Lan- 
guage, Music,  Order,  Calculation. 

*  Lavater's  Essays,  p  381. 


THE    FIVE    PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS   OF    THE    FACE.  291 

THE  FIFTH  SUBDIVISION  (5)  of  the  face  brings  to  our  knowledge 
the  signs  for  reason  and  mathematical  demonstration  as  well  as 
intuition.  The  wide  and  high  forehead  (where  the  inherited  quality 
is  fine)  indicates  large  intuitional  powers.  A  forehead  high  and 
broad  merely  does  not  denote  good  logical  ability ;  size  must  be 
accompanied  by  quality.  The  shape  of  the  nose  is  more  decisive  as 
to  one's  ability  to  reason  logically,  yet  reason  is  determined  more 
by  the  shape  of  the  forehead  than  by  its  size.  There  are  so  many 
diverse  forms  of  the  forehead  that  indicate  reason  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  describe  them  all  here.  Many  different  forms  of  the 
forehead  will  be  found  described  in  Part  if,  Chapter  III,  hence 
unnecessary  here. 

A  very  erroneous  idea  is  prevalent  in  regard  to  the  meaning 
of  the  forehead.  Many  persons  believe  that  a  very  high,  bulging, 
or  rounding  forehead  is  an  indication  of  uncommon  intellectual 
powers.  To  know  how  fallacious  this  idea  is,  we  have  only  to  look 
about  us  and  note  the  great  number  of  commonplace  and  even 
stupid  dullards  who  exhibit  just  such  foreheads.  Great  size  alone 
is  not  an  indication  of  anything  except  it  be  great  stupidity  or 
commonplace  intellect.  Many  low,  broad  foreheads  belong  to  those 
who  evince  fine  intellectual  aptitudes.  The  portrait  of  Charles 
James  Fox  exhibits  such  a  forehead,  and  he  was  a  man  of  tran- 
scendent abilities,  an  eloquent  orator  and  eminent  statesman. 

Many  persons  with  receding  foreheads  evince  fine  reasoning 
powers,  yet  the  idea  is  prevalent  that  foreheads  of  this  shape  are 
indicative  of  inferior  talents.  John  Locke's  recedes  considerably, 
so  also  do  those  of  the  most  capable  actors,  orators,  and  mecha- 
nicians. The  late  President  Garfield's  forehead  exhibited  this  out- 
line, and  his  intellect  was  far  above  the  average,  and  noted  for  its 
eminent  practicality. 

Where  the  forehead  is  wide  and  high,  and  the  other  parts  of 
the  brain  equally  developed,  and  the  inherited  quality  of  a  high 
order,  and  the  health  good,  we  may  expect  in  such  a  combination 
first-class  intellect  of  some  sort.  The  shape  of  the  nose  will  decide 
that  question.  So  much  can  be  ascertained  by  the  form  and  size 
of  the  nose  in  regard  to  .the  intellectual  powers  of  the  individual, 
as  well  as  of  the  physiological  capacities,  that  I  prefer  to  make  use 
of  this  feature  in  reading  character  rather  than  to  scan  the  fore- 
head and  shape  of  the  head.  There  are  many  occasions  where  the 
form  of  the  forehead  and  head  cannot  be  seen,  and  the  nose,  being 
always  accessible  to  one's  scrutiny,  is  instantly  available,  and  will 
give  an  accurate  understanding  of  the  internal  structure  of  the 
lungs,  heart,  and  stomach,  as  well  as  a  faithful  exposition  of  the 
kind  and  power  of  intellect  present. 


292  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


SUMMARY    TO    THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS   OF    THE    FACE. 

The  five  subdivisions  of  the  human  physiognomy  illustrate  the 
progression  or  development  of  the  human  body  and  mind  as  they 
rise  from  the  vegetative  up  to  the  thoracic,  through  the  muscular 
to  the  bone  and  brain  systems.  They  also  illustrate  the  geological 
progression  of  the  Avorld,  also  the  evolution  of  the  animal  organism 
from  the  first  animal  organ  and  feature  up  to  the  perfected  human 
face  and  the  perfected  human  being.  There  is  a  wonderful  beauty 
and  harmony  attending  Nature's  progress,  and  the  careful  student 
of  natural  laws  can  readily  trace  this  coeval  evolution  of  the  sev- 
eral departments  of  Nature's  domain  by  reference  to  the  sciences  of 
physiognomy,  geology,  and  the  evolution  of  man. 

I  think  that  the  most  wonderful  fact  in  existence  is  that  the 
human  face,  read  scientifically,  not  only  reveals  the  progressive 
development  of  man  from  a  mere  primitive  animal  to  his  present 
degree  of  development,  but  it  also  corroborates  the  science  of 
geology,  or  the  progressive  development  of  the  world.  In  this 
correspondence  of  sciences,  we  observe  that  harmony  and  co-ordi- 
nation of  Nature's  laws  without  which  order  in  the  universe  could 
not  exist.  The  remarkable  parallelism  which  exists  between  the 
evolution  of  the  human  species  and  the  evolution  of  the  earth  is 
well  set  forth  in  the  first  chapter,  vol.  ii,  of  Haeckel's  "Evolu- 
tion of  Man,"  which  I  recommend  the  reader  to  peruse,  and  if  he 
will  follow  the  course  of  human  evolution  he  will  make  a  most 
useful  and  instructive  comparison  between  the  various  departments 
of  Nature.  Indeed,  it  seems  almost  impossible  to  write  a  work  on 
physiognomy  without  including  all  that  is  known  of  the  kindred 
science  of  evolution,  for  the  face  rightly  and  completely  understood 
reveals  and  sums  up  all  known  sciences;  hence  it  is  that  in  justice 
to  my  conclusions  I  am  frequently  obliged  to  make  reference  to 
and  copious  extracts  from  various  scientific  works. 

A  thorough  study  of  the  five  practical  divisions  of  the  face 
will  enable  the  student  to  simplify  very  materially  the  analysis  of 
character.  Many  of  the  local  signs,  it  will  be  perceived,  are  caused 
by  development  of  the  muscles,  as,  for  example,  Constructiveness, 
Ideality,  Self-will,  etc.  It  will  be  found  by  tracing  these  signs  to 
their  origin  that  they  inhere  in  the  muscular  system,  and  derive 
the  power  to  exhibit  their  action  from  the  system  in  which  their 
facial  signs  are  found,  viz.,  the  muscular  system.  Other  facial 
signs  of  character  are  caused  by  the  predominance  of  bone,  as, 
for  example,  Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Self-esteem,  and  Vener- 
ation. This  class  of  signs  are  inherent  in  the  bony  system,  and 
derive  their  support  from  the  development  of  that  system,  while 


SUMMARY    TO    THE    FIVE    PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS.  293 

the  social  and  domestic  signs  of  character  are  found  located  in  the 
glands  of  the  face  or  in  the  fatty  tissues  of  the  cheeks.  Benevo- 
lence, Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Hospitality,  Love  of  Home, 
and  Economy,  with  several  others,  are  all  inherent  in  the  glandular 
system,  and  are  sustained  by  its  action.  The  principal  sign  for 
Alimentiveness,  or  digestion,  is  the  size  of  the  mouth  and  fullness 
of  the  cheeks,  arid  in  this  sign  we  find  the  best  evidence  of  the 
action  of  the  intestinal  system. 

A  good,  practical  physiology  is  needed  by  those  who  wish  to 
make  a  serious  and  thorough  study  of  physiognomy,  in  order  that 
they  may  verify  the  relation  between  the  several  organ  systems  and 
the  various  mental  faculties  and  social  sentiments,  and  the  connec- 
tion of  these  functions  with  the  signs  in  the. face.  Physiology  and 
anatomy  should  be  well  understood  by  one  who  wishes  to  become 
a  teacher  of  this  science.  A  mere  mechanical  knowledge  of  the 
location  of  the  signs  in  the  face  will  not  be  sufficient.  It  re- 
quires a  good  thinker  to  teach  physiognomy.  The  fact  that 
the  facial  signs  of  intellect  are  exhibited  by  development  of 
bone,  muscle,  glands,  etc.,  should  of  itself  be  proof  of  the 
diverse  physical  sources  of  the  mental  faculties,  and  a  teacher  must 
understand  the  action  of  the  organ  or  function  which  originates 
each  faculty. 

Let  the  reader  bear  in  mind  that  the  dominant  faculties — 
those  the  signs  of  which  are  best  developed — will  always  influence 
the  action  of  the  weaker  ones;  thus,  very  large  Self-will  will  in- 
fluence the  action  of  all  the  other  traits  in  combination;  so,  also, 
where  Conscientiousness  is  one  of  the  dominating  faculties,  it  will 
cause  one  to  be  thorough  and  prompt  in  all  his  dealings,  as  well 
as  upright  and  honorable  in  money  matters,  and  will  exercise  a 
controlling  influence  over  all  the  mental  faculties.  The  interaction 
of  the  faculties  will  be  treated  of  in  the  chapter  on  "Localities  and 
Descriptions  of  Signs  in  the  Face." 

The  three  grand  divisions  are  indicative  of  the  three  primitive 
functions,  viz.,  those  of  digestion,  respiration,  and  motion,  and  these 
are  represented  by  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth.  As  evolution  ad- 
vanced the  lower  animal  organism  to  greater  development  and 
perfection,  other  facial  features  and  mental  faculties  were  evolved, 
and  accordingly  we  find  in  the  most  developed  races  of  man  a 
perfected  chin,  forehead,  and  nose.  With  the  perfection  of  these 
features  we  observe  the  accompanying  higher  faculties  of  Conscience, 
of  Reason,  and  ability  for  Art,  Science,  and  Mechanics;  Conscience 
is  exhibited  most  decidedly  by  the  development  of  the  width  of 
the  bones  of  the  chin ;  application  or  capacity  for  persistent  effort, 
by  its  length  downward  and  forward,  without  which  man  would  be 


294  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

as  unstable  as  an  ape,  moving  hither  and  thither  without  being 
able  to  dwell  long  enough  at  one  thing  to  perfect  it. 

The  fine  development  of  the  nose  shows  the  signs  for  Art, 
Literature,  Science,  Invention,  and  Will.  Some  of  these  inhere 
in  and  are  shown  by  bone  development,  while  others  are  found  in 
the  muscles.  The  developed  forehead  is  a  human  feature  entirely, 
for  the  most  intelligent  and  mental  animals,  such  as  the  elephant, 
the  horse  and  dog,  exhibit  a  forehead  which  lias  nothing  in  com- 
mon with  the  form  of  the  human  forehead.  Some  species  of  the 
elephant  display  great  sagacity  and  good  reasoning  ability,  and 
their  foreheads  are  very  high  and  expansive,  which  gives  them  a 
majestic  appearance ;  yet  their  forehead  is  distinctively  animal-like 
in  form,  while  their  long,  cautious,  sagacious  nose  or  proboscis 
reaches  to  the  ground.  No  animal  has  a  chin  or  a  nose  rising 
high  and  clear  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  except  the  nose-ape 
(Semnopithicus  nascius),  and  this  feature  in  this  animal  lacks 
entirely  the  human  form,  and  hence  betrays  no  evidence  of  its  being 
the  indicator  of  superior  intelligence  in  this  animal.  In  the  read- 
ing of  character  the  nose  must  always  be  considered  the  most  im- 
portant as  a  mental  feature ;  the  eyes  next  most  important,  as  de- 
noting emotion;  and  the  chin,  as  indicating  the  moral  sense. 
The  forehead,  although  a  later  and  distinctively  human  feature,  is- 
not  so  well  adapted  to  the  exposition  of  mental  traits  as  the  nose. 
It  is  true  the  lower  part  of  the  forehead,  that  part  surrounding  the 
eyes,  is  a  revelator  of  the  practical  capacities  of  man ;  but  the  nose 
will  reveal  that  to  a  large  extent,  besides  disclosing  many  other 
mental  traits ;  for  in  this  feature  we  find  the  signs  for  Art,  Mechan- 
ism, Science  (in  the  height  and  length  of  the  bones),  Music,  Inventive 
and  Analytical  capacity,  and  are  also  able  to  discover  the  grade  of 
activity  of  the  brain  by  the  size  of  the  nostril.  The  nose  is,  hence, 
the  most  important  feature  and  stands  in  a  central  position,  and  by 
its  relation  to  the^lungs,  heart,  and  brain,  exercises  a  controlling 
and  dominating  influence  upon  every  part  of  the  mental  life. 
Without  viewing  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead  at  all,  the  good 
physiognomist  is  able  to  describe  the  amount  and  kind  of  reason 
with  which  one  is  endowed,  for  the  nose  in  its  perfection  sums  up 
the  higher  mental  traits  of  the  man.  The  functions  of  digestion 
and  the  faculties  of  social  and  domestic  life  are  found  best  indi- 
cated by  the  mouth  and  its  surroundings,  but  where  we  wish  to 
comprehend  the  mental  power  of  a  man  we  can  safely  rely  upon 
the  shape  and  size  of  his  nose  for  the  proof,  without  regard  to 
his  eyes,  mouth,  or  forehead. 

It  is  true  that  a  finely-developed  mouth,  such  for  example  as 
Goethe's,  is  never  seen  in  the  physiognomy  of  a  commonplace  per- 


SUMMARY    TO   THE   FIVE   PRACTICAL    SUBDIVISIONS.  295 

son,  for  such  a  refined  mouth  shows  general  development  and  re- 
finement of  mind,  which  will  be  naturally  accompanied  by  high 
mental  powers.  Such  mouths  are  never  seen  where  the  vegetative 
system  predominates,  for,  although  this  system  is  par  excellence 
the  purely  domestic  one,  yet  where  this  system  is  the  dominant  one 
in  a  person  the  signs  as  well  as  accompanying  traits  are  in  a  com- 
paratively undeveloped  state,  hence  cannot  reveal  the  most  devel- 
oped character  even  in  the  domestic  faculties,  for  here  the  traits 
are  more  purely  animal-like  or  primitive;  but  with  greater  perfec- 
tion of  the  other  parts  the  sentimental  and  mental  phase  of  the 
domestic  faculties  will  be  exhibited,  hence  greater  purity  and  re- 
finement of  all  the  faculties  as  well  as  of  the  faculties  of  Amative- 
ness,  Love  of  Young,  etc.,  will  be  present. 

One  of  the  indications  of  the  faculty  of  Intuition  is  a  broad 
and  high  forehead,  but  this  may  be  also  known  by  a  large,  bright 
eye,  quite  as  well  as  by  the  size  of  the  brain,  for  the  size  of  the 
eye  shows  the  expansion  of  the  optic  nerve,  and  this  expansion 
denotes  the  ability  to  receive  vivid  impressions. 

Reference  to  the  numbers  on  the  cuts  in  this  chapter  will  give 
the  reader  clear  and  distinct  ideas  of  the  precise  locality  of  each 
sign.  Later  chapters  will  describe  their  appearance,  so  that  the 
reader  will  by  observation  be  able  to  trace  as  on  a  map  all  of  the 
signs  for  mental  as  well  as  physiological  traits. 

I  think  it  will  be  apparent  to  all  who  will  give  attention  to 
the  subject  that  the  face  was  intended  to  be  the  register  of  all 
existing  bodily  and  mental  conditions,  and  that  the  outlines  of  the 
entire  body,  as  well  as  the  shape  of  the  limbs,  hands,  fingers,  etc., 
are  all  assistants  to  character-reading,  and  that  each  part  is 
corroborative  of  all  other  parts. 

No  physiognomist  has,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  ever  given  the 
five  principal  organ  systems  of  the  body  and  the  fifty  mental  signs 
a  facial  localization  as  I  have  here,  and,  as  I  have  discovered  nearly 
all  of  the  functional  signs,  I  have  left  but  little  for  those  who  come 
after  me  to  do  in  this  direction. 


CHAPTER  II. 

LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  SIGNS  OF  CHARACTER  IN  THE  FACE. 

"There  are  mystically  in  our  faces  certain  characters  which  carry  in  them  the 
motto  of  our  souls,  wherein  he  that  can  read  A,  B,  C  can  read  our  natures.  The 
finger  of  God  hath  left  an  inscription  upon  all  his  works,  not  graphical  or  composed 
of  letters,  but  of  their  several  forms,  constitutions,  parts,  and  operations,  which, 
aptly  joined  together,  do  make  one  word  that  doth  express  their  natures."* — SIR 
THOMAS  BROWNE,  M.D. 

IN  numbering  and  naming  the  facial  signs,  I  would  not  have 
it  understood  that  I  have  given  a  complete  list  of  the  human 
faculties.     The  human  mind  has  probably  more  than  fifty 
separate  and  distinct  faculties;  these  will  be,  from  time  to 
time,  added  to  and  located  in  the  face.     All  the  faculties 
can  be  educated  by  cultivation  and  strengthened  considerably; 
they  can  also  be  weakened  by  disuse.     Of  the  educability  of  the 
faculties,  Lavater  remarks  that 

The  stronger  the  change  of  mind  and  the  oftener  it  is  repeated,  the 
stronger  and  deeper  and  the  more  indelible  is  the  facial  sign.  Morally  de- 
formed states  of  mind  have  deformed  expressions.  If  incessantly  repeated, 
they  stamp  durable  features  of  deformity. 

This  remark  is  eminently  just,  yet  it  requires  a  knowledge  of 
scientific  physiognomy  to  understand  many  of  the  expressions  of 
the  human  face. 

The  adaptability  of  the  human  mind  is  one  of  the  chief  fac- 
tors in  the  evolution  and  upward  progress  of  the  race,  making 
possible  a  very  high  grade  of  mental  and  physical  development ;  in 
short,  conducing  to  human  perfection,  a  condition  which  I  believe 
to  be  the  ultimate  destiny  of  humanity  on  this  planet.  An  edu- 
cated conscience  is  better  able  to  apprehend  and  imitate  the 
highest  ideal  of  justice  and  honor  than  is  the  same  faculty  left  to  its 
natural  mode  of  action.  It  is  a  conscientious  sense  of  duty  which 
leads  religious  fanatics  to  throw  themselves  under  the  wheels  of  the 
car  of  Juggernaut ;  yet  the  same  conscience,  educated  and  trained, 
would  abhor  the  sacrifice  of  life.  Conscience  must  be  balanced  by 
reason  to  make  it  of  the  highest  efficiency. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  other  faculties.  Benevolence  must  be 
balanced  by  reason  and  practicality,  else  wrong  ensues  and  a  really 
good  faculty  becomes  an  instrument  of  evil. 

*  Religio  Medici,  Sir  Thomas  Browne.  M.D.,  p.  167. 

(297) 


298  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  of  the  prevalent  Art-ideas  in  regard  to  what  constitutes 
true  beauty  are  so  false  and  far  removed  from  Nature  and  normality 
that  it  is  difficult  for  people  to  regard  as  immoral  any  appearance 
which  Art  stamps  as  beautiful.  Art  does  not  profess  to  be  a  reve- 
lator  of  Nature  and  of  character,  only  an  imitation  of  it ;  hence,  we 
are  necessarily  obliged  to  resort  to  science  for  our  interpretation  of 
"Nature's  phenomena.  Art  has  never  given  us  the  key  to  character, 
for  it  does  not  deal  with  vital  interior  principles. 

In  the  description  of  signs  in  the  face,  I  will  state  at  the  out- 
set that  the  facial  signs  of  character  are  the  same  in  man  as  in 
woman,  and  that  man  does  not  possess  a  greater  number  of  mental 
faculties  than  woman.  Woman  is  a  more  perfected  creation  than 
man  and  is  higher,  by  reason — first,  of  quality,  or  fineness  of  organ- 
ization, and,  secondly,  because  she  possesses  two  more  functions  than 
man,  viz.,  gestation  and  lactation. 

The  popular  idea  ascribes  to  man  the  possession  of  a  distinct- 
ive mental  construction,  for  the  reason  that  he  makes  greater  use 
of  a  certain  set  of  faculties,  viz.,  the  logical,  to  the  exclusion  of 
another  set, — the  emotional. 

Woman  has  lived  so  long  and  so  exclusively  in  her  emotional 
nature,  in  her  feelings,  sentiments,  and  affections,  and  has  so  long 
and  persistently  ignored  reason  and  logic,  that  it  has  come  to  be 
generally  understood  that  the  female  mind  does  not  possess  the 
same  number  or  kind  of  traits  which  distinguish  man's  intellect. 
Because  man's  head  is  larger  it  is  argued  that  he  is  superior.  Now, 
the  idea  that  his  head  is  larger  than  woman's  is  a  fallacy.  Man's 
head,  in  proportion  to  his  larger  body,  is  not  larger  than  woman's, 
in  proportion  to  her  smaller  body ;  so  here  a  balance  is  at  once 
struck  in  regard  to  size. 

Now,  in  regard  to  the  possession  of  the  same  number  of 
mental  traits.  I  have  never  observed  a  man  who  possessed  a 
single  faculty  which  was  not  common  alike  to  woman. 

The  fact  that  man  has  developed  his  muscles  until  they  are 
enormous  in  size,  and  that  woman  has  used  hers  so  little  as  to  be 
in  some  instances  very  small  indeed,  does  not  prove  that  woman 
has  no  muscles,  but  only  that  she  has  neglected  to  develop  them  as 
man  has. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  the  intellect  of  the  two  sexes.  Man 
has  developed  his  reason,  boldness,  will,  and  courage,  and  woman 
has  cultivated  her  emotions,  weakness,  timidity,  and  modesty,  and 
has  neglected  her  logical  faculties,  will,  and  courage;  thus  the 
sexes  have  become  unbalanced, — out  of  harmony,  in  a  great 
measure, — and  until  woman  cultivates  her  reason,  will,  physical 
strength,  and  courage,  and  man  develops  more  pure  affection, 


•LOCATION    AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    SIGNS   OF    CHARACTER.         299 

purity,  and  modesty,  this  inharmony  will  be  perpetuated  in  off- 
spring, who  will  hand  down  the  same  unbalanced,  inharmonious 
conditions  to  their  posterity,  and  thus  thwart  Nature  instead  of 
working  in  harmony  with  her  laws.  Equilibrium  is  the  law  of  the 
universe. 

A  woman  with  a  logical  mind  is  as  womanly  in  her  nature  as 
a  man  is  manly  who  has  an  affectional  nature  and  who  exhibits 
love  for  his  wife  and  children ;  hence  we  may  conclude  that  we 
shall  find  the  signs  in  the  face  the  same  in  both  sexes,  both  as  re- 
gards location  and  number.  There  are  certain  general  laics  of 
form  to  be  applied  to  the  reading  of  the  physiognomy  (and  here  I 
use  the  term  in  its  general  sense,  as  pertaining  to  the  entire  body), 
a  knowledge  of  which  will  greatly  facilitate  a  true  and  accurate 
delineation  of  character. 

In  the  first  place,  the  examiner  must  have  knowledge  as  to 
whether  certain  appearances  of  the  features  and  body  are  congeni- 
tal or  are  the  result  of  accident  or  disease.  Many  faces  present  a 
crookedness  of  the  nose,  mouth,  eyes,  or  other  features  which 
were  not  thus  shaped  at  birth.  In  this  case  the  subject  must  be 
credited  with  the  characteristics  which  would  accompany  straight- 
ness  of  the  features.  Then,  too,  the  voice  is  often  greatly  changed 
in  tone  by  disease ;  this  must  be  ascertained  before  passing  judg- 
ment upon  vocal  indications.  The  subject  should  speak  a  few 
sentences  in  a  natural  voice  in  order  that  the  examiner  may  use 
his  knowledge  of  sound,  in  order  to  distinguish  those  character- 
istics which  the  voice  very  greatly  assists  in  revealing. 

To  an  experienced  ear  much  of  the  mental  calibre  will  be  dis- 
closed by  hearing  a  single  intonation  or  sentence.  Very  much  of 
the  disposition  of  physical  as  well  as  of  sexual  states  can  be  also 
understood  by  the  tones  produced  in  speech.  All  desirous  of  be- 
coming expert  in  this  direction  should  listen  attentively  and  com- 
pare voices  and  intonations  \vith  the  forms  of  the  face,  features, 
and  body,  and  thus  cultivate  and  develop  this  most  important  part 
of  physiognomy.  Sounds  cannot  be  accurately  described  by 
writing,  that  is  to  say,  only  generally.  Individual  peculiarities 
and  the  innumerable  fine  shades  and  grades  of  vocal  expression 
must  be  studied  in  each  individual  case.  They  cannot  be  described 
by  the  pen.  , 

Gestures  are  most  significant  in  disclosing  character,  for  where 
they  are  natural  they  reveal  habitual  states  of  mind  and  feeling. 
The  poise  of  the  head  and  the  way  in  which  one  puts  down  his  feet 
in  walking  are  indices  of  one's  individuality,  while  the  play  of  the 
muscles  about  the  mouth  and  eyes  are  among  the  most  conclusive 
evidences  of  mental,  moral,  immoral  or  affectional  characteristics. 


300  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  form  of  the  human  body  and  face  is  only  one  of  the  many 
indications  of  human  character.  The  attitude,  the  movement,  the 
walk,  the  gestures,  the  handwriting  and  handshaking,  are  all  in- 
dices and  exponents  of  mental  traits  and  physical  conditions.  A 
skillful  and  observant  person  can  tell  much  by  the  hand  and  foot 
alone;  by  the  eye  very  many  things  are  indicated;  the  nose  re- 
veals much  of  the  mind  and  interior  of  the  body ;  in  short,  each 
feature  has  in  it  many  meanings.  In  the  pages  which  immediately 
follow  this  the  way  to  discern  and  locate  the  signs  of  the  various 
faculties  will  be  explained. 

The  use,  primarily,  of  all  the  functions  and  faculties  is  for  the 
preservation,  protection,  and  perpetuation  of  the  species.  Other 
faculties  and  powers  have  aggregated  by  use  and  attempts  in  higher 
directions.  Practice  increases  capacity.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
the  human  mind  is  gradually  acquiring  more  faculties  by  striving 
after  higher  knowledge.  These,  undoubtedly,  will  be  evolved  in 
the  regular  order  of  progress  from  the  lower  to  the  higher.  The 
present  age  is  expanding  and  strengthening  the  higher  powers  of 
the  mind;  reason  is  more  general  among  the  civilized  races  than 
in  any  previous  era.  As  a  consequence,  superstition  is  giving  way 
to  positive  scientific  truth  and  demonstration,  and  theories  unsus- 
tained  by  reason  and  fact  are  impeached  and  rejected. 

As  the  powers  of  the  mind  expand,  we  become  cognizant  of 
facts  in  Nature  which  lower  developments  failed  to  perceive  and 
could  not  penetrate.  We  are  gradually,  but  slowly,  becoming 
acquainted  with  the  world  we  live  in,  and  things  which  have 
seemed  to  be  the  work  of  supernatural  powers  are  now  so  well 
understood  as  to  come  within  the  comprehension  of  school-children, 
and  can  no  longer  be  used  to  pander  to  the  ambitions,  vices,  or 
designs  of  wicked  kings,  crafty  priests,  or  unscrupulous  politicians. 
Among  the  most  important  discoveries,  I  may  mention  the  science 
of  physiognomy,  which  is  destined  to  play  an  important  part  in 
the  civilization  of  the  world  by  unveiling  what  has  been  so  long  a 
mystery  to  man,  viz.,  Man  himself. 

"Physiognomical  sensation,"  as  Lavater  designated  the  innate 
and  intuitive  conception  of  character,  is  common  to  both  men  and 
animals.  A  dog  will  show  by  his  actions  that  he  understands 
character,  and  will  be  instinctively  attracted  to  those  who  love  his 
kind.  Babes,  who  are  yet  in  the  stage  of  animal  instinct,  will 
attach  themselves  at  sight  to  those  who  are  fond  of  children.  Men, 
in  looking  at  the  faces  of  others,  will  be  drawn  in  confidence,  or 
repelled  by  something  in  the  countenance  which  they  cannot  define 
or  locate  exactly.  They  say  of  one,  "He  is  a  good,  square  man;" 
or,  "He  is  a  sneak  and  a  coward — I  can  tell  it  by  his  face;"  and 


LOCATION    AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    SIGNS   OF    CHARACTER.         301 

yet,  if  you  ask  them  to  point  out  the  precise  places  where  they 
discover  these  traits,  they  cannot  tell  you  where  they  are  to  be 
found. 

The  possession  of  this  physiognomical  instinct  is  general,  and 
shows  not  only  that  the  face  is  understood  to  be  for  some  other 
purpose  than  to  place  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth  conveniently,  but 
instinct  and  intuition,  as  well  point  to  it  as  the  natural  record  of 
the  body  and  mind — of  the  real  Man  himself.  The  nerves  of  sen- 
sation ramify  upon  the  face  and  front  of  the  organism,  while  the 
motory  nerves  are  at  the  back  of  the  brain.  This  disposition  of 
the  nerve  forces,  would  cause  the  face  not  only  to  exhibit  more  of 
the  character  than  any  other  portion  of  the  body,  but  would  prove 
the  fact  that  the  greater  the  development  of  the  features  of  the 
face,  the  greater  its  power  for  receiving  sensation ;  thus  exhibiting 
more  gifted  characteristics  than  where  the  features  are  small  and 
undeveloped.  All  human  nature  attests  this  fact,  and  shows  that 
the  more  varied  are  the  features, — the  more  depressions  and  eleva- 
tions there  are  in  the  face, — the  greater  the  variety  of  character 
is  exhibited.  A  smooth,  shining,  small-featured,  unwrinkled  face 
always  discloses  a  small,  unemotional,  unthinking,  and  selfish 
character,  of  very  small  capacities.  A  man's  real  character  is 
spread  all  over  him.  His  voice  and  walk  agree  with  the  shape  of 
his  body,  and  reveal  his  mentality  to  a  degree;  but  the  face  sums 
np  the  whole  Man. 

As  I  have  before  shown  that  certain  powers  are  derived  from 
the  predominance  of  certain  conformations  of  the  organism,  and 
are  always  found  accompanying  them,  it  is  logical  to  infer  that 
determinate  portions  of  the  body  sustain  and  are  related  to  certain 
faculties  of  the  mind.  Upon  investigation,  it  will  be  proved  that 
the  face  is  the  exact  register  of  all  mental  faculties  and  bodily 
functions  and  conditions.  A  keen  analysis  and  comparison  of  the 
development  of  the  organs  of  the  body  with  the  action  of  the 
faculties,  emotions,  and  sentiments  will  show  that  the  organs  of 
the  viscera, — the  kidneys,  the  reproductive  system,  the  liver,  the 
intestines,  the  heart  and  lungs, — as  well  as  the  bones  and  muscles, 
sustain  and  are  directly  related  to  certain  mental  faculties.  All 
mental  faculties  have  their  physical  bases  from  which  the  mind  is 
able  to  produce  thought,  emotion,  or  will.  This  interaction  of  the 
mental  and  physical  powers  will  be  explained  as  we  proceed.  The 
locality  of  signs  in  the  face  will  be  here  given.  The  rationale  of 
the  order  of  their  arrangement  will  be  made  apparent  as  the  reader 
progresses. 

As  preliminary  to  the  investigation  of  the  signs  in  the  face,  a 
recapitulation  of  the  more  fundamental  principles  of  form  will  now 


302  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

he  given,  in  order  that  the  student  may  make  a  practical  and 
intelligent  application  of  them  to  the  forms  and  features  under 
observation.  As  some  of  my  readers  may  not  be  able  to  read  the 
theoretical  or  first  part  of  this  work,  or  may  desire  to  proceed  at 
once  to  the  second  or  practical  part,  this  recapitulation  of  basic 
principles  will  be  of  service  and  opportune  in  this  connection. 

Scientifically  considered,  the  straight  outline  in  bone  or  muscle 
indicates  straightforwardness  of  action.  The  curved  outline  in 
bone  or  muscle  denotes  less  ability  for  straight  action,  but  more 
capacity  for  curvilinear  motions  and  methods.  The  crooked  out- 
line of  bone  or  muscle  denotes  inherent  tendencies  to  crooked, 
tricky,  or  dishonest  dealings.  Squareness  combined  with  straight- 
ness  of  the  bones  indicates  the  highest  degree  of  moral  character, 
heroism,  and  gratitude.  See  the  faces  of  George  Washington 
and  Thomas  Jefferson,  either  of  which  can  be  made  to  fit  into  a 
rectangular  frame. 

Straightness  of  the  muscles  denotes  truthful  propensities,  and 
is  indicated  by  straightness  of  the  mouth  and  eyes,  and  by  the 
roundness  of  the  openings  or  commissures. 

Crookedness  of  the  muscles  denotes  untruthfulness  and  tricky 
methods  of  dealing  in  business,  also  licentious  desires  and  lax 
notions  of  virtue  and  of  the  conjugal  relation,  with  small  under- 
standing of,  or  belief  in,  sexual  ethics. 

The  four  classes  of  bone,  the  round  and  the  square,  the 
straight  and  the  crooked,  reveal  four  distinct  types  of  character; 
so,  also,  do  the  four  classes  of  muscle,  the  round  and  the  thin,  the 
straight  and  the  curved;  but  as  all  these  principles  have  been 
elaborated  elsewhere,  they  need  only  a  passing  notice  here. 

The  faculty  of  Conscientiousness  will  now  be  examined,  for 
all  Nature,  human  nature  included,  is  based  on  integrity — equi- 
librium ;  hence,  a  knowledge  of  underlying  or  foundation  principles 
must  first  be  comprehended  before  advance  can  be  made. 

THE   FACULTY   OF    CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

Definition. — Honor,  honesty,  integrity,  morality,  thorough- 
ness, the  perception  of  truth,  love  of  justice,  sense  of  duty;  grati- 
tude, or  sense  of  favors  and  benefits  conferred ;  moral  courage  and 
heroism ;  love  of  right  and  hatred  of  wrong ;  the  sense  which 
causes  repentance  and  consciousness  of  guilt;  truthfulness;  capacity 
for  comprehending  the  truths  of  Nature ;  the  basis  of  science  and 
religion. 

An  excess  of  this  faculty  causes  one  to  be  severe  and  exacting 
toward  others,  holding  them  up  to  a  higher  and  more  rigorous 
standard  of  morality  than  they  are  capable  of  attaining.  It  gives 


THE   FACULTY   OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  303 

harshness  to  the  character,  and,  unless  tempered  by  benevolence 
or  love  of  young,  makes  the  individual  unloveable,  and,  although 
his  word  can  be  always  depended  upon,  he  is  better  liked  in  busi- 
ness than  in  the  family  or  social  circle. 

A  deficiency  of  Conscientiousness  is  shown  by  a  lack  of 
honesty,  truthfulness,  virtue,  moral  courage,  heroism,  and  integrity, 
causing  the  character  to  be  mean,  low,  sly,  sneakish,  thievish, 
untruthful,  and  lacking  gratitude. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — One  of  the  most  conspicuous  signs 
of  rectitude  is  shown  by  that  width  of  the  chin  which  is  produced 
by  the  development  of  the  inferior  maxillary  or  lower  jaw-bone, 
below  the  mouth ;  also,  by  general  straightness  and  squareness 
of  all  the  bones  of  the  face  and  body,  together  with  the  manner  in 
which  the  eyes  are  placed  in  the  head,  and  their  shape  and  the 
shape  of  the  mouth.  Eyes  which  turn  too  far  downward  at  the 
outer  angle  are  not  strictly  truthful;  yet  many  very  truthful  persons 
exhibit  eyes  which  are  curved  downward  at  the  outer  terminus  to 
a  certain  degree.  This,  in  their  case,  denotes  agreeability,  plausi- 
bility, and  persuasiveness,  and  can  be  seen  in  the  physiognomies 
of  the  most  celebrated  divines,  scientists,  and  mechanicians;  but 
where  it  exceeds  a  certain  degree,  accompanied  with  a  low  quality, 
it  denotes  an  agreeable  manner  of  telling  falsehoods,  as  in  flattery, 
cajoling,  persuading  in  commercial  transactions,  as  observed  often 
in  horse-jockeys,  lawyers,  and  salesmen.  Eyes  which  are  almond- 
shaped,  oblique,  or  cat-like,  and  turned  upward  at  the  outer  angle, 
are  crafty  and  deceitful,  as  seen  often  in  the  characters  of  the 
Mongolian  race.  In  those  animals  which  present  a  similar  form 
of  eye  the  same  characteristics  are  observed.  They  are  noted  for 
slyness,  trickery,  deceit,  treachery,  cruelty,  ingratitude,  and  general 
falsity.  The  tiger,  the  panther,  the  fox,  the  cat,  the  rat,  and  the 
entire  family  of  rodents  disclose  tliis  crooked,  dishonest  formation 
of  the  eye.  A  long  and  narrow  shape  of  the  commissure  or  open- 
ing of  the  eyelids  is  held  by  some  physiognomists  to  indicate  a 
lack  of  sexual  morality,  an  unbridled  licentiousness,  which  is  incon- 
sistent with  sexual  ethics  or  a  moral  use  of  the  reproductive 
system.  This  form  is  observed  in  many  Oriental  races  who  practice 
polygamy, — the  Turks,  for  example ;  also,  in  many  undeveloped 
peoples,  as,  for  example,  among  the  African,  Tahitian,  and  other 
island  races.  Among  all  civilized  races,  also,  are  many  whose  eyes 
disclose  this  peculiar  formation,  together  with  the  accompanying 
polygamic  traits.  The  centre  of  the  upper  lip,  if  too  greatly 
developed,  is  one  sign  of  excessive  amativeness,  and,  unless  accom- 
panied with  large  conscientiousness  and  other  balancing  traits,  is. 
apt  to  lead  its  possessor  into  a  disregard  of  sexual  morality. 


304 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


The  capacity  for  truthfulness  is  revealed  by  the  shape  of  the 
mouth,  as  well  as  by  the  form  of  the  eye,  for  the  straightness  of  the 
muscular  system  is  the  basis  of  one  essential  department  of  integ- 
rity. Strc&gktness  of  the  mouth  is  a  better,  indication  of  the  truth- 
telling  capacity  than  if  it  be  oblique,  distorted,  or  crooked ;  that  is 
to  say,  if  the  crookedness  be  congenital.  Many  mouths  have 
become  changed  in  form  by  disease  or  accident.  This  should  be 
known  before  passing  judgment.  Some  crooked  mouths  pervert 
or  distort  the  truth ;  others  are  open  liars,  either  silly  or  malicious, 

according  to  the  other  traits 
in  combination  and  influ- 
enced by  color. 

The  color  of  the  eyes, 
hair,  and  complexion  is 
an  indication  of  the  general 
integrity  or  soundness  of 
the  tissues,  hence  of  the 
capacity  of  the  individual 
to  recognize  truths,  to  act 
vigorously  in  the  defense 
of  truth,  —  morality,  —  re- 
form, and  to  perform  heroic 
acts.  Very  light-colored 
eyes,  even  with  square 
bones,  would  not  be  so 
capable  of  exhibiting  moral 
heroism  as  one  with  darker 
eyes,  yet  might  be  noted 
for  simple  honesty  and 
honorable  conduct.  Color 
gives  vigor,  and  deep  color, 
along  with  a  good,  square, 
bony  form,  often  leads  to 
very  great  daring  in  moral 

movements  and  in  acts  of  personal  heroism  and  courage.     The 
influence  of  color  upon  traits  is  fully  explained  elsewhere. 

The  bodily  signs  of  Conscientiousness  are  straightness  of  all 
the  bones  and  muscles,  square  shoulders,  squareness  and  straight- 
ness  of  all  the  bones  of  the  legs,  arms  and  fingers,  large  joints, 
hard  bones.  Secondary  or  subordinate  signs  are  seen  in  good 
color  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion.  Albinos  are  character- 
ized by  very  defective  sense  of  sight,  sound,  and  scent;  hence, 
perfect  integrity  of  these  functions  and  their  related  faculties  is 
lacking. 


FIG.  16.— GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 

Principal  facial  sign  of  Conscientiousness,  width  of 
the  bony  structure  of  the  chin.  Born  in  Virginia,  1732. 
The  law' of  the  square,  straight  line,  and  angle  governs 
this  face  and  body.  The  mathematical  outlay  of  the 
countenance  is  rectangular.  George  AVashington  stood 
erect,  over  six  feet  in  height,  and  exhibited  a  perfectly 
balanced  character.  The  size  of  the  nose  discloses  grea't 
mental  ability,  being  long,  wide,  and  bony  its  entire 
length.  The  signs  of  Conscientiousness)  Firmness, 
Reason,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Form 
and  size.  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Self-esteem. 
Friendship,  Benevolence.  Economy,  Amativeness, .  and 
Love  of  Young  are  all  large  in  this  sublime  counte- 
nance. He  was  successful  as  farmer,  surveyor,  states- 
man, general,  and  president.  No  public  character  has 
ever  exhibited  greater  rectitude  than  he. 


THE   FACULTY    OF    CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 


305 


DESCRIPTION  OF  CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. — The  several  sources  from 
which  the  general  integrity  is  derived  are  fully  explained  in  Part  I, 
Chapter  V,  and  it  is  only  necessary  here  to  say  that  the  sign  for  Con- 
scientiousness in  the  chin  denotes  the  kind  of  integrity  which  is  ex- 
hibited by  honesty,  honor,  gratitude,  and  moral  courage,  while  the 
truth-telling  department  of  integrity  is  exhibited  in  the  mouth  and 
eyes, — in  the  muscular  system.  Indeed,  any  eye  off  the  straight 
line  varies  in  truthful  significance,  according  to  the  amount  of  its 
deflection  from  a  straight  line,  running  all  the  way  from  amiability 
through  the  various  degrees  of  plausibility,  <1  itjtlifilij,  deception, 
secretiveness,  craft,  cunning, 
lying,  and  cruelty,  all  of 
which  are  shown  by  the  shape 
of  the  eye  which  deviates 
from  a  straight  line,  either 

O  7 

above  or  below  the  line. 
Where  the  outer  corners  of 
the  eye  turn  upward,  the  in- 
dications are  like  those  of  the 
same  shape  in  the  lion,  tiger, 
and  fox,  and  like  traits  will 
be  exhibited, — cruelty  and 
craft,  deceit  and  cunning; 
but  where  the  outer  corner 
curves  downward  slightly, 
agreeability  of  speech  is  al- 
ways found.  Still  farther 
turned  downward,  they  are 
plausible  and  persuasive,  and 


make  good  salesmen  and  poli- 
ticians. Still  farther  down- 
ward, they  indicate  untruth- 


no.  17.— CHARLOTTE  CUSHMAN. 

The  law  of  the  square  and  straight  line  is  the 
governing  principle  of  this  face  and  character.  This 
celebrated  American  actress  was  noted  for  her 
honorable  and  upright  character  as  well  as  for  the 
fidelity  of  her  impersonations.  Large  Conscientious- 
ness gave  thoroughness  to  all  she  undertook.  She 
excelled  in  tragedy.  In  her  face  the  dramatic  jaw 
is  well  developed"  Ideality.  Human  Nature,  Sub- 
limity. Oonstructiveness.  Analysis.  Veneration,  Self- 
will,  Memory  of  Events.  Form  and  Size,  Language, 
Approbative'ness,  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  and 
c  i  Firmness  are  all  large  and  her  Quality  of  a  high 

tul   propensities    in    a   great     giade. 
degree.    Benjamin  F.  Butler's 

eyes  are  more  marked  in  this  respect  than  the  eyes  of  any  cele- 
brated man  that  has  come  under  my  observation.  With  a  coarse 
quality  of  structure  this  form  denotes  untruthfulness. 

As  Conscientiousness  gives  moral  courage,  it  is  the  base  of 
many  heroic  acts,  and  will  often  lead  even  delicate  women  to 
deeds  of  daring  for  principle's  sake,  and  to  protect  the  helpless. 
Joan  of  Arc  and  Charlotte  Corday  arc  examples  of  this  sort  of 
courage. 

Conscientiousness  in  excess  leads  to  severity  and  exaction  in 
moral  conduct  and  life;  it  also  tends  to  moral  courage.  The 


306  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

pioneers  in  all  departments  of  advanced  thought,  in  governmental 
and  moral  reforms,  have  possessed  this  faculty  largely.  Tin-  laces 
of  Franklin,  Jefferson,  Jackson,  Washington,  Paine,  John  Bright, 
Cobden,  William  Cobhett,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  Abby  Kelly 
Foster,  Frances  Wright,  Lucretia  Mott,  and  all  who  have  dared  to 
demand  the  abolition  of  unjust  laws,  and  who  have  contended  for 
the  establishment  of  new  forms  of  goverment  based  on  human 
lights,  evidence  by  their  physiognomies  that  Conscientiousness  tilled 
a  large  part  of  their  natures. 

Conscientiousness  is  found  most  largely  developed  where  the 
bony  system  predominates,  and,  as  liquids  do  not  affinitize  so  well 
with  this  system  as  with  the  vegetative  and  the  muscular,  there  is 
consequently  less  drunkenness  among  persons  with  the  bony  struc- 
ture predominant.  Many  leaders  of  the  temperance  movement 
will  be  found  to  possess  the  bony  system  in  excess.  Those  who 
have  been  great  drunkards  and  have  reformed,  like  Gough,  and 
Murphy,  the  leader  of  the  "  Murphy  movement,"  are  men  of  mus- 
cular build,  and  are  held  to  their  pledges  through  their  religious 
associations,  and  do  not  depend  upon  pure  Conscientiousness,  which 
is  found  most  active  with  persons  of  the  bony  system. 

Conscientiousness  is  in  the  domestic  group,  and  does  not  be- 
long to  the  religious  group  of  faculties.  It  antedates  them  in  the 
Devolution  of  organs,  functions,  and  faculties,  and  is  of  far  more 
importance  in  the  human  organism,  being  primarily  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  purity  of  the  entire  body.  Conscientiousness  is 
related  to  the  kidney  system,  which  both  secretes  and  excretes  the 
fluid  waste  and  impurities  of  the  entire  body.  As  75  per  cent,  of 
the  organism  is  water,  the  physiological  importance  of  the  organ 
must  be  apparent  at  first  glance ;  its  moral  importance  follows  as  a 
matter  of  logical  sequence.  The  relation  of  the  various  organs  of 
the  body  to  the  moral  and  social  faculties  is  explained  fully  in  the 
chapter  on  "  The  Rationale  of  Physical  Functions  and  their  Signs 
in  the  Face." 

An  excessive  development  of  Conscientiousness  makes  the 
character  harsh,  hard,  and  exacting  in  moral  conduct  toward  others. 
Those  who  possess  a  large  share  of  this  trait  do  not  seem  to  con- 
sider how  difficult  it  is  for  those  who  are  deficient  in  this  respect  to 
keep  their  obligations,  live  up  to  their  promises,  and  meet  their 
appointments.  As  well  ask  a  man  destitute  of  the  musical  sense 
to  sing  a  tune  as  to  expect  a  boneless,  gelatinous  individual  to  be- 
come a  moral  hero.  Conscientiousness  can  be  cultivated — in  youth, 
particularly — by  constant  inculcation  of  the  moral  sentiments. 
Example  speaks  louder  than  words.  Let  children  see  that  their 
parents  are  always  strict  and  exact  in  settling  bills,  meeting  obliga- 


THE    FACULTY    OF    CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  307 

tions,  and  keeping  their  promises,  and  they  will  be  inclined  to 
follow  their  example.  Children  should  be  taught  that  they  can 
make  no  compromise  with  their  conscience  ;  that  taking  a  few  nuts 
or  an  apple  from  a  store  or  orchard  is  stealing,  just  the  same  as 
if  they  had  taken  dollars  instead  of  fruit.  Never  use  the  term 
"  nipping"  for  stealing.  Such  expressions  which  children  and 
parents  use  to  express  crime  only  serve  to  soften  the  moral  sense 
and  disguise  the  enormity  of  the  act.  Had  all  parents  been  exact 
in  their  teachings  and  example  in  regard  to  honesty  the  peni- 
tentiaries would  not  now  be  so  crowded.  Criminals  an1  often  bom 
criminal  as  well  as  trained  to  evil-doing.  God  never  made  any 
man  dishonest,  but  laws  not  comprehended  have  been  broken,  and 
children  have  been  propagated  by  parents  who  were  unsuited, 
morally  and  mentally,  to  mate,  and  have  thus  ignorantly  pro- 
duced unbalanced,  dishonest  offspring.  Ignorance  of  physiological 
lams  is  the  cause  of  many  wretchedly-constructed  children.  Had 
right  generation,  been  preached  as  long  as  has  regeneration,  I 
believe  we  should  have  no  need  of  the  latter  doctrine. 

Many  mock-modest  persons  think  that  these  subjects  are  not 
suitable  for  general  discussion,  and  consider  them  "vulgar "and 
"filthy."  As  God  has  originally  constructed  our  bodies  according 
to  law,  and  evidently  expects  vis  to  seek  and  apply  these  laws,  this 
class  of  persons  must  hence  accuse  the  Almighty  of  vulgarity  in 
having  created  a  subject  which  is  governed  by  laws  too  indecent  to 
be  spoken  of. 

To  inculcate  honesty  for  its  own  sake,  and  for  pure  love  of  it, 
is  a  high  motive,  yet  all  are  not  capable  of  comprehending  con- 
duct based  on  so  altruistic  a  sentiment,  and  thus  it  is  that  fear  of 
punishment  and  hope  of  reward  are  held  out  in  order  to  induce 
people,  both  old  and  young,  to  conform  to  one  general  standard  of 
morality.  * 

Enlightened  self-interest  goes  far  toward  making  people  honest, 
for,  when  reason  has  begun  to  work,  men  find  that  to  be  true  and 
just  in  their  dealings  with  each  other  conduces  to  the  safety  and 
happiness  of  all.  As  civilized  society  is  now  constructed,  our  lives 
and  comfort  consist  in  being  snre  of  the  possession  of  our  own 
goods  and  property,  and,  unless  the  sentiment  of  honesty  is  general 
and  strongly  impressed  upon  all  the  members  of  the  community, 
man  has  no  guarantee  that  his  earnings  and  savings  will  be  pro- 
tected from  plunderers  and  robbers. 

I  have  shown  formerly  that  differences  of  structure  and  differ- 
ences in  the  proportions  of  the  several  tissues  in  man  conduce  to 
the  several  kinds  of  honor,  honesty,  truthfulness,  and  virtue,  and 
that  speech  is  produced  by  the  use  of  the  muscular  system.  We 


308  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOCNOM V. 

must  look  to  the  int«/rity  of  that  system  for  its  illustration.  As 
'the  reproductive  >\Mein  is  mainly  within  the  muscular  system, 
we  must  look  to  the  integrity  of  that  portion  of  the  anatomy 
for  the  signs  for  physical  purity,  virtue,  and  fidelity  to  virtuous 
sentiments. 

A  fine,  square,  and  straight  construction  of  the  bones  shows  that 
honesty,  integrity,  sense  of  justice,  and  moral  courage  are  present, 
but  if  with  this  same  structure  of  bones  the  muscles  are  lacking 
in  integrity,  that  is,  in  strength,  and  particularly  in  atraightneM  of 
flic  inontli  and  eye,  the  character  for  truth-telling  will  not  be  as 
strong  as  where  the  muscles  are  also  straight.  Yet  the  individual 
thus  endowed  may  be  strictly  honest  in  his  dealings  and  pay  his 
just  dues  promptly,  that  department  of  his  honor  being  well  de- 
veloped; but  the  other, — the  muscular  or  truth-telling  depart- 
ment,— being  crooked  or  perverted  from  the  normal  standard,  the 
character  suffers  accordingly,  hence  does  not  exhibit  that  entire 
and  complete  integrity  which  would  result  if  the  muscular  system 
were  inherently  as  sound  as  the  bony  system.  Each  trait  must  be 
closely  scrutinized  and  analyzed,  and  every  fine  shade  and  grade 
observed  and  understood  before  passing  judgment.  Great  care 
must  always  be  taken  to  ascertain  if  the  crooked  appearances  of 
the  mouth  and  eye  are  congenital,  or  whether  they  have  been  pro- 
duced by  accident  or  illness,  as  is  often  the  case;  otherwise,  great 
injustice  and  erroneous  reading  of  character  will  result. 

Where  the  muscles  about  the  mouth  have  caused  that  feature 
to  assume  a  crooked  or  one-sided  appearance,  the  truth-telling  pro- 
pensity is  feeble  as  compared  to  those  in  whom  these  features  are 
perfectly  straight,  and  where  the  eyes  are  set  true  in  their  orbits, 
and  where  the  commissures  are  perfectly-  round. 

One  mode  of  discerning  the  grade  of  sexual  morality  in  an 
individual  is  to  observe  whether  the  muscles  of  the  legs  are  straight 
or  crooked.  Where  the  legs  are  crooked  from  the  knee  downward 
and  bent  outward*  the  character  is  licentious,  with  but  feeble  ideas 
of  virtue  or  very  little  principle  in  sexual  matters.  (The  sign  for 
Amativeness  will  in  these  subjects  be  correspondingly  large.)  In 
fact,  the  meaning  of  sexual  ethics  is  not  understood  by  such  people, 
who  will  seek  to  gratify  the  sexual  instinct  whenever  and  wherever 
possible,  without  scruple. 

The  bow-legged  individual  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
former,  for  in  the  case  of  bow-legs  the  curvation  is  from  the  thigh 
downward  and  outward  the  entire  length  of  the  leg,  and  has  been 
caused  by  want  of  lime  in  the  bones,  or  from  having  stood  before 
the  bones  were  sufficiently  matured. 

Square  bones  and  straight  features  of  the  face,  together  with 


THE    FACULTY    OF    CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  309 

straightness  of  all  the  limbs,  denote  all  kinds  of  integrity,  that  is 
to  say,  truthfulness,  honesty,  honor,  principle^  and  monogamic  love, 
or  inclination  to  love  one  at  a  time,  and  to  he  true  to  the  marital 
obligations. 

In  expounding  Conscientiousness,  the  consideration  of  many 
systems  and  principles  must  come  before  us.  The  circumstance 
of  color  has  its  weight  in  deciding  upon  the  power  or  weakness  of 
the  moral  sentiments.  Given  an  individual  in  whom  the  sign  for 
Conscientiousness  in  the  chin  is  most  decided  and  the  eyes  very 
llyld,  the  character  will  not  possess  the  high  grade  of  honesty  and 
honor  that  it  Would  were  the  eyes  blue  or  black  and  the  com- 
plexion well  colored,  for  color  gives  power  and  soundness  to  every 
tissue,  as  I  have  repeatedly  remarked.  The  lack  of  color  denotes 
relative  feebleness  of  the  tissues,  hence  of  their  power  to  e^Jiili'd 
the  highest  degree  of  principle  and  conduct.  All  these  principles 
must  be  weighed  and  their  due  effect  upon  character  comprehended, 
else  a  very  one-sided  or  partial  delineation  will  be  given  and  thus 
prove  very  unsatisfactory  and  erroneous. 

These  several  and  diverse  bases  of  moral  conduct  have  never 
been  put  forward  in  any  work  on  metaphysics,  theology,  or  phre- 
nology. The  capacity  for  truthfulness,  honor,  and  honesty  have 
all  been  ascribed  to  one  merited  faculty,  located  in  the  brain.  If 
this  faculty  had  but  one  base,  then  those  who  were  honest  and 
paid  their  debts  would  be  also  equally  scrupulous  in  speaking  the 
truth  and  would  be  also  virtuous  and  pure  in  sexual  matters,  but 
that  this  is  not  the  case  every  man's  experience  assures  him. 
Many  persons  who  lead  immoral,  licentious  lives  are  strictly  honest 
in  paying  their  debts,  and  often  from  principle  in  that  direction. 
Many  merchants  like  to  have  the  patronage  of  lewd  women  be- 
cause they  say  they  can  depend  upon  them  for  payment  of  obliga- 
tions. This  principle  is  acted  upon  by  many  without  going  into 
the  philosophy  of  it,  for  in  a  court  of  justice  the  word  of  the 
most  licentious  men  will  be  taken  and  receive  as  much  credence 
as  the  word  of  the  most  virtuous  matron  or  maid. 

The  more  we  investigate  Nature's  laws  the  more  we  shall  be- 
come convinced  that  all  her  indications  are  self-revealing,  and  need 
only  to  be  observed  to  be  understood.  Straight  outlines  reveal 
stra if/Jit  cliaroHcr  ;  crooked  outlines,  crooked  <-lt«  r<«-ters  ;  square 
outlines  reveal  squareness  of  conduct,  and  this  labelling  of  all 
creatures  in  the  world  saves  us  a  deal  of  trouble  when  once  we 
become  conversant  with  Nature's  laws  and  methods. 

Many  persons  who  have  not  thought  nor  observed  much  on 
the  subject  of  physiognomy  hold  the  opinion  that  a  knave  and 
trickster  can  easily  conceal  his  real  character  by  arranging  his 


.'HO  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ti-utuivs  in  s'uch  manner  as  to  imitate  and  appear  like  an  hoix^t. 
truthful  person.  How  impossible  this  is  when  viewed  hy  the 
light  of  science  the  following  extract  from  Lavater  will  show.  I  Ic- 
observes : — 

One  of  the  most  usual  and  strong  objections  against  physiognomy  is 
the  universality  and  excess  of  dissimulation  among  mankind.  These,  it  is 
said,  make  all  possible  efforts  to  appear  wiser,  better,  and  honester  than  in 
reality  they  are.  They  affect  the  behavior,  the  voice,  the  appearance  of  the 
most  rigorous  virtue.  This  is  a  part  of  their  art,  and  I  declare  that  as  it  is 
art  and  not  Nature  they  could  not  sustain  the  role  consecutively,  for  there 
would  be  times  when  they  would  be  off  their  guard  and  expose  their  real 
character,  even  if  the  natural  contours  and  outlines  did  not  expose  them. 

Also : — 

They  study  to  deceive  till  the}7  are  able  to  remove  every  doubt,  de- 
stroy every  suspicion,  that  is  entertained  of  their  worth.  Men  of  the 'most 
acute  penetration,  the  greatest  understanding,  and  even  those  who  have  ap- 
plied themselves  to  the  study  of  physiognomy,  daily  are  and  still  continue 
to  be  deceived  by  their  arts.  How,  therefore,  may  physiognomy  be  reduced 
to  a  true  and  certain  science  ?  I  am  ready  to  grant  it  is  possible  to  carry 
the  art  of  dissimulation  to  an  astonishing  degree  of  excess,  and  by  this  art 
the  most  discerning  man  may  be  amazingly  deceived.  Bat, although  I  most 
freely  grant  all  this,  I  still  hold  this  objection  against  the  certainty  of 
physiognomy  to  be  infinitely  less  important  than  some  believe,  and  this, 
principally,  for  the  two  following  reasons  : — 

1.  There  are  many  features  or  parts  of  the  body  which  are  not  sus- 
ceptible of  dissimulation. 

2.  Because  dissimulation  has  itself  certain  and  sensible  tokens,  though 
they  may  not  be  definable  by  lines  or  words.    What  man,  for  example,  how- 
ever subtle,  would  be  able  to  alter  the  conformation  of  his  bones  according 
to  his  pleasure  ?     Can  any  man  give  himself,  instead  of  a  flat,  a  bold  and 
arched  forehead,  or  a  sharp,  indented  forehead,  when  Nature  has  given  him 
one  arched  and  round  ?     Who  can  change  the  color  and  position  of  his  eye- 
brows ?     Can  any  man  bestow  on  himself  thick,  bushy  eyebrows  when  they 
are  either  thin  or  wholly  deficient  of  hair?     Can  any  fashion  the  flat  and 
short  into  the  well-proportioned  and  beautiful  nose  ?  Who  can  make  his  lips 
thin  or  his  lips  thick  ?     Who  can  change  a  round  into  a  pointed  or  a  pointed 
into  a  round  chin  ?     Who  can  alter  the  color  of  his  63res,  or  give  them  at 
his  pleasure  more  or  less  lustre?     Where  is  the  art,  where  the  dissimulation, 
that  can  make  the  blue  eye  brown,  the  gray  one  black,  or,  if  it  be  flat,  give 
it  rotundity  ? 

An  irascible  man,  however  Inild,  however  calmer  placid  a  mien  he 
may  assume,  cannot  alter  the  color  and  lowering  of  his  e}re,  the  nature  and 
curling  of  his  hair,  or  the  situation  of  his  teeth. 

It  will  still  be  objected  that  enough  remains  of  the  exterior  parts  of 
man  which  are  capable  of  dissimulation  in  a  very  high  degree.  Granted; 
but  we  cannot  grant  that  it  is  impossible  to  detect  such  dissimulation,  for 
I  believe  that  there  is  no  kind  of  dissimulation  but  has  its  certain  and  sensible 
tokens,  though  they  may  not  be  definable  by  lines  and  words. 

The  fault  is  not  in  the  object  but  in  the  observer.* 

»  Lavater's  Essays,  pp.  83,  84,  85. 


THE   FACULTY    OF   CONSCIENTIOUSNESS.  311 

The  last  sentence  of  Lavater  explains  a  great  deal.  If  as 
much  observation  were  put  into  the  study  of  the  human  face 
as  is  given  to  a  score  of  useless,  fashionable  accomplishments,  it 
would  be  no  longer  the  profound  mystery  that  it  is,  and  rogues 
and  villains  would  stand  unmasked  before  the  gaze  of  all,  and  in 
order  to  associate  with  honest  citizens  would  be  obliged  to  amend 
their  lives  or  be  shunned  as  are  vicious  beasts  and  venomous  ser- 
pents, whose  physiognomy  is  understood  and  consequently  serves 
as  a  warning  to  people  to  "stand  off"  or  be  bitten.  Children  even 
are  governed  by  the  appearance  of  the  physiognomy  in  their  deal- 
ings with  animals.  As  proof  I  offer  the  following :  A  little  girl 
living  in  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  once  told  me  that  when  she 
saw  a  snake  with  a  head  pointed  like  an  earth-worm  she  was  not 
afraid  of  it,  but  when  she  met  one  with  a  broad,  flat  head  she  took 
a  stick  and  killed  it,  for  that  sort  were  poisonous.  If  people  were 
as  much  on  their  guard  against  the  low,  broad,  flat-headed  human 
serpents  whom  they  meet,  they  would  not  be  so  often  stung  by 
them,  for  form  here,  as  elsewhere  in  Nature,  carries  the  same 
meaning  that  it  does  in  the  snake,  viz.,  secretiveness,  destructive- 
ness,  revenge,  low  instincts,  bad  temper,  and  very  little,  if  any, 
Conscientiousness. 

Where  Conscientiousness  is  large  it  will  influence  all  the  other 
faculties,  and  will  assist  in  producing  thoroughness  in  all  that  one 
undertakes.  It  gives  a  great  deal  of  force  and  courage  in  moral 
movements,  and  to  the  unskilled  reader  of  character  seems  often  to 
be  combativeness  or  egotism,  so  earnest  and  forcible  are  its  mani- 
festations. Many  delicate  women,  without  a  particle  of  true  com- 
bative force,  will  push  forward  a  great  moral  movement,  such,  for 
example,  as  the  temperance  cause  or  labor  reform,  with  a  vigor 
and  boldness  which  resembles  combativeness,  but  which  is  the 
effect  of  large  Conscientiousness.  When  associated  with  Credenc- 
iveness  and  Veneration  it  will  lead  the  infirm  even  to  deeds  which 
endanger  life. 

Each  faculty,  when  largely  developed,  exhibits  great  power, 
and  Self-will,  when  very  large,  throws  out  a  force  which  is  as 
palpable  and  tangible  to  the  sensitive  as  is  the  presence  of  any 
material  object.  Large  Conscientiousness  makes  itself  felt  in 
every  company  and  community,  and  villains  stand  rebuked  in  the 
presence  of  those  who  are  endowed  with  a  large  share  of  moral 
force  and  courage. 

Integrity,  rectitude,  and  moral  sense  are  exhibited  in  varying 
degrees  in  many  of  the  higher  animals.  The  horse  and  dog  are 
notable  examples  of  its  action.  Indeed,  some  of  these  creatures 
have  exhibited  a  higher  grade  of  morality  than  many  savage  tribes, 


312  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  would  put  to  blush  many  human  beings  who  have  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  church  and  school  education.  Monuments  have  been 
erected  in  various  cities  in  memory  of  the  fidelity  to  a  trust  or 
faithful  attachment  of  dogs  to  their  masters.  The  most  honor  and 
honesty  among  animals  is  exhibited  by  those  whose  hotiy  sys- 
tems predominate,  and  among  these  classes  the  square-boned 
ones  are  the  most  honorable.  Compare,  for  example,  a  square- 
boned  mastiff  with  the  round-boned  fox,  and  you  will  have  a  fair 
understanding  of  the  relative  degree  of  honesty  revealed  by  these 
two  diverse  forms  and  structures. 

THE   FACULTY    OF   FIRMNESS. 

"Come  one,  corne  all.  this  rock  shall  fly 
From  its  firm  base  as  soon  as  I." 

Definition. — Stability,  perseverance,  resolution,  pertinacity, 
fixed  methods ;  steady,  persistent  action ;  decision,  endurance, 
courage,  fortitude. 

Excess  of  Firmness  results  in  stubbornness  and  unreasoning 
dogmatism,  and  produces  a  hard,  obdurate,  unlovely  character. 

Deficiency  of  Firmness  creates  a  vacillating,  shifting,  change- 
able disposition,  without  perseverance  or  capacity  to  carry  plans 
and  works  to  a  finality.  It  makes  one  seem  cowardly,  and  the 
lack  of  a  developed  chin  has  always  something  in  it  suggestive  of 
inferiority,  for  no  animal  has  a  chin,  and  when  the  human  being 
is  greatly  lacking  in  this  respect  he  possesses  the  unstable  character 
of  an  inferior  animal. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  decisive  facial  sign  of 
Firmness  is  the  length  downward  and  forward  of  the  chin.  Other 
facial  signs  are  projecting  cheek-bones  and  a  square,  bony  forehead. 
A  predominance  of  the  bony  system  affords  the  best  illustration 
of  this  faculty,  and  the  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  large  bones  and 
joints,  long  and  square-boned  hands  and  fingers,  prominent 
knuckles,  and  flat,  bony  feet. 

The  sign  in  the  chin  is  the  most  reliable  facial  evidence  of 
perseverance  and  steadfastness.  A  receding  chin  shows  a  decided 
lack  of  this  faculty. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  FIRMNESS. — As  this  faculty  is  caused  by  a  fine 
development  of  the  bony  system,  we  shall  find  its  principal  sign  in 
the  length  downward  and  forward  of  the  lower  jaw-bone.  Where 
the  bones  of  the  lower  jaw  are  long  and  broad,  we  may  be  sure 
that  the  osseous  system  is  one  of  the  chief  systems  of  the  body; 
hence,  the  capacity  for  firm,  unyielding,  persistent  action  will  be 
present.  The  force  evolved  from  the  action  of  this  trait  represents 


THE    FACULTY    OF    FIRMNESS.  313 

^ 

a  certain  kind  of  will-power  or  determination,  yet  is  not  pure 
Self-will.  This  faculty  is  derived  from  the  muscular  system,  and 
will  be  described  hereafter.  Firmness  must  not  be  confounded 
with  the  former,  for  its  methods  of  action,  as  well  as  its  origin,  are 
quite  different,  and  after  analyzing  the  two  one  would  never  con- 
found them. 

Firmness  is  a  quiet,  persistent  force  which  carries,  measures, 
and  pursues  plans  in  a  calm,  patient,  and  continuous  manner,  with- 
out noisy  demonstration.  It  gives  to  the  character  the  power  to 
follow  a  purpose  or  plan  with  fidelity  until  it  is  accomplished,  and 
those  possessing  it  largely  will  keep  the  mind  fixed  upon  a  plan 
for  years,  and  carry  it  out  successfully  to  the  end;  even  if  great 
and  innumerable  obstacles  intervene  in  the  meantime,  they  will 
again  and  again  return  to  the  plan  or  purpose,  and  are  never 
satisfied  until  the  object  is  achieved.  The  faces  of  all  persons  who 
have  made  their  mark  in  the  world  in  any  great  enterprise  disclose 
this  sign  in  the  face. 

The  bull-dog  among  animals  is  an  excellent  illustration  of 
this  trait,  and  exhibits  in  his  physiognomy  and  bony  build  the 
unfailing  signs  for  persistency.  The  ass  and  mule  are  examples 
of  the  perversion  of  this  faculty.  In  these  creatures  we  find  an 
excessive  development  of  bone,  hence  an  excess  or  perversion  of 
firmness,  which  results  in  obstinacy,  contrariness,  mulislmess,  per- 
versity, dogged  obstinacy,  and  unreasonableness.  In  contrast  to 
those  animals,  both  in  character  and  formation,  we  find  the  several 
deer  tribes,  as,  for  example,  the  red  deer,  the  fallow  deer,  the 
wapiti,  and  the  roebuck.  These  animals  have  relatively  less 
muscle  than  bone,  and  present  in  the  contour  of  their  jaws  a  most 
decided  difference  from  that  of  the  ass  and  bull-dog,  the  fox,  and 
sheep.  These  animals  are  possessed  of  little  firmness  or  persistency, 
and  present  entirely  different  characteristics  and  bodily  formation 
from  the  first-mentioned  animals. 

Those  persons  whose  lower  jaws  exhibit  an  excess  of  bone 
are  like  the  mule  and  bull-dog  in  character,  and,  like  these  creatures, 
always  show  a  desire  to  hold  back  and  dissent  from  views  and 
plans  which  would  benefit  them,  if  adopted,  but  which  are  opposed 
spontaneously  and  without  cause  by  those  who  possess  this  excess 
of  bone  and  obstinacy.  When  questioned  as  to  the  reason  for 
this  opposition,  they  reply,  "Oh,  I  just  felt  that  way."  They  have 
no  reason  to  offer,  and  this  answer  reveals  the  natural  and  !ii^in<-tic>' 
action  of  the  perversion  of  this  most  useful  and  moral  iiiculty. 

Firmness  assists  all  other  traits,  whether  of  the  intellect  or 
moral  nature;  so,  also,  does  it  assist  the  rogue  in  his  \vickodiios. 
but,  as  the  osseous  system  is  not  conducive  to  immorality,  we  .shall 


314 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


rarely  find  any  very  hardened  villains  with  this  system  dominant. 
Many  rogues  become  such  through  lack  of  bone  and  chin,  for, 
not  possessing  sufficient  stable  and  firm  material  in  their  physiques 
to  enable  thorn  to  jH'wwrf-  in  any  steady  course,  they  drift  into 
crime;  and  herein  is  another  proof  of  the  moral  nature  of  bone, 
for  many  professional  pickpockets  and  shoplifters  are  destitute  of  a 
good,  sqiutr<\  Ixtn;/  <>/•</« i/izo/ioit,  and  are  long  and  slim,  sleek  and 
sinuous,  like  the  dishonest  classes  of  prowling  animals,  such  as  the 
coon,  the  fox,  the  opossum,  the  rat,  and  cat.  These  sneakish  rogues 
are  destitute  in  most  cases  of  a  real  chin,  or,  at  most,  have  a  very 
narrow  or  receding  one.  The  reader  is  not  to  understand  that  a 

receding  chin  is  the  sign  of 
a  roguish  nature;  it  indi- 
cates the  lack  of  firmness, 
and  firmness  is  ihe  foint<l<i- 
tlou  of  reliable,  stable 
character :  Many  amiable, 
generous,  and  truthful 
people  lack  chin  develop- 
ment, but  where  it  is  both 
receding  and  narrow  the 
character  has  no  foundation 
in  integrity  and  persever- 
ance, without  which  no  one 
can  be  said  to  be  truly 
honest  or  honorable.  A 
rogue,  such  as  is  spoken 
of  above,  exhibits  the  signs- 
of  his  knavish  character 
all  over  him,  and  lack  of 
firmness  or  chin  is  only 
one  of  the  many  signals 
of  warning  which  he  holds 
The  location 

of  the  local  sign  of  Firmness  in  the  face  is  highly  significant,  and 
announces  its  importance  to  the  entire  mental  and  bodily  organi- 
sation. Its  nearest  neighbor  is  Conscientiousness  (shown  by 
width  of  the  bony  structure  of  the  chin).  It  is  also  adjoining- 
Economy.  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home  and  Country,  and  forms- 
the  foundation  of  the  face,  and  assists  in  creating  outlines  of 
strength  and  beauty.  No  one  can  be  considered  beautiful  who 
lacks  chin  development,  no  matter  how  perfect  in  form  and 
rich  in  color  the  countenance  may  be;  a  defect  here  neutralizes  all 
other  appearances. 


FIG.   IS.— ANNA  DICKINSON. 

Principal  facial  s'gn.  Firmness.  This  lady,  by  her 
indomitable  perseverance,  rose  from  a  humble  position 
to  that  of  the  first  female  orator  of  the  world.  Her  face 
expresses  Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Force,  Courage. 
Self-esteem,  Approbativeness,  Language.  Memory  of 
K vents.  Friendship,  Hope,  Analysis.  Her  quality  is  fine, 
and  the  color  of  her  eyes  and  hair  shows  intensity  of 
feelings  and  dramatic'  fervor.  Her  literary  style  is 
clear,  decided,  and  energetic.  She  is  a  radical  reformer, 
fearless  and  honorable.  • 


out  in  order  that  we  mav  avoid  his  neighborhood. 


THE    FACULTY    OF    FIRMNESS. 


315 


All  undeveloped,  immature  persons,  such  as  infants  and  imbe- 
ciles, are  lacking  in  firmness,  hence,  of  chin.  All  undeveloped 
races,  such  as  the  Negro,  Mongolian,  etc.,  disclose  a  lack  of  chin 
development,  as  well  as  of  stability  and  perseverance.  Many 
animals  —  the  ape  tribes,  for  example  —  possess  no  sign  for  firmness, 
neither  in  their  physiognomies  nor  in  their  general  formation  ;  for 
they  are  similar  to  the  natural  sneak  and  pickpocket,  slim  and 
sinuous,  without  any  bones  that  are  perceptible,  and  they  are  thus 
enabled  by  virtue  of  their  build  to  be  mischievous  and  tricky; 
unlike  the  horse  and  dog, 
whose  bones  project  from 
every  portion  of  their 
bodies,  and  who  are  rela- 
tively honest,  reliable,  and 
steady. 

Firmness  is  an  attri- 
bute only  of  developed 
races  and  individuals.  Man 
is  the  only  being  endowed 
with  a  chin.  The  length 
of  the  chin  is  one  of  the 
facial  indications  of  the 
bony  structure,  and  in  com- 
bination with  Conscien- 
tiousness (width  of  chin)  is 
the  base  of  the  heroic. 
Indeed,  Conscientiousness 
is  the  primal  cause  of  moral 
action  ;  true  heroism  could 
spring  from  no  other  mo- 
tive.' Firmness  gives  the 

/.  7    7..        , 
r    nCL€twy    (O 


FIG.  19. 

Principal  facial  sign,  Firmness,  shown  by  length 
and  forward  projection  of  the  chin.  This  fine  profile  of 
George  Washington  illustrates  well  the  faculty  of  Firm- 
ness. It  was  owing  to  his  undaunted  perseverance,  firm 
and  honorable  conduct  that  the  United  States  became- 
an  independent  government.  With  less  chin  he  could 
not  have  succeeded  as  he  did.  The  profile  exhibits  his 
Firmness,  Executiveness.  Veneration,  Self-will,  and 
practical  slope  of  the  forehead  to  good  advantage. 
He  was  noted  more  for  honorable,  firm  conduct  and 
general  practicality  than  for  brilliancy  of  intellect. 


Although  he  possessed  an  excellent  mental  endowment, 

.     -.  j       •        ,  •  it  was  more  in  the  direction  of  practical  affairs  than 

<"/  nle,  truth,  and  lUStlCe.  literature,  yet  his  style  of  writing  was  terse,  clear, 
f-f  ,  .  j  ,1  strong,  and  direct.  The  splendor  of  his  character  was. 

CoilSCientlOUSneSS  needS  tile       not  tarnished  by  any  weakness. 

aid  of  this  trait  to  give  it 

persistent  and  consistent  action.  The  chin  is  the  sent  of  heroic 
character,  which  depends  upon  the  firm  and  substantial  nature  of 
bone  for  its  support. 

A  certain  writer  on  physiognomy  —  Redfield  —  has  given  the 
chin  as  the  locality  for  the  signs  of  Amativeness.  He  certainly 
could  not  have  considered  the  nature  of  bone  in  this  connection. 
We  do  not  lore  /n'f/i  our  bones.  Love  signs  are  found  predomi- 
nating in  those  who  are  the  most  emotional  and  impressible,  and 
bony  persons  are  just  the  opposite  of  this.  Muscle  and  fat  are 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

more  easily  acted  upon  than  bone,  and  the  physiognomical  sign 
of  love  will  be  found  in  the  muscles  of  the  face,  just  as  love  is  found 
more  largely  developed  in  emotional,  muscular  people.  Muscnlm; 
<//////>/«/  r/ifiix.  it  is  true,  disclose  love  signs.  They  also  show  rela- 
tively less  firmness.  A  dimpled  chin  tells  us  that  the  muscular 
system  is  in  the  ascendency,  or  that  it  is  one  of  the  principal  >\s- 
tems  in  the  persons  exhibiting  it ;  while  prominent  and  broad, 
bony  chins  announce  the  dominance  of  the  osseous  system,  together 
with  the  accompanying  traits  of  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness. 
Bone  shows  more  of  integrity  and  endurance  ;  muscle,  more  of  the 
will,  of  art  capacities,  and  affectional  nature.  Length  of  chin  indi- 
cates perseverance  and  calm,  firm,  persistent  action,  rather  than 
what  is  termed  "  will-power."  This  exhibits  itself  in  sudden  out- 
bursts of  violent  temper,  and  as  suddenly  subsides.  The  long, 
broad  and  fleshy,  vegetative  chin  must  not  be  confounded  with  the 
former.  Its  indications  are  quite  different,  for  the  latter  usually 
denotes  commonplace  or  stupid  minds.  This  distinction  must  be 
thoroughly  understood.  The  nature  of  borje,  like  that  of  rock, 
offers  a  steady  resistance  and  pressure,  and  large  firmness  is  the 
result  of  a  large  development  of  the  bony  system.  Muscle  has  a 
reactive  property,  and  Will-power  is  based  on  and  exhibited  by 
muscular  movements  purely,  just  the  same  as  are  most  of  the  other 
emotions. 

Firmness  is  one  of  the  most  sustaining  powers  of  the  mental 
as  well  as  physical  organization.  In  long-continued  illness,  as  well 
as  in  the  severe  crises  of  disease,  no  faculty,  not  even  Hope,  so 
sustains  and  upholds  the  patient.  Anomalous  as  it  may  seem,  it 
conquers  by  submitting  and  enduring.  It  gives  the  power  for  self- 
control  and  sell-denial,  which  are  so  essential  in  every  enterprise 
w  here  success  is  desired ;  and  Sell-control  is  almost  an  omniscient 
faculty.  Use  it  as  we  will,  whether  to  stem  the  course  of  a  disease 
and  oppose  steadily  by  firm  and  reliant  will,  or  whether  in  a  battle 
for  human  rights  in  the  great  reforms  which  shake  the  world  to  its 
centre,  or  whether  used  in  pushing  forward  great,  material  enter- 
prises, this  faculty  is  the  one  of  all  others  most  needed. 

The  world  is  plentifully  supplied  with  geniuses  without 
Firmness,  who,  through  lack  of  this  faculty,  will  never  be  heard 
of  as  such.  Examine  the  faces  of  all  men  and  women  who  have 
led  the  world  in  great  moral  or  material  movements,  and  we  shall 
find  in  every  instance  a  full  development  of  Firmness.  A  person 
must  be  possessed  of  the  most  transcendent  genius  to  achieve 
a  name  and  success  without  a  fair  share  of  this  characteristic. 
There  may  be  such,  but  I  have  never  observed  a  physiognomy 
of  any  one  who  has  by  personal  merit  achieved  great  success 


THE   FACULTY    OF    FIRMNESS.  317 

in  life  who  was  greatly  deficient  in  this  strong  and  enduring  trait. 
Great  and  powerful  as  this  trait  is,  it  must  be  balanced  by  reaxon, 
and  conscience  to  make  it  most  effective,  else  it  degenerates  into 
obstinacy,  which  is  allied  to  stupidity, as  in  the  ass  and  mule;  or 
savage  ferocity,  as  in  the  bull-dog.  All  faculties  need  balance  to 
make  them  of  the  highest  efficiency,  and  all  well-balanced  char- 
acters require  sufficient  stability  and  continuity  of  purpose  to  make 
them  harmonious  and  beautiful. 

The  signs  for  Firmness  may  be  seen  all  over  the  individual  in 
whom  the  osseous  system  is  supreme.  Yet  one  of-  the  most  reliable 
facial  signs  is  the  one  given  in  the  length  of  the  chin  or  lower  jaw- 
bone. A  good  physiognomist  may  tell,  by  the  enlarged  joints  of 
the  fingers  and  by  the  projection  of  the  wrist-joints,  or  by  the  bony 
ankle,  projecting  heel,  or  long,  narrow,  and  fiat  foot,  that  Firmness 
is  present,  for  these  are  all  signs  of  the  supremacy  of  the  bony 
system,  and  this  trait  is  one  of  its  chief  attributes. 

The  faculty  of  Firmness  is  exhibited  in  all  of  Nature's  works  ; 
in  the  unyielding  positions  of  the  rocks  and  trees ;  in  the  steady, 
persistent  action  and  movement  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  as  well  as 
in  the  fixedness  of  the  laws  rgulating  the  seasons  and  the  tides ; 
and  all  the  constantly  recurring  natural  phenomena  tell  us  that 
Firmness  is  in  harmony  with  those  natural  and  eternal  principles 
which  have  their  foundations  in  the  very  nature  of  the  universe. 

There  are  varying  degrees  of  Firmness  observable  in  different 
characters.  Some  faces  exhibit  very  little  of  the  power  to  stick  to 
anything,  while  others  disclose  a  force  in  this  direction  most  extra- 
ordinary. Where  this  trait  is  well  developed,  in  combination  with 
"  Self-will,"  the  character  will  be  most  unyielding,  obdurate,  and 
impossible  to  change,  and  unless  accompanied  with  other  controll- 
ing and  modifying  traits,  such  as  Benevolence,  Conscientiousness, 
or  a  strong  affectional  nature,  the  character  will  be  irremediably 
hard  and  tyrannical.  Fortunately,  we  rarely  find  this  combination. 

Those  undertaking  a  serious  study  of  physiognomy  must  learn 
to  calculate  the  degree  of  control  which  each  development  of  this 
trait  will  have  upon  other  faculties  in  combination  in  every  case 
observed.  A  good,  broad,  and  long,  bony  chin  may  be  covered  by 
and  surrounded  with  fat,  and,  in  this  case,  Firmness  will  be  tem- 
pered by  the  softer  feelings,  and,  if  the  individual  is  very  fat,  the 
quality  of  Firmness  will  be  modified ;  the  activity  of  this  faculty 
will  not  be  so  great  as  where  there  is  much  less  fatty  tissue,  for  a 
great  mass  of  fat  impedes  and  puts  obstacles  in  the  way  of  persist- 
ent, plodding  methods.  All  these  various  differences  in  com- 
bination must  be  observed  and  summed  up  in  the  reading  of  a 
character  before  a  true  and  just  verdict  can  be  rendered. 


318 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC- PHYSIOGNOMY. 


•  THE   FACULTY    OF    ECONOMY. 

Definition. — Frugality;  saving,  prudent,  and  common-sense 
use  of  materials,  strength,  and  time  ;  judicious  expenditure  of 
money;  wise  plans  for  managing  the  household  or  business  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  live  within  one's  means  ;  opposed  in  its  nature 
and  action  to  both  parsimony  and  extravagance. 

The  physiological  action  of  Economy  is  shown  by  a  well- 
nourished  body,  which  contains  a  sufficient  store  of  vital  materials 

to  meet  any  uncommon 
demands  upon  it,  as  in 
protracted  labor,  long-con- 
tinued sickness,  or  old  age. 
An  excessive  develop- 
ment of  Economy  creates 
a  spirit  of  littleness,  mean- 
ness, parsimony,  niggard- 
liness, and  miserliness.  The 
pinched  face,  thin  lips,  and 
shriveled  aspect  of  noted 
misers  reveal  the  utter 
poverty  of  their  bodies,  as 
well  as  the  lack  of  a  bal- 
anced -  and  sound  judg- 
ment. 

A  deficiency  of  Econ- 
omy tends  to  prodigality, 
dissipation,  injudicious  use 
of  money,  time,  and  oppor- 
tunities, and  a  want  of 
appreciation  of  all  the 
conservative  forces  of  life, 
such  as  friends,  home,  and 
health ;  for  he  who  lias* 
not  sufficient  wisdom  to 
conserve  his  means  usually  lacks  ability  to  protect  his  health,  or 
to  value  friends  and  worldly  opportunities. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  physiological  base  of  Econ- 
omy is  found  in  the  action  of  the  glandular  system,  which  stores 
up  adipose  tissue  for  any  unusual  demand  which  may  be  made 
upon  it;  hence,  the  most  decisive  signs  are  shown  by  the  develop- 
ment of  that  tissue  in  close  contiguity  to  the  mouth  and  chin. 
One  very  noticeable  sign  is  the  "  dew-lap,"  a  peculiar  fold  of  fat 
muscle  under  the  chin,  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  the 


FIG.  20.— LUCRETIA  B.  MOTT. 
Principal  facial  sign  of  Economy,  development  of 
adipose  tissue  under  the  chin  and  lower  cheeks.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face. 
This  modest  aim  intellectual  face  discloses  the  faculty 
of  Economy.  All  womanly  traits  are  exhibited  in  this 
countenance.  Mrs.  Mott  was  noted  for  her  humanity, 
intellect,  sympathy,  oratory,  and  modesty.  Asa  valiant 
reformer,  her  balanced  judgment  made  her  a  true  con- 
servator of  all  her  resources:  her  Conscientiousness  led 
her  to  value  time,  opportunity,  talent,  friends,  and 
money,  and  by  carefulness  in  the  use  of  all  these  she 
had  plenty  to  share  with  others.  The  signs  of  Conscien- 
tiousness, Firmness,  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  Lan- 
.guage,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Benev- 
olence are  all  large.  Her  style  of  argument  in  speaking 
was  clear,  logical,  and  persuasive.  She  was  a  noted 
anti-slavery  orator,  and  a  pioneer  advocate  of  woman's 
equality,  and  was  a  cousin  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 


THE    FACULTY    OF    ECONOMY. 


319 


neck  of  the  cow  and  ox,  whose  well-stored  bodies  show  the  sari//;/. 
.  storing  principle  of  physical  economy.  Other  facial  signs  of  the 
saving  disposition  are  known  by  fullness  of  the  cheeks  below  the 
signs  for  Alimentiveness.  These  signs  point  to  the  physical  phase 
merely  of  this  faculty.  One  very  conspicuous  mental  sign  is  seen 
in  a  slight  projection  forward  of  the  chin,  also  in  width  of  its  bony 
structure.  A  well-nourished  and  well-balanced  body  is  a  secondary 
sign,  while  a  thin,  impoverished  body,  with  a  shriveled,  pinched, 
wrinkled  and  juiceless-looking  face,  denote  a  lack  of  this  most 
useful  trait.  The  physiognomies  of  many  great  misers  present  this 
appearance.  The  lack  of  sustaining  power  in  the  bodily  functions 
deprives  them  of  good, 
sound  judgment  in  regard 
to  the  care  and  use  of  their 
bodies;  hence,  they  starve 
themselves  under  the  mis- 
taken notion  that  they  are 
-saving  something. 

Another  facial  evi- 
dence of  the  presence  of 
the  saving  faculty  is  shown 
•by  a  small,  narrow  mouth, 
with  the  upper  canine 
teeth  overlapping,  as  seen 
in  the  rat,  the  squirrel,  and 
other  rodents.  This  form 
of  feature  denotes  both  the 
acquisitive  and  saving  pro- 
pensities. It  discloses  the 
•desire  to  gain  by  littles, 
sometimes  dishonestly  or 
by  begging  or  hinting,  etc., 
as  well  as  by  the  love  of 
hoarding  up  all  sorts  of 

things,  each  individual  showing  a  special  liking  for  one  class  of 
objects,  yet  all  evincing  a  desire  to  hoard,  apparently  for  the  mere 
love  of  possession.  Hoarding  up  materials  without  having  any 
design  of  using  them  is  the  perversion  of  Economy.  Using  them 
with  sense  and  judgment  is  the  normal  action  of  this  faculty  and 
function. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  ECONOMY. — We  often  hear  the  expression, "  the 
wonderful  economy  of  Nature,"  as  if  Nature  were  obliged  to  be 
niggardly  of  her  forces  and  materials  in  order  that  every  require- 
ment of  the  world  and  of  the  human  family  should  be  met. 


FIG.  9.— BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN. 

Principal  facial  sign,  Economy.     The  law  of   the 


lect  led  him  to  be  a  great  economist  both  in  small  and 
great  matters.  His  signs  for  Economy,  Love  of  Home 
and  of  Young  are  well  defined.  Friendship,  Self-es- 
teem, Language,  Mirthfnlness,  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
Analysis,  Reason,  and  Constructiveness  are  very  large. 
He  was  an  inventor,  a  good  mechanic,  a  discoverer,  a 
fine  statesman  and  miter,  a  patriot,  and  philanthropist. 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Although  Nature  is  most  bountifully  generous  in  her  gifts  to  all, 
she  is  M>  1)\  reason  of  not  allowing  anything  to  go  to  waste;  all 
her  productions  arc  of  use.  A  wise,  prudent,  and  well-balanced 
man  imitates  Nature  by  saving  that  lie  may  be  generous,  for  it  is 
only  by  thus  doing  that  he  is  enabled  to  have  anything  to  use  in 
time  of  great  need,  or  to  give  to  those  less  able  to  save.  Now,  this 
principle  of  Nature  is  wonderfully  manifested  in  man's  organism, 
as  are  indeed  all  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  universe,  and 
all  fundamental  laws  of  man's  mind  have  a  physical  base,  that  is. 
are  related  directly  to  some  bodily  function  from  which  their 
ability  is  derived.  The  primitive  principles  of  man's  organism 
manifest  themselves  in  primitive  tissues;  accordingly,  we  should 
expect  to  find  a  storing-up  function  and  faculty  most  developed  or 
primarily  receiving  its  impulse  and  power  from  that  source  which 
originates  and  manufactures,  so  to  speak,  the  blood  and  tissues  of 
the  entire  human  organism,  viz.,  from  the  glandular  system. 

This  system  is  usually  most  active  in  childhood,  and  all  healthy 
infants  exhibit  many  of  the  physical,  facial  signs  of  economy  in  a 
very  marked  manner,  not  only  about  the  mouth,  cheeks  and  neck, 
but  all  over  the  entire  body,  thus  showing  by  this  development  of 
the  softer  tissues  that  Nature  has  stored  away  sufficient  vital 
material  to  meet  the  exacting  demands  of  teething,  and  all  the 
numerous  ailments  to  which  children  in  civilized  life  are  subject. 
Old  age  also  furnishes  another  striking  example  of  the  conserving 
power  of  Nature,  for,  as  men  and  women  approach  the  grand 
climacteric  of  fifty  years  of  age,  Nature  again  commences  the 
storing  up  process,  and  both  men  and  women,  almost  universally, 
have  stored  up  sufficient  extra  tissue  to  enable  them  to  keep  up 
the  normal  standard  of  temperature,  and  also  to  aid  them  in 
meeting  any  demands  which  may  be  made  upon  their  .organism 
by  disease  or  by  the  increased  feebleness  and  infirmities  of  old 
age.  It  is  thus  that  Nature  provides  mankind  with  the  necessary 
materials  with  which  to  meet  all  the  usual  crises  and  emergencies 
of  life  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave.  A  wonderful  manifestation 
of  her  marvellous  powers  of  economy,  conservation,  bounty,  and 
generosity ! 

Now,  having  elaborated  the  idea  of  the  physical  base  of  what 
might  seem  a  purely  mental  trait  (as  the  mind  is  usually  conceived 
of  by  the  masses),  I  shall  now  proceed  to  show  how  the  best-nour- 
ished and  best-balanced  bodies  produce  the  wisest  and  most  prudent 
plans  for  the  economical  use,  disbursement,  and  distribution  of 
materials. 

It  is  a  fact,  patent  to  all  observers,  that  all  ill-proportioned 
persons,  whether  they  be  distinguished  by  grossness  or  an  over- 


THE  FACULTY  OF  ECONOMY.  321 

development  of  adipose  tissue,  on  the  one  hand,  or  whether  they 
lack  a  normal  supply  of  this  element,  or  if  they  be  characterized 
by  great  angularity  (caused  by  over-development  of  bone  and  a 
disproportion  of  the  softer  elements,  such  as  fat  and  muscle),  on 
the  other  hand,  do  not  occupy  positions  where  the  wise  and 
judicious  use  of  means  on  a  large  scale  is  demanded,  for  the 
reason  that  their  minds,  like  their  bodies,  are  out  of  proportion; 
hence,  the  highest  talent  in  the  direction  of  laying  out  money  or 
using  material  resources  is  lacking  in  these  classes.  Men  of  broad 
and  sound  judgment  are  never  characterized  by  disproportioned 
bodies,  but,  like  Benjamin  Franklin  and  George  Peabody,  and  other 
noted  conservators,  are  noted  for  a  certain  degree  of  symmetry  or 
harmony  in  their  physical  and  mental  structures.  Now,  unless 
Nature  has  in  the  first  place  endowed  one  with  the  possibilities  of 
a  well-proportioned  body,  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  he  will 
develop  such  symmetry  of  body  and  mind  as  will  enable  him  to  be 
eminent  in  the  management  of  material  or  mental  resources.  The 
bodies  and  faces  of  misers  reveal  the  inharmony,  disproportion,  and 
angularity  or  one-sidedness  of  their  make-up,  and  this  one-sidedness 
is  shown  by  the  smallness  of  their  ideas,  the  narrowness  of  tlicjr 
lives,  their  utter  lack  of  influence  upon  their  friends  and  in  their 
community,  and  by  their  illiberality  in  every  thought  and  deed. 
Most  of  them  are  narrow-minded,  and  all  lack  the  social  feelings 
which  are  so  pronounced  in  men  of  breadth ;  the  domestic  nature 
is  deficient,  and  although  some  of  them  have,  at  certain  periods 
of  their  lives,  exhibited  considerable  mental  ability,  yet  the  manner 
of  their  living,  by  denying  themselves  the  most  ordinary  comforts, 
and  living  without  the  practice  of  the  social  and  domestic  virtues 
and  obligations,  proves  the  poverty  and  inharmony  of  their 
minds. 

As  a  normal  or  balanced  degree  of  Economy  discloses  a  normal 
or  balanced  condition  of  mind,  so  an  excessive  amount  of  this  trait 
announces  a  deficiency  of  other  traits  for  which  this  is  in  some  sort  a 
compensation.  The  sign  shown  by  a  slight  elongation  of  the  bone  of 
the  chin  I  have  observed  in  many  worthy  characters.  Where  this  is 
conspicuous,  it  is  caused  by  a  combination  of  Conscientiousness 
and  Firmness,  and  arises  from  a  conscientious  desire  on  the  part 
of  the  subject  to  preserve  from  destruction  any  thing  of  any  value 
whatsoever,  while  Firmness  gives  continuity.  Now,  most  persons 
who  present  this  sign  have  generally  some  difficulty  in  acquiring, 
for  which  this  trait  is  the  compensation.  One  may  be  slow  in  his 
movements,  hence  riot  able  to  compete  successfully  with  the  more 
capable.  Another  may  have  fewer  tastes  to  gratify,  hence  has 
less  mental  energy  to  put  forth  in  acquiring,  and  Nature  gives  as 

21 


322  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

a  substitute  the  faculty  of  holding  on  to  and  storing  up  little  by 
little  small  gains,  thus  preserving  this  class  from  want  and  destitu- 
tion. I  have  observed  characters,  in  whom  the  saving  principle 
was  most  decided,  who  were  able  to  earn  little  as  compared  with 
many  others,  and  yet,  by  reason  of  their  more  simple  tastes  and 
habits,  had  more  means  laid  up  at  the  year's  end  than  those  who 
earned  many  times  as  much. 

True  Economy  is  not  meanness  nor  parsimony.  It  is  only  by 
practicing  it  that  we  are  able  to  be  generous  or  benevolent.  Spend- 
thrifts are  never  able  to  give  for  the  reason  that  they  have  nothing 
laid  up  for  emergencies.  Prodigals  of  health  have  never  any 
strength  to  impart  to  others.  It  is  only  the  prudent  conservator 
of  both  means  and  health  who  is  able  to  benefit  and  bless  mankind 
by  his  strength  and  resources. 

Acquisitiveness  is  not  Economy.  It  is  a  distinct  faculty  pro- 
ceeding from  a  distinct  base,  viz.",  from  the  muscular  system. 
One  may  have  great  power  to  acquire  and  very  little  ability  to  save 
his  acquisitions.  This  is  so  well  understood  that  we  often  hear 
business  men  say,  "  Oh,  it's  all  very  easy  to  get  money,  but  it's 
not  so  easy  to  keep  it."  Economy,  in  its  mental  aspect,  is  an  or- 
oinance  of  Nature,  impelling  us  to  store  up  for  the  future,  for  old 
age,  for  sickness,  and  all  the  emergencies  of  life.  Acquisitiveness 
is  never  satisfied,  while  Economy  derives  constant  gratification 
from  every  act  which  tends  to  save,  by  self-denial  of  luxuries,  etc. 

The  primitive  facial  and  bodily  signs  of  Economy  are  most 
conspicuous  in  childhood,  and  are  observed  in  the  soft  tissues. 
The  mental  signs,  particularly  the  sign  in  the  chin,  are  not  so  promi- 
nent in  youth,  for  the  reason  that  the  mind,  the  intelligence,  has 
not  been  put  into  operation,  hence  has  made  no  impression  upon  the 
features ;  neither  has  the  osseous  structure  of  the  chin  reached  its 
ultimate  form  and  development.  After  a  long  course  of  years  spent 
in  petty  cares  and  small  savings  an  impressidn  is  made  upon  the 
face,  and  shows  by  very  fine  wrinkles  lying  in  every  direction.  A 
well-balanced  mind  is  able  to  use  all  its  resources  with  prudence 
and  judgment ;  this  is  a  high  phase  of  Economy,  for  true  Econ- 
omy wisely  conserves  health,  and  is  thus  enabled  to  bend  all  the 
energies  of  the  mind  to  useful  and  benevolent  endeavor. 

Common  sense  in  the  management  of  one's  means  and  oppor- 
tunities is  a  part  of  true  Economy,  and  proceeds  from  a  develop- 
ment of  this  pa.rt  of  the  mental  equipment.  Misers,  and  those 
who  possess  an  excess  of  Economy,  starve  the  body  and  thus 
weaken  the  mental  powers,  under  the  mistaken  notion  that  they  are 
wiring  something.  A  true  economist  provides  good,  nourishing 
food,  knowing  that  by  this  course  he  will  create  mental  and 


THE    FACULTY    OF    ECONOMY.  323 

bodily  vigor, — the  source  of  all  wealth.  Good  living  is  the  best 
economy. 

Real  economists  have  always  something  to  give,  and  love  to 
.give  to  those  who  will  make  a  sensible  use  of  their  gifts. 

Economy,  large  in  combination  with  literary  tastes,  leads  to 
collecting  and  saving  books  and  other  literary  matters ;  with 
Ideality  and  Color  large,  Art  objects  will  be  the  aim  of  the  indi- 
vidual ;  with  Hospitality  large,  foods  and  drinks  will  be  gathered 
and  stored ;  and,  with  large  Caution,  an  almost  morbid  fear  will 
lead  to  extra  exertions  in  laying  up  supplies  for  future  needs.  The 
saving  traits  of  some  animals,  insects,  and  birds  are  remarkable. 
Ants  store  away  under  ground,  in  most  ingeniously  constructed 
dwellings,  large  supplies  of  food  for  winter  use.  The  dog  buries 
his  surplus  bones,  but  does  not  make  such  elaborate  preparations 
for  preserving  his  food  as  many  animals,  for  the  reason  that  he  has 
greater  abilities  and  better  opportunities  to  procure  food  as  he 
needs  it.  The  entire  family  of  rodents,  viz.,  the  rat,  the  mouse, 
the  beaver,  the  hare,  the  gerboa,  the  chinchilla,  the  springhass, 
the  dormouse,  the  several  species  of  squirrels,  the  mole,  the  prairie- 
dog,  the  marmot,  the  lemming,  and  hamster  are  noted  economists ; 
the  latter  is,  perhaps,  the  greatest  "  economist "  of  all,  for  his  hoard- 
ing propensities  are  so  great  that  as  many  as  sixty  pounds  of  corn 
have  been  found  in  the  home  of  one  of  these  creatures  and  one 
hundred  pounds  of  beans  in  that  of  another  (J.  G.  Wood).  All 
of  these  creatures  exhibit  the  sign  by  the  narrow  form  of  the 
mouth  and  the  overlapping  of  the  teeth. 

The  same  providence  is  manifested  by  various  birds,  notably  by 
the  magpie  and  owl,  which  in  their  predatory  excursions  seize  upon 
and  bring  to  their  nest  anything  of  an  edible  nature  which  they 
can  carry  in  their  beaks,  while  in  the  nest  of  the  magpie  stores  of 
many  curious  articles  have  been  found  which  were  quite  beyond 
the  requirements  of  the  bird. 

The  black  bear  furnishes  an  example  of  the  economy  of  Na- 
ture, who,  by  a  singular  provision  of  stored-up  tissues,  enables  the 
beast  to  hibernate  five  months  of  the  year  without  a  particle  of 
food,  and  yet  it  will  come  forth  from  its  long  lethargy  fat  and  in 
good  condition.  The  stored-up  vitality  of  this  hardy  creature  is, 
of  course,  the  source  from  whence  it  derives  its  sustenance.  The 
broad  form  of  the  bear  well  illustrates  the  principle  upon  which 
Economy  is  based,  for  the  same  form  is  characteristic  of  those  wise 
and  prudent  men  who  administer  economically  the  affairs  of  large 
enterprises,  that  is  to  say,  with  wisdom  and  prudence. 

A  well-proportioned  face  and  body,  one  neither  too  broad  nor 
too  narrow,  neither  too  tall  nor  too  short,  if  of  fine  quality,  is  the 


324  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

structure  which  will  manifest  the  most  economy.  A  fair  develop- 
ment of  the  muscles,  with  a  good  degree  of  the  vegetative  system 
in  combination,  is  essential,  and  these  by  their  action  and  develop- 
ment produce  a  form  and  faculty  suited  to  the  exercise  of  the  fine 
virtue  of  saving  and  using  wisely.  As  the  highest  degree  of 
reason  depends  upon  a  well-nourished  body  for  the  strength  and 
vigor  essential  to  protracted  and  profound  cogitation,  so  Economy 
in  its  highest  aspect  depends  also  upon  the  power  which  is  derived 
from  a  well-proportioned  and  vigorous  physique. 

When  we  arrive  at  the  analysis  of  the  mental  aspect  of  "  men- 
tal "  traits,  we  have  to  investigate  the  body,  and  we  shall  find  that 
the  highest  mental  traits,  viz.,  the  Will,  the  Reason,  the  Memory, 
the  Conscience,  and  the  Imagination,  are  all  created  and  sustained 
by  the  action  and  development  of  the  various  organs  and  systems 
within  the  body. 

LOVE   OF   HOME. 

Definition. — Attachment  to  one's  domicile  or  residence ;  love 
of  the  place  where  one  was  born  or  reared  ;  desire  to  live  always 
in  the  same  locality. 

An  excessive  development  of  this  trait  is  shown  by  those  who 
are  of  mediocre  talents  and  abilities,  rather  than  by  the  enter- 
prising, for  ambition  leads  one  far  from  home  and  over  many  lands; 
although  many  great-minded  people  retain  an  ardent  affection  for 
their  birthplace  and  home  of  their  childhood.  Nostalgia,  or  home- 
sickness, a  species  of  melancholy,  results  from  an  excessive  love 
of  one's  home,  while  forced  to  be  absent  from  it. 

The  French  are  particularly  distinguished  by  the  development 
of  the  love  of  home  and  country,  and  if  forced  to  reside  away  from 
it  many  of  them  suffer  with  longing  to  return.  The  English  are 
noted  for  their  love  of  home,  yet  are  quite  cosmopolitan  in  their 
ramblings  and  in  the  desire  to  acquire  by  conquest  the  homes  of 
others  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  Americans  are  also  cosmo- 
politan, yet  content  themselves  with  travelling  to  other  lands  when 
they  tire  of  their  own.  • 

A  deficiency  of  this  faculty  leads  one  to  travel  and  roam  from 
place  to  place.  Such  characters  find  a  home  in  every  hotel  and 
can  be  happy  under  any  roof  and  sometimes  without  one.  Dis- 
coverers and  adventurers  are  lacking  in  Love  of  Home  and  regard 
the  world  at  large  as  their  home. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Fullness  at  the  sides  of  the  under 
lip,  just  below  the  sign  for  Benevolence,  and  adjoining  the  facial 
sign  for  Patriotism. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  LOVE  OF  HOME. — Love  of  Home  is  a  purely 


LOVE    OF    HOME.  325 

domestic  trait  and  is  found  in  varying  grades  of  development  in 
every  individual  and  in  all  races.  Islanders,  as  a  rule,  are  more 
locative  in  their  attachments  than  those  who  inhabit  continents 
and  can  roam  at  will  over  vast  expanses.  The  English  afford  a 
good  illustration  of  insular  attachment  to  home,  many  thousands 
of  them  never  having  left  their  native  country,  while  many  more, 
though  possessed  of  ample  means,  have  never  seen  their  metropo- 
lis,— London, — while  Americans,  in  the  same  financial  condition, 
would  have  visited  every  part  of  Europe  and  thought  it  no  more 
than  a  holiday  trip. 

Many  races  of  men  seem  to  be  entirely  destitute  of  all  loca- 
tive affection.  The  Bedouin  finds  his  home  wherever  he  erects  his 
tent,  and  there  are  many  persons  among  civilized  races  where  Love 
of  Home  is  on  a  level  with  the  Bedouin.  The  love  of  home  is 
founded  in  a  desire  for  "creature  comforts," — love  of  eating,  a 
comfortable  place  to  sleep,  and  a  domicile  which  affords  ease, — 
hence  its  primary  need  points  to  the  digestive  function  as  its 
source  and  origin.  Long-continued  observation  on  my  part  led 
me  to  observe  its  sign  to  be  a  fullness  of  the  lower  lip,  just  under 
the  sign  for  the  glandular  system  (fullness  of  the  under  lip), 
and,  considering  the  domestic  nature  of  this  trait,  I  found  that  it 
was  indebted  to  the  functional  action  of  the  glands  for  the  base  of 

supply. 

The  logic  which  proceeds  from  a  consideration  of  the  location 
of  the  visceral  organs  and  their  mutual  interdependence  upon  each 
other  leads  irresistibly  to  the  belief  that  the  signs  in  the  face  of 
each  group  of  faculties,  as,  for  example,  the  domestic,  the  artistic, 
the  literary,  the  practical,  etc.,  are  all  so  placed  in  the  face  in  such 
manner  as  to  mutually  assist  in  pointing  out  their  physiologi- 
cal origin  and  mental  meanings.  Time  and  observation  on  my 
part  decided  definitely  the  locating  of  all  the  domestic  traits  in  and 
about  the  mouth,  for  the  primary  requirement  of  Love  of  Home  is 
that  a  full  share  of  food  shall  be  easily  obtained,  without  roaming 
abroad  for  it.  One  would  soon  weary  of  a  home  in  which  there  was 
lacking  that  first  essential  of  life.  The  wild  beast  forsakes  his 
lair  when  his  food-supply  is  exhausted,  and  only  returns  to  it  when 
he  has  acquired  a  sufficiency  of  prey  to  bring  back  to  share  with 
his  young,  and  thus  provide  the  first  requisite  for  a  home,  viz., 
Food. 

Love  of  Home  in  its  higher  and  more  refined  aspects — as 
seen  in  the  civilized  races — is  one  of  the  most  solid  and  enduring 
traits,  and  serves  to  ennoble  and  purify  any  race  or  nation  in  which 
it  is  paramount.  The  Hebrew  race,  although  without  a  country 
of  their  own,  and  withal  having  been  exposed  to  the  most  bitter 


326 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


persecutions  for  ages,  still  preserve  a  more  ardent  and  intense  love 
of  home  and  family  ties  of  any  race  in  existence,  and  this  one  trait, 
I  am  convinced,  is  the  very  base  and  firm  foundation  of  their 
material  prosperity.  Their  constitutional  vigor,  the  result  of  their 
strong  digestive  capacity,  points  to  the  glandular  system  as  the 
origin  of  this  vigorous  home  attachment. 

It  is  a  fine  piece  of  worldly  foresight  and  economy  on  the  part 
of  any  man  to  make  k\\e  foundation  of  his  home  sure.  The  father  of 
a  family  should  never,  under  any  pretext  or  pressure  whatever, 
sell  the  roof  from  over  the  head  of  his  wife  and  children.  He 

should  stop  at  the  threshold 
and  never  invade  those 
sacred  precincts  for  any 
purpose,  except  to  build  up 
and  beautify  them.  The 
birds  and  beasts  teach  man 
a  lesson  in  this  direction, 
and  tiny  father-birds  help 
to  build  a  home  for  the 
family  before  they  presume 
to  rear  one ;  and  then, 
having  built  it,  they  keep 
it  inviolate  until  the  birdlets 
are  reared  and  have  flown 
from  it.  Some  birds,  like 
some  people,  change  their 
abode  twice  a  year.  Some 
people  change  oftener,  yet 
seem  to  have  a  love  for  the 
comforts  of  a  home  when 
in  one. 

The  love  for  and  at- 
tachment to  one's  place 
of  residence  depend  upon 
the  degree  of  continuity  and  stability  one  possesses  in  combina- 
tion with  Love  of  Home.  Muscular  people,  although  fond  of 
motion,  are  yet  capable  of  strong  local  attachments.  Those 
possessed  of  a  great  share  of  firmness  like  to  remain  in  one  place, 
by  reason  of  their  persevering  nature.  Vegetative  persons  will, 
like  the  vegetative  animals,  go  where  food  is  plenty,  yet  are  in- 
clined by  reason  of  their  size  and  indolence  to  remain  stationary, 
and  are  often  credited  with  the  possession  of  true  domesticity, 
whereas  it  may  be  only  disinclination  to  move  or  make  much 
physical  effort.  I  have  known  many  women  who  were  falsely 


FIG.  22. -MAD.  OCTAVIA  WALTON  LE  VERT. 

An  American  writer  anil  traveller,  born  in  Georgia, 
1820.  Principal  facial  sign,  Love  of  Home,  shown  by 
fullness  of  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip.  The  law  of  the 
curve  governs  this  face.  This  distinguished  lady  was 
as  widely  known  for  her  unbounded  hospitality  as  for 
her  writings.  All  of  the  social  virtues  snone  forth  in 
this  friendly  face.  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirth- 
'  fulness,  Ap'prqbativeness,  Hospitality,  and  Friendship 
form  a  beautiful  basis  upon  which  rest  her  literary 
faculties.  Among  them  are  Constructiveness,  Human 
Nature,  Language,  Form,  Size,  Color,  Locality,  Memory 
of  Events.  These  traits  were  her  most  decided  charac- 
teristics and  ennobled  her  life  and  adorned  her  writings. 


LOVE    OF    HOME. 


327 


judged  to  be  of  a  domestic  nature,  simply  because,  cat-like,  they 
remained  at  home  where  they  could  enjoy  ease  and  comforts  with- 
out exertion.  In  such  cases  it  is  not  local  attachment  which  holds 
them  stationary,  but  a  love  of  self  and  selfish  ease  and  enjoyment. 
Where  the  sign  for  Self-will  is  large  (known  by  fullness  of 
the  muscle  between  the  eyes),  together  with  the  sign  for  Love  of 
Home,  the  character  will  possess  most  ardent  attachment  for  and 
desire  to  have  a  permanent  dwelling-place.  A  person  with  this 
combination  will  experience  great  unhappiness  at  being  obliged  to 
leave  home,  even  for  a 
night  or  a  short  journey, 
and  in  youth  will  suffer 
seriously  from  homesick- 
ness if  obliged  to  leave 
home.  I  have  known 
many  adults,  also,  both 
male  and  female,  to  be- 
come ill  through  being- 
obliged  to  leave  the  home 
of  their  childhood  or  other 
long  -  occupied  residence. 
In  these  days  of  facilities 
for  travel,  we  see  little  of 
this  disease,  except  among 
young  children  who  are 
sent  away  from  home  and 
parents.  The  Bedouin  of 
the  desert  regards  his  shift- 
ing home  among  the  sands 
with  much  pure  affection 
and  thinks  it  a  most  delight- 
ful abode,  and,  although  he 

line     nr»      ovar>f      cr-»r>f      m-knn 
CAdCL      hpui      upu 

AjzViinVi    fv-k    -rnfr>V«    Viic    fonf     Vio 
WHIG  1   LO    pllGIl   111S    cent,  ne 

is  happy  anywhere  within 
its  boundaries ;  but  when  obliged  to  live  temporarily  in  a  town  he 
becomes  dissatisfied  and  longs  most  earnestly  for  his  nomadic  life. 
Emerson  tells  us  of  the  English,  that  "  they  are  a  people  scattered 
by  their  ways  and  affairs  over  the  face  of  the  whole  earth,  yet 
homesick  to  a  man."* 

The  love  of  home  is  so  universal  and  ingrained,  both  in  man, 
beast,  bird,  and  insect  (in  varying  degrees  and  shown  by  many 
diverse  manifestations),  as  to  warrant  us  in  considering  it  one  of 

*  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  56.    1876. 


FIG.  23.— JAMES  FENIMORE  COOPER. 

An  American  novelist,  born  1789.  Principal  facial 
sign,  Love  of  Home,  shown  by  fullness  of  the  centre  of 
the  lower  lip.  '  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  physiognomy.  This  distinguished 
writer  was  original,  vivid,  and  humorous,  and  displayed 
great  knowledge  of  human  nature  in  his  writings,  which 
were  "instinct  with  the  spirit  of  nationality/'  His 
face  discloses  Love  of  Home  and  Patriotism  in  a  marked 
manner,  while  the  signs  of  all  of  the  domestic  and  social 
faculties  —  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Mirthfulness, 
Love  of  Young,  Hospitality,  Economy,  Approbative. 
ness,  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  and  Friendship — are 
all  very  pronounced.  The  signs  for  Ideality,  Construct- 
iveness.  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature, 
Analysis,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Lan- 
guage, Form,  Size,  Order,  Color,  Locality,  and  Memory 
of  Events  are  most  decided.  His  nose  is  broad  on  the 
back  the  entire  length. 


328  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  primitive  faculties,  and  hence  its  local  sign  in  the  face  is  found 
in  the  lower  or  vegetative  domain,  and  in  the  domestic  group;  it 
is  near  to  the  local  sign  for  Conscientiousness  and  Firmness,  both 
of  which  assist  it  in  preserving  the  integrity  and  permanency  of 
the  family  institution.  Conscientiousness,  it  will  thus  be  seen,  is 
the  grand  faculty  which  enables  character  to  weld  together  not 
only  the  domestic  faculties  (where  it  is  greatly  needed),  but  it 
binds  the  individual  to  love  of  country,  to  offspring,  and  to  conjugal 
companions. 

Children  who  are  reared  in  a  permanent  home  have  usually 
more  stable  attachment  for  home  than  those  who  make  frequent 
changes.  The  love  for  the  land,  the  trees,  and  flowers  about  one's 
early  home  is  never  lost,  and  in  old  age  is  fondly  and  regretfully 
remembered. 

In  order  to  cultivate  this  most  important  trait  of  character, 
parents  should  strive  to  make  home  the  most  attractive  place  on 
earth  to  their  children.  Good,  bright  lights  at  night  is  one  feature 
which  should  never  be  neglected.  I  have  observed  in  many  farm 
homes,  particularly,  a  single,  dim  light,  which  served  only  to  make 
the  darkness  visible  through  the  long  winter  evenings.  No  wonder 
that  the  sons  and  daughters  in  such  a  home  found  it  irksome,  and 
desired  to  go  anywhere  rather  than  stay  in  such  a  dim,  forbidding 
place.  A  good,  bright  light  induces  cheerfulness  and  contentment. 
Next  to  this,  a  bright  fire  in  cold  or  chilly  weather  is  a  prime 
essential  to  making  the  home  what  it  should  be.  Children  love 
light  and  warmth,  and  these  two  comforts  will  compensate  them 
for  the  absence  of  many  luxuries. 

The  study  of  home  accomplishments,  as  well  as  the  practice  of 
home  duties,  assist  materially  in  developing  Love  of  Home.  Boys 
as  well  as  girls  should,  if  they  have  taste  or  talent  for  music,  be 
encouraged  to  practice  it,  for  it  will  lead  them  more  into  home 
associations,  and  into  the  society  of  their  sisters  and  other  girls, 
and  such  associations  are  far  safer  for  a  boy  than  the  corner 
grocery,  the  stable,  and  saloon, — places  which  boys  and  young 
men  often  visit  by  reason  of  their  ignorance  of  any  accomplish- 
ment which  would  draw  them  into  domestic  associations,  either  in 
their  own  home  or  in  the  homes  of  others.  Music,  drawing,  paint- 
ing, designing  patterns,  wood-carving,  modelling,  and  floriculture 
are  equally  desirable  for  boys  as  for  girls,  and  all  promote  refine- 
ment and  habits  of  industry,  as  well  as  Love  of  Home.  Books,  both 
solid  and  amusing,  should  be  purchased.  It  always  makes  me  sad 
to  enter  a  home  where  books  are  scarce,  for  I  know  that  one  grand 
element  of  character-building  is  absent. 

No  child  can  be  truly  happy  in  its  home,  no  matter  whether 


PATRIOTISM.  329 

it  be  a  hut  or  a  palace,  unless  it  be  reared  in  habits  of  industry 
and  order.  Chaos  is  as  distressing  to  most  children  as  it  is  to  most 
adults.  Spoiled  and  indulged  children  are  never  happy,  and  con- 
sequently cannot  be  transformed  into  good  and  useful  men  and 
women.  Order,  industry,  exercise,  and  amusement  should  be  the 
ruling  and  guiding  principles  in  all  well-regulated  homes.  Chil- 
dren trained  up  in  these  principles  are  never  unhappy,  and  always 
love  their  home.  Even  in  play  children  love  system  and  order. 
Witness  the  eagerness  with  which  the  little  kindergartners  assist 
in  their  plays  and  games,  which  are  carried  on  by  rule  and  method. 
True  domestic  character  is  as  much  the  result  of  cultivation 
as  is  art,  music,  or  science,  and  the  home  is  its  school.  All  domestic 
ties  should  be  cultivated  and  strengthened  by  keeping  anniversaries 
of  births,  marriages,  deaths,  and  other  important  family  affairs. 
Little  feasts  and  excursions  for  the  benefit  of  the  "wee  ones" 
should  be  made,  and  each  child  should  be  made  to  feel  its  impor- 
tance as  a  member  of  the  family ;  not  only  this,  but  it  should  be 
trained  to  certain  duties,  no  matter  how  slight,  and  these  should 
commence  almost  in  infancy.  Certainly  at  three  years  of  age  duties 
of  some  sort  should  be  placed  upon  every  child,  even  if  no  more 
than  placing  its  father's  slippers  and  newspaper  regularly.  The 
up-building  of  character — of  domestic  character  particularly — 
must  be  strengthened  in  the  early  years  of  childhood,  for  then,  the 
child  being  malleable,  its  character  can  be  formed  and  fashioned  in 
such  manner  as  to  outlast  all  subsequent  influences  and  impres- 
sions. Mothers  who  desire  to  make  their  children  true  home- 
lovers  and  true  domestic  companions  must  build  early  and  wisely 
to  make  the  love  of  home  paramount,  for  this  trait  is  the  very 
corner-stone  and  foundation  of  all  that  is  good  and  great  in  man- 
kind. 

PATRIOTISM. 

"My  country,  'tis  of  thee, 
Sweet  land  of  liberty, 

Of  thee  I  sing." 

Definition. — Love  of  one's  country,  its  people,  scenery,  laws, 
and  institutions ;  regard  for  its  glory  and  prosperity. 

An  excess  of  Patriotism  is  not  a  very  common  complaint  in 
these  days  of  rapid  transit ;  yet  many  races,  notably  the  English 
and  French,  are  quite  enthusiastic  in  their  praises  of  their  own 
land.  The  Irish,  also,  refer  to  the  land  of  their  birth  and  miseries 
with  great  fervor,  but  with  a  strange  inconsistency  leave  it  in  large 
numbers.  Their  excessive  love  of  country  makes  them  clannish 
and  prevents  them  from  assimilating  with  other  races  equally  good. 
Intense  love  of  country  creates  boastfulness,  offensive  egotism,  and 


330 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


assumption  of  superior  qualities  on  account  of  being  born  in  a 
certain  latitude.  To  remedy  the  latter  defect  one  should  endeavor 
to  cultivate  a  more  cosmopolitan  spirit,  a  wider  comprehension  of 
the  "fatherhood  of  God  and  the  brotherhood  of  man."  Reflection 
will  teach  us  that  no  nation  or  race  has  a  monopoly  of  virtues,  but 
that  the  best  traits  of  human  nature  are  about  equally  divided,  and 
that  if  one  nation  does  not  advance  as  fast  as  another  it  is  through 
want  of  liberty, — the  only  hindrance  to  elevation  and  advancement. 
A  deficiency  of  Patriotism  makes  one  unmindful  of  one's 

country,  and  may  arise  from 
one  of  two  causes, — from 
narrowness  and  petty  self- 
ishness, or  from  a  broad 
and  philanthropic  humani- 
tarianism,  which  leads  one 
to  look  upon  all  the  world 
as  one's  country  and  its 
inhabitants  as  one's  own 
people.  The  latter  class 
recognize  no  racial  divis- 
ions, but  regard  as  brothers 
all  mankind. 

Minds  which  have  any 
claim  to  greatness  are  capable 
of  divesting  themselves  of  self- 
ish considerations;  the}7  feel 
that  they  belong  to  the  whole 
human  race,  and  their  views 
are  directed  to  posterity  alone. 
— MAD.  ROLAND. 

facial  and  Bodily 
Signs.  —  Patriotism  is 
shown  by  fullness  of  that 
portion  of  the  chin  below 
and  adjoining  Benevolence, 

while  Love  of  Home  lies  just  forward  of  it,  toward  the  inner  part 
of  the  chin.     It  is  exhibited  by  glandular  development. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PATRIOTISM. — The  love  of  one's  own  country 
is  a  sentiment  which  finds  a  response  in  the  hearts  of  all  races  and 
conditions  of  men,  yet  it  is  distinct  from  Love  of  Home  in  its 
action.  A  man  may  be  a  zealous  patriot, — loving  ardently  the 
land  of  his  birth, — yet  not  having  a  strong  local  attachment  to 
any  particular  spot  or  place  within  its  boundaries.  Many  wander- 
ing tribes  among  uncivilized  races  illustrate  this  peculiarity,  yet  in 


FIG.  24.— MAD.  MARIE  JEANNE  PHILLIPON 

ROLAND. 

Celebrated  French  writer  and  patriot,  born  in  Paris, 
1754.  Principal  facial  sign,  Patriotism,  shown  by  full- 
ness of  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip.  The  law  governing 
this  countenance  is  that  of  the  straight  line  and  curve. 
This  beautiful  face  represents  a  character  at  once  lofty 
and  self-sacrificing ;  her  writings  now  extant  breathe  a 
spirit  of  patriotic  heroism  rarely  excelled  ;  she  was  guil- 
lotined for  her  devotion  to  her  country,  and  expired,  ex- 
claiming, "  O  Liberty,  what  crimes  are  committed  in  thy 
name  !"  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Hospitality,  Friend- 
ship, and  Approbativeness  are  most  marked  in  this 
countenance.  The  mental  signs  in  the  nose— Analysis, 
Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness, 
Veneration,  and  Hope — are  very  large.  The  neck  is 
straight  and  statuesque,  and  denotes  strong  Self-will ; 
the  wavy  hair  indicates  agreeability.  Altogether  a  noble 
countenance. 


PATRIOTISM. 


331 


civilized  communities  the  two  domestic  sentiments  of  Love  of 
Home  and  Love  of  Country  are  usually  found  united  in  varying 
degrees ;  some  exhibiting  more  of  one  than  of  the  other  trait. 

Love  of  Home  is  a  faculty  which  is  strengthened  and  de- 
veloped by  every-day  life,  while  Patriotism  is  a  trait  which  de- 
velops best  under  the  excitement  and  stimulus  of  great  crises  in  a 
nation's  existence  rather  than  by  its  daily,  habitual  exercise.  To 
become  a  patriot  of  a  high 
order,  such  as  Washington, 
Jackson,  Jefferson,  and 
Paine  were,  there  must 
necessarily  be  a  combina- 
tion of  high  and  lofty 
faculties,  together  with 
great  intellectual  power ; 
but  the  Love  of  Country, 
pure  and  simple,  may  glow 
as  brightly  in  the  breast  of 
the  humblest  citizen  or 
common  soldier  as  it  does 
under  the  uniform  of  a 
general. 

The  scope  of  this  fac- 
ulty is  very  wide,  and  de- 
mands exercise  in  different 
ways  in  different  peoples. 
It  looks  to  governments 
as  a  means  of  protecting 
the  citizen  within  and  to 
repel  invasion  from  with- 
out. Men  institute  govern- 
ments which  in  their  quality 
are  the  exact  expression  of 
their  grade  of  development 
as  human  beings.  The 
savage  seeks  and  erects  an 

absolute  despotism;  some  of  the  European  nations  are  under 
constitutional  governments, — England,  for  example ;  and  in  this 
country  the  people  are  more  generally  intelligent,  hence  more 
capable  of  self-government.  In  our  country,  America,  every 
man  is  a  sovereign,  and  equally  responsible  with  every  other 
man  for  the  stability,  integrity,  and  perpetuity  of  the  government ; 
and,  according  as  the  laws  are  administered  and  justice  meted 
out,  just  so  far  does  the  existing  condition  of  affairs  represent 


FIG.  25.— THOMAS  STARR  KING.      (OKATOR. 
DIVINE,  WRITER,  POET.) 

Born  in  New  York,  1824.  Principal  facial  sign.  Pa- 
triotism, shown  by  f  ullness  of  the  centre  of  the  lower  lip. 
The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and  curve  governs 
this  countenance,  'iliis  wonderfully  illuminated  face 
and  speaking  eyes  reveal  the  fire  of  patriotism  which 
burned  within,  ''ihoinas  Starr  King  stood  in  the  first 
rank  as  an  orator,  preacher,  poet,  and  M  liter.  His 
patriotism  kept  alive  the  Union  sentiment  of  Cali- 
fornia during  the  late  Civil  M  ar  :  his  style  of  oratory 
was  logical,  rhetorical,  and  magnetic.  Under  the  ex- 
citement of  his  emotions  when  speaking  of  the  Union 
and  the  old  flag  his  eyes  fairly  blaxed  with  patriotic 
excitement.  The  facial  signs  for  Love  of  Home,  of 
Country,  Love  of  Young.  Friendship,  1  enevolence, 
Amativeness.  Conscientiousness,  Approbativeness.Yen- 
eration.  Sublimity,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation.  Con- 
structiveness,  Ide'ality,  Form,  Size.  Language.  Order, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Reason  are  most  decided.  The 
dense  color  which  shone  in  his  eyes,  hair,  and  com- 
plexion gave  force,  intensity,  and  "dramatic  fervor  to 
his  utterances. 


332  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  grade  of  development  to  which  "we  have  attained,  morally 
and  mentally. 

In  respect  to  our  grade  of  the  moral  sense  or  sense  of  justice 
we  have  need  to  take  a  great  step  forward  and  rise  to  the  height 
of  perfect  justice,  and  give  to  our  women  citizens  the  right  of 
suffrage,  in  order  that  their  moral  and  purifying  influence  may 
assist  in  elevating  to  grander  heights  of  justice  and;  nobility  our 
otherwise  unsurpassed  government  and  country.  England  has  set 
us  a  worthy  example  in  this  respect,  and  now  all  her  women  citi- 
zens are  clothed  with  the  franchise, — provided  they  have  the  neces- 
sary property  qualification. 

Love  of  Country  combined  with  Friendship  leads  men  to 
unite  for  the  common  good  ;  with  large  Veneration,  obedience  to 
law  and  order  results ;  with  Force  and  Resistance  large,  will  de- 
fend the  honor  and  interests  of  country ;  and  with  Order  in  com- 
bination, will  seek  to  frame  laws  for  the  maintenance  of  its  institu- 
tions. 

Patriotism,  like  all  other  faculties,  can  be  cultivated  under 
the  proper  stimulus,  and  one  of  the  best  methods  is  to  teach  chil- 
dren to  memorize  the  speeches  and  poems  of  our  greatest  patriots, 
as  well  as  to  familiarize  them  with  the  grand  actions  and  utterances 
of  the  patriots  of  all  nations.  No  better  or  more  patriotic  address 
than  Webster's  reply  to  Hayne,  delivered  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States  in  1830,  was  ever  heard.  Perhaps  his  oration  at  the 
dedication  of  Bunker-Hill  Monument  comes  nearest  to  it  in  grandeur 
and  patriotic  feeling,  and  these  two  monuments  of  his  greatness 
and  power  have  come  down  to  us  Americans  and  should  be  con- 
sidered a  precious  legacy,  which  ought  to  be  engraved  upon  the 
heart  and  mind  of  every  American  citizen,  without  regard  to  sex. 

This  faculty  is  a  primal  and  universal  one,  and  is  adapted  to 
the  requirements  of  all  lands  and  races ;  hence,  the  situation  of 
its  local  sign  is  in  the  primitive  group  of  faculties,  and  its  physical 
support  is  derived  from  the  action  of  that  primitive  function, — the 
intestinal  system, — and  from  its  glandular  division. 

No  mental  faculty  presents  a  more  lofty  aspect  than  Patriot- 
ism when  allied  to  Sublimity,  Language,  Reason,  Friendship,  and 
large  Love  of  Home  and  of  Children.  This  combination  gave  the 
power  which  inspired  the  speeches  of  Webster,  Clay,  Adams, 
Calhoun,  Wirt,  Pitt,  Madame  Roland,  Fox,  Sheridan,  Emmet, 
and  Gambetta,  in  our  times,  and  the  eloquent  and  impassioned 
arguments  of  Cicero  and  Demosthenes  in  former  ages. 

One  patriot  like  Thomas  Paine  can  change  for  the  better  the 
destinies  of  millions,  for  it  was  his  patriotic  and  fearless  senti- 
ments in  the  cause  of  liberty  which  more  than  any  other  shaped 


PATRIOTISM.  333 

and  molded  public  opinion  in  such  manner  as  to  bring  about  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  the  freedom  we  now  enjoy. 

Love  of  Country  is  one  of  the  most  unselfish  traits  of  human 
nature.  It  ranks  with  gratitude  and  moral  courage  in  the  gran- 
deur of  its  purposes,  which  are  entirely  altruistic.  The  patriot 
seeks  not  only  the  good  of  his  fellow-countrymen  by  whom  he  is 
surrounded,  but  endeavors  to  perpetuate  such  laws  and  institutions 
as  shall  shield  and  protect  the  interests  of  multitudes  yet  unborn, — 
those  who  are  to  come  after  him.  Every  patriot  cannot  be  an  orator 
nor  a  general,  yet  every  man  and  woman  possessed  of  ordinary 
intelligence  and  patriotism  can  comprehend  the  principles  of  gov- 
ernment, and  assist  in  carrying  them  out.  All  true  citizens  should 
investigate  principles  and  leave  politics  to  the  tricksters  and  po- 
litical shysters  who  disgrace  our  national  governmental  affairs. 
Principles,  not  politics,  should  be  the  study  of  all  true  lovers  of 
their  country.  I  know  of  no  term  which  expresses  so  much  that 
is  low,  vile,  and  degraded  as  the  word  "politics."  It  has  become 
degraded  by  its  uses  and  associations,  and  the  sooner  we  expunge 
it  and  its  operation  from  governmental  matters,  the  better  for  all 
true  patriots.  There  is  nothing  elevating  in  the  study  of  politics. 
Men,  knowing  this,  are  doubtless  right  in  their  opposition  to 
women  "  dabbling  in  the  filthy  pool  of  politics ;"  and  until  this 
filthy  pool  is  cleaned  by  substituting  the  discussion  of  principles  of 
justice,  truth,  and  purity,  it  is  no  place  for  woman.  The  various 
organizations,  in  this  and  other  countries,  which  are  conducted  by 
women  in  the  interests  of  humanity,  such,  for  example,  as  the 
"  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,"  the  "Moral  Education" 
societies,  and  the  various  "  Labor  "  associations,  which  discuss  and 
promulgate  personal  rights,  moral  integrity,  and  the  higher  laws 
of  justice,  are  fast  educating  the  masses  of  both  men  and  women 
to  a  comprehension  of  such  principles  as  will  lead  to  a  govern- 
ment in  which  woman's  influence  will  be  needed,  for  to  divorce  the 
higher  moral  sense  of  woman  from  participation  in  the  govern- 
ment is  like  excluding  the  sunlight  from  the  earth ;  and  just  so 
long  as  this  course  is  persisted  in,  just  so  long  will  the  vile  weeds 
of  intemperance,  immorality,  and  injustice  thrive  and  flourish,  and 
our  homes  continue  insecure  and  unsafe  abodes  for  women  and 
children.  In  order  to  make  the  home  inviolable,  that  larger 
home — the  nation — must  be  correspondingly  pure,  just,  and  safe  ; 
but  how  can  this  be  so  while  a  man-made  government  licenses  one 
portion  of  its  citizens  to  prey  upon,  destroy,  and  make  mad  all 
other  portions  of  its  citizens  1  How  can  the  home  be  a  secure  and 
safe  place  for  pure  women  and  tender  babes,  while  the  demon  pf 
intemperance  is  given  full  liberty  by  legal  enactment  to  make 


334  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

widows  and  orphans ;  to  rob,  murder,  and  destroy  all  people  with- 
out regard  to  age,  sex,  or  condition  1  Since  one  portion  of  our 
citizens,  after  over  one  hundred  years  of  experiment,  have  not  suc- 
ceeded in  protecting  the  home  and  in  making  the  country  a  safe 
place  for  our  children,  would  it  not  be  good  policy  to  let  the  most 
moral  and  home-loving  of  our  citizens  assist  in  the  work  of  recon- 
struction ?  It  surely  could  not  be  worse ;  hence  the  experiment 
would  not  work  more  harm  than  the  present  method.  I  will  here 
make  the  prophecy  that  not  only  will  woman  participate  in  gov- 
ernmental affairs  equally  with  other  classes  of  citizens  in  the  year 
1900,  but  that  we  shall  have  then  a  true  republic  in  which  the 
government  in  all  its  departments  shall  be  operated  at  the  "  price 
of  cost  in  the  interest  of  the  whole  people,"  and  not,  as  now,  in  the 
interest  of  the  bankers  and  monopolists.  Then,  indeed,  will  the 
heart  of  the  patriot  glow  with  pride  and  gratitude  as  he  enjoys  the 
fruits  of  his  labors  and  the  home  of  his  childhood,  and  the  home  of 
his  wife  and  mother  be  truly  and  surely  protected  by  having  made 
that  larger  home,  the  nation,  a  place  of  purity  and  justice.  Then 
can  he  exclaim  with  the  poet : — 

"Our  country  !  'tis  a  glorious  land, 

With  broad  arms  stretched  from  shore  to  shore. 
The  proud  Pacific  chafes  her  strand  ; 

He  hears  the  dark  Atlantic  roar ; 
And  nurtured  on  her  ample  breast, 

How  many  a  goodly  prospect  lies, 
In  Nature's  wildest  grandeur  drest, 

Enameled  with  her  loveliest  dyes. 

"Great  God  !  we  thank  Thee  for  this  home, 

This  bounteous  birth-land  of  the  free, 
Where  wanderers  from  afar  may  come 

And  breathe  the  air  of  liberty. 
Still  may  her  flowers  untrampled  spring, 

Her  harvests  wave,  her  cities  rise. 
And  yet  till  Time  shall  fold  his  wing 

Remain  Earth's  loveliest  paradise." — W.  J.  PALODIE. 

Patriotism  is  a  virtue  which  often  demands  the  greatest  tests 
of  sincerity  and  exacts  the  highest  sacrifice  which  men  can  make, 
for  many  of  its  grandest  representatives  have  given  up  life,  fortune, 
and  family  for  the  benefit  of  their  race  and  country.  Yet,  in  these 
sacrifices  there  is  to  patriots  a  joy  and  satisfaction  uncomprehended 
by  ordinary  mortals.  It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  the  exer- 
cise of  the  dominant  faculties  is  productive  of  the  highest  enjoy- 
ment, and  doubtless  many  of  the  patriotic  victims  who  have  died 
upon  the  field  of  battle,  or  who  have  suffered  upon  the  scaffold, 
could  have  said  with  Madame  Roland: — 

Truth!  Friendship!  My  country!  Sacred  objects!  Sentiments 
detir  to  my  heart,  accept  my  last  sacrifice.  My  life  was  devoted  to  you, 
and  will  render  m}'  death  easy  and  glorious. 


BENEVOLENCE.  335 


BENEVOLENCE. 

Definition. — Sympathy,  generosity,  philanthropy;  the  love 
of  doing  for  and  giving  to  others ;  the  desire  to  relieve  and 
ameliorate  the  wrongs  and  sufferings  of  one's  fellows ;  good-will, 
kindness,  charitableness,  love  of  mankind. 

An  excess  of  Sympathy  makes  one  liable  to  imposition  by 
unworthy  objects,  or  leads  to  the  neglect  of  one's  own  nearer 
duties  in  the  endeavor  to  assist  others.  Excessive  generosity  tends 
to  impoverishment  and  to  the  injury  of  those  who  have  claims 
upon  us. 

Deficient  Sympathy  and  charitableness  creates  hardness  of 
heart,  a  churlish,  indifferent  or  inhuman  nature.  It  makes  one 
selfish  and  regardless  of  the  sufferings  of  others. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — A  full,  rolling,  red  and  moist 
under-lip  is  an  unfailing  indication  of  a  sympathetic,  generous,  or 
benevolent  disposition.  In  combination  with  large  reasoning 
faculties  and  constructiveness  we  find  the  philanthropic  phase  of 
this  many-sided  trait.  This  endowment  is  very  marked  in  the 
physiognomies  of  Wilberforce,  Thomas  Paine,  George  Washington, 
Peter  Cooper,  and  other  eminent  philanthropists.  As  a  rule,  the 
grossly  fat  individual  is  less  sympathetic  than  those  who  have 
a  more  active  body ;  too  much  fatty  material  makes  one  think 
mainly  of  one's  own  comfort,  while  excessive  weight  of  flesh 
incapacitates  one  for  those  activities  of  mind  or  body  which  are 
essential  to  the  duties  appertaining  to  true  benevolence. 

The  best  organism  for  the  exercise  of  benevolence  is  one  in 
which  there  is  a  good  development  of  the  nutritive  system,  without 
too  great  a  deposition  of  fat.  The  horse  is,  perhaps,  the  best  type 
of  a  benevolent  animal,  and  he  exhibits  a  long,  thin  face,  with  a 
well-nourished  and  a  strong,  capacious  body,  neither  too  fat  nor 
too  lean. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  BENEVOLENCE. — Benevolence  is  a  faculty  of 
large  powers,  and  manifests  many  diverse  modes  of  action ;  hence 
it  is  that  one  single  word  fails  to  convey  a  clear  and  precise  statement 
of  its  scope  and  meaning.  The  fullest  expression  of  physiognomy 
demands  a  new  coinage  of  language.  Lavater  felt  this  want  and 
often  referred  to  it.  All  other  sciences  have  coined  words  to  meet 
new  knowledge :  Chemistry,  for  example,  and  other  sciences,  have 
found  ordinary  words  wholly  inadequate  to  express  newly-found 
laws,  substances,  qualities,  and  conditions,  and  the  physiognomist 
finds  such  innumerable  and  diverse  manifestations  of  Benevolence, 
as  well  as  of  all  the  other  faculties,  that  he  is  often  at  a  loss  to 
properly  designate  each  one  of  its  several  phases. 


336 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Some  individuals  exhibit  the  sympathetic  phase  of  Benevolence 
by  spontaneous  and  practical  assistance.  Others  disclose  their 
form  of  sympathy  by  listening  to  recitals  of  woe,  and  exhibit  in- 
tense feelings  of  sorrow,  and  by  weeping  in  concert  with  the  suf- 
fering assuage  their  grief  by  exhibiting  more  grief.  Others  display 
the  generous  aspect  of  Benevolence  and  instantly  put  the  hand 
into  the  pocket  and  say  to  the  bystander,  as  did  the  Quaker,  "  I 
am  sorry  five  dollars,  friend;  how  sorry  art  thou"?"  Yet  this  class 
of  persons  would  never  think  of  offering  personal  service,  such  as 
nursing  the  sick  or  assisting  in  any  labor  requiring  personal  effort. 

Others,  again,  evince  their 
benevolent  feeling  by  al- 
ways stepping  in  to  fill  the 
want  of  laborers  in  times 
of  sickness  or  great  public 
disasters  and  calamities. 

Those  with  large  rea- 
soning powers,  construct- 
iveness  and  practical  traits 
— like  John  Howard,  Wil- 
berforce,  Peabody,  and 
Godin — lay  broad  and  wise 
plans  for  the  amelioration 
of  large  numbers  of  suffer- 
ing human  beings.  This 
is  the  philanthropic  phase 
of  Benevolence,  and  in  its 
scope  and  intent  is  directly 
opposite  to  the  act  of  the 
sympathetic  women  who 
are  always  at  the  back  door 
to  deal  out  cold  victuals 
and  old  clothes  to  every 
comer,  without  regard  to 
the  worthiness  of  the  applicant.  The  latter  expresses  Benevo- 
lence without  reason,  while  the  former  shows  the  very  height 
of  this  noble  and  unselfish  trait.  Each  form  of  sympathy  is 
required  for  the  world's  necessities ;  hence,  the  one  who  feeds 
the  wandering  beggar  and  he  who  plans  wisely  for  the  uplifting 
of  masses  of  the  downtrodden  and  helpless  expresses  each  in  his 
own  way  the  action  of  Benevolence.  Wherever  we  find  all  forms 
of  this  trait  lacking,  there  we  shall  find  one  whose  physical,  moral, 
or  mental  nature  is  sadly  deficient.  Certainly  an  impoverished 
condition  lies  at  the  root,  for  he  is  poor,  indeed,  who  has  nothing 


FIG.  26.— LADY  ANGELA  GEORGINA  BURDETT- 
C< )UTTS  BARTLETT-COUTTS. 

Born  in  England,  1814 ;  noted  philanthropist.  Prin- 
cipal facial  and  bodily  sign,  Benevolence,  shown  by 
fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of  the  lower  lip;  lon^. 
slim  face  and  body.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
angle  governs  this  countenance.  This  truly  sympathetic 
face  reveals  a  benevolent  and  noble  character.  The 
munificent  charities  of  this  generous  woman  in  ever}' 
part  of  the  globe  rank  her  with  the  world's  greatest 
benefactors.  The  signs  for  Modesty,  Love  of  Young, 
Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Conscientiousness.  Venera- 
tion, Ideality,  Cautiousness.  Exeeutiveness,  and  Reason 
are  all  well  denned.  The  world  is  greatly  indebted  to 
this  elevated,  pure-minded,  and  generous  lady. 


BENEVOLENCE. 


337 


to  give,  and  whose  nature  never  prompts  him  to  an  act  of  kindness 
or  a  word  of  sympathy  and  encouragement.  It  is  not  essential 
that  one  should  be  constantly  giving  money  or  material  to  demon- 
strate the  presence  of  Benevolence.  This  may  be  shown  in  a  hun- 
dred ways, — by  kindness  in  speech,  especially  to  the  poor  and 
unfortunate,  to  one's  servants,  and  to  the  aged,  as  well  as  to  chil- 
dren and  animals. 

One  of  the  most  unselfish  characters  I  have  ever  met  seldom 
gave  money  or  property,  but  was  constantly  assisting  others  to  help 
themselves  by  procuring 
employment  for  them,  by 
working  in  charitable  so- 
cieties, and  by  influencing 
others  to  deeds  of  charity 
and  benevolence. 

Among  the  most  gener- 
ous men  I  have  met  was 
one  who  had  a  thorough 
dislike  to  visiting  the  sick, 
going  so  far  as  to  refrain 
from  caring  personally  for 
his  family  and  friends  in 
sickness,  yet  would  give 
lavishly  of  his  money  and 
goods,  and  at  the  same  time  FIG.  27.— HENRY  BERGH.  (PHILANTHROPIST.) 

Principal  facial  and  bodily  signs  :  full,  red  under-lip  ; 
long,  thin  face  and  body.  The  law  of  the  straight  line 
and  angle  governs  this  organism.  Henry  Bergh  «  as  the 
founder  and  first  president  of  the  New  "i  ork  Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals.  This  sympathy 
was  exercised  in  a  most  self-sacrificing  manner  for  the 
protection  of  the  most  helpless  class  among  us— our 
animal  relatives.  The  long,  slim  face  and  body  assures 
us  that  he  has  not  expended  bis  means  and  time  in  social 
convivial  enjoyments,  hence  he  has  not  packed  upon  his 
frame  a  large  quantity  of  soft,  fat  tissue.  This  gentleman 
endeavored  to  humanize  humanity  by  teaching  them 
how  to  treat  the  beasts  of  the  field  according  to  their 
nature  and  deserts.— a  truly  religious  mission.  The  sign 
for  Benevolence  in  the  lip 'is  somewhat  changed  by  age 
and  the  moustache,  but  the  facial  and  bodily  build  tells 
us  it  is  or  was  as  described,  viz.,  full,  red,  and  moist. 
The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Self-will, 
Self-esteem,  Order,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Ex- 
ecutiveness,  and  Reason  are  large. 


would  avoid  performing 
any  labor  among  those  suf- 
fering from  illness.  This 
gentleman  was  lacking  in 
Friendship,  hence  Nature 
compensated  him  with  an 
increased  capacity  for  gen- 
erosity, freehandedness,  and 
lavishness. 

Thus,   it  will   be  ob- 


served that  the  faculties  in 
combination  modify  and  color  this  trait.  Benevolence  and  Reason 
in  combination  make  the  philanthropist,  while  Practicality  added 
assists  him  in  framing  wise  plans  for  the  elevation  of  humanity  ; 
with  Friendship  large,  he  will  be  enabled  to  co-operate  with  others 
in  schemes  for  the  relief  of  the  suffering.  One  who  possesses  the 
sympathetic  phase  of  Benevolence,  but  small  reasoning  faculties, 
will  work  indiscriminately  for  all  who  seek  sympathy  and  aid  ;  with 
large  Credenciveness,  will  be  inclined  to  assist  those  who  approach 


'338  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    1'HYSIOGNOMY. 

with  a  wonderful  or  romantic  tale  rather  than  those  who  have  only 
a  commonplace  basis  ibr  their  demands  ;  with  large  Conscientious- 
ness, will  inquire  into  the  motives  of  those  seeking-  aid,  and,  with 
Practicality  added,  will  like  to  give  only  to  those  who  will  make  a 
right  and  worthy  use  of  assistance  rendered ;  with  large  Love  of 
Young,  will  seek  out  and  aid  unfortunate  children  and  injured  or 
outcast  animals. 

It  is  thus  shown  that  this  faculty  must  be  read  in  conjunction 
with  others  found  in  combination  in  order  to  comprehend  the  direc- 
tion which  it  will  take  in  each  individual  case.  After  once  master- 
ing the  basilar  principles  of  physiognomy  this  can  be  readily  done. 
Great  care  must  be  taken  to  distinguish  the  acts  of  pure  Benevo- 
lence from  those  of  Friendship,  and  a  close  analysis  is  here  necessary 
to  make  this  discrimination ;  for,  although  Friendship  prompts  to  acts 
of  kindness  and  gives  and  does  for  friends,  yet  Benevolence  gives 
and  does  for  those  who  are  wholly  unknown,  as,  for  example,  in 
sending  means  and  relief  to  sufferers  by  fire  and  flood ;  in  erecting 
comfortable  homes  for  the  poor,  as  George  Peabody  and  Lady 
Burdett-Coutts  Bartlett-Coutts  have  done,  and  in  manifesting  lively 
and  practical  sympathy  for  those  distressed  strangers  which  chance 
throws  in  the  way  of  the  benevolent. 

Benevolence  is  the  most  unselfish  trait  of  the  human  character, 
and  finds  in  the  animal  kingdom  its  best  illustration  in  the  horse, 
which  works  patiently  and  uncomplainingly  his  whole  life  long  for 
friend  or  stranger  and  dies  at  last  in  harness,  toiling  for  others  who 
often  cruelly  hurt  and  misuse  him, — an  act  which  our  legislators 
have  justly  made  a  criminal  offense.  The  shape  of  the  horse  co- 
incides exactly  with  the  form  of  the  most  sympathetic  persons, 
disclosing  the  long,  thin  face  and  well-nourished,  large  body,  thus 
evidencing  the  superior  action  of  the  glandular  system,  which  scien- 
tific physiognomy  declares  to  be  the  base  of  supply  of  this  noble 
faculty.  The  proof  of  this  glandular  origin  may  be  verified  by 
examination  of  the  lower  lip  of  noted  misers  and  of  those  who  are 
notoriously  close-fisted  and  stingy.  They  will  be  found  dry,  pale, 
and  often  thin,  and  will  exhibit  one  or  more  of  these  characteristics. 
A  full,  moist,  red  lower-lip  is  a  sure  indication  of  either  sympathy, 
generosity,  or  benevolence  of  some  sort.  I  think  I  may  safely  state 
this  to  be  one  of  the  infallible  signs  of  character. 

I  am  often  confronted  with  the  question,  "  Are  there  not  a 
great  many  exceptions  to  these  signs, — exceptions  which  disprove 
their  infallibility  1 "  To  this  I  answer  that  scientific  physiognomy 
gives  ample  information  in  regard  to  the  just  interpretation  of 
facial  signs.  There  are  many  circumstances  which  modify  and 
influence  the  meaning  put  forth  by  mere  size  of  a  facial  sign. 


BIBATIVENESS.  339 

Color,  for  example,  greatly  modifies  power.  A  very  pale  color  of 
the  skin,  hair,  and  eyes  would  be  proof  positive  of  less  vigor  of  all 
the  signs  of  character  than  where  a  good  red  complexion  and  deep- 
blue  or  brown  color  of  eyes  and  hair  wen?  indicated,  for  color  gives 
power  ;  lack  of  color,  feebleness.  Then,  too,  as  above  stated,  other 
faculties  in  combination  modify  and  influence  traits  as  explained 
previously. 

A  good  lesson  in  the  difference  existing  between  the  facial 
expressions  exhibited  by  Benevolence  and  Friendship  may  be  had 
by  contrasting  the  physiognomies  of  a  number  of  well-known  phi- 
lanthropists and  sympathetic  persons  with  those  more  remarkable 
for  their  friendly  and  social  qualities,  for  friendship  and  sociality 
are  synonymous  terms.  Sociality  is  the  food  upon  which  friendship 
feeds,  and  this  is  hence  a  more  selfish  trait  than  Benevolence.  It 
demands  something  in  return  for  what  it  gives,  viz.,  companionship, 
a  tribute  which  Benevolence  does  not  exact,  and  herein  is  the  most 
striking  proof  of  their  dissimilar  method  of  action.  It  is  true,  one 
may  be  both  friendly  and  benevolent,  and  many  combine  a  large 
degree  of  both  traits.  In  this  case  we  find  a  truly  noble  character 
in  the  direction  of  humane  and  sympathetic  conduct.  Yet  a  close 
analysis  of  these  two  traits  points  to  diverse  physiological  origin 
and  to  a  separate  facial  sign  for  each,  and  the  signification  of  the 
position  of  each  of  these  signs  is  as  remarkable  as  it  is  beautiful. 
The  sign  for  Benevolence  is  opposite  the  local  sign  for  Love  of  the 
Opposite  Sex  and  Love  of  Young,  and,  when  we  kiss,  we  kiss  with 
Benevolence,  Amativeness,  and  Love  of  Young  combined ;  that  is 
to  say,  these  signs  being  localized  in  the  lips,  they  meet  and  respond 
in  the  salute  of  Amativeness,  or  conjugal  love,  or  of  pure,  dis- 
interested Benevolence,  or  pure  affection,  and  also  in  the  paternal 
and  maternal  seal  of  love  upon  the  rosy  mouth  of  infancy  and 
childhood.  How  wonderfully  harmonious  is  this  natural  mani- 
festation of  the  entire  range  of  love  and  affection  !  No  convention 
has  founded  the  universal  institution  of  kissing.  A  power  greater 
than  civilized  conventions  has  made  the  meeting  of  the  lips  a  spon- 
taneous expression  of  maternal  love,  of  sex  love,  and  of  the  love 
of  purest  friendship ;  for  here  are  the  proofs  of  the  facial  locality 
of  all  of  the  various  sorts  of  love  comprised  within  the  human 
character,  and  scientific  physiognomy  points  to  this  natural,  im- 
pulsive, and  spontaneous  act  performed  by  the  lips  as  corroborative 
evidence  of  the  appropriate  localizing  of  these  several  love-signs 
about  the  mouth. 

BIBATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Love  of  liquids ;  capacity  for  the  assimilation  of 
water,  soups,  gravies,  sauces,  lemonade,  fruit-juices,  etc. ;  natural 


340 


PRACTICAL    AM)    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


adaptation  to  swimming,  bathing,  sailing,  washing,  and  scrubbing. 

Mentally,  it  creates  i\  taste  for  marine  scenery,  both  natural  and 

pictured;  it  imparts  love  of  ease,  and  assists  in  building  up  the 

domestic  and  social  traits. 

An  ^.mx.s  causes  obesity,  softness  of  the  tissues,  indolence  of 

both  body  and  mind,  and  leads  to  perversion  of  the  fluid  system 

of  the  body,  which  causes  dropsy  and  other  disorders. 

Perverted,  this  function  creates  an  overweening  fondness  for 

liquid  stimulants,  and  ends  in  drunkenness  and  disorders  of  the 

kidney  system  and  other 
organs.  Excessive  use  of 
liquids  produces  "  fat, 
sleek-headed  men  and  such 
as  sleep  o'  nights," — useless 
members  of  society,  such 
as  loafers  and  criminals. 

A  deficiency  of  the 
love  of  drinking  is  scarcely 
ever  met  with,  for  this 
function  is  primitive,  and 
the  use  of  liquid  solvents, 
in  Nature,  precedes  the 
formation  of  even  the  dry 
land.  Man  lives  in  and 
upon  liquids  during  his 
prenatal  life  and  almost 
entirely  upon  them  for  one 
year  after  birth ;  hence, 
the  desire  for  liquids  is 
normal,  and  nearly  all  per- 
sons demand  and  use  the 

pronounced.     Mental  imitation,  Human  jNature,   (Jon-  amOUlll    OI    Water    Ol"  liqillOl 

structiveness,  Ideality,  Friendship,  Benevolence,  Appro-  fnr»rl    wVnpVi    fVipir    nvcraniem 

bativeness,  Self-esteem,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Locality,  L11     UlKaX     Ul^ttlJ 

Order.  Language,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  among  his  vonniroo         Tf  fV»o  a-ii-r»ir1nTir>Q. 

strongest  traits.  Lquilco.        Al   LIlo  civ  UlLUlllCt 

of    water    and    liquids    is 

carried  to  an  abnormal  extent,  very  great  dryness  of  the  tissues 
will  result,  and  the  physical  functions,  as  well  as  social  qualities 
soon  become  impoverished. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Fullness  of  the  cheeks  about  one 
inch  outward  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth  is  the  primitive  and 
most  pronounced  facial  sign  for  Bibativeness.  Other  signs  are: 
general  fullness  and  softness  of  all  the  tissues  of  the  body,  with  a 
good  degree  of  soft  fat,  causing  dimples  in  the  hands,  cheeks,  back, 
and  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  seen  in  fat  infants.  The  hands 


FIG.  28.— ALEXANDRE  DUMAS.     (XOVET,IST  AND 
DRAMATIST.) 

Born  in  France,  1803.  Principal  facial  sign,  Bibative- 
ness. shown  by  fullness  of  the  cheeks  about  one  inch 
outward  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  and  by  soft 
tissue  all  over  the  face  and  body.  The  law  of  the  square, 
curve,  and  sphere  governs  this  face  and  body.  This 
gentleman  was  almost  as  celebrated  for  his  gating  and 
drinking  qualities  as  for  his  writings,  which  were  nu- 
merous. A  great  store  of  vitality  enabled  him  to  per- 
form herculean  mental  labors.  His  square  forehead 
shows  that  Order  and  Thoroughness  were  his  strongest 
characteristics.  The  signs  for  Alimentiveness  are  most 
pronounced.  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature.  Con- 


BIBATIVENESS. 


will  be  full,  fat,  soft,  and  puffy;  the  knuckles  dimpled,  and  the 
fingers  thick,  soft,  and  weak.  The  abdomen  is  large,  soft,  and 
globular.  Where  a  healthful,  rosy  color  accompanies  these  signs 
a  normal  condition  of  health  is  present,  but  when  the  skin  presents 
a  "waxy,"  ashen,  or  pallid  color,  some  form  of  disease  of  the 
circulatory  system  is  to  be  inferred,  such  as  dropsy  or  other 
disorders. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  BIBATIVENESS. — If  we  wish  to  become  intelli- 
gent as  to  Nature's  methods  of  procedure,  and  to  understand  her 
orderly  progress  in  regard 
to  the  life  and  mind  of  man, 
we   must   take  cognizance 
of  the    successive    steps  in 
man's  unfoldment  from  the 
time  of  his  conception  to  his 
birth,   and   thence   onward 
until  he  arrives  at  maturity. 

From  the  time  the 
human  being  is  conceived, 
until  the  embryo  is  per- 
fected, it  exists  in  a  fluid 
habitation;  it  lies  floating 
in  a  sea  of  liquid.  The 
human  embryo,  physiology 
teaches  us,  is  composed  of 
90  per  cent,  of  water  and 
only  10  per  cent,  of  mineral 
matters.  Every  organ , 
member,  and  tissue  of  the 
material  human  being  is 
composed  largely  of  the 
same  material.  Says  Mr. 
Lewes : — 


FIG.  29.— MONSIEUR  D'AUBRAY.    (FRENCH 

GENTT.KMAN.) 

Principal  facial  sign,  Bibativeness.  The  law  of  the 
curve  and  sphere  governs  this  face.  This  gentleman's 
history  is  unknown  to  me,  but  his  face  gives  a  pretty 
good  account  (if  him,  and  I  take  him  on  his  facial  record. 
Bon  vivant  is  written  all  over  this  countenance.  To  his 
intimates  "he  is  a  jolly  good  fellow;''  can  tell  and  enact 
a  story;  loves  "wine,  women,  and  song."  This  lace 
shows 'original  refinement,  but  a  life  devoted  to  social 
and  sensual  enjoyments  has  altered  the  features  for  the 
worse.  The  signs  for  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Mirth- 
fulness,  Alimentiveness,  Approbativeness.  Music-, 
Friendship,  Constructiveness,  Human  Nature.  Anal- 
ysis, Self-will,  Form  and  Size,  and  Memory  of  Events  are 
large.  The  modifying  effect  of  Modesty  wae  needed  by 
such  a  combination  to  restrain  its  degrading  tendency, 
hence  the  sign  for  Modesty  is  very  decided.  This  char- 
acter has  all  the  requisites  for  a  first-class  comic-  actor. 
and  may  be  one. 


Not  only  is  water  an  es- 
sential part  of  the  body,  it 
might  be  called  the  most  essen- 
tial, if  pre-eminence  could  be  given  where  all  are  pre-eminent.  In  quan- 
tit}-,  water  has  an  enormous  preponderance  over  all  oilier  constituents. 
It  forms  70  per  cent,  of  its  whole  weight.  There  is  not  a  single  tissue 
in  the  bod}r, — not  even  that  of  the  bone, — not  even  the  enamel  of  the 
teeth, — into  the  composition  of  which  water  does  not  enter  as  a  necessary 
ingredient.  In  some  of  the  tissues,  and  those  the  most  active,  it  forms  the 
chief  ingredient.  In  the  nervous  tissues  800  parts  out  of  every  1000  are 
of  water;  in  the  lungs,  830;  in  the  pancreas,  871 ;  in  the  retina,  no  less 
than  927.  Commensurate  with  this  anatomical  preponderance  is  the  physi- 
ological importance  of  water.  It  is  the  carrier  of  the  food,  the  vehicle  of 


342  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    1'HYSIOGNOMY. 

waste.  It  holds  gases  in  solution,  dissolves  solids,  helps  to  give  every 
tissue  its  physical  character,  and  is  the  indispensable  condition  of  that 
ceaseless  change  of  composition  and  decomposition  on  which  the  continu- 
ance of  life  depends.* 

The  important  part  which  water  plays  in  the  human  economy 
is  thus  shown;  add  to  this  the  fact  that  the  human  infant  exists 
upon  fluid  food  entirely  for  the  first  year  of  its  life  and  mainly  for 
its  first  three  years,  and  we  shall  comprehend  the  importance  of 
the  function  and  faculty  of  Bibativeness. 

The  first  functional  act  of  man's  life  is  to  inhale  air;  the 
second  is  to  receive  and  assimilate  liquid  food:  hence  the  first 
most  important  function  is  that  of  breathing;  the  second  next 
important  function,  the  digestion  of  fluid  food.  We  have  seen 
formerly  that  the  human  embryo  is  composed  mainly  of  water; 
also  that  his  first  habitat  is  of  a  fluid  nature;  his  first  food,  a  liquid 
containing  a  large  percentage  of  water.  Xow,  this  preponderating 
influence  of  a  single  element  in  the  human  system  would  naturally 
make  its  presence  known  in  the  face,  which  is,  as  I  have  demon- 
strated, the  registering  dial  of  the  entire  body.  Not  only  would 
the  sign  for  fluid  digestion  be  well  defined  in  the  face,  but  it  would 
be  (by  reason  of  -its  preponderance  in  youth)  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous facial  signs  in  infancy.  Accordingly,  we  observe  in  all 
healthy  infants  an  uncommonly  full  and  puffy  appearance  about 
the  corners  of  the  mouth,  adjoining  the  signs  for  Mirthfulness  and 
Digestion. 

This  sign  of  Bibativeness  decreases  as  age  advances,  and  the 
facial  sign  for  solid  digestion,  or  Alimentiveness,  becomes  more  pro- 
nounced and  apparent.  Where  the  love  of  liquids  is  a  peculiarly 
strong  trait,  this  facial  record  remains  throughout  life  and  develops 
even  greater  fullness  than  that  observed  in  infancy.  Many  persons 
retain  through  life  the  peculiar  puffy  fullness  and  dimpled  appear- 
ance of  infancy.  Such  persons  have  an  uncommon  fondness  for 
liquid  foods,  and,  like  the  infant,  show  great  mirthfulness  and  taste 
for  fun,  games,  and  amusements.  The  entire  body  in  this  case  also 
retains  its  infantile  rotundity,  and  the  abdomen  enlarges,  the  limbs 
increase  in  size  and  softness,  the  cheeks  are  greatly  puffed,  and  the 
chin  becomes  double  and  sometimes  triple  in  appearance;  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  if  this  trait  is  inherited  in  combination  with  a  well- 
developed  osseous  and  muscular  system,  the  body  will  present  all 
these  signs  in  a  modified  form,  and  the  cheeks  and  abdomen  will 
be  the  best  indicators  of  this  faculty  and  function.  Of  course  there 
are  many  grades  of  strength  of  the  bibative  function ;  but  the  facial 
and  bodily  signs  will  indicate  these  differences  of  development, 

*  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  G.  H.  Lewes,  p.  25. 


'  BIBATIVENESS.  343 

and  this  function  will  be  influenced  and  modified  by  the  other 
systems  in  combination. 

The  situation  of  the  principal  facial  sign  of  the  love  of  liquids 
is  most  suggestive,  as  it  adjoins  the  month, — the  principal  sign  for 
Alimentiveness, — and  is  also  in  the  neighborhood  of  all  the  signs 
which  denote  glandular  or  fluid  action,  viz.,  the  signs  for 
Benevolence,  Mirthfnlness,  Hospitality,  Love  of  Young,  Amative- 
ness,  Friendship,  etc.  O.  S.  Fowler  has  observed  this  sign  in  the 
cheek,  and  dubs  it  the  facial  "pole"  for  the  function  of  Bibative- 
ness,  and  states  that  "its  sign  is  often  found  in  the  faces  of  the 
descendants  of  inebriates."  All  the  soft  tissues  of  the  face,  as  well 
as  of  the  body,  exhibit  the  action  of  the  fluid  system  in  a  very 
marked  manner.  All  of  the  signs  for  glandular  action  are  situated 
mainly  about  the  region  of  the  mouth,  and  this  arrangement  is  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  of  physiological  harmony,  for,  as  we  have 
formerly  seen  that  all  of  the  visceral  organs  of  the  body  that 
mutually  assist  each  other  are  grouped  in  such  proximity  as  to  aid 
each  other,  so  in  the  face  the  signs  for  all  the  organs  which  are  in 
close  proximity  in  the  body  are  also  grouped  together,  and  thus 
the  physiognomist  finds  a  most  wonderful  register  and  record  of 
corroborative  signs  of  function  and  faculty,  and  this  record  is  self- 
revealing  by  virtue  of  its  situation ;  and  thus  form  and  locality 
taken  together  are  evidences  of  internal  physiological  operations 
and  of  their  resultant  mental  tastes  and  proclivities. 

The  fluid  system  is,  as  I  have  shown  elsewhere,  the  most 
important  system  of  the  body;  not  only  of  the  embryonic  and 
infantile  organisms,  but  of  the  matured  being  as  well.  The 
system  of  lacteals  and  absorbents  within  the  body  and  the  system 
of  sweat-glands  and  tubes  upon  the  surface,  together  with  the 
kidneys  and  bladder,  excrete  the  fluid  waste  of  the  body  and  thus 
preserve  the  functional  purity  of  the  entire  organism.  The  impor- 
tance of  the  fluid  system  of  the  body  cannot  be  overestimated,  for, 
as  we  have  seen,  the  body  depends  upon  fluid  for  its  primitive 
construction,  and  later  it  depends  upon  fluid  for  the  processes  of 
growth  and  repair.  Water  is  the  origin  of  all  vegetable  and 
animal  life.  The  first  animal  bodies  were  aquatic.  Man  is  in  ///* 
prenatal  life  an  aquatic  animal,  semi-aquatic  in  infancy,  and 
always  dependent  upon  fluids  for  life  and  health.  In  order  that 
his  system  shall  be  the  most  perfect,  pure  water,  like  pure  air,  is 
most  essential.  Man  can  exist  and  thrive  upon  a  small  quantity 
of  very  poor  food  if  he  have  a  plentiful  supply  of  pure  water  and 
pure  air;  hence  the  fluid  and  gaseous  elements  of  the  body  are 
most  essential  to  life,  growth,  and  normal  being. 

The  peculiarities  of  those   in  whom  Bibativeness  is  large  are 


344  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY, 

similar  to  the  traits  which  are  exhibited  by  the  Yegetative  individual. 
When  fluid  forms  a  large  part  of  the  human  organism  the  emotions 
predominate,  and  when  the  combination  includes  a  fair  share  of 
bone  and  muscle  all  of  the  traits  arising  from  these  constituents 
arc  greatly  modified  by  the  presence  of  the  soft  tissues.  Where 
the  fluid  elements  of  the  body  are  greatly  lacking,  the  tissues  are 
dry  and  inactive  and  the  mind  unsocial  and  contracted.  The 
physiognomies  of  many  noted  misers  and  recluses  show  them  to  be 
deficient  in  the  fluids  of  the  system  ;  hence  their  faces  are  dry, 
shriveled,  and  wrinkled,  and  their  habits  correspondingly  unsocial. 
A  normal  supply  of  fluids  in  the  system  gives  softness  and  round- 
ni'vs  to  the  checks,  the  lips,  throat,  limbs,  and  body,  and  freshness, 
moisture,  and  elasticity  to  the  skin.  Deficiency  in  the  fluids  pro- 
duces opposite  appearances  and  distinct  mental  effects.  Very  great 
lack  of  the  fluids  produces  serious  defects  of  the  mental  and  social 
traits  and  other  unbalanced  conditions ;  while,  on  the  other  hand, 
an  excess  of  fluids  in  the  organism  induces  other  abnormal  states 
of  body  and  mind.  What  should  be  aimed  at  is  a  balanced  or 
normal  condition.  This  can  be  measurably  attained  by  an  intelli- 
gent use  of  liquid  foods  and  by  exercise  or  rest  as  the  case  requires, 
bathing,  the  use  or  non-use  of  carbonaceous  foods,  and  other 
hygienic  precautions. 

The  laws  of  evolution  teach  us  that  the  fluid  system  or  primi- 
tive kidney-duct  was  the  first  system  evolved  after  the  intestinal  in 
the  primitive  animal.  It  must,  hence,  be  deemed  as  of  great 
importance ;  /or  all  primitive  functions,  such  as  fluid  digestion, 
excretion  of  the  fluid  waste,  breathing,  etc.,  are  the  most  essential 
to  animal  life;  and  the  tastes  and  habits  derived  from  these 
functions  in  the  perfected  human  being  are  the  strongest  and  most 
lasting. 

A  love  for  liquids  exerts  a  dominating  influence  upon  us,  for, 
whereas  almost  every  one  can  deny  himself  any  favorite  article  of 
food,  not  one  in  thousands  can  as  easily  forego  a  favorite  tipple, 
such  as  tea,  coffee,  chocolate,  lemonade,  soups,  sauces,  etc. ;  while 
all  know  of  the  uncontrollable  appetite  which  strong  drink  pro- 
duces. We  are  taught  that  eating  was  the  original  sin;  judging 
from  the  present  dietetic  habits  and  tastes,  one  could  readily  believe 
that  drinking  was  the  basis  of  "total  depravity." 

Every  species  of  food  taken  into  the  stomach  contains  water 
in  varying  degrees.  The  air,  too,  has  its  hydrogen  or  moist  cle- 
ment, which  is  present  in  a  vaporous  form,  and  which  assists  in 
giving  freshness,  moisture,  and  elasticity  to  the  skin  and  tissues, 
and  strength  to  the  lungs. 

O  O 

The    sense  of  thirst,  which  is  our  second    most   important 


BIB  ATI  YEN  ESS.  345 

sensation,  is  never  of  a  pleasurable  nature;  while  the  sense  of 
hunger  or  appetite  is  essential  to  our  enjoyment  of  food.  Different 
degrees  of  temperature  jof  liquids  produce  various  grades  of  thirst. 
Tepid  or  hot  drinks  allay  thirst  much  better  than  very  cold  water. 
It  is  said  that  "the  bodies  of  those  who  have  perished  from  thirst 
show  a  general  dryness  of  all  the  tissues,  a  thickening  of  the 
humors,  a  certain  degree  of  coagulation  of  the  blood,  numberless 
indications  of  inflammation,  and  sometimes  gangrene  of  the 
viscera."* 

If  the  bibative  function  is  normal  it  will  regulate  the  quantity 
of  fluids  which  the  system  requires,  but  if  there  is  a  predisposition 
to  imbibe  more  fluid  nutriment  than  is  necessary  for  the  healthful 
action  of  the  body  the  disproportion  of  fluids  in  the  system  is  soon 
apparent ;  the  individual  becomes  corpulent,  indolent,  disinclined 
to  either  mental  or  manual  labor,  and  if  this  condition  becomes 
still  further  perverted  disorders  of  the  circulatory  system  are 
engendered  and  life  becomes  a  burden  and  all  usefulness  is  at  an 
end.  When  we  reflect  that  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  weight  of 
the  human  body  consists  of  water,  we  can  readily  comprehend  why 
an  abnormal  disproportion  in  the  direction  of  the  fluid  elements 
would  produce  serious  disorders  of  the  kidneys  and  other  organs. 

As  we  have  seen  to  what  extent  water  enters  into  the  human 
system  as  a  principal  constituent,  we  must  hence  infer  that  our 
water-supply  should  be  ample  and  as  pure  as  possible;  indeed, 
after  air,  water  is  the  next  most  important  factor  of  being. 

The  reason  why  tea,  coffee,  beer,  and  soup  queuch  the  thirst 
is  due  to  the  quantity  of  water  which  they  contain.  Mountain 
spring-water  is  undoubtedly  the  purest  water  that  can  be  obtained, 
yet  even  this  should  be  filtered,  and  the  water-filter  should  be 
considered  the  most  important  article  of  household  furniture.  No 
family  should  be  without  one.  In  the  water  supplied  to  most 
large  towns  and  cities  there  are  always  more  or  less  impurities 
which  are  very  detrimental  to  life  and  health.  And  yet,  while  the 
majority  of  housekeepers  make  the  most  strenuous  efforts  to  pro- 
cure good,  well-cooked  food,  the  water  which  forms  the  larger 
part  of  the  human  body  is  too  often  of  the  most  impure  quality. 

The  best  solvent  for  our  food  is  water  and  fruit  and  vegetable 
juices.  A  host  of  artificial  drinks  have  been  compounded  by  man. 
but  are  all  more  or  less  injurious  in  their  effects  upon  the  system. 
Alcoholic  drinks  take  first  rank  as  the  most  deadly  and  destructive; 
following  these,  tea  and  coffee,  which  induce  different  forms  of 
nervous,  liver,  and  kidney  complaints,  and  at  the  same  time  they 
have  a  most  decided  and  disastrous  effect  upon  the  mental  powers 

*Tlie  Physiology  of  Common  Life,  (i.  II.   I.tnvos.  p.  Ml. 


346  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  disposition.  I  have  known  cases  where  the  happiness  of 
entire  families  has  been  wrecked  by  the  tea  and  coffee  tippling  of 
the  parents.  This  form  of  tippling  produces  nervous  irritation, 
irritability  of  the  disposition,  sleeplessness,  and  consequent  ex- 
haustion, and,  carried  to  excess,  other  diseases  supervene  and  lead 
to  insanity  and  death. 

What  is  an  excessive  use  of  tea'?  Whenever  the  exhilaration 
produced  by  tea  is  quite  perceptible  to  the  drinker,  the  use  is 
excessive;  for  the  nervous  system  will  react  and  become  lowered 
and  enfeebled  in  proportion  to  the  exhilaration  produced.  Stolid, 
vegetative  persons  can  drink  several  cups  of  tea  at  a  meal  without 
being  so  stimulated  as  a  nervous  or  mental  person  would  by  drink- 
ing one  cup.  Coffee  acts  as  a  poison,  and  is  such  to  those  whose 
liver  or  nerves  are  affected  by  its  action.  When  coffee  induces 
tremulousness  or  wakefulness,  it  is  highly  deleterious  and  should 
be  avoided.  Tea  and  coffee  are  less  injurious  to  those  who  perform 
hard,  manual  labor,  especially  if  they  work  out  of  doors.  Sedentary 
persons  who  live  mainly  indoors  do  not  have  the  neutralizing 
benefit  of  perspiration  and  fresh  air,  hence  retain  all  the  deleterious 
principles  of  tea  and  coffee  in  the  system,  and  are  accordingly 
more  injured  by  their  use. 

The  best  drinks  are  those  which  are  the  most  simple  and 
natural;  lemonade,  and  fruit-juices  pressed  from  berries,  such  as 
currants,  raspberries,  etc.,  sweetened  and  cooled  by  setting  them 
upon  ice  in  warm  weather,  are  most  wholesome  and  refreshing.  In 
the  matter  of  quantity  each  one  should  be  guided  by  his  own 
individual  needs.  In  hot  climates,  where  perspiration  is  engen- 
dered freely,  or  by  working  in  foundries  and  in  the  kitchen,  a 
larger  supply  is  required  than  in  cooler  places.  Excessive  indul- 
gence in  water  or  other  liquids  induces  obesity. 

Salt  in  the  system,  combining  with  the  water,  creates  chemical 
activity,  which  eliminates  the  uttermost  amount  of  carbonaceous 
matter  from  the  food,  and  thus  fat  is  stored  away  about  the  large 
visceral  organs  and  under  the  skin  all  over  the  body,  as  is  seen  in 
infants,  who  exist  entirely  upon  fluid  foods.  When  this  taste  is 
indulged  in  to  excess,  it  is  transmitted  to  offspring  in  an  intensified 
form  and  leaves  its  sign  in  the  face  in  a  most  decided  manner. 
Hereditary  love  of  liquids  does  not  always  induce  a  love  for  alco- 
holic stimulants,  but  is  liable  to  do  so  if  opportunity  offers,  and 
social  customs  influence  the  character.  The  offspring  of  inebriates 
often  carry  this  facial  record  of  their  parents'  vice,  and  thus  physi- 
ognomy not  only  discloses  one's  propensities,  but  also  discloses  what 
vices  have  cursed  the  parents. 

All  signs  about   the  region   of  the   mouth  denote  in  some 


BIBATIVENESS.  347 

degree  the  condition  of  the  fluid  circulation.  The  sign  for  the 
kidneys  is  situated  in  the  chin,  and  the  descendants  of  inebriates 
disclose  by  the  smallness  and  narrowness  of  the  chin  the  moral 
degradation  which  has  resulted  as  a  consequence  of  vitiated  physical 
organs. 

A  great  deal  of  the  condition  of  the  fluid  circulation  may  be 
known  by  the  color  of  the  complexion  and  eyes.  Very  pale  or 
ashen-colored  skin  indicates  an  impoverished,  anaemic  state  of  the 
blood ;  waxy-looking  skin,  a  dropsical  condition  of  the  fluid  system ; 
while  a  delicate  or  fresh  and  rosy  hue  of  the  skin  discloses  a 
healthful,  normal  state  of  the  fluids  of  the  body.  Very  light  eyes 
announce  a  weakness  of  the  kidney  system,  or  defective  action  of 
the  reproductive  system,  one  or  both.  Physiology  teaches  us  that 
nine  hundred  and  twenty-seven  parts  of  the  retina  of  the  eye  is 
composed  of  water.  Now,  if  the  fluids  of  the  body  are  greatly  in 
excess  of  the  normal  requirements,  the  eye  would  also  partake  of 
this  excess,  and  by  the  iceakness  of  its  color  would  reveal  this 
deficiency  of  coloring  pigment  and  strength  of  the  humors  of  the 
eye.  The  eyes  of  Albinos  are  proof  of  this  theory,  and  very 
light-eyed  people  do  not  possess  the  same  degree  of  visual  power 
as  do  those  who  exhibit  a  normal  supply  of  coloring  pigment  in 
the  eyes. 

The  primitive  animals  were  aquatic;  later,  they  evolved  an 
amphibious  nature,  and  still  later  took  up  their  abode  entirely 
upon  land.  Among  men  we  find  representatives  of  these  several 
classes  of  animals.  The  natives  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  almost  live  in  the  water,  and  from  their  infancy  are  accus- 
tomed to  pass  a  great  share  of  their  lives  in  and  upon  the  water. 
Among  civilized  races,  we  observe  every  variety  of  the  bibative 
individual.  We  see  those  who  are  built  like  the  hippopotamus, 
and  who  possess  many  of  its  characteristics.  This  class  of  people 
are  semi-aquatic  in  nature,  and  live  mainly  upon  liquid  foods  and 
love  bathing  and  swimming.  Like  the  hippopotamus,  they  are 
always  looking  for  food,  and  are  indolent  and  mild  except  when 
enraged,  and  then  are  terrible  in  their  exhibitions  of  wrath. 

All  persons  with  the  sign  for  Bibativeness  large  are  very  fond 
of  bathing,  swimming,  and  all  aquatic  exercises.  Women  with 
this  sign  large  like  scrubbing  and  washing  and  any  pursuits 
which  require  the  use  of  water.  Natural  bathers  are  known  by 
fullness  of  the  lower  cheek,  together  with  a  healthy  color  of  the 
complexion.  Thin  or  hollow-cheeked  persons  do  not  exhibit  a 
taste  for  bathing,  and  if  they  are  pale  as  well  as  hollow-cheeked 
should  never  indulge  in  full  baths,  but  make  use  of  the  sponge- 
bath  quickly  applied,  as  their  circulatory  power  is  comparatively 


348  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

feeble  and  a  full  bath  would  take  so  much  of  the  natural  heat  of 
the  body  as  to  prevent  in  many  subjects  a  healthy  reaction. 

Water  is  thus  shown  to  be  indispensable  to  every  stage  of 
life.  It  also  enters  more  largely  into  primitive  life  and  infantile 
conditions;  hence  it  is  that  those  human  organisms  which  possess 
a  disproportionate  quantity  of  water  or  fluid  are  relatively  more 
immature  or  childlike  in  their  mentality  than  those  .who  possess  a 
normal  quantity.  The  differences  observed  between  a  vegetative 
adult  and  a  bony  or  muscular  one  will  afford  a  good  illustration 
of  the  influence  which  water  has  upon  the  human  body  and  mind. 

ALIMENTIYENESS,    DIGESTION. 

Definition. — Hunger,  love  of  eating,  large  digestive  capacity, 
healthy  and  normal  assimilation  of  solid  and  liquid  foods.  Epi- 
cureanism is  a  refined  phase  of  this  faculty  and  function.  Gluttony 
and  gormandizing  are  perverted  states  of  this  faculty. 

An  excess  of  the  love  of  eating  and  drinking  leads  to  gluttony, 
gross  size,  dullness  of  intellect,  and  numerous  diseases,  among 
which  are  apoplexy,  indigestion,  dropsical  conditions,  inflamma- 
tions, and  rheumatism. 

A  defective  digestive  capacity  causes  lack  of  bodily  and  mental 
vigor,  nervousness,  consumption,  dyspepsia,  and  numerous  other 
ills.  Defective  digestion  is  indicated  by  a  narrow  mouth,  thin 
cheeks ;  thin,  pale,  and  dry  lips ;  a  shrunken  appearance  of  the 
parotid  gland;  colorless  or  pallid  complexion  ;  long,  high,  and  thin 
nose,  or  a  nose  flat  at  the  middle  portion  ;  long,  slim  neck ;  narrow 
shoulders,  flat  abdomen ;  long,  thin,  or  transparent  hands,  fingers, 
and  ears;  feeble,  hesitating  gait,' 

Fiidtil  <>//</  Rod  Hi/  Signs. — A  wide  mouth  ;  full,  red,  and  moist 
lips  ;  full,  red  cheeks,  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  the  soft  tissues  about 
the  chin,  are  the  primary  facial  signs  of  good  digestive  capacity ; 
also,  fullness  of  the  parotid  gland  just  in  front  of  the  ear-opening. 
The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  a  well-nourished  body,  full  abdo- 
men, full  breast ;  short,  thick,  wrinkled  neck,  and  plenty  of  soft 
tissue  over  all  parts  of  the  body ;  hands  and  fingers  well  supplied 
with  flesh.  Gluttony  in  some  pushes  the  eyeball  up  and  forward, 
leaving  a  good  portion  of  the  "white"  of  the  eye  exposed  below 
the  retina ;  where  this  appearance  is  noted,  it  is  accompanied  in- 
yariably  by  intense  periodical  headaches,  owing  to  an  inordinate  or 
uncontrolled  appetite. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  ALDiENTiyENESS. — The  majority  of  people 
understand  that  the  fullness  of  the  lower  part  of  the  cheeks  denotes 
good  digestive  powers,  but,  with  a  singular  lack  of  logic,  fail  to 
reason  that  if  Nature  lias  placed  the  sign  of  one  function  or  faculty 


ALLMENTIVENESS.  349 

9 

in  the  face  there  may  be  others  there  also,  and  hence  look  no  far- 
ther for  signs  for  the  liver,  the  lungs,  the  kidneys,  the  heart,  the 
muscles,  etc. 

In  infancy  the  diet  is  entirely  of  a  liquid  nature,  hence  we 
should  naturally  infer  that  the  signs  for  infantile  digestion  would 
be  different  from  those  exhibited  by  adults.  This  reasoning  is 
correct,  for  infants  while  in  the  liquid  stage  exhibit  the  sign  for 
digestion  by  a  peculiar  fullness  of  the  cheek  about  half  an  inch 
backward  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  externally  to  and  on  a 
line  with  the  mouth.  Observation  of  any  well-nourished  infant 
will  locate  this  cushion-like  protuberance.  After  the  infant  ex- 
changes its  fluid  diet  for  a  more  solid  one  this  cushion  of  soft, 
dimpled  fat  disappears  and  the  fullness  moves  farther  back  to  the 
outer  sides  of  the  lower  part  of  the  checks,  unless  there  is  an  un- 
common love  of  liquids,  such  as  soups,  milk,  lemonade,  soda, 
gravies,  sauces,  etc. ;  in  this  case  the  fullness  of  infancy  is  retained 
to  adult  life,  and  is  one  of  Nature's  unfailing  facial  hieroglyphs 
which  denotes  love  of  liquid  foods.  This  fullness  is  not  due  to  mus- 
cular development,  for  in  infancy  the  muscles  have  not  been  used 
for  mastication,  but  is  due  solely  to  yl«n(hikrr  development,  which 
is  a  vegetative  process  purely  and  operated  with  but  trifling  mus- 
cular action.  The  juices  created  by  the  imbibition  of  liquid  foods 
assist  in  building  up  the  cheeks  to  scmetimes  an  enormous  fullness, 
which  present  a  globular  appearance,  and  in  this  stage  of  nutrition 
the  infant  or  adult  looks  like  a  puff-ball  and  exhibits  globular 
forms  all  over  the  soft  parts  of  the  body.  Veteran  beer-drinkers 
often  present  this  formation  of  face  and  body,  which  proves  that 
this  function  derives  its  support  from  a  liquid  or  vegetative  base. 

The  width  of  the  nostrils,  as  well  as  the  height  and  width  of 
the  nose  at  this  junction  with  the  forehead,  is  one  excellent  indica- 
tion of  one  part  of  the  process  of  digestion,  for  this  formation  shows 
that  the  sense  of  scent  is  powerfully  developed,  and  the  capacity 
for  scenting  flavors,  odors,  etc.,  bears  direct  relationship  to  the 
function  of  digestion.  The  olfactory  ganglia  are  located  here,  and 
if  the  external  nose  were  removed  the  sense  of  scent,  of  smell, 
would  still  remain  in  a  great  degree.  A  long,  slim  nose  is  not  as 
active  in  distinguishing  odors  as  a  broad  nose ;  neither  are  persons 
possessing  this  formation  characterized  by  as  great  a  love  for  food 
as  those  with  a  very  broad  nose,  for  the  sign  for  the  stomach  is 
situated  at  the  bridge  of  the  nose  and  its  strength  is  indicated  by 
widtJi  at  this  place.  A  remarkable  illustration  and  verification  of 
this  principle  may  be  observed  in  the  animal  kingdom.  Compare, 
for  example,  the  facial  peculiarities  and  structure  of  the  lion  and 
greyhound.  The  lion  has  a  wide  mouth,  broad  nostrils,  and  a 


350 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


nose  broad  its  n/firr  l<  ngtli  ;  it  is  also  wide  between  the  eyes  where 
the  olfactory  ganglia  are  situated ;  while  the  greyhound  is  just  the 
reverse^  in  structure,  in  digestive  power,  and  capacity  for  scenting. 
Of  this  peculiar  deficiency  of  this  species  of  dog,  we  are  told  by 
natural  history  that  "the  narrow  head  and  sharp  nose  of  the  grey- 
hound, useful  as  they  are  for  aiding  the  progress  of  the  animal  by 
removing  every  impediment  to  its  passage  through  the  atmosphere, 
yet  deprive  it  of  a  most  valuable  faculty, — that  of  chasing  by  scent. 
The  muzzle  is  so  narrow  in  proportion  to  its  length  that  the  nasal 

nerves  have  no  room  for 
proper  development,  and 
hence  the  animal  is  very 
deficient  in  its  power  of 
scent."*  In  striking  con- 
trast to  the  greyhound  are 
the  bull-dog  and  the  blood- 
hound, the  pointer,  re- 
triever, and  reindeer,'  which 
are  as  conspicuous  for  their 
keenness  of  scent  as  they 
are  for  the  width  of  the 
nose  and  nostrils. 

The  function  of  diges- 
tion amply  illustrates  the 
theory  of  the  association  of 
physical  function  with  men- 
tal faculty.  Alimentive- 
ness  is  the  mental  aspect 
of  the  love,  taste,  and  desire 
for  food,  while  digestion  is 
the  physical  aspect  of  this 
bodily  function.  Large  di- 

gGStlVC     CapaClt\     IS    always 

offonrlorl  ivifli  rrvoaf  lr>vo  r>f 
attended  Wlin  gieai  10VC 

eating.  It  depends  upon 
the  inherited  quality  of  the  individual,  whether  the  taste  for  food 
shall  be  a  coarse  or  a  fine  one.  A  fine-grained  person,  exhibiting 
large  digestive  powers,  would  naturally  incline  to  epicureanism, 
while  one  of  coarse  quality  would  care  more  for  quantity — more 
for  a  gross  plenty — than  for  fine  quality  of  food  and  drink ;  he 
would  be  apt  to  express  himself  as  did  a  veteran  toper,  who, 
when  eluded  for  going  into  low  groggeries  for  his  liquor,  replied, 
*'  I  know  there's  a  difference  in  whisky,  but  its  all  good."  Those 

»  Wood's  New  Illustrated  Natural  History,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  p.  5L 


FIG.  30.— SIR  JOHN  F  UANKLIN.  (NAVAL  OFFICER, 
NAVIUATOK,  AND  ARCTIC  DISCOVERER.) 

Born  in  England,  17%.  Principal  facial  sign.  Ali- 
TOentiveness.  shown  bv  wide  mouth,  full  cheeks,  full  and 
moist  lips.  The  law  governing  this  face  is  the  straight 
line,  curve,  and  sphere.  The  immense  vital  power*  of 
Sir  John  Franklin  enabled  him  to  perform  herculean 
mental  labors  and  endure  all  the  rigors  of  the  Arctic 
•climate.  In  his  face  are  the  signs  of  Firmness,  Conscien- 
tiousness, Patriotism,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Home 
and  of  the  Younfj ;  Benevolence,  Modesty,  Mirthful- 
ness,  Economy,  Friendship,  Approbativeness,  and  Sana- 
tiveness  very  large.  The  mental  signs  for  Caution, 
Analysis,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness, 
Acquisitiveness,  \  eneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
Locality,  Order,  Language,  and  Reason  are  of  the  first 
order,  and  the  student  of  physiognomy  will  have  a  fine 
field  for  the  study  of  grand  character"  in  this  resolute, 
capable  countenance. 


ALIMENTIVENESS. 


351 


with  small  digestive  capacity  care  too  little  for  food,  and  are 
usually  poor  judges  of  flavors,  odors,  etc. ;  they  make  poor 
•caterers,  and  I  have  known  some  mothers  so  deficient  in  Ali- 
mentiveness  as  to  be  unable  to  provide  properly  for  the  wants  of 
their  children  in  this  direction.  This  class  of  persons  should 
never  keep  a  boarding-house  or  hotel,  for  they  would  be  most 
unsatisfactory  hosts. 

The  mouth  being  the  entrance  to  that  chemical  laboratory, 
the  stomach,  large  size  of  this  feature  with  full  lips  woidd  natu- 
rally disclose  great  appetite  and  power  for  digestion.  As  the 
large  size  of  the  nostrils 
indicates  the  size  of  the 
lungs,  so  large  size  of  the 
mouth  tells  us  that  the  en- 
tire digestive  apparatus  is 
on  a  corresponding  scale. 
Fullness  of  the  lower  part 
of  the  cheek,  particularly, 
is  an  unfailing  sign  of  di- 
gestive power,  for  if  the  food 
.assimilate  with  the  juices 
of  the  stomach,  pancreas, 
and  liver,  the  lower  part  of 
the  cheek  will  indicate  this 
condition.  Large  develop- 
ment of  the  parotid  gland 
just  in  front  of  the  ears  is 
another  proof  of  assimila- 
tive power.  When  this 
.gland  is  well  developed,  a 
soft  cushion-like  protuber- 
ance will  be  observed 
directly  in  front  of  and 
below  the  opening  of  the 
•ear.  It  is  usually  large  in  outdoor  laborers,  seamen,  farmers,  and 
all  who  eat  heartily  and  digest  well.  It  is  small  and  weak  in 
those  who  are  deficient  in  digestive  power  and  are  poor  feeders. 
Eating  and  absorbing  solids  and  liquids  was  the  first  or  primitive 
function ;  from  this  starting-point  all  the  functions  and  faculties 
have  developed  by  differentiation  and  evolution.  The  mouth  is 
not  only  the  register  of  the  function  of  digestion,  but  it  is  also  the 
principal  organ  of  speech,  and  is  therefore  by  its  size  and  shape 
indicative  both  of  the  quantity,  volume,  and  quality  of  language. 
Its  size  and  form,  color  and  texture  combined,  indicate  the  grade 


FIG.  31.— A.  A.  LOW.       (DISTINGUISHED 

MERCHANT.) 

Born  in  Massachusetts,  1811.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Alimentiveness.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  curve, 
and  sphere  governs  this  physiognomy.  This  subject 
was  formerly  president  of  the  New  York  Chamber  of 
Commerce  and  has  exhibited  administrative  ability  of 
a  high  order.  In  his  countenance  one  sees  the  signs 
for  Alimentiveness,  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Appro- 
bativeness,  Self-esteem,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of 
Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Young  all  very  pronounced. 
His  mental  powers  are  shown  by  the  signs  for  Ven- 
eration, Executiveness,  Self-will,  Order,  Form,  Size, 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Reason. 


352  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  development  or  refinement  of  character,  not  only  of  the  social 
anil  domestic  traits  of  which  it  is  primarily  representative,  but  .it 
is  decisive  of  the  general  grade  of  the  refinement  of  the  individual 
in  his  entirety.  This  fact  is  patent  to  all  good  observers. 

The  mouth  does  not  denote  the  mental  faculties  in  so  precise 
a  manner  as  the  nose,  yet  it  does  by  its  size,  form,  color,  etc.,  i;ivr 
the  general  tone  or  grade  of  the  individual ;  most  especially  while  in 
motion  the  play  of  the  muscles  will  serve  to  reveal  more  of  the  char- 
acter than  when  in  repose ;  yet  both  must  be  taken  together.  The 
.good  examiner  will  cause  the  subject  to  converse,  smile,  and  laugh, 
in  order  to  get  as  many  expressions  of  the  mouth  and  its  adjacent 
parts  as  possible,  for  all  movements  are  significant ;  nothing  is  too 
small  to  be  valueless.  I  have  made  quite  a  different  estimate  of 
character  after  observing  the  play  of  the  muscles  of  the  mouth 
than  I  had  previously  formed. 

The  mouth  is  furnished  with  an  exceedingly  muscular  tongue 
and  numerous  glands  which  secrete  and  excrete  a  variety  of  juices, 
which,  mingling  with  the  food,  assist  the  process  of  digestion. 

The  use  of  the  mouth  as  an  active  agent  in  digestion  will  not 
be  fully  understood  unless  the  reader  makes  himself  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  the  mechanism  and  anatomy  of  the  mouth;  then 
the  eating  and  speaking  capacities  of  this  feature  will  be  understood 
and  its  full  importance  as  a  revelator  of  character  comprehended. 
In  writing  upon  physiognomy  it  seems  necessary  that  the  physi- 
ology and  anatomy  of  every  feature  should  be  described,  along 
with  the  exterior  and  mental  descriptions,  but  the  limits  of  my 
work  render  this  impossible,  and  I  can  only  recommend  the  student 
to  make  use  of  a  good  work  on  these  subjects,  in  connection  with 
this  one,  otherwise  he  will  have  only  a  surface  knowledge  of 
character,  for  mentality  is  a  question  of  physiology,  and  impossible 
to  be  comprehended  without  a  fair  understanding  of  its  laws. 

Appetite  is  the  normal  expression  of  this  function,  yet,  as  the 
stomach  is  often  perverted  by  excesses  or  improper  food,  it  cannot 
be  always  relied  upon  as  a  guide.  Reason  and  observation  must 
come  in  to  assist  the  appetite  in  its  demands,  and  only  such  foods 
as  experience  has  demonstrated  as  nutritious  should  be  partaken 
of.  No  function  is  more  abused  than  the  function  of  digestion. 
Most  people  eat  entirely  too  much,  and  this  leads  to  many  and 
serious  disorders. 

Each  individual  stomach  is  so  entirely  different  from  every 
other,  that  no  one  in  particular  is  a  guide  for  any  other;  for  the 
articles  of  food  which  nourish  some  act  as  poisons  upon  other 
systems.  In  this  regard,  each  must  be  a  "law  unto  himself." 
Mar.y  persons  have  a  decided  liking  for  certain  articles  of  diet 


ALIMENTIVENESS.  353 

* 

which  seriously  disagree  with  them,  and  this  furnishes  the  best 
proof  of  the  statement  that  observation,  reason,  and  self-control 
should  be  the  guide  of  appetite.  Mothers  should  always  supervise 
the  diet  of  their  children  and  compel  them  to  refrain  from  eating 
things  unsuited  to  them,  or  at  improper  hours,  and  in  immoderate 
quantities. 

Nature  has  brought  forth  many  youthful  geniuses  in  music, 
art,  and  mathematics, — children,  who,  like  Mozart,  could  compose 
music  at  four  years  of  age ;  orators  at  ten,  like  Harry  Shannon ; 
mathematicians  at  three,  like  George  Bidder ;  but  Nature  has  never  . 
yet  produced  a  child  with  a  genius  for  selecting  proper  food  for 
itself,  nor  a  genius  for  bringing  itself  up  properly.  Think  of  this, 
mothers,  when  you  are  inclined  to  allow  your  children^  to  select 
dainties  and  leave  the  substantial  untouched,  because  they  say 
they  "can't  relish  them,"  and  "soft-headed"  mothers  believe  this, 
and  keep  up  the  supply  of  cake,  pie,  sweetmeats,  etc.,  until  Nature 
puts  a  stop  to  it  by  disease  or  death. 

I  have  seen  many  children  who  have  hoodwinked  their 
parents  in  this  manner  for  years,  yet  when  taken  to  where  there 
were  no  dainties  to  be  had  ate  as  heartily  as  other  children.  Such 
children  should  be  compelled  to  eat  wholesome  food  by  withhold- 
ing sweets,  etc.,  from  the  table,  and  very  soon  a  normal  appetite 
would  be  discovered.  Yet  mothers  should  study  children's  peculi- 
arities with  a  view  of  providing  suitable  foods;  for  black-eyed 
children  cannot  always  relish  the  same  foods  which  blue-eyed 
children  desire.  Dark-eyed,  bilious  persons  often  find  milk  wholly 
indigestible.  Sweets,  also,  are  not  so  suitable  for  them  as  for  the 
lighter  colored.  The  reason  for  this  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  liver 
is  not  usually  so  active  in  dark  people  as  in  the  light  skinned. 
The  heart  is  relatively  stronger  than  the  liver  in  the  former,  and 
this  accounts  for  many  seeming  inconsistencies  and  idiosyncrasies 
in  diet.  Certain  diseases  affect  different-colored  persons  in  differ- 
ent manner.  So  well  is  this  understood  by  one  school  of  medicine, 
at  least,  the  "  Homoeopathic,"  that  it  gives  different  medicines  for 
the  same  disease  to  those  of  diverse  color  of  complexion  and  eyes ; 
and  this  accords  with  the  teachings  of  scientific  physiognomy,  for 
physiology  is  at  the  base  of  the  science,  and  nothing,  however 
minute,  is  regarded  as  unimportant  in  this  study.  The  most 
minute  differences  are  not  unimportant  but  highly  significant,  and 
explain  all  sorts  of  dissimilar  characteristics.  This  diversity 
extends  not  only  to  the  question  of  food,  sleep,  etc.,  but  must  be 
observed  in  the  manner  of  instructing  children  of  dissimilar  colors ; 
for  children  who  are  light,  with  bright  red-colored  complexion, 
made  so  by  large  lung  development,  learn  everything  "on  the 

23 


354  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

wing,"  as  it  were,  and  can  never  be  made  to  plod  like  the  darker- 
skinned  children,  who  are  more  capable  of  enduring  continuous, 
monotonous  habits;  for  where  the  lungs  predominate  over  the 
heart  unceasing  activity  is  the  law  of  being.  Physiognomy  comes 
with  all  these  new  ideas  to  mothers  and  teachers  to  bless  their 
labors  by  giving  them  an  intelligent  method  of  instructing  and 
interesting  youth,  based  uppn  law  and  science.  It  is  as  palpably 
absurd  to  compel  children  of  the  most  diverse  conditions  of  body 
to  feed  alike,  as  it  would  be  a  palpable  violation  of  good  taste  to 
compel  all  children  of  both  dark  and  light  complexions  to  wear 
precisely  the  same  colors,  for  every  one  possessed  of  taste  knows 
that  bright,  vivid,  rich  colors  harmonize  best  with  the  brunette 
complexion  and  dark  eyes,  and  that  light  blue  and  white  look 
best  upon  blonde  or  fair  persons.  There  are  laws  regulating  the 
fitness  of  food  as  there  are  laws  regulating  the  appropriateness  of 
colors.  It  should  be  the  duty  of  every  one  to  seek  out  for  himself 
the  law  of  his  stomach  and  digestive  apparatus,  and  then  make  a 
serious  and  religious  effort  to  abide  by  it.  If  religious  principle  is 
required  more  in  one  direction  than  in  another,  it  is  in  reference 
to  habits  of  eating  and  in  the  propagation  of  the  race.  We  are 
taught  in  the  Bible  that  eating  was  the  first  or  primal  sin.  It  is 
plain  to  be  seen  that  all  of  Eve's  descendants  have  received 
through  the  laws  of  heredity  this  propensity  in  an  aggravated  and 
intensified  form.  The  sin  of  overeating  is  universal  and  as  preva- 
lent among  the  most  religious  and  civilized  races  as  it  is  among 
the  uncivilized  heathen.  Hygienic  law  in  eating  should  be 
observed, — not  individual  preference,  nor  will ;  nor  perverted, 
vitiated  appetites  and  passions ;  but  law  sanctified  by  reason,  self- 
control^  self-denial,  and  moral  principle.  For  this  reason  God  has 
placed  Conscientiousness  among  the  domestic  faculties,  where  it  is 
most  needed  to  check  and  rule  them.  He  did  not  wait  until  He 
had  built  the  whole  edifice  of  man  and  then  put  conscience  on  top 
like  a  steeple  on  a  church.  Evolution  teaches  us  that  Conscien- 
tiousness— that  is  to  say,  speaking  physiologically,  the  fluid  or  kidney 
system — was  created  soon  after  the  primitive  function  of  Digestion 
appeared.  Its  appearance  at  this  time  in  the  creation  of  functions 
shows  its  importance  to  the  system,  for  it  was  evolved  long  before 
the  heart,  the  liver,  the  lungs,,  the  blood-vessel  system,  or  even 
before  the  sexual  system  appeared ;  hence  its  high  significance  and 
value  to  all  the  rest  of  the  bodily  functions  and  mental  faculties. 
Religion  and  Conscientiousness  are  not  subjects  for  church  worship 
alone,  but  should  be  incorporated  into  our  daily  life,  into  our 
habits  of  eating,  drinking,  sleeping,  rest,  exercise,  labor,  and,  above 
all,  their  highest  principles  should  be  applied  to  the  generating 


AMATIVENESS.  355 

of  better   bodies    and  minds.       Until  these    principles    are  thus 
applied,  no  one  can  be  said  to  be  truly  religious  or  moral. 

AMATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Love  of  the  opposite  sex,  procreative  energy, 
physical  passion,  conjugality,  manliness  and  womanliness,  sexual 
perfection,  energetic  individuality,  fecundity,  base  of  mentality. 

An  excess  of  Amativeness  tends  to  immodesty,  unchastity, 
and  to  unbridled  licentiousness,  lust,  prostitution,  obscene  language, 
and  slight  regard  for  sexual  ethics. 

Deficient  Amativeness  makes  the  character  narrow,  unsocial, 
and  unlovable,  with  no  power  to  attract  the  opposite  sex.  It  also 
shows  lack  of  creative  ability  in  art,  etc.  Those  deficient  in  love 
of  the  opposite  sex  are  wanting  in  magnetism,  and  often  exhibit 
a  morbid,  shrewish,  suspicious  manner,  and  angularity  of  body. 
Hermits  and  misers  are  usually  very  much  lacking  in  this  faculty 
and  function. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Fullness,  redness,  and  moisture 
of  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip;  large,  convex  eyes;  rounding,  mus- 
cular body;  round  limbs,  and  muscular  hands  and  fingers.  The 
full  lip  by  its  size,  color,  and  moisture  indicates  vigor  and  develop- 
ment of  the  reproductive  system,  and  is  a  primary  sign.  The  eyes 
by  their  size  disclose  the  degree  of  the  sentimefit  of  love  of  the 
opposite  sex,  while  their  shape  and  position  show  the  kind  of  love 
present.  Small  mouths  and  a  thin  upper  lip  denote  very  little 
Amativeness ;  very  small,  sunken  eyes  also  show  a  relative  deficiency 
of  this  faculty  and  associated  function.  Muscular  persons  and 
races  are  more  prolific  than  those  who  are  bony  or  angular,  and 
exhibit  a  more  demonstrative  sentimental  and  affectionate  disposi- 
tion. A  face  which  exhibits  a  small,  narrow  mouth,  with  thin 
lips  and  narrowness  between  the  eyes,  is  indicative  of  narrowness 
of  the  pelvis,  with  weakness  of  the  uterine  glands ;  and  this  forma- 
tion of  the  body  is  unsuited  to  successful  parturition. 

Rounding  out  of  the  lower  part  of  the  back  of  the  head  dis- 
closes Amativeness  by  virtue  of  its  being  one  of  the  signs  of  the 
dominance  of  the  muscular  system,  which  rounds  and  curves 
every  part  of  the  body.  All  muscular  persons  and  animals  exhibit 
this  formation.  This  is,  however,  a  secondary  sign.  Phrenology 
gives  it  a  cerebral  and  primary  one,  although  rounding  of  the  body 
and  limbs  are  also  bodily  signs  of  Amativeness  and  procreative 
energy. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  AMATIVENESS. — Love  and  hunger  are  the  two 
most  important  of  human  functions  and  faculties.  Nutrition  and 
reproduction  stand  in  direct  relationship  to  each  other.  The  strife 


356 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTlFiu    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


for  a  living — the  means  of  subsistence — and  the  desire  for  love  are 
the  two  most  powerful  motives  which  prompt  man  to  action.  It  is 
fair  to  conclude  that  the  signs  for  these  most  important  functions 
and  sentiments  would  be  correspondingly  apparent  in  the  face,  and 
easily  described. 

The  principal  signs  in  the  face  of  these  two  primitive  func- 
tions and  sentiments  are  situated  in  and  about  the  mouth,  l/argc 

mouths,  with  well-developed 
lips,  together  with  good  width 
between  the  eyes,  disclose  in 
the  female  the  best  construc- 
tion ibr  child-bearing,  for 
width  Of  the  bony  structure 
between  the  eyes  not  only 
reveals  the  width  of  the  brain 
structure  through  its  mw/i«n 
portion,  but  also  shows  width 
of  the  median  portion  of  the 
pelvis,  and  this  is  the  best 
formation  for  easy  parturition. 
Women  with  very  small 
mouths  and  thin  lips,  and 
those  whose  eyes  are  set  close 
to  the  nose  with  little  space 
between,  are  not  so  well 
formed  for  child-bearing  as 
those  exhibiting  the  reverse 
of  this  formation.  This  is  a 
most  useful  lesson  in  com- 
parative anatomy  for  phy- 
sicians; yet  no  medical  work 
extant  gives  this  knowledge 
of  the  facial  signs  of  repro- 
ductive power.  A  good  phy- 
sician as  well  as  a  skillful 
physiognomist  should  be  able 
to  describe  by  observation  of 
the  face  alone  the  shape  and  power  of  all  the  internal  organs ;  and 
this  is  one  of  the  most  important  uses  of  this  system  of  scientific 
and  practical  physiognomy. 

Amativeness  is  manifested  in  different  individuals  in  different 
ways,  but  the  form,  size,  and  color  of  the  parts  of  the  face  involved 
in  the  production  of  these  signs  will  reveal  how  each  individual 
loves.  If  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip  be  very  full,  very  red,  and 


FIG.  32.— THE  PUNDITA  RAMABAI.  (A  HlGH- 
CASTE  HINDOO  LADY  ;  A  TRAVELER,  WRITER, 
ORATOR,  AND  PHILANTHROPIST.) 

Principal  facial  sign,  Amativeness,  shown  by  full- 
ness, redness,  and  moisture  of  the  centre  of  the 
upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 

Governs  this  face.    This  gifted  lady  owes  much  of 
er  personal  magnetism,  executive  force,  and  ora- 
torical and  literary  originality  to  the  fine  and  high 
development  of  the  faculty  and  function  of  Ama- 
tiveness.   She  is  a  most  womanly  woman ;  full  of 
mirth,   wit,   fine  sarcasm,   and    quaint    originality. 
her  slender  body. 


Her  brain  is  too  active  for  her 


Her 


face  exhibits  the  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Love 
of  Young,  of  Home,  and  of  Country,  Benevolence, 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Modesty,  Mirthful- 
ness;  also  the  signs  of  Analysis,  Human  Nature. 
Mental  Imitation,  Uonstructiveness,  Veneration  and 
Sublimity,  strong  Self-will,  large  Form.  Size,  Mental 
Order,  Color,  Memory  of  Events.  Calculation,  and 
Reason.  She  has  gone  on  a  mission  to  India  to  edu- 
cate and  save  from  degradation  the  child-widows, 
who  are  considered  by  their  race  as  outcast,-*  because 
they  have  been  so  unfortunate  as  to  lose  their  hus- 
bands,—an  instance  of  religious  bigotry  rarely  ex- 
celled. 


AMATIYENESS. 


357 


with  a  moist  or  fresh  appearance,  a  great  deal  of  the  physical 
phase  of  love  will  be  present,  and,  unless  accompanied  with  a  good 
degree  of  Conscientiousness,  an  improper  use  is  liable  to  be  made 
of  this  function,  and  the  individual  will  have  very  lax  notions  of 
sexual  morality  and  personal  purity.  He  will  need  all  the  restrain- 
ing influences  of  moral  and  religious  instruction  to  prevent  him 
from  becoming  wanton  and  libertine  in  character. 

The  same  degree  of  development,  with  Conscience  and  Friend- 
ship combined,  gives  to  the 
character  true  conjugal 
feeling  and  principle,  and, 
with  Love  of  Young  added, 
it  gives  large  parental  love, 
and  those  with  this  combi- 
nation make  good  marital 
companions  and  parents. 
An  upper  lip,  thin,  white, 
and  dry  at  its  centre, 
shows  an  almost  utter  lack 
of  Amativeness,  and  conse- 
quent deficiency  in  conjugal 
and  parental  sentiments, 
and  their  associated  physi- 
cal development.  Such 
persons  should  never  marry, 
for  they  would  make  un- 
satisfactory companions  un- 
less they  mated  with  one 
similar  in  character.  This 
would  be  injudicious,  for 
the  offspring  resulting  from 
such  union  (should  there 
chance  to  be  any)  would 
probably  show  still  greater 
deficiency  in  this  direction, 
and  would  really  constitute 

a    morbid  variety  of  the   human    species    which  would   not   be 
worth  perpetuating. 

The  eyes  disclose  more  of  the.  sentimental  or  emotional  phase 
of  Amativeness,  while  the  mouth  reveals  the  condition  of  the 
physical  phase  of  the  reproductive  system,  which  is  the  base  and 
origin  of  the  sentiment  of  love  of  the  opposite  sex,  and  in  these 
signs  in  the  face  we  have  still  more  convincing  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  my  theory  of  the  relation  of  physical  function  with  mental 


FIG.  33.— ANTHONY   RAPHAEL  MENGS.     (CELE- 
BRATED GERMAN  PAINTER  AND  WRITER.)  • 

Born  in  Bohemia,  1728.  Principal  facial  sign,  Ama- 
tiveness, shown  by  fullness,  redness,  and  moisture  of 
the  centre  of  the  upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  quality  is  fine. 
This  great  creative  artist  doubtless  derived  much  of 
his  originality  from  the  amative  faculty  and  function. 
The  dimpled  chin  is  yet  another  proof  of  the  love  of 
the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  and  of  artistic  taste  as 
well.  The  nose  is  broad  in  the  back  the  entire  length. 
The  curved  jaw  shows  dramatic  instincts.  The  signs 
for  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Love 
of  Home  and  of  Country  form  a  fine  substratum  of 
domestic  character.  Modesty  is  quite  denned  and 
tones  down  the  manifestation  of  Self-esteem  and  Ama- 
tiveness. Mental  Imitation.  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sub- 
limity, Human  Natiire,  Hope,  Coristructiveness,  Yc -it- 
eration, and  Self-will  are  verv  large  in  this  nose. 
Form,  Size,  Color,  Calculation,  Language,  and  Locality 
are  also  well  denned.  In  this  physiognomy  are  seen 
all  the  elements  of  a  great  artist  and  critic. 


358  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

faculty.  Prof.  A.  E.  Willis,*  in  his  treatise  on  physiognomy, 
shows  that  the  "  monogamic "  principle,  or  love  for  one  o>/7//,  is 
disclosed  by  the  round  eye,  shaped  like  that  of  the  dove,  -which  is 
noted  for  strong  conjugal  attachment;  while  the  "wanton  eye"  is 
indicated  by  an  alnumtl  shaped  commissure  or  opening  between 
the  eyelids.  My  own  observations  confirm  his  discoveries  in  this 
respect.  The  round  eye  indicates  a  strong  desire  for  a  permanent 
attachment,  and  if  this  is  dissolved  by  death  or  otherwise  great 
and  lasting  sorrow  will  be  manifested,  so  much  so  as  to  often  lead 
to  a  celibate  life  thereafter.  The  "wanton"  or  "polygamic"  rye 
indicates  the  presence  of  a  love  for  promiscuous  attachments  in 
some,  while  in  others  (where  the  inherited  quality  is  fine)  Ama- 
tiveness  will  exhibit  itself  by  one  faithful  attachment  for  the  time; 
but  if  death  or  other  causes  lead  to  a  separation  the  individual 
will  be  quite  able  to  console  himself  with  another  marital  com- 
panion, and  exhibit  faithful  connubial  attachment ;  yet,  if  separated 
permanently,  can  become  equally  attached  to  another  companion. 
The  almond  form  of  eye  is  almost  universally  observed  in  the 
Mongolian  races,  and  as  they  exhibit  a  low,  inherited  quality, 
promiscuity  in  their  attachments  and  polygamy  in  their  marriage 
relations  is  quite  general  among  them. 

The  terms  "wanton  eye"  and  "monogamic  eye"  do  not  ade- 
quately express  the  entire  significance  of  the  scope  and  range  of 
the  motives  and  principles  of  sex-love  accompanying  each  of  these 
forms.  I  prefer  to  name  the  latter  "conjugal"  and  the  former 
"  promiscuous  "  for  want  of  more  precise  language.  The  Turks 
and  Arabs  and  other  Oriental  races  present  the  peculiar  almond 
form  of  eye,  and  are  polygamic  in  their  marriages  and  promiscuous 
in  their  attachments.  The  several  races  of  animals  which  exhibit 
these  two  different  formations  of  the  eye  are  also  characterized  by 
the  same  peculiarities  of  Amativeness.  It  will  be  noted  that  most 
of  the  bird  tribes  have  very  round  eye-openings,  and  in  these  the 
monogamic  or  mating  principle  is  dominant.  Many  animals  who 
live  in  the  monogamic  relation  with  their  mates  possess  similarly- 
shaped  eyes,  as,  for  example,  the  roebuck  among  the  deer  tribes 
and  the  lion  among  the  carnivora.  Those  animals  that  exhibit  an 
almond-shaped  opening  of  the  eye,  or  those  whose  commissures 
are  greater  in  width  than  they  are  vertically,  are  polygamic  in 
their  unions  and  do  not  mate  with  one  of  the  opposite  sex  for  life, 
as  do  the  lion  and  roebuck.  The  hog,  the  wild  boar,  the  dog,  the 
cat,  every  species  of  serpent,  all  of  the  ape  tribes,  and  all  those 
whose  eyes  exhibit  the  almond-shaped  opening  are  promiscuous  in 
their  attachments.  The  same  general  principles  of  form  prevail 

*A  Treatise  on  Human  Nature  and  Physiognomy,  Prof.  A.  E.  Willis,  p.  44.    Chicago,  1882. 


AMATIVENESS.  359 

in  the  animal  kingdom,  as  well  as  in  the  human,  and  reveal  pre- 
cisely similar  characteristics. 

The  sentiment  of  Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  opposite  sex, 
does  not  make  itself  apparent  until  the  age  of  puberty,  when  its 
physical  base,  the  reproductive  system,  becomes  functionally  active. 
This  produces  startling  and  important  changes  in  all  of  the  mental 
faculties  and  stimulates  the  character  to  greater  achievement  in 
every  direction  in  both  sexes.  It  is  equivalent  to  the  introduction 
of  a  new  function  and  mental  faculty  into  the  system.  It  is  more 
than  this,  even,  for  its  development  has,  as  stated,  a  most  remark- 
able influence  upon  the  entire  mental  and  moral  life.  Knowledge 
of  the  laws  of  sexual  purity  should  be  imparted .  by  parents  to 
their  children  at  this  great  crisis  of  their  lives.  Lack  of  such  in- 
struction has  been  the  ruin  of  thousands  of  promising  girls  and  boys, 
and  lack  of  knowledge  of  sexual  ethics  in  marriage  has  led  thousands 
of  husbands  and  wives  to  misery,  suffering,  and  anguish  unspeak- 
able, and  has  peopled  the  world  with  numbers  of  defectively  or- 
ganized children,  inharmonious  in  their  nature  because  generated 
in  defiance  of  all  physiological  law, — true  children  of  lust  and 
ignorance,  what  can  be  expected  of  them  but  crime  and  misfor- 
tune ?  ^  I  believe  that  the  present  existing  prurient  and  shame- 
faced ideas  in  regard  to  the  relations  of  the  sexes  springs  from  the 
long-continued  abuse  and  misuse  of  the  generative  function,  both 
in  marriage  and  out  of  it,  for  abuse  brings  shame,  consciously  or 
unconsciously.  The  wide-spread  ignorance  on  these  subjects  is 
deplorable,  and  all  persons  intending  marriage  should  procure 
works  on  physiology  and  hygiene,  and  study  and  prepare  for  that 
holy  relation.  A  man  would  not  think  of  entering  a  counting- 
house  or  bank  to  keep  books  without  making  a  study  of  mathe- 
matics, yet  will  enter  matrimony  as  unconcernedly  as  a  child  enters 
a  game,  without  any  special  instruction  or  preparation  for  the 
most  important  step  which  a  human  being  is  capable  of  taking. 

Training  in  sexual  morality  should  not  be  put  off  until  about 
entering  the  marriage  relation,  but  girls  and  boys  should  at  the  age 
of  puberty  be  instructed  in  the  most  solemn  and  thorough  manner 
as  to  the  nature  and  meaning  of  their  newly-acquired  function, 
— the  most  important  one  after  digestion.  They  should  be  trained 
in  the  knowledge  of  sexual  physiology  and  sexual  purity.  Place 
in  the  hands  of  girls  Mrs.  Sheperd's  work  entitled  "For  Girls;"* 
also  Dr.  Alice  B.  Stockham's  work  on  "Tokology,"  or  "birth 
science  ;"f  and  give  to  boys  Dr.  Naphey's  work,  and  to  both  sexes 
Dr.  Guernsey's  "  Plain  Talks  on  Avoided  Subjects "  and  the  entire 

*  For  Girls.  A  Special  Physiology.    For  sale  by  the  Moral  Education  Society  of  Washington, 
t  For  sale  at  same  place. 


360  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

series  of  "  White  Cross  Tracts,"  issued  under  the  sanction  of  the 
Bishop  of  Durham,  and  distributed  by  the  Moral  Education 
Society  of  Washington,  D.  C.  The  following  declaration  of  princi- 
ples put  forth  by  the  White  Cross  Society  is  worthy  the  attention 
of  parents,  and  where  young  men  take  this  pledge  and  live  up  to 
it  they  can  influence  hundreds  of  their  associates  in  the  paths  of 
virtue  and  morality.  The  following  is  the  obligation  which  is 
offered  to  youth,  and  parents  reading  this  should  esteem  it  a 
privilege  to  have  so  explicit  an  exposition  of  moral  purity  with 
which  to  protect  their  sons : — 

I  pledge  myself,  1st.  To  treat  all  women  with  respect  and  endeavor  to 
protect  them  from  wrong  and  degradation.  2d.  To  endeavor  to  put  down 
all  indecent  language  and  coarse  jests.  3d.  To  maintain  the  law  of  purity 
as  equally  binding  upon  men  and  women.  4th.  To  endeavor  to  spread 
these  principles  among  my  companions  and  help  my  younger  brothers. 
5th.  To  use  every  possible  means  to  fulfill  the  command  "  Keep  thyself 
pure." 

This  obligation  shows  the  tenor  of  the  series  of  tracts  which 
every  mother  should  place  in  the  hands  of  her  sons,  and  esteem  it 
a  privilege  to  be  able  to  give  such  instruction  on  subjects  which 
the  pulpit,  the  school,  and  the  newspapers  have  persistently 
ignored.  Unless  instruction  in  sexual  ethics  is  imparted  to  our 
youth  we  may  surely  look  for  their  degradation  and  early  decay 
resulting  from  ignorance  of  the  true  nature  of  the  wonderful  and 
all-pervading  faculty  and  function  of  Amativeness. 

\V<>  must  not  ignore  the  fact  that  the  sexual  feeling,  has  most 
intimate  relations  with  our  moral  sense  and  nature ;  so,  also,  is  it 
directly  related  to  the  evolution  of  mental  power,  as  stated  else- 
where. All  great  artists,  poets,  painters,  musicians,  inventors,  and 
people  of  talent  and  power  manifest  a  strong  and  decided  manhood 
and  womanhood.  The  sign  of  Amativeness  is  most  prominent  in 
the  lip  and  eyes  of  all  these  classes  of  persons,  and  the  artistic 
class  particularly  show  in  the  rounding  contour  of  the  limbs,  the 
head,  the  face,  and  body  that  the  creative  power  is  based  upon  the 
procreative  function. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  stating  that  the  sign  for 
Amativeness  alone,  without  other  mental  signs  in  combination,  in- 
dicates creative  ability ;  what  I  wish  to  convey  is  the  fact  that  the 
presence  of  a  well-developed  sexuality  assists  and  stimulates  all 
mental  efforts  whatsoever ;  and  certainly  in  making  a  man  more 
vigorous  it  must  impart  power  for  moral  restraint,  and  for  the  en- 
joyment of  all  the  poetry,  romance,  and  sentiment  inseparably 
associated  with  the  loves  of  the  sexes.  So  instrumental  is  Ama- 
tiveness in  the  production  of  the  moral  feeling  that  physicians 


AMATIVENESS.  361 

(who  have  made  the  investigation  of  human  character  a  study  in 
connection  with  health  and  disease)  observe  these  facts.  Dr. 
Maudsley  observes  that  "  when  an  individual  is  sexually  mutilated 
at  an  early  age  he  is  emasculated  morally  as  well  as  physically," 
and  all  evidence  goes  to  prove  the  low,  immoral,  lying,  thievish 
propensities  of  eunuchs.  A  man  strong  in  his  manhood  would, 
if  rightly  instructed  in  sound  ethics,  use  his  great  powers  of  will 
and  intellect  to  combat  immorality  instead  of  using  them  for  im- 
moral purposes. 

Parents  should  not  leave  tHese  subjects  to  the  uncertain,  de- 
grading, and  ignorant  instruction  of  the  stable,  the  saloon,  and 
street-corners  ;  nor  leave  their  girls  to  pick  tip  vulgar  and  low 
ideas  on  the  sexual  questions  from  ignorant  servants.  They  should 
procure  some  of  Mrs.  Lucinda  B.  Chandler's  tracts  for  mothers, 
and  thus  inform  themselves  how  to  approach  their  children  in  a 
pure,  delicate,  and  scientific  manner,  with  knowledge  which  will 
grow  up  with  them  and  thus  forestall  with  truth  and  purity  any 
low  or  degrading  ideas  which  may  come  to  them  from  ignorant, 
doubtful,  or  impure  sources.  "Knowledge  is  power"  should  be 
written  over  the  hearthstone  of  every  home.  Ignorance  is  weak- 
ness, death,  and  degradation.  Conjugal  love,  the  most  beautiful 
and  inspiring  of  all  human  feelings,  depends  upon  the  understand- 
ing of  the  nature  of  individual  rights  and  duties,  and  in  according 
personal  rights  in  marriage. 

Parentage,  right  generation,  and  sexual  ethics  are  all  divine 
studies,  and  should  be  so  understood  and  their  principles  applied 
by  all  husbands  and  wives  desiring  to  live  in  harmony  and  to 
propagate  superior  offspring.  No  other  systems  of  instruction  will 
teach  these  important  truths.  Science  alone,  combined  witli 
morality,  will  give  the  key  to  these  divine  laws. 

The  conjugal  feeling,  or  love  for  one  only,  and  constancy  and 
fidelity  in  love  and  marriage  are  part  and  parcel  of  the  faculty  of 
Amativeness,  for  Amativeness  leads  out  in  many  directions,  as  else- 
where shown ;  it  assists  creative  art,  and  in  its  own  nature  and 
essence  demands  and  gives  fidelity  while  it  lasts.  Yet  other  facul- 
ties contribute  to  make  one  faithful  or  unfaithful  in  love.  Where 
Conscientiousness  is  large,  in  combination  with  full  degree  of  Ama- 
tiveness, constancy  and  devotion  to  the  one  beloved  or  to  husband 
or  wife  will  be  most  marked.  Where  Conscientiousness  and  Firm- 
ness are  small,  constancy  in  love,  or  indeed  in  any  matter,  will  be 
almost  entirely  wanting.  Moderate  Amativeness,  with  large 
Friendship,  together  with  a  fair  degree  of  Conscientiousness  and 
Firmness,  make  a  zealous  and  devoted  conjugal  companion.  Such 
a  character  would  defend  the  interests  and  honor  of  his  or  her 


362  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

companion  with  great  ardor,  and  remain  faithful  through  all 
vicissitudes  of  health  and  fortune. 

Some  men  and  women  have  a  talent  for  marriage,  and  are 
thus  enabled  to  make  home  a  place  of  great  happiness,  while 
others  marry  who  are  possessed  of  so  little  Amativeness  and  true 
conjugal  feeling  as  to  cause  great  unhappiness  in  their  companion. 
This  class  should  refrain  from  entering  the  marriage  relation,  for 
they  are  wholly  unable  to  understand  and  offer  the  tender  atten- 
tions and  courtesies  which  nourish  and  sustain  the  conjugal  rela- 
tion. Conjugality  can  be  cultivated  by  suitable  treatment,  just  as 
all  traits  are  developed.  Both  husband  and  wife  should  seek  to 
make  their  union  the  most  perfect  one  in  respect  to  unity  and  har- 
mony, for  this  not  only  makes  a  heaven  for  them,  but  conduces 
directly  to  the  propagation  of  harmonious  children.  I  am  often 
able  to  tell  by  the  expression  of  the  face  whether  one  was  con- 
ceived and  gestated  in  harmony,  discord,  or  indifference,  and  cer- 
tainly what  becomes  a  permanent  expression  of  the  physiognomy 
must  have  an  abiding  influence  upon  one's  entire  character  and 
life. 

The  phrenological  idea  that  the  signs  for  Amativeness  are  dis- 
covered in  the  chin,  by  its  length  forward,  is  most  erroneous.  The 
signs  for  love,  as  for  all  the  softer  domestic  traits,  are  not  found  in 
bone  development,  but  in  the  glands  and  muscles,  their  bases  of 
supply.  *  Love  is  manifested,  both  physically  and  mentally,  by  these 
two  systems,  and  love-signs  are  found  in  the  face  and  body  in  the  de- 
velopment of  muscle  and  soft  tissue.  We  do  not  love  icith  our  bones. 
It  is  true  that  Firmness,  which  is  denoted  by  length  of  the  bony 
structure  of  the  chin,  creates  fidelity  and  continuity  of  the  senti- 
ment of  love,  but  I  deny  most  emphatically  that  the  signs  for  Am- 
ativeness or  of  any  of  the  affections  can  be  disclosed  by  bone  de- 
velopment. Bone  is  for  the  manifestation  of  the  sterner  and  more 
enduring  traits.  Emotions  of  all  sorts  are  manifested  by  nervous 
ganglia,  muscles,  and  glands ;  and  all  of  the  emotions,'  like  love, 
hope,  joy,  grief,  laughter,  force,  revenge,  and  secretiveness,  call 
upon  these  sources  for  the  ability  to  express  their  power  and 
action.  This  cannot  be  controverted.  The  glands,  ganglia,  and 
muscles  are  the  agencies  most  concerned  in  the  expression  of  the 
emotion  of  love,  as  well  as  in  the  perpetuation  of  the  race;  hence 
it  is  obvious  that  we  must  look  for  love-signs  in  those  parts  of  the 
face  and  body  which  best  exhibit  the  development  of  these  tissues. 
We  must  examine  their  condition  as  to  size,  form,  color,  and  moist- 
ure, and  discover  by  the  degree  of  softness,  moisture,  flexibility, 
and  quality  their  present  condition  of  activity  or  inactivity. 

In  all  muscular  races  of  men  and  animals,  the  form  produced 


AMATIVENESS.  363 

by  the  curving  nature  of  muscle  announces  capacity  for  the  emo- 
tions of  love,  also  capacity  for  reproduction.  Where  the  glands 
are  active  in  combination  with  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular 
system,  there  is  present  the  best  combination  for  both  Amativeness 
and  fecundity.  The  action  of  the  glands  gives  brightness  and 
moisture,  softness,  redness,  and  flexibility  to  the  lips  and  eyes,  and 
herein  are  additional  proofs  of  the  presence  of  sex-love,  or 
Amativeness. 

Where  love-signs  are  found  in  the  chin,  it  is  when  the  muscles 
there  have  created  a  dimple  or  cleft.  A  dimpled  chin  is  the  sign 
for  the  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex,  and  hence 
it  is  found  in  the  chins  of  hundreds  of  poets,  painters,  actors, 
dramatists,  writers  of  fiction,  and  all  classes  of  persons  whose  art 
leads  them  to  be  influenced  by  and  who  depict  the  beauties  of 
mind  and  person  in  their  creative  efforts.  Love  of  the  beautiful 
of  the  opposite  sex  seems  to  assist  creative  effort,  in  conjunction 
with  Amativeness.  Where  the  chin  is  dimpled  the  muscular 
system  is  usually  either  the  dominant  system,  or  one  of  the  domi- 
nant systems;  where  the  muscular  and  the  brain  systems  are  reg- 
nant and  of  fine  quality  ability  for  creative  efforts  of  some  sort 
will  be  manifested ;  and  where  the  chin  is  dimpled  the  muscular 
system  is  so  decided  as  to  warrant  us  in  saying  that  Amativeness, 
Constructiveness,  and  Imagination  are  also  present.  So  unerring 
and  infallible  are  Physiognomy  and  Comparative  Anatomy,  that- 
from  the  presence  of  a  dimple  in  the  chin  one  can  safely  predicate 
the  presence  of  many  other  faculties  and  functions  in  other  parts 
of  the  organism.  A  dimpled  chin,  according  to  Lavater,  reveals 
a  benevolent,  generous  disposition.  This  is  also  one  of  the  indi- 
cations of  this  feature. 

We  must  always  look  for  signs  of  love  in  muscular  and 
glandular  formations,  for  the  most  muscular  are  the  most  «in<ilirr 
and  the  most  prolific.  It  is  the  same  in  the  animal  kingdom.  The 
most  bony  races,  both  of  men  and  animals,  are  the  least  amative 
and  prolific.  The  idea  of  looking  to  any  portion  of  the  bony  struc- 
ture for  tokens  of  Amativeness  is  to  me  supremely  absurd.  Many 
famous  and  infamous  libertines,  Aaron  Burr,  for  example,  disclose 
a  long,  projecting  chin ;  but  close  scrutiny  will  show  that  this 
feature  in  his  face  is  rounded  out,  which  proves  precisely  my 
position  in  regard  to  the  muscles  being  expressive  of  love-signs, 
for  his  chin  was  rounded  by  the  development  of  round  muscles, 
not  by  square  bones.  Now,  round  muscles  belong  to  the  most 
amative  people.  Bone  never  causes  any  feature  to  round  out,  ex- 
cept the  joints  of  round-boned  persons,  and  these  are  hard,  and 
show  their  solid  character. 


364  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

When  muscular  persons  have  a  good  bony  structure,  along 
with  a  rounded,  muscular  development,  they  have  more  constitu- 
tional vigor  to  resist  the  inroads  which  excesses  in  sensuality  make. 
but  the  fact  of  the  presence  of  a  fair  bony  development  does  not 
neutralize  the  amative  power  produced  by  the  muscular  system. 

The  following  remarks  on  the  influence  of  beauty  in  sex  are 
deserving  notice,  and  I  quote  them  for  their  scientific  value.  They 
are  by  Prof.  J.  S.  Grimes.  He  observes : — 

The  adaptation  of  Amativeness  to  the  admiration  of  personal  beauty 
seems  wisely  designed  to  prevent  the  transmission  of  defoi'med  and  imper- 
fect bodily  organizations  to  posterity.  It  is  not  the  effect  of  mere  youthful 
fancy,  but  was  implanted  in  the  mind  for  a  highly  useful  purpose,  and  there- 
fore should  l>e  by  no  means  discouraged.  On  the  contrary,  it  seems  to  be 
of  the  very  highest  importance  that  it  should  be  properly  directed,  and  just 
ideas  of  what  constitutes  beauty  of  constitution  should  be  early  inculcated. 
This  subject  teaches  us  that  the  knowledge  of  principles  upon  which  phys- 
ical and  mental  energy  and  harmony  depend  cannot  be  too  strongly  appre- 
ciated as  a  branch  of  education.  I  seldom  find  a  person  of  much  energy 
of  character  who  is  deficient  in  Amativeness.  It  seems  to  give  activity  to 
Combativeness,  and  is  generally  accompanied  with  a  large  development  of 
that  organ.  Males,  among  all  animals,  manifest  it  in  a  greater  degree  than 
females,  and  I  have  seldom  found  it  very  large  in  females,  without  observing 
at  the  same  time,  an  uncommon  manifestation  of  the  masculine  traits.* 

This  observation  of  Professor  Grimes  is  in  the  main  correct. 
It  is  true  that  strong,  amative  propensities  are  more  peculiarly 
masculine,  yet  a  woman  well  endowed  in  this  respect  will  exhibit  a 
more  marked  and  energetic  character  than  one  who  is  deficient  in 
this  faculty  and  function.  Still,  animal  passion  in  a  woman  (un- 
less excessive)  is  just  as  natural  and  normal  as  in  man,  and  highly 
conducive  (as  I  have  shown)  to  creative  efforts,  mentally,  as  well 
as  to  generative  capacity.  "  Combativeness,"  as  Professor  Grimes 
remarks,  "  is  always  active  with  large  Amativeness."  Why  ?  Be- 
cause Combativeness  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  muscular  system,  and 
is  always  present  with  a  good  development  of  round  muscles  par- 
ticularly. It  may  not  always  manifest  itself  in  belligerent  acts, 
but  may  show  in  other  ways,  by  giving  force  and  energy  to  art  and 
oratory,  and  to  judicial  and  administrative  efforts. 

The  whole  end  and  aim  of  Amativeness  is  marriage  and  re- 
production^nd  the  monogamic  relation  is  the  only  true  union  in 
marriage.  Polygamous  marriage  and  prostitution  are  abnormal 
manifestations  and  perversions  of  this  function  and  faculty.  The 
fact  that  Amativeness  leads  to  Jealousy,  and  that  these  two  are  the 
strongest  emotions  of  the  human  mind,  exceeding  all  others  in  in- 
tensity, should  teach  us  that  the  monogamic  relation  is  founded  in 

•  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  S.  Grimes,  pp.  84,  85.     1878. 


AMATIVENESS.  365 

the  highest  nature  of  man.  Every  social  and  domestic  considera- 
tion (to  say  nothing  of  the  interests  of  morality  and  progeny)  de- 
mand that  man  as  well  as  woman  should  be  true  to  the  marriage 
contract ;  for,  although  Nature  has  endowed  man  with\  powers 
which  enable  him  to  respond  at  all  times  to  the  demands  of  repro- 
duction, yet  she  has  also  given  him  superior  will  as  well  as  con- 
science and  reason  to  enable  him  to  use  this  power  with  justice 
and  wisdom.  Animals  never  fight  so  vigorously  for  food  as  they 
do  for  the  possession  of  the  female,  and  no  motive  so  moves  man 
as  jealousy  and  love  for  woman.  Although  jealousy  is  a  destruc- 
tive trait,  yet  it,  in  a  modified  form,  has  its  use  in  the  human 
economy,  else  it  would  not  have  been  there.  It  is,  in  a  normal 
degree,  the  guardian  of  one's  interests  in  the  beloved  of  the  oppo- 
site sex,  and  a  little  judicious  jealousy,  anxiety,  and  care  on  the 
part  of  the  husband  and  wife  has  often  preserved  the  unity  and 
harmony  of  a  family. 

The  scope  and  direction  cf  the  marriage  relation  has  been  well 
indicated  by  the  Rev.  Antoinette  Brown  Blackwell,  in  her  admira- 
ble work  on  "  Sexes  Throughout  Nature."  On  this  point  she 
observes : — 

It'  Evolution  as  applied  to  sex  teaches  anyone  lesson  plainer  thnn 'an- 
other, it  is  the  lesson  that  the  monogamic  marriage  is  the  basis  of  all  prog- 
ress. Nature,  who  everywhere  holds  her  balances  with  even  justice,  asks 
that  every  husband  and  wife  shall  co-operate  to  develop  her  most  diligently 
selected  cllaracters.* 

This  observation  leads  us  to  the  thought  that  marriage  must 
be  continuous  in  order  to  propagate  and  educate  offspring  in  the 
manner  most  conducive  to  moral  and  mental  excellence.  A  plu- 
rality of  wives  would  result  in  a  union  whose  leading  features 
would  be  licentiousness  and  the  development  of  sensual  traits. 
Mormonism  is  a  proof  of  this,  and  the  fact  remains  that  with  all 
their  boasted  superiority  of  polygamous  marriage  the  Mormons  have 
not  produced  any  superior  children  who  have  become  known  as 
either  mentally,  physically,  or  morally  equal  to  those  born  in  the 
monogamic  relation.  This  is  certainly  a  most  convincing  argument 
against  their  form  of  marriage. 

The  interests  of  the  family  demand  that  the  minds  of  both 
parents  should  be  centred  on  their  children,  and  this  can  exist 
only  where  there  is  one  husband  to  one  wife.  It  is  often  observed, 
in  cases  where  a  step-parent  enters  a  family,  that  the  harmony  of 
the  family  is  destroyed  through  a  conflict  of  interests  resulting. 
What  must  be  the  condition  of  those  families  where  there  are 
several  wives  and  many  sorts  of  children  1  Surely  jealousy  and  all 

*  Sexes  Throughout  Nature,  Antoinette  Brown  Blackwell,  p.  136.    1875. 


366  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

base  passions  must  be  rife,  for  human  nature  cannot  be  changed 
to  suit  any  human  institution,  and  the  nature  of  nearly  all  women 
and  most  men  is  in  harmony  with  monogamic  love  and  marriage ; 
and,  although  religious  superstition  may  for  awhile  pervert  this 
sense,  as  it  does  among  the  Mormon  women,  and  they  may  bear 
what  they  freely  concede  is  a  "  great  cross"  in  polygamic  marriage, 
yet  the  purity  of  Nature  will  assert  itself,  and  this  terrible  insti- 
tution will  be  swept  away,  and  none  will  be  more  rejoiced  at  its 
downfall  than  its  poor,  deluded  female  victims.  The  delusions  of 
these  people  should  teach  the  great  danger  to  morality  that  there 
is  in  allowing  superstitions  called  "  religions"  to  dominate  the 
mind.  Sound  morality,  as  inculcated  by  the  ten  commandments, 
is  a  pretty  good  code  to  live  by,  and  one  needs  but  little  added  to 
it  to  be  truly  religious.  Morality  is  always  morality,  but  religion 
can  be  so  perverted  that  men  will  worship  snakes  and  other  de- 
graded animals,  under  the  name  of  religion.  It  is  well  to  examine 
all  religious  systems  by  the  light  of  science  before  venturing  too 
far  into  their  doctrines,  for  science  is  true  to  God's  laws,  hence  all 
morality  and  true  religion  are  founded  in  the  nature  of  man  him- 
self, and  this  must  be  understood  scientifically  before  correct  sys- 
tems of  ethics  and  religion  can  prevail.  Moses,  who .  formulated 
the  great  moral  code  of  civilized  races,  was  undoubtedly  a  great 
physiognomist  as  well  as  hygienist,  and  comprehended  human 
nature  better  than  any  other  man  of  his  day.  He  was  as  talented 
in  this  direction  as  Shakespeare,  but  Moses  seemed  to  have  had  a 
better  understanding  of  man  physically  and  quite  as  well  mentally 
as  Shakespeare.  (Read  Leviticus,  chap,  xxi,  verses  IT  to  22.) 

The  founders  of  the  Grecian  religion,  or  Mythology,  took  a 
most  just  and  comprehensive  view  of  the  faculty  of  sex-love,  or 
Amativeness,  embodying  it  as  a  universal  creative  priu<-ii>le  in 
Nature.  They  typified  their  understanding  of  this  all-pervading 
law  in  the  statues  of  Aphrodite,  the  Greek  Venus,  a  beautiful 
woman,  who  represented  to  them,  as  Mrs.  Jamison  has  observed, "  the 
principal  element  of  beauty,  of  love,  and  of  fecundity, — or  the  law 
of  continuation  of  being,  through  beauty  and  through  love."  The 
love  of  the  beautiful  of  the  opposite  sex  is  a  trait  derived  from  the 
action  of  Amativeness,  and  tends  toward  race  improvement,  by 
creating  a  love  for,  and  a  desire  to  select  in  marriage,  the  most 
beautiful  in  form  and  feature  from  the  opposite  sex,  and  this  taste, 
being  a  universal  one  and  exhibited  according  to  the  idea  of  what 
constitutes  beauty,  leads  to  progressive  development  of  the  human 
family  by  the  slow  process  of  instinctive  sexual  selection.  Could 
this  method  of  selection  be  superseded  by  a  cultivated  knowledge 
as  to  what  constitutes  true  beauty,  such  as  is  taught  by  scientific 


LOVE   OF   YOUNG.  367 

physiognomy,  the  race  would  be  carried  forward  with  rapid  strides 
toward  perfection.  When  men  learn  what  are  the  signs  of 
physical  strength,  moral  grandeur,  and  intellectual  power  in  the 
face  and  form,  such  knowledge  will  influence  their  choice  of  wives 
and  will  eventuate  in  reproduction  only  by  the  finest  types.  It 
will  not  avail  to  argue  that  "  Love  is  blind,  and  man  will  marry 
whomsoever  he  loves  ;"  blind  love  is  blind  indeed,  but  intelligent 
love  sees  by  law. 

All  knowledge,  consciously  or  unconsciously,  influences  man 
in  all  the  acts  of  life,  and  if  children  grow  up  with  a  knowledge  of 
the  truths  of  physiognomy  they  will  be  able  to  detect  in  an  indi- 
vidual, at  a  glance,  the  signs  of  moral  strength  and  weakness,  as 
well  as  of  all  the  meanings  revealed  by  the  form,  the  size,  the  color, 
and  quality  of  all  with  whom  they  come  in  contact,  and  this  will 
as  surely  influence  men  and  wromen  in  their  choice  of  a  life-com- 
panion as  it  will  in  their  choice  of  friends  and  partners  in  business. 
"  Knowledge  is  power." 

That  the  faculty  of  Amativeness  is  instrumental  in  developing 
love  of  beauty  is  not  only  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  is  large  in  the 
characters  of  all  great  or  good  artists  of  all  sorts,  such  as  painters* 
poets,  singers,  etc.  Its  physical  signification  has  been  remarked 
by  other  observers. 

LOVE   OF   YOUNG. 

Definition. — Love  of  children,  animals,  and  pets ;  parental 
•instinct ;  impulse  to  reproduce.  This  trait  is  shown  by  fondling, 
petting,  amusing,  and  caring  for  young  children,  animals,  and 
pets  of  various  kinds,  and  a  taste  for  propagating  plants  and 
animals. 

An  excess  of  this  sentiment  creates  foolish  fondness  for  children 
and  results  in  ruining  both  their  bodies  and  minds,  for  children 
who  are  overindulged  have  a  very  poor  chance  of  surviving,  as 
they  are  allowed  to  defy  all  rational  hygienic  laws. 

A  deficiency  of  the  parental  feeling  makes  one  indifferent  to 
children  and  pets,  sometimes  tending  to  harsh  treatment  of  them, 
and  where  parental  love  is  quite  lacking  the  character  is  often 
harsh,  brutal,  or  a  very  narrow  or  defective  one.  All  well-bal- 
anced characters  exhibit  a  fair  share  of  Love  of  Young  and  of 
Amativeness,  its  nearest  neighbor  and  natural  ally. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  pronounced  facial  sign 
of  the  Love  of  Young  is  situated  on  cither  side  of  the  local  sign 
for  Amativeness,  in  the  upper  Up,  causing  the  outer  corners  to 
droop  and  form  a  slight  scallop.  Where  these  two  traits  are  well 
developed  their  signs  in,  the  upper  lip  create  the  beautiful  form 


308 


I 'i:\CTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


denominated  a  "  Cupid's  bow."  The  same  sign  in  the  same  locality 
in  the  upper  lips  of  dogs  and  cows  is  quite  marked,  and  their  love 
for  their  very  young  offspring  is  intense.  Many  horses  and  dogs 
manifest  ardent  love  for  the  young  of  the  human  species,  but  are 
indifferent  or  ferocious  to  adults. 

When  this  sign  in  the  upper  lip  is  red  and  moist  the  asso- 
ciated sentiment  is  strong, 
and  the  glands  involved  in 
nourishing  the  young  are 
normal  and  active.  The 
lachrymal  glands  of  the 
eye.  also  exhibit  a  humid 
appearance,  and  the  mam- 
mary glands  of  the  breast 
are  usually  well  developed. 
DESCRIPTION  OF  LOVE 
OF  YOUNG. — The  origin  of 
Love  of  Young  is  the  gland- 
ular system.  The  situation 
of  its  principal  sign  near 
the  mouth  is  one  proof  of 
its  origin.  The  fact  that  a 
fine  development  of  the 
mammary  glands  is  essen- 
tial to  the  nourishment  of 
the  young  is  more  convin- 
cing still.  A  normal  sup- 
ply of  the  lacteal  glands 
connected  with  the  function 


FiG.     34.— THE 


PRINCESS     ALEXANDRA,     OF 

WALKS. 


Born  in  Denmark.  1844.  Wife  of  Albert  Edward, 
Prince  of  Wales.  Principal  facial  sign,  Love  of  Young. 
The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this 
physiognomy.  The  face  of  this  lovely  and  graceful 
princess  shows  in  a  marked  manner  the  presence  of  all 
the  domestic  virtues,  among  which  Love  of  Children 
and  Pets  is  supreme.  A  great  degree  of  artistic  talent 
is  also  exhibited.  The  curving  outlines  of  the  jaw. 
chin,  and  shoulders,  and  graceful  poise  of  the  head 
reveal  this  capacity,  while  the  lithe  figure  is  additional 
proof  of  this  deci'ded  power.  The  signs  for  I/yve  of 
Home  and  of  Country  arc  large.  Amativeness,  Benevo- 
lence, and  Conscientiousm'ss  are  well  marked.  Con- 
structiveness,  Color,  Analysis,  Hope,  Ideality,  Mental 
Imitation,  Veneration,  Self-will,  Form,  Size,  Color,  and 
Order  disclose  aesthetic  tendencies.  The  entire  organ- 
ism is  one  of  high  and  delicate  quality. 


of  digestion  is  necessary  to 


the  perfection  of  the  former 
function.  The  lacteals 
must  be  able  to  secrete 
from  the  food  taken  into 
the  stomach  sufficient  ma- 
terial for  the  sustenance 
of  offspring.  Now,  if  the 
lacteal  glands,  which  are 
connected  with  the  intestinal  system,  or  the  mammary  glands 
(which  are  those  that  secrete  milk),  are  defective  in  this  mechanical 
construction  or  normal  action,  it  will  be  readily  seen  how  the 
mother  would  utterly  fail  in  the  duty  of  nourishing  her  infant.  It 
is  logical  to  infer  that  any  part  of  the  system  which  performs  a 
certain  function  creates  the  mental  sentiment  which  naturally  flows 


LOVE   OF   YOUNG. 


369 


from  the  exercise  of  that  function.  Now,  the  sentiment  of  Love 
of  Young  must,  under  this  logic,  flow  directly  from  a  fine  develop- 
ment of  the  mammary  and  other  glands  peculiar  to  females.  We 
know  that  this  trait  is  stronger  and  more  perfect  after  the  mammary 
glands  have  been  exercised  in  the  performance  of  the  maternal 
function  than  it  is  prior  to  such  activity,  and  this  is  still  further 
proof  of  the  interaction  of  the  faculties  of  the  mind  with  the  func- 
tions of  the  body.  It  is  true  that  many  women  possess  very  de- 
cided love  of  children  who  are  physically  incapable  of  nourishing 
them,  but  in  all  such  cases, 
if  thoroughly  investigated, 
a  cause  for  this  seeming 
inconsistency  would  be 
found.  Either  the  organs 
of  digestion  are  defective, 
or,  as  in  some  cases  under 
my  observation,  the  me- 
chanical construction  of 
some  part  of  the  mammary 
glands  is  faulty,  or  bad 
habits  of  dressing  in  early 
life  have  impaired  the  func- 
tion of  lactation ;  or  it  may 
be  some  other  accidental 
cause  that  prevents  the 
mother  from  performing 

bov     full     rbitv     fn    llPV     riff-  Born  in  EnKlan(1,  I"08-    Conspicuous  facial    sign, 

lllj  Love  of  Young,  quality  fine.    Tin-  law  of  the  straight 

S1)l'in£T         A     °'OOd     DllVsiO0'-       "n? am^  curve  governs  this  physiognomy.   The  domestic. 

nomist  would  have  to  know 
something  of  the  heredity 
of  each  case  in  order  to 
give  a  correct  opinion  as  to 
the  cause  of  the  discrep- 
ancy between  the  presence 

of  the  faculty  or  sentiment  and  the  absence  of  functional  vigor. 
The  love  of  young  presents  many  diverse  aspects,  and  mental 
as  well  as  physiological  aspects,  to  the  student  of  human  nature. 
Its  first  view  shows  a  physiological  base ;  its  next  phase  is  the 
mental  aspect.  The  faces  of  all  eminent  characters,  especially  the 
faces  of  great  artists,  actors,  singers,  writers,  poets,  and  novelists, 
exhibit  a  large  sign  for  Love  of  Young.  In  Dickens'  face  it  is 
most  uncommonly  developed,  and  his  delineations  of  children's 
characters  in  his  works  show  a  rare  insight  into  and  a  great  sym- 
pathy with  the  young.  Miss  Louisa  Alcott,  who  is  a  most  gifted 


FIG.  35.— WILLIAM   PITT.  EARL  OF  CHATHAM. 
(ORATOR  AND  STATESMAN.) 


traits  are  very  conspicuous  in  this  face,  as  in  all  elo- 
quent orators  and  truly  great  men.  Amativeness, 
Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Sanativeness,  Benevo,- 
lence,  Color,  ApprobatiA-encss,  and  Modesty  are  highly 
developed.  The  nose  shows  that  the  signs  for  the  fol- 
lowing are  very  large :  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imita- 
tion, Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  Veneration,  Acquisi- 
tiveness, Executiveness.  and  Self-will,  while  Form, 
Size,  Order,  Calculation,  Reason,  and  Memory  of  Events 
are  equally  powerful  traits  in  this  commanding  counte- 
nance. 


:J70  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  interesting  writer  for  youth,  shows  in  the  contour  of  her  upper 
lip  a  wonderful  development  of  this  trait.  Like  its  next  neighbor, 
Amativeness,  it  bestows  creative  talent,  and  those  who  are  excess- 
ively fond  of  children  are  always  prolific  and  ingenious  in  tricks, 
tales,  and  games  with  which  to  amuse  the  young.  Animal-tamers 
and  successful  horse-  and  dog-  breeders  possess  this  faculty  largely, 
and  this  trait,  in  combination  with  Constructiveness,  gives  them 
the  ability  to  invent  ways  by  which  to  manage  and  instruct  the 
animals  which  they  are  rearing  and  training. 

Love  of  Young  extends  its  sympathy  not  only  to  animals,  both 
young  and  old,  but  also  to  plants  and  pets  of  all  kinds,  and  leads 
often  to  very  useful  discoveries  in  the  propagation  of  plants,  flownx 
etc.  Wherever  this  trait  is  well  developed  Mirthfulness  is  also 
correspondingly  active.  Indeed,  these  two  traits  seem  to  stand  in 
direct  and  close  relationship,  for  Mirthfulness  is  essential  to  the 
care  and  entertainment  of  the  young  as  well  as  of  animals. 

When  Constructiveness  is  present  in  combination  with  this 
faculty  and  a  good  brain  si/stem,  the  story-writing  capacity  will  be 
present.  The  ability  to  invent  games  is  another  department  of 
this  combination.  Great  aptitude  and  love  for  teaching  the  young 
will  be  exhibited  where  this  combination  is  manifested,  and,  with 
Friendship  large,  the  very  highest  talent  for  teaching  youth  is 
present. 

A  very  large  majority  of  mothers  allow  their  love  for  children 
to  control  them,  instead  of  endeavoring  to  balance  it  with  reason 
and  justice.  The  consequence  is  that  many  children  grow  up 
selfish  and  ungovernable,  and  make  very  poor  citizens.  Many 
unhappy  marriages  are  caused  by  the  unwise  petting  of  boys,  par- 
ticularly, by  mothers,  for  women  are  apt  to  indulge  their  sons  the 
most,  and  this  makes  them  exacting  and  overbearing  in  marriage. 
I  often  think,  as  I  note  the  selfish  and  unreasonable  behavior  of 
children  toward  their  parents,  how  much,  the  parents  themselves 
need  "  bringing  up "  in  the  duties  of  parenthood.  How  many 
beautiful  children  have  found  an  early  grave  through  the  unwise 
indulgence  of  mothers!  How  many  naturally  amiable  children 
have  become  selfish  and  disagreeable  through  the  injudicious  treat- 
ment of  foolishly-fond  parents !  I  think  that  parents  often  lose 
sight  of  the  fact  entirely  that  there  is  a  duty  due  the  parents  from 
the  child,  and  that  a  great  deal  of  thought  and  consideration  should 
be  shown  to  parents  by  their  children.  This  they  will  do  if  they 
are  framed  to  regard  their  parents  as  something  more  than  mere 
slaves  to  their  every  wish  and  whim.  Many  parents  in  their  old 
age  reap  a  harvest  of  bitterness  and  suffering  through  the  neglect 
of  children  upon  whom  they  have  lavished  every  care  and  all  their 


LOVE   OF   YOUNG.  371 

means.  Too  much  love,  like  all  excesses,  breeds  inharmony. 
There  are  more  inmates  of  the  State  prison  and.  penitentiaries  who 
have  been  spoiled  by  indulgence  than  by  the  severity  of  their 
parents.  In  the  early  days  of  this  republic,  when  a  sense  of  re- 
ligious duty  and  responsibility  to  God  for  their  conduct  influenced 
both  parents  and  children,  there  was  a  much  smaller  number  of 
people  confined  for  crime.  In  those  days  obedience  to  parents  was 
enforced,  not  only  by  precept  and  example,  but  was  re-inforced  by 
\vholesome  discipline  and  restraint.  Many  parents  refrain  from 
correcting  their  children  for  fear  they  will  lose  their  affection. 
Moderate  and  reasonable  discipline  and  penalties  for  broken  laws 
always  seem  right  to  those  children  who  have  a  fair  degree  of 
Conscientiousness,  but  to  the  child  in  whom  Will  is  dominant  any- 
thing which  opposes  his  desire  seems  an  injustice.  Of  such  chil- 
dren I  would  say  to  parents,  Endeavor  to  hr-el  ttj>  other  traits  to 
the  height  of  their  will  ;  encourage  them  to  reason  upon  the  wrong 
and  right  of  every  question  that  comes  up,  and  endeavor  to  develop 
their  sense  of  justice,  friendship,  and  filial  affection  in  order  that 
their  will  shall  not  be  their  master.  Endeavor  so  to  train  the  child 
that  love,  reason,  and  justice  shall  have  a  balancing  effect  upon  the 
character.  Never  "  break  a  child's  will,"  but  train  it,  so  that  it 
shall  be  the  servant  instead  of  the  master.  A  good,  strong,  well- 
trained  will  is  an  excellent  element,  and  will  assist  one's  material 
interests.  Whatever  faculty  is  found  in  excess  in  a  character  was 
placed  by  design,  in  order  to  assist  a  defect  in  some  other  direction. 
It  should  be  the  duty  of  parents  to  find  out  these  defects,  and  by 
all  means  in  their  power  endeavor  to  establish  a  balance  or  equi- 
librium, for  equilibrium  is  the  law  of  the  universe  and  must  pre- 
vail, or  chaos  and  suffering  will  result. 

The  love  of  young  does  not  necessarily  impart  a  tone  of  gen- 
•eral  kindness  to  the  individual.  General  kindness  proceeds  from 
benevolence,  sympathy,  or  from  friendship.  Many  persons  and 
races  manifest  great  fondness  for  their  offspring,  yet  arc  unkind  and 
even  cruel  to  adults.  Spurzheim  observes  of  this  trait  :  — 


It  produces  only  sympathy  for  young,  not  general  taxlfniexx,  tor  the 
New  Zealanders  are  ferocious,  yet  both  parents  are  much  attached  to  their 
young,  and  submit  to  all  the  inconveniences  of  bringing  them  up  amidst 
privations  and  hardships  of  every  kind.  And  ferocious  timers  and  hyenas 
tire  as  fond  of  their  young  as  the  gentlest  and  most  docile  of  animals. 

This  trait  is  perhaps  the  strongest  one  in  the  human  mind,  — 
at  least,  in  mothers.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious.  It  is  her 
privilege  to  nourish  and  train  the  young,  hence  Nature  has  espe- 
cially adapted  her,  mentally  as  well  as  physically,  for  this  work. 
Amativeness  is  man's  strongest,  propensity,  and  this  powerful 


:n*2  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

emotion  in  him  is  subject  to  many  changes;  but  maternal  love  is 
the  most  enduring  affection  on  earth.  This  intensity  and  fidelity  on 
the  part  of  the  mother  is  necessary  in  order  that  she  shall  be  will- 
ing to  undergo  the  pain  and  privations  necessarily  connected  with 
child-bearing  and  the  rearing  of  infants.  In  the  great  plan  and 
design  of  the  human  mind  this  love  for  offspring  was  made  the 
supreme  maternal  faculty.  Without  this  supremacy  of  maternal 
love  humanity  would  cease  to  be  perpetuated,  for  lack  of  the  care 
essential  to  the  rearing  of  infants.  As  a  rule,  parents  are  best 
adapted  to  rear  their  own  offspring,  because  long  acquaintance  with 
the  same  elements  of  character  in  their  own  families  will  give  them 
some  insight  into  the  characters  of  their  own  children ;  yet  in 
many  cases  children  can  be  better  brought  up  by  strangers,  if  the 
parents  are  overinclulgent  or  too  neglectful. 

The  two  functions  of  gestation  and  lactation,  which  are  pecu- 
liar to  women,  and  for  which  man  has  none  that  are  analogous, 
show  her  to  be  possessed  of  a  superiority  of  mind  in  this  direction, 
at  least ;  for,  if  we  adhere  to  the  theory  laid  down  in  scientific 
physiognomy,  viz.,  that  there  is  a  mental  faculty  emanating  from 
each  physical  function,  we  must  conclude  that  woman  possesses, 
both  in  number  and  quality,  more  mental  faculties  than  man — 
that  in  certain  developments  of  mind  she  is  his  superior.  How 
true  this  is,  the  training  and  rearing  of  the  offspring  by  woman 
clearly  show.  This  exercise  of  authority  gives  her  peculiar  fitness 
for  participating  in  government,  for  the  women  of  the  world  have 
served  a  long  apprenticeship  in  this  science,  in  having  governed 
all  the  children  of  all  the  world  up  to  the  time  of  their  majority. 
Imperfect  as  may  have  been  her  management,  yet  this  experience 
has  fitted  her  for  government  quite  as  well  as  the  father,  who  takes 
very  little  active  part,  comparatively,  in  the  government  of  his 
children.  And  this  practice  woman  has  had  since  Eve  began  to 
"raise  Cain,"  and  made  such  a  signal  failure  with  his  character. 
Man  should  no  longer  be  willing  to  deprive  himself  of  woman's 
assistance  in  governmental  affairs,  since  he  deems  her  insight  into 
character  so  much  superior  to  his  own,  by  not  only  trusting  her  to 
rear  his  children,  but  by  giving  her  the  charge  of  their  education 
as  well;  for  nearly  all  girls  and  boys  are  educated  by  female 
teachers ;  and  women  have  been  found  capable  of  pursuing  every 
mental  profession  which  men  follow.  Even  such  abstruse  profes- 
sions as  law,  mathematics,  medicine,  and  theology  are  practiced  by 
women  in  a  very  creditable  manner  in  various  parts  of  our  country. 

Maternal  affection,  being  the  most  powerful  passion  of  woman's 
nature,  is  in  danger  of  being  carried  to  too  great  an  excess,  and 
thus  defeat  its  best  purposes.  To  make  idols  of  children  is  to 


MIRTHFULNESS.  373 

degrade  their  nature  as  well  as  that  of  the  worshiping  mother. 
Idolatry  has  a  weakening  and  selfish  influence  upon  children,  and 
often  leads  them  to  neglect  and  despise  the  mother,  instead  of 
reverencing  her.  Indeed,  there  is  too  little  reverence  for  age  in 
our  American  children,  who  should  be  trained  to  respect  the 
physical  helplessness  of  old  age,  as  well  as  the  wisdom  and  ripe 
experience  which  most  old  people  acquire.  Too  little  attention  is 
paid  to  this-  most  important  part  of  character-building.  To  me 
there  is  something  inexpressibly  sweet  and  tender  in  the  character 
of  an  aged  grandmother,  whose  mind  and  thoughts  go  Out  entirely 
to  her  children  and  her  children's  children ;  yet  many  children  are 
permitted  to  treat  their  grandparents  in  a  rude  and  disrespectful 
way. 

There  are  very  few  -children  who  can  be  governed  by  love 
alone,  and  parents  who  make  the  character-building  of  children  a 
serious  matter  will  find  that  every  element  in  human  nature  must 
be  brought  into  activity  if  they  icoukl  build  wisely  and  with  2>ov:er. 
One  must  not  only  appeal  to  love,  but  to  reason  and  conscience, 
to  patience  and  approbativeness,  to  friendship  and  faith,  and  indeed 
one  must,  like  a  skillful  musician,  learn  to  touch  every  chord  in  a 
child's  nature,  if  he  would  awaken  the  most  beautiful  harmonies. 
Man  can  no  more  live  upon  love  alone  than  he  can  exist  upon 
bread  alone;  hence,  obedience,  prompt  and  implicit,  should  be 
demanded  by  all  parents  from  their  children,  and  the  training  in 
this  direction  should  commence  in  the  cradle.  Every  good  result 
will  follow  this  course,  if  pursued  judirioiixly.  There  are  more 
children  spoiled  and  made  wretched,  useless,  and  unhappy  by  too 
much  love  and  foolish  fondness,  than  by  too  great  severity. 

MIRTHFULNESS. 

Definition. — Love  of  amusement,  humor,  wit,  ridicule,  and 
jesting;  joyousness;  love  of  the  ludicrous,  of  satire,  and  good- 
natured  sarcasm;  joviality,  festivity,  hilarity,  vivacity,  gaycty.  glad- 
ness, and  facetiousness,  all  proceed  from  this  faculty  as  a  base. 

An  excess  causes  ill-timed  mirth  and  folly,  and  makes  the 
character  light  and  trifling.  It  creates  levity,  and  weakens  the 
sense  of  propriety,  if  too  freely  indulged. 

A  deficiency  of  mirth  and  humor  is  shown  by  melancholy, 
nnhappiness,  and  ill  health,  and  sometimes  leads  to  insanity  and 
suicide. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  pronounced  signs  of 
Mirth  fulness  are  found  about  the  mouth  and  eyes.  Dimples  or 
wrinkles  at  the  corners  of  the  mouth  are  the  primitive  signs,  and 
are  derived  from  development  of  the  glandular  system.  Upward 


374 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


curving  of  the  corners  of  the  upper  lip;  full,  moist  lips;  largo, 
bright  eyes;  wrinkles  running;  outwardly  from  the  corners  of  the 
eye,  and  dimples  in  various  parts  of  the  body;  a  rounding  head, 
aiid  forehead  rounding  laterally;  dimpled  hands,  a  muscular  body, 
and  limbs  with  small,  round  bones  and  round  muscles,  are  the  best 
adapted  to  playful,  sportive  mirth. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  MIRTHFULNESS. — The  faculty  of  Mirthfulness 
is  almost  universal.  It  is  well  marked  in  the  higher  animals,  not 
only  in  their  early  years,  but  also  in  the  adult  stage.  This  faculty 

being  universal  would  point 
to  a  primitive  function  as 
its  source,  and  accordingly 
we  find  its  local  signs  in 
the  face,  mainly  about  the 
mouth,  which  is  the  most 
important  sign  for  digestion 
and  the  most  primitive  of 
all  the  functions.  The 
dimples  near  the  corners 
of  the  mouth  are  caused 
by  excess  of  glandular  for- 
mation at  those  points,  and 
the  principal  sign  being 
located  in  glandular  tissue 
proves  its  glandular  origin. 
The  love  of  laughter, 
mirth  fulness,  and  jollity  de- 
pends upon,  primarily,  a 
well-nourished  body. 
Spare,  pinched,  starved- 
looking  people  seldom 
laugh,  but  look  solemn, 
and  probably  feel  solemn 
and  woe-begone.  In  order 
to  feel  merry,  the  juices  of 
the  body,  eliminated  from 

the  food  by  the  function  of  digestion,  must  be  of  sufficient  quantity 
to  warm  the  body  to  that  degree  that  it  produces  bodily  comfort, 
such  as  to  induce  laughter  and  merriment.  This  comfortable  and 
well-nourished  condition  fills  out  the  contour  of  the  body  with 
soft,  adipose  tissue,  and  thus  causes  dimples,  not  only  in  the  cheeks 
near  the  mouth,  but,  as  is  often  seen  in  well-nourished  infancy, 
all  over  the  body,  as  well  as  on  the  limbs,  the  fingers,  and 
the  toes. 


FIG.  36.— ELIZA  COOK.     (POETESS.) 

Born  in  England,  1817.  The  law  of  the  curve  and 
straight  line  governs  this  face.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign,  Mirthfulness,  shown  by  dimples  at  the  corners  of 
the  mouth,  wrinkles  at  the  angles  of  the  eves.  The 
countenance  of  Miss  Cook  smiles  all  over.  The  eyes, 
mouth,  dimpled  cheeks,  and  curling  hair  all  announce 


a  merry,  witty,  fun-loving  disposition.  The  domestic 
sijrns  are  all  apparent, — Love  of  Home,  of  Country, 
and  of  Young.  Hospitality,  Mirthfulness,  Benevolence, 


Approbativeness,  Friendship,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem 
are  very  decided.  The  signs  of  literary  ability  in  the 
nose,  eyes,  and  forehead  are  equally  developed."  Mental 
Imitation,  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity.  Constrwtive- 
ness.  Color,  Acquisitiveness,  Self-will,  Language,  and 
Memory  of  Events  find  or  derive  a  strong  support  from 
the  fine  domestic  base  which  this  face  discloses.  The 
author  of  "  The  Old  Ann-Chair  "  shows  her  developed 
domestic  nature  in  this  celebrated  poem. 


MIRTHFULNESS. 


375 


Although  it  is  claimed  by  many  naturalists  that  animals  do 
not  laugh,  I  maintain  that  they  do  laugh  in  their  own  peculiar 
fashion,  just  as  they  express  all  their  feelings  and  intellectual  pro- 
cesses, in  their  own  way.  Dogs  grin  and  laugh,  and  their  eyes 
glisten,  their  bodies  squirm,  and  they  whine  and  howl  with  delight 
upon  seeing  some  beloved  human  friend.  They  act  also  for  the 
amusement  of  their  friends,  and  play  tricks  and  little  comedies, 
and  behave  in  a  very  "waggish"  manner.  The  faculties  of  Mirth- 
fulness  and  Love  of  Young  are  most  decided  in  many  of  the  canine 
tribes.  Their  love  for  chil- 
dren is  remarkable,  and, 
looking  at  the  gambols  of  a 
group  of  boys,  witli  a  dog 
in  company,  one  would  sup- 
pose that  the  dog  believed 
himself  to  be  one  of  them, 
and  a  very  important  mem- 
ber of  the  company,  too. 

There  are  several  de- 
partments of  Mirthfulness, 
for  this  trait,  like  all  facul 
ties,  has  many  aspects.  The 
physiological  or  anatomical 
phase  must  first  be  consid- 
ered in  order  to  arrive  at  its 
origin,  for  without  knowing 
the  origin  or  base  of  a  faculty 
*it  is  impossible  to  get  a  scien- 
tific or  truthful  analysis  of  it. 

The  love  and  desire  to 
laugh  is  the  primitive  phase 
of  Mirthfulness,  as  is  evi- 
denced by  laughter  being  the 
form  of  mirth  which  infants 
and  young  children  make 
most  use  of.  Later,  after  the  muscular  system  comes  into  activity, 
the  muscles  assist,  in  games,  romps,  and  sportiveness,  this  primitive 
phase  of  the  fun-making  propensity.  Where  there  is  a  good  com- 
bination of  the  glandular  system,  together  with  a  fine  development 
of  the  muscles,  a  very  high  grade  of  fun-making  ability  is  mani- 
fested, not  only  in  games  and  sports,  but  in  athletics  as  well.  If 
to  this  combination  a  suitable  brain  system  is  allied,  the  highest 
talent  for  wit,  story-telling,  writing  for  children,  and  creating  comic 
scenes  and  amusing  and  ingenious  jokes  will  be  present. 


FIG.  37.— DAVID  O.  FARRAGUT.  (VICE-ADMIRAL 
OF  THE  AMERICAN  NAVY 

Born  in  America,  1801.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Mirthfulness,  shown  by  dimples  and  wrinkles  at  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  and  outer  angles  of  the  eyes. 
Wit,  fun,  and  mirth  are  displayed  in  unmistakable 
symbols  all  over  this  kindlv  face.  The  domestic 
traits  are  well  illustrated  here, — Love  of  Young, 
Amativeness.  Love  of  Home.  Patriotism,  Hospitality, 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  Self- 


Locality,  Sanativeness,  Form  and  Size,  Language, 
Constructiveness,  Memory  of  Events  and  Reason  are 
pre-eminent.  His  energetic  conduct  and  devotion  to 
the  Union  cause  in  the  late  war  won  for  him  grateful 
recognition  from  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  which  created  for  him  the  above  rank.. 


376  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  love  of  laughter  purely  is  an  infantile  trait,  and  some 
individuals  retain  an  ardent  love  of  laughing,  with  or  without 
cause,  to  adult  life.  This  class  of  persons  never  cease  to  be  chil- 
dren, and  no  one  expects  anything  very  intellectual  of  them  ;  but 
if  an  individual  possess  a  combination  of  the  muscles,  brain,  and 
glands,  of  tine  quality,  the  intellectual  or  artistic  phase  of  mirth 
will  be  manifested,  and  will  result  in  works  of  art,  comic  pictures, 
comic  acting,  or  in  practical  jokes,  etc.  For  the  purposes  of  acting 
out  this  mirthful  propensity  one  must  have  flexible  muscles  and  a 
certain  kind  of  intelligence;  accordingly,  in  those  who  have  this 
propensity  we  find  that  the  head  is  rounded  out  at  the  temples  or 
ju>t  back  of  them;  the  muscles  at  this  part  being  round  produce 
this  curved  appearance.  The  proof  of  this  lies  in  the  fact  that 
those  with  square  bones  and  flat  muscles  never  present  this  round- 
ing outline  at  this  point.  Round  bones  and  round  muscles 
together  produce  the  kind  of  character  best  adapted  to  fun-making, 
and,  accordingly,  we  find  this  to  be  the  peculiarity  of  structure  of 
the  most  talented  comic  actors,  as  well  as  opera-bouffe  singers. 
The  personalities  of  Mile.  Croizette  and  Mile.  Reichemberg,  of  the 
Comedie  Francaise  Theatre,  are  excellent  illustrations  of  this 
peculiar  combination.  Joseph  Jefferson,  comedian,  exemplifies 
this  phase  well.  Not  only  is  this  class  of  people  characterized  by 
roundness  of  the  head  and  sides  of  the  forehead,  but  we  observe 
that  all  the  bones  are  round:  the  forehead  is  rounding,  the  joints 
are  round  and  flexible,  and  the  bones  concealed  beneath  muscles; 
the  cheeks  and  chin  are  round  and  dimpled,  for  small,  round  bones 
alone  allow  the  dimple  in  the  chin  to  form;  square  bones  would 
not  permit  of  it;  hence  the  single  round  dimple  in  the  chin  gives 
us  a  clue  to  the  whole  bony  and  muscular  structure  of  the  body, 
and  from  this  structure  we  can  safely  predicate  the  presence  of 
many  other  traits  and  mental  powers. 

The  faculty  of  Mirthfulness,  pure  and  simple,  it  will  be 
remarked,  gives  the  love  of  laughing  solely,  but  for  love  and  ability 
for  playfulness,  sportiveness,  acting,  etc.,  we  must  look  to  the  high 
development  of  the  muscular  system  in  combination  with  the 
glandular.  That  the  normal  development  of  the  glands  gives  a 
love  and  capacity  for  laughing  and  playfulness,  all  nature  attests. 
Infants  who  have  been  healthy  and  mirthful  will,  upon  losing  the 
warmth  and  flesh  engendered  by  perfect  digestion,  become  cross, 
peevish,  fretful,  and  seldom  smile,  but  upon  restoration  of  the 
functions  to  normal  action  laughter  and  mirthfulness  reappear 
spontaneously. 

Mirth  arid  laughter  assist  digestion,  while  sadness,  anger,  and 
all  the  passions,  except  love,  arrest  and  impair  this  function.  As 


MIRTHFULNESS.  £77 

before  remarked,  where  Love  of  Young  is  observed  in  the  counte- 
nance, we  may  expect  to  find  Mirthfulness  also,  as  its  companion. 
The  converse  of  this  is  true;  where  there  is  large  Mirthfulness, 
the  Love  of  Young  will  be  also  present,  for  when  Nature  creates 
a  faculty,  such  as  love  of  children  or  Mirthfulness,  most  of  the 
faculties  needed  for  its  expression  in  some  form  or  other  are  pro- 
vided, and  work  in  harmony  with  it. 

The  mental  uses  of  Mirthfulness  are  most  important  and 
varied.  Not  only  is  it  the  direct  assistant  in  the  rearing  of  the 
young,  but  it  also  enlivens  every  age  with  its  flashes  of  wit  and 
good-humored  sarcasm.  It  also  acts  as  a  public  censor,  and  ridi- 
cules whatever  is  inappropriate,  silly,  or  wanting  in  good  taste.  It 
serves  the  cause  of  truth  also,  by  holding  up  to  ridicule  all  that 
is  mean,  ignoble,  and  unworthy.  In  combination  with  Reason, 
it  presents  in  a  ludicrous  and  pithy  manner  the  foibles  of  fashion, 
and  is  the  basis  of  the  cartoon  now  so  popular  for  satirizing  public 
errors,  measures,  and  men.  It  acts  in  conjunction  with  all  the 
faculties  in  a  mental  way;  with  large  Mental  Imitation,  Reason, 
Ideality,  and  Language,  will  express  logical  and  beautiful  thoughts 
tinctured  with  humor  and  wit. 

Those  possessing  Mirthfulness,  combined  with  Force  and 
Resistance,  are  perpetually  teasing  children  and  animals,  as  well 
as  adults.  Possessed  of  large  Amativeness,  Mental  Imitation,  and 
Language,  combined  with  Mirth,  they  will  love  to  talk,  joke,  and 
romp  with  the  opposite  sex;  with  Mirth,  Friendship,  Language, 
and  Mental  Imitation,  are  most  entertaining,  and  are  sought 
for  their  amusing  qualities;  with  large  Self-esteem,  Language, 
Mental  Imitation,  and  Constructiveness,  will  always  be  dignified 
in  expression,  yet  very  amusing  and  witty  on  a  high  plane;  with 
Mirth,  Constructiveness,  small  Secretiveness,  Mental  Imitation, 
small  Self-esteem,  and  large  Approbativeness  and  Comparison,  will 
be  droll,  facetious,  and  laughable;  and  with  an  active,  keen  brain 
system  will  flash  forth  unexpected  and  impromptu  bursts  of  wit, 
fun,  and  well-aimed  jokes  and  speeches. 

Mirthfulness  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  traits  observed  in 
the  physiognomies  of  the  aged,  and  conduces  to  health  and 
longevity.  There  are  very  many  grades  of  this  trait,  and  the 
development  of  the  glands  and  muscles  about  the  mouth  discloses 
these  various  degrees  of  power.  Anatomists  find  most  astonishing 
differences  in  the  development  of  the  muscles  about  the  mouth  and 
lips  and  do  not  know  how  to  account  for  it.  They  seem  to  think 
that  there  should  be  a  uniformity  of  development  of  the  muscles, 
and  that  there  should  be  a  similarity  of  muscular  development  in 
the  lips  of  all.  Now,  scientific  physiognomy  explains  irhy  these 


378  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

differences  exist,  and  also  shows  how  to  discern  these  variations, 
together  with  their  diverse  meanings.  No  other  science  is  able  to 
do  this,  yet  all  these  indications  are  properly  a  part  of  medical 
science,  and  those  intending  to  become  physicians  should  have  a 
comprehensive  knowledge  of  this  science. 

The  reader  can  make  an  excellent  generalization  in  physiog- 
nomy by  collecting  the  portraits  of  those  who  have  been  eminent 
in  mirth,  wit,  comic  acting,  and  ingenious  in  writing  for  the 
young,  or  in  witty  and  amusing  literature.  Take,  for  example, 
the  faces  of  Piron,  Dickens,  Eliza  Cook,  Nell  Gwynne,  Rembrandt, 
Defoe,  Voltaire,  Hogarth,  Rabelais,  Lucy  Larcom,  Aimee,  Lotta, 
Mrs.  Adelaide  D.  T.  Whitney,  Mrs.  John  Wood,  Laurence  Sterne, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and  place  them 
side  by  side,  and  a  fine  illustration  of  the  fun-making  talent  in  the 
poet,  the  painter,  the  divine,  the  statesman,  the  actress,  the  novelist, 
and  essayist  will  be  had.  Most  particularly  notice  the  little 
triangular-shaped  muscles,  the  levator  labii  proprius,  and  the 
levator  anguli  oris,  just  above  the  external  angle  of  the  mouth. 
In  melancholy  characters  there  is  no  trace  of  this  development, 
but  in  natural  fun-makers  of  all  sorts  these  muscles  are  large  and 
add  to  the  beauty  of  expression  of  the  mouth,  while  laughing, 
talking,  and  singing.  Every  faculty  which  is  well  developed  sets 
a  sign  of  beauty  in  the  face.  The  reason  why  many  fail  to  recog- 
ni/e  these  indications  as  beauties  is  that  the  masses  are  ignorant 
of  the  meaning  of  forms  of  features,  and  have  besides  imbibed  very 
erroneous  notions  in  regard  to  beauty  from  the  prevalent  crude 
and  ignorant  public  opinion  in  regard  to  human  nature  and  the 
human  face. 

APPROBATIVENESS. 

"The  love  of  praise,  howe'er  conceal'd  by  art, 
Reigns,  more  or  less,  and  glows  in  every  heart ; 
The  proud  to  gain  it  toils  on  toils  endure  • 
The  modest  shun  it  but  to  make  it  sure. 
O'er  globes  and  sceptres,  now  on  thrones  it  swells, 
Now  trims  the  midnight  lamp  in  college  cells  ; 
'Tis  Tory,  Whig  ;  it  plots,  prays,  preaches,  pleads, 
Harangues  in  senates,  squeaks  in  masquerades  ; 
It  aids  the  dancer's  heel,  the  writer's  head, 
And  heaps  the  plain  with  mountains  of  the  dead  ; 
Noi»ends  with  life,  but  nods  in  sable  plumes, 
Adorns  our  hearse,  and  flatters  on  our  tombs."" — YOUNG. 

Definition. — Love  of  praise  and  commendation  ;  desire  to  be 
distinguished  and  popular;  love  of  attention,  display,  esteem,  and 
approval;  ambition;  the  faculty  which  creates  politeness,  agree- 
ability,  and  fine  manners;  it  also  engenders  a  spirit  of  rivalry, 
emulation,  and  ostentation.  It  gives  a  desire  for  compliments,  and 
the  capacity  for  paying  them. 


APPROBATIVENESS.  379 

An  excess  causes  undue  and  injudicious  efforts  for  popularity 
and  creates  vanity,  jealousy,  rivalry,  and  "shoddy  aristocracy. " 
When  overbalanced,  it  induces  a  dread  of  censure  and  ridicule, 
and  leads  one  to  prefer  a  fine  reputation  rather  than  a  good 
character.  It  also  takes  away  all  true  independence  by  creating 
anxiety  as  to  what  the  world  will  think  about  one's  actions. 

A  deficiency  of  Approbativeness  tends  to  make  one  regardless 
of  the  opinions  of  others,  and  causes  one  to  be  gruff,  rude,  impolite, 
and  brusque.  It  takes  away  all  incentive  to  excel,  or  to  become 
distinguished  for  the  excellencies  of  mind  and  manner.  Deficient 
Approbativeness  makes  one  care  very  little  for  improvement  and 
progress. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  facial  sign  for 
Approbativeness  is  shown  by  a  dimple  or  by  one  or  two  vertical 
wrinkles  in  the  cheek,  on  a  line  outwardly,  about  one  inch  from 
the  principal  sign  for  Mirthfulness  and  adjoining  Hospitality  and 
Friendship,  its  natural  allies  and  assistants.  It  wreathes  the 
countenance  with  smiles,  and  nods  and  bows  in  approval  and 
acquiescence.  It  is  large  in  actors  and  all  classes  of  artists,  and 
in  those  of  large  social  natures. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  APPROBATIVENESS. — Approbativeness  derives 
its  support  from  the  action  of  the  glandular  system,  like  all  the  rest 
of  the  faculties  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  mouth.  It  is  likely 
that  a  separate  and  distinct  portion  of  the  glands  is  directly  related 
to  each  of  the  faculties  that  are  dependent  upon  this  system,  yet 
all  are  benefited  by  its  general  and  normal  action.  The  healthful 
and  powerful  action  of  the  glandular  portion  of  the  intestinal 
system  gives  rise  to  many  beautiful  traits  as  well  as  useful  func- 
tions, not  the  least  useful  of  which  is  Approbativeness.  As  a 
direct  assistant  and  co-worker  with  Hospitality  and  Friendship,  it 
occupies  an  important  place  in  the  social  department  of  character, 
for  it  not  only  affects  those  faculties  whose  facial  signs  lie  nearest  to 
it,  but  stimulates  and  arouses  in  turn  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind ; 
hence  it  is  that  it  requires  a  good  substantial  physical  basis  for  its 
support.  The  dimples  which  are  characteristic  of  approbative 
people  are  caused  mainly  by  the  deposition  of  soft,  fatty  tissue  in  the 
lower  cheek,  and  are  seen  even  in  infancy.  The  vertical  wrinkles 
which  form  here  later  in  life  are  caused  by  repeated  smiling  in  an 
approving  manner,  the  muscles  of  the  other  parts  of  the  face,  par- 
ticularly those  about  the  mouth,  contributing  to  this  effect. .  The 
signs  of  the  faculties  as  well  as  functions  observed  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  face,  it  will  be  observed,  have  a  similar  base,  and  derive 
their  support  from  the  action  of  the  intestinal  or  vegetative  sys- 
tems. Their  origin  is  not  only  determined  from  their  nature  but 


:380 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


from  their  proximity  to  similar  traits,  or  those  which  in  their 
nature  and  action  lead  to  or  assist  similar  results  as  those  by  which 
the)  are  surrounded. 

Approbativeness  gives  rise  to  love  of  commendation  and  praise, 
and  makes  one  sensitive  to  the  speech  and  opinions  of  others.  It 
causes  individuals  to  be  ambitious  and  to  desire  to  excel,  not  for 
the  love  of  right  and  excellent  conduct  purely,  but  that  they  may 
be  praised  and  well  thought  of.  It  seeks  to  gain  a  reputation 
rather  than  a  character ;  to  seem,  rather  than  to  be.  It  is  distin- 
guished from  the  faculty  of  Self-esteem  in  that  it  seeks  the  good 

opinion  of  others,  and  cares 
more  for  the  applause  of 
the  world  than  for  the  ap- 
proval of  self.  Its  action 
is  often  mistaken  for  that 
of  Self-esteem  by  superficial 
readers  of  character. 

The  faculty  of  Appro- 
bativeness is  found  larger 
in  actors,  singers,  artists, 
and  athletes  than  in  other 
classes  of  public  characters. 
It  is  essential  to  the  success 
of  these  people,  for  the  ap- 
proval of  their  audience  is 
the  spur  and  incentive  to 
still  greater  eiforts.  It  is 
also  large  in  politicians, 
for  their  popularity  with 
the  masses  keeps  them  in 


FIG.  38.— MISS  OTIS.    (AMATEUR  ACTRESS,  OF  NEW 
YORK.) 

Principal  facial  sign,  Approbativeness,  shown  by 
dimples  in  the  cheeks  about  one  inch  outwardly  from 
the  corners  of  the  mouth.  The  law  of  the  curve  and 
straight  line  governs  this  physiognomy.  All  of  the 
signs  for  dramatic  talent  are  conspicuoiis  in  this  coun- 
tenance. The  domestic  traits  are  well  represented. 
Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness,  Benevo-  -r\r\wr>v  anrl  arlrlc  fr»  flie>iv 
lence,  and  Friendship  are  large,  while  Human  Nature, 
Ideality, Constructiveness,  Form,  Size,  Color,  Language, 
and  Memory  of  Events  aid  the  artistic  aspirations 
which  are  clearly  in  the  line  of  coruedy,  farce,  and 
burlesque. 


importance  and  distinction. 
Approbativeness  is  pre- 
eminent in  those  whp  are 
fond  of  fashionable  life,  who  love  display  and  make  great  exertions 
to  "  keep  up  appearances."  This  trait  leads  public  men  and 
orators  to  desire  popularity,  praise,  and  attention,  and,  in  excess, 
makes  "  shoddy  aristocrats"  of  those  who  ought  to  be  proud  of 
being  American  citizens,  who  should  be  content  to  be  classed 
among  the  "  plain  people,"  as  the  good  Abraham  Lincoln  termed 
the  laboring  masses. 

Approbativeness,  in  a  normal  degree,  is  the  incentive  to  many 
great  and  noble  deeds.  It  inspires  all  classes  to  put  forth  their 
best  efforts  in  order  to  outstrip  all  competitors.  In  the  education 


Al'PROBATIVENESS. 


381 


of  youth  and  the  training  of  animals  it  is  a  most  useful  faculty 
where  it  is  possessed  in  a  balanced  degree,  giving  agreeability  of 
speech  and  manner,  making  people  polite,  courteous,  and  compli- 
mentary, and  fostering  and  developing  the  many  little  acts  of 
attention  which  the  demands  of  hospitality  and  society  require.  It 
raises  a  spirit  of  emulation  between  shop-keepers  and  causes  them 
to  carry  and  display  finer  stock  than  their  neighbors,  gives  a  feel- 
ing of  rivalry  between  athletes,  oarsmen,  marksmen,  billiardists, 
and  chess-players,  and  creates  in  prize-fighters  a  desire  to  pummel 
their  opponents  to  death.  Among  scholars  it  arouses  all  the 
mental  powers  in  order  to 
satisfy  the  ambitious  desire 
to  be  at  the  head  and  win 
prizes,  scholarships,  and 
diplomas.  Even  generals, 
statesmen,  and  officers  of 
every  grade  and  station  are 
more  or  less  affected  by  its 
action. 

It  has  its  national 
sphere  of  action,  and  some 
nations  as  a  whole  possess 
this  approbative  sense  in 
a  marked  degree.  The 
French  are  wonderfully 
permeated  by  it ;  one  might  FIG.  SO.-JOHANN  CHRISTOPH  VON  GLUCK. 

A         .-•  ,          ,     i       •,-,  (MUSICAL,  COMPOSER  AND  AUTHOR.) 

Say  tney  are  Saturated  Wltll  Born  in  Germany,  1714.    Conspicuous  facial  sign, 

it,    for    their    national    glory       Approbativeness,  shown  by,  dimples  in  the  outerjmrtpJ 

is  a  subject  dear  to  the 
heart  of  every  Frenchman. 
Their  pride  of  their  man- 
ners, dress,  and  industrial 
and  artistic  achievements 
is  most  extraordinary. 
Much  in  contrast  to  the  English,  who  yet  have  quite  enough  of  it. 
Approbativeness  assists  the  cause  of  morality  by  making  men 
and  women  conform  to  the  established  laws  and  rules  of  society, 
under  penalty  of  "being  talked  about,"  losing  their  good  name, 
etc.  For  fear  of  being  held  up  to  scorn  and  contempt,  bad  people 
hide  their  evil  deeds  from  the  light  of  day,  and  this  is  the  only 
compensation  they  could  make  to  society,  for  their  wickedness,  for 
example,  is  contagious,  and  "hypocrisy  is  the  tribute  which  vice 
pays  to  virtue."  Concealment  of  crime  is  better  than  its  bold  and 
open  practice ;  yet  love  of  truth  and  honor  for  their  own  sakes 


trie"  cheeks.  The  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line 
governs  this  face.  Here  are  revealed  artistic  and  in- 
ventive faculties  of  a  high  order.  The  domestic  nature 
is  strongly  manifested.  Amativeness,  Mirthfulncss, 
Love  of  Young  and  of  Home  are  equal  in  development 
to  Benevolence,  Conscientiousness,  Friendship,  and 
Hospitality.  The  literary  and  artistic  powers  are  shown 
by  the  signs  for  Ideality,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity, 
Analysis,  Oonstructiveness,  Veneration,  Form,  Size, 
Locality,  Color,  Language,  Music,  Time,  Memory  of 
'Events,'  and  Intuition. 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

is  a  higher  motive.  If  Conscience  is  wanting  in  a  character, 
Approbativeness  is  a  good  substitute,  stimulating  the  individual  to 
good  deeds  and  great  efforts  in  order  to  win  the  commendation  of 
his  friends;  yet  a  fair  share  is  beneficial  to  all,  for  the  most 
honorable  man,  if  blunt  and  too  outspoken,  creates  enemies,  makes 
no  one  happier  by  this  course,  and  often  defeats  his  own  good 
purposes. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  abuse  and  perversion  of  this  faculty  is 
found  in  its  leading  the  community  to  perpetuate  extravagant 
follies  in  pursuance  of  what  they  term  "following  the  fashions." 
The  injuries  done  to  the  body  by  the  silly  and  unthinking 
devotees  to  corsets,  tight  shoes,  false  hair,  and  paddings  cannot  be 
too  strongly  condemned,  for  they  lead  to  gross  immoralities  as  well 
as  to  physical  deformities.  As  an  instance  of  how  far  the  deformity 
produced  by  corsets  and  tight  waists  has  spread,  I  may  state  that  I 
do  not  think  I  have  ever  seen  a  civilized  woman  with  a  waist  of 
normal  dimensions,  for  no  woman  can  be  said  to  have  a  waist  and 
body  of  normal  shape  if  it  slope  at  all  inward  from  the  bust  to  the 
hips.  Normal  waists,  such  as  are  seen  in  the  statues  of  the  Venus 
de  Medici  and  other  female  ideals,  exhibit  the  outlines  of  the  waist 
curving  outward  from  below  .the  bust.  The  fashionable  style 
induces  just  the  opposite  form,  and  this  deformity  continued 
through  several  generations  has  produced  myriads  of  misshapen 
men  and  women  who  are  afflicted  with  pains  and  disorders  induced 
by  this  malformation  and  vitiated  condition  of  all  their  internal 
organs ;  and  all  this  is  cheerfully  and  smilingly  borne  in  deference 
to  fashion's  decree.  Women  of  uncommon  strength  of  mind 
submit  to  this  mode  of  torture  rather  than  appear  singular  or  bear 
the  criticisms  of  others  upon  their  hardihood  in  wearing  a  sensible 
and  healthful  dress.  There  are  other  evils  by  the  score  that  are 
prompted  by  overindulgence  in  Approbativeness,  but  I  rank  this 
as  the  very  ivorst  one  possible,  for  whatever  vitiates,  deforms,  and 
weakens  the  body  of  the  mother  of  the  race  demoralizes  all  her 
offspring,  and  demoralization  commences  in  the  physical  constitu- 
tion of  man. 

There  is  in  regard  to  Approbativeness  a  universally  erroneous 
public  opinion.  It  is  thought  that  vanity  (which  is  the  excess  of 
this  trait)  is  pre-eminently  a  feminine  characteristic,  and  that  man, 
the  "lord  of  creation,"  possesses  very  little  Approbativeness  or 
vanity  as  compared  to  woman.  Now,  all  the  facts  of  Nature  attest 
that  the  converse  of  this  is  true,  for  in  looking  over  the  males  of 
the  animal  kingdom  we  find  them  to  be  possessed  of  "ornaments 
of  all  sorts,  such  as  combs,  wattles,  protuberances,  horns,  air- 
distended  sacs,  topknots,  naked  shafts,  plumes,  and  lengthened 


APPROBATIVENESS.  383 

• 

feathers,  gracefully  springing  from  all  parts  of  the  body."  In  the 
human  family  we  find  that  the  male  is  in  nearly  all  races  furnished 
with  a  beard  and  moustache,  and  a  feature  so  universally  peculiar 
to  the  male  sex  and  so  pronounced  in  appearance  is  worthy 
investigation,  for  it  certainly  must  be  the  outward  indication  of 
something  inward.  Nature  never  creates  a  feature  without  intend- 
ing it  for  a  double  purpose,  and  therefore  she  causes  it  to  reveal 
both  its  uses  and  meaning. 

Now,  what  is  the  meaning,  the  logic  of  these  extra  orna- 
mental appendages  observed  in  the  males  of  animal  as  well  as  of 
the  human  species  1  In  answer  to  this  let  me  state  that  in  tracing 
the  signification  of  phenomena  in  the  human  family  I  always  study 
first  similar  appearances  and  characteristics  in  the  lower  races,  and 
here  I  usually  get  both  the  clue  and  verification.  Now,  the  males 
in  the  various  bird  tribes  which  are  endowed  with  combs,  wattles, 
long  plumes,  sacs,  spots,  and  uncommonly  brilliant  plumage,  such, 
for  example,  as  the  peacock,  the  turkey-cock,  the  resplendent 
trogon,  the  bird  of  Paradise,  the  Argus  pheasant,  the  Solise  pheas- 
ant, the  several  varieties  of  the  gallinacea  or  domestic  poultry, 
such  as  grouse,  quail,  partridge,  cocks,  and  game-cocks,  show  by 
their  conduct  the  use,  effect,  and  meaning  of  these  extra  orna- 
mental appendages.  Their  use  is  to  attract  the  opposite  sex  by 
ruining  their  brilliant  plumage,  erecting  their  combs,  filling  out 
their  air-sacs,  coloring  their  wattles  by  filling  them  with  blood, 
spreading  their  tails,  and  distending  their  throats,  as  do  the 
pigeons  and  other  birds.  When  their  feathery  toilet  is  "got  up" 
to  suit  their  vain  conceits,  they  strut  and  gabble,  whistle  and 
prance,  whirl  and  wheel  up  and  down  before  the  plain  and  humble 
females  as  much  as  to  say,  "  Look  at  me  !  Am  I  not  a  grand  and 
gorgeous  creature  1"  The  effect  of  this  extra  and  peculiar  per- 
sonal ornamentation  is  to  create  vanity,  love,  and  desire  for  display 
and  approbation  in  these  feathered  beaux,  and  tends  to  develop 
vanity  by  its  excess.  In  still  lower  orders  of  the  animal  kingdom 
we  find  that  the  males  in  most  instances  are  endowed  \vith  extra 
ornamental  appendages,  such  as  bright-colored  spots.  As  low 
down  as  the  coleoptera  or  beetle  tribes  even,  and  in  the  lepidoptera 
or  butterfly  and  moth  families,  the  males  are  furnished  with  more 
brilliant  plumage,  down,  and  markings,  stripes,  and  spots  than  the 
females.  The  same  law  obtains  in  the  arachnidse,  or  the  spider 
family ;  also  in  the  Crustacea,  or  shell-animals,  both  of  marine  and 
land  tribes ;  and  all  are  familiar  with  the  appearance  of  the  extra 
hair,  mane,  horns,  and  colorings  of  the  male  lion,  tiger,  sheep, 
goat,  and  deer.  Even  among  fishes  the  males  of  some  species  are 
more  brilliantly  colored  and  spotted  than  the  females.  In  the 


384  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

human  speeie>  the  heard  and  moustache  correspond  to  the  hirsute 
heards  and  hairy  and  feathered  ornaments  in  the  animal  kingdom, 
and  they  point  to  precisely  the  same  rrxttft,  vi/.,  Approhativeness, 
and,  in  excess,  vanity,  for  these  well-marked  sexual  characteristics 
are  relied  upon  hy  man,  consciously  or  tu  neon-scions! y,  to  attract 
the  opposite  sex,  just  as  the  males  of  the  lower  races  rely  upon 
their  extra  charms  to  attract  their  female  friends. 

The  heard  and  moustache  serve  as  a  benefactor  to  some  men, 
for  the  beard  of  the  chin  conceals  deficient  Conscientiousness,  Pa- 
triotism, Love  of  Home,  and  Firmness.  The  moustache  conceals 
lack  of  Self-esteem,  Modesty,  Amativeness,  and  Love  of  Children. 
Providence  has  been  very  kind  indeed  to  our  brothers,  for  it  has 
bestowed  upon  them  a  sort  of  masked  battery  behind  which  they 
are  able  to  conceal  the  poverty  as  well  as  the  wealth  of  the  garri- 
son, and  so  get  poor,  defenseless  females  to  capitulate  without  at 
all  knowing  its  deficiencies.  We  should  have  no  defense  in  this 
direction  did  not  scientific  physiognomy  come  to  our  aid  and  per- 
mit us  to  unveil  and  interpret  every  appearance  of  each  feature  of 
the  face. 

The  proof  that  man  is  generally  more  innately  vain  than 
woman  is  not  far  to  seek,  for  the  boasting  which  nearly  all  men 
and  youth  indulge  in  in  regard  to  their  power  over  the  minds  of 
females  is  so  common  and  universal  as  to  be  within  the  knowledge 
of  all.  Women,  on  the  contrary,  are  not  so  universally  conceited 
on  this  point,  but,  like  Barkis,  are  "  willin' "  to  try  their  power  for 
charming  the  other  sex,  but  do  not  possess  that  supreme  confidence 
which  makes  some  men  in  their  second  childhood  even  believe 
themselves  to  be  irresistible  when  they  sue  for  and  obtain  the  hand 
of  a  girl  of  sixteen.  Good,  square  common  sense,  untinctured 
with  vanity,  would  lead  those  old  patriarchs  who  marry  young 
girls  to  understand  that  such  unions  are  abhorrent  to  natural  law; 
yet  vanity  inborn  in  regard  to  the  opposite  sex  leads  hundreds  of 
octogenarians  to  perpetrate  the  folly  of  marrying  a  playmate  for 
their  grandchildren.  Old  women  rarely  commit  the  folly  of  marry- 
ing young  men,  and  then  in  most  instances  it  is  either  to  mother 
some  helpless  boy  or  to  transmit  property,  or  to  secure  a  disinter- 
ested custodian  to  protect  property  interests,  etc. 

I  find  that  men,  as  a  rule,  are  not  as  vain  about  their  clothes 
and  outward  appearance  as  women.  The  reason  for  this  is  obvious. 
Woman,  not  possessing  the  extra  personal  ornaments  and  all- 
abounding  confidence  which  man  has  in  regard  to  the  opposite 
sex,  relies  upon  clothing,  neatness,  sweetness  of  manner,  accom- 
plishments, etc.,  to  attract  man,  and  this  is  her  form  of  endeavor- 
ing to  gain  approbation,  esteem,  and  compliments  from  him.  Those 


FRIENDSHIP.  385 

whq,  flatter  and  praise  most  are  the  most  susceptible  to  flattery,  and 
man,  being  more  given  to  flatter  than  woman,  gets  a  return  with 
interest  when  any  point  is  to  be  gained ;  yet  he  invariably  receives 
these  attentions  as  though  his  own  real  worth  or  personal  appear- 
ance called  them  forth,  while  all  the  time  woman  is  only  taking 
advantage  of  his  weakness  and  playing  upon  his  vanity.  So  in- 
tuitive is  the  female  mind  in  the  direction  of  human  nature  that 
little  girls,  even,  will  take  a  most  intelligent  manner  of  wheedling 
and  coaxing  their  fathers  for  anything  which  they  wish,  and  they 
are  not  long  in  finding  out  the  most  .accessible  and  "softest"  spot 
in  their  characters  to  aim  at. 

Well-chosen  commendation  given  to  one's  children  or  those 
one  is  teaching — to  servants  and  employes — proves  a  powerful 
incentive  toward  better  conduct  and  greater  efforts,  while  great 
care  should  be  exercised  to  not  spoil  children  by  continually  sound- 
ing their  praises  before  them, — a  course  calculated  to  weaken  char- 
acter and  induce  vanity. 

A  few  words  of  appreciation  from  friends  often  stimulates  the 
scholar,  author,  and  artist  to  their  best,  and  gives  them  a  real  sub- 
stantial strength  and  courage  under  difficulties.  Yet  Approbative- 
ness,  like  all  good  and  useful  traits,  can  be  abused  and  made  to  pro- 
duce just  the  opposite  effect  from  its  normal  mission. 

FRIENDSHIP. 

Definition. — "An  attachment  to  a  person,  proceeding  from 
intimate  acquaintance  and  a  reciprocation  of  kind  offices,  or  from 
a  favorable  opinion  of  the  amiable  and  respectable  qualities  of  his 
mind." — WEBSTER.  Also,  affiliation,  love  of  association  and  co- 
operation, love  of  visiting  and  sociability,  neighborly  feeling,  and 
congeniality. 

An  excess  of  Friendship  produces  a  silly,  gushing  manner, 
and  leads  one  to  neglect  his  own  duties  for  the  sake  of  the  objects 
of.  his  friendly  solicitude. 

A  deficiency-  of  Friendship  causes  unsociability  and  indiffer- 
ence to  the  comfort  of  others.  It  engenders  selfishness  and  a  dis- 
taste for  friendly  associations,  such  as  societies  and  festive  gather- 
ings. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  physiognomical  signs  of 
Friendship  are  known  by  a  fullness  of  the  upper  and  soft  part  of 
the  cheek,  over  and  below  the  malar  bone.  This  faculty  presents 
different  phases  in  combination  with  the  several  systems  of  func- 
tions, being  either  physical,  mental,  or  sentimental,  according  to 
the  system  which  is  the  dominant  or  controlling  one  in  the  indi- 
vidual. Kissing,  embracing,  and  petting  are  the  natural  language 


386 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


of  Friendship.  The  signs  for  Hospitality  adjoin  Friendship  on  its 
lower  side,  while  Mirthfulness  and  Approhativcness  are  in  close 
proximity,  showing  the  sort  of  company  which  Friendship  keeps. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  FRIENDSHIP. — Friendship  is  directly  related  to 
the  intestinal  system,  and  depends  upon  the  strength  and  develop 
ment  of  the  function  oi'<li(j<'«tion  to  manifest  its  power.  The  vigor  and 
warmth  created  by  its  normal  construction  and  efficient  action  give 
to  the  individual  the  feeling  or  sentiment  of  sociality  and  the  desire 
for  active  friendship.  Where  the  intestinal  system  is  relatively 
weak  and  small,  and  the  fullness  in  the  upper  cheek  wanting, 

there  is  always  exhibited  a 
lack  of  this  peculiar  trait, 
as  well  as  a  less  perfect 
and  vigorous  circulation. 
Those  who  lack  all  these 
functions  have  not,  as  a 
rule,  a  warm  surface,  and 
often  suffer  with  cold  feet 
and  hands;  they  are  also 
troubled  with,  chilliness, 
and  make  poor  bathers. 
The  cause  of  this  feeble- 
ness arises  from  the  fact 
that  the  intestinal  system  is 
not  sufficiently  vigorous  to 
create  a  large  quantity  of 
warm  and  nourishing  blood. 
As  the  intestinal  sys- 
tem has  a  dual  action,  in 
that  it  both  secretes  and 
absorbs,  so  Friendship  in 
its  action  is  dual,  being 
both  selfish  and  unselfish. 
The  only,  purely  unselfish 
faculty  of  the  human  mind 
is  Benevolence.  This  gives  and  expects  nothing  in  return, 
being  based  on  sympathy;  but  Friendship  must  have  some- 
thing in  return.  As  its  name  indicates,  it  requires  more  than 
one  to  carry  forward  its  purposes.  Friends  expect,  at  the  least, 
companionship,  in  order  to  enhance  their  enjoyment.  A  man  can- 
not prove  that  he  is  a  friend  if  he  does  not  associate  with  others, 
either  socially  or  in  fraternal  societies;  but  the  truly  benevolent 
person  can  live  in  solitude,  yet  contribute  to  the  welfare  of  others, 
either  by  giving  them  the  benefit  of  his  thoughts,  or  by  sending 


FIG.  40.— M.   LOUIS  ADOLPH  THIERS.     (STATES- 
MAN, HISTORIAN,  ORATOR.) 

Born  in  France,  1797.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Friendship,  shown  by  fullness  of  the  soft  tissues  of 
the  upper  cheek.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
curve  governs  this  countenance.  The  domestic  traits 
are  highly  developed  here,  particularly  those  of 
Ainativeness,  Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  the 
Young:  also  Mirthfulness,  Alimentiveness,  Econ- 
omy, Hospitality,  Sanativeness,  Color,  Benevolence, 
Approbativeness",  and  Firmness.  Stamped  upon  this 
friendly  face  are  the  signs  of  Mental  Imitation,  Order, 
Language,  Memory  of  Events,  Constructiveness,  Ac- 
quisitiveness. Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  and 
Reason,  all  large. 


FRIENDSHIP. 


387 


them  relief  from  his  stores  of  goods  or  money,  or  by  using  his 
influence  with  others,  and  yet  expect  nothing  in  return,  not  even 
companionship. 

The  definition  which  Webster  gives,  quoted  at  the  head  of 
this  faculty,  speaks  of  a  "reciprocation  of  kind  offices"  as  one  of 
the  requisites  of  Friendship,  and  this  is  its  selfish  aspect.  Where 
one  neighbor  is  constantly  extending  attentions  to  another  neighbor, 
and  showing  favors  in  sickness  and  in  all  domestic  crises,  he 
naturally  looks  for  similar  attentions  in  similar  emergencies.  One 
of  the  chief  objects  of  association  in  friendship  is  mutual  assist- 
ance, and  Nature  has  so 
constituted  the  human 
mind  that  it  expects  to  re- 
ceive what  it  gives.  Now, 
if  one  is  endowed  with  the 
warmth  and  strength  de- 
rived from  a  vigorous  sys- 
tem, he  will  in  the  first 
place  warm  toward  or  be 
attracted  to  others,  and 
thus,  his  sympathetic  feel- 
ing being  aroused,  it  results 
in  active  deeds,  in  personal 
services,  both  to  the  well 
and  sick,  in  the  proffer  of 
material  and  substantial' 
assistance,  in  defending  the 
absent  friend  and  his  inter- 
ests, in  case  of  slander,  fire, 
or  disasters  of  all  kinds ; 
and  this  friend  would  soon 
lose  his  interest  in  those 
about  him  did  he  receive  no 
appreciation  from  those 
upon  whom  he  has  heaped 
favors  and  kindness,  for  one  stimulates  another,  and  kindness 
begets  kindness,  and  thus  by  attention  the  friendly  man  develops 
friendliness  in  others.  I  confess  myself  greatly  indebted  to  a 
friend's  example  for  much  that  is  friendly  in  my  own  character, 
for  my  early  life  was  passed  in  such  seclusion  from  friendly  associ- 
ations that  although  having  the  desire  I  did  not  understand  many 
of  the  little  amenities  which  adorn  social  life,  and  thus  was  obliged 
to  learn  them  by  example  from  one  gifted  in  Friendship.  Some 
persons  possess  this  trait  as  a  talent,  and  make  and  retain  strong 


FIG.  41.-SIR  JOHN  LUBBOCK.   (BANKER,  SAVANT, 
AUTHOR.) 

Born  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Friend- 
ship. The  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line  governs 
this  physiognomy.  A  noble  and  talented  face ;  one 
which  discloses  the  presence  of  a  fine  domestic  char- 
acter. The  signs  for  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  of 
Country,  and  of  Home  are  well  defined.  So,  alM>.  :in- 
those  of  Mirth  and  Wit,  Conscience,  Benevolence,  Ap- 
probativeness,  Hospitality,  Sanativeness,  Alimentive- 
ness,  Pneumativeness,  Color,  and  Hope.  The  mental 
system  is  shown  by  large  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation, 
Ideality,  Constructiveness,  Language,  Human  Nature, 
Veneration,  Self-will,  Memory  of  Events,  Order,  Cal- 
culation, Reason,  and  Intuition. 


388  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  enduring  friendships,  and  grieve  deeply  if  death  or  separation 
deprive  them  of  the  society  of  their  friends. 

Those  deficient  in  Friendship  often  possess  a  good  deal  of 
IVuevolence  and  show  their  sympathy  more  by  giving  than  by 
doing  or  by  associated  and  co-operated  efforts,  for  those  deficient 
in  Friendship  derive  little  satisfaction  from  association  in  a  social 
way,  yet  may  possess  and  exhibit  a  large  share  of  love  and  sym- 
pathy for  a  conjugal  companion,  or,  with  Language  large,  will 
evince  sociability  in  casual  meetings,  yet  seldom  or  never  invite 
friends  nor  join  fraternal  societies. 

A  keen  analysis  is  needed  to  discriminate  between  the  action 
of  Friendship  and  Benevolence.  It  is  true,  they  are  often  found 
well  developed  in  the  same  individual,  and  where  this  is  the  case 
a  very  sympathetic,  charitable.,  and  friendly  spirit  is  exhibited. 
Such  a  one  is  a  benefactor  to  his  race.  In  the  faces  of  Florence 
Nightingale,  Elizabeth  Fry,  and  Touissant  L'Ouverture,  and  other 
well-known  friendly  and  sympathetic  characters,  who  worked  for 
the  good  of  others,  these  signs  are  well  defined. ' 

Where  Friendship  is  largely  exhibited  in  combination  with 
fine  inherited  quality,  the  individual  will  evince  a  strong  magnetic, 
attractive  nature,  which  spontaneously  arouses  like  feelings  in 
others,  and,  with  a  good  intellect  in  combination,  he  will  be  able  to 
attract,  hold,  and  greatly  influence  the  lives  and  opinions  of  thou- 
sands. Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  Spurgeon,  the  eminent  London 
divine,  are  good  illustrations  of  the  latter  class. 

Hermits  and  misers  exhibit  by  their  faces,  as  well  as  in  their 
habits,  the  absence  of  all  that  goes  to  make  the  ardent  friend,  for 
Friendship  gives  a  desire  for  embracing  and  kissing,  and  these  are 
the  natural  and  spontaneous  impulses  of  friendly  natures,  yet  the 
former  classes  of  persons  are  not  moved  to  such  demonstrations  of 
affection  simply  because  the  warmth  and  vigor,  the  exuberance  of 
feeling,  which  a  strong  intestinal  system  creates,  are  lacking,  and 
their  impoverished  natures  have  nothing  to  give,  hence  it  never 
occurs  to  them  that  they  are  suffering  for  want  of  friendliness.  On 
the  contrary,  they  repel  all  advances  made  by  sympathetic  people. 
As  a  rule,  misers  and  hermits  present  a  shriveled  and  wrinkled 
appearance,  with  long,  thin  faces;  flat,  pale  cheeks;  and  thin, 
pallid,  or  ashen-colored  lips,  lack-lustre  eyes,  and  spare  bodies. 
It  is  a  logical  inference  that  persons  thus  constituted  would  neither 
possess  the  strength  nor  inclination  to  move  actively  in  association, 
nor  would  they  be  able  to  glow  with  desire  to  benefit  others,  as  do 
the  friendly  and  benevolent,  so  truly  are  we  the  "  slaves  of  our 
organism,"  as  Emerson  expresses  it. 

Without  the  faculty  of  Friendship  all  men  would  be  hermits, 


FRIENDSHIP.  389 

and  isolation,  instead  of  association,  would  be  the  rule.  It  is  the 
principle  of  association  that  creates  governments  and  makes  all 
large  enterprises  possible.  It  is  the  same  feeling  which  gives  to 
our  family  life  much  of  its  comfort  and  happiness,  for  the  domestic 
and  social  traits  blend  in  together,  and  thus  mark  out  a  course  of 
enjoyment  which  both  elevate  and  enrich  the  character.  It  is  true 
that  social  affairs  can  be  made  a  source  of  injury  if  carried  to  the 
extreme,  and  in  this  country  there  is  great  danger  to  be  appre- 
hended from  what  may  be  termed  "social  dissipation."  Many 
families  who  can  ill  afford  it  rush  into  social  extravagancies, 
and  not  only  ruin  their  own  welfare,  but  set  a  bad  example  for 
others  to  follow.  Again,  many  men  and  women,  in  the  exuber- 
ance of  Friendship,  join  fraternal  societies  when  they  have  neither 
the  time,  strength,  nor  money  (if  they  do  justice  to  themselves  and 
families),  while  others  are  like  the  man  who  "joined  so  many 
lodges  that  he  had  no  time  to  lodge  at  home."  Yet  the  cultivation 
of  Friendship  within  reasonable  limits  strengthens  the  bonds  of 
brotherly  love  and  mutual  helpfulness. 

In  building  up  a  friendship,  one  should  estimate  it  as  so  much 
capital  invested  in  one  of  the  most  substantial  things  of  life,  for 
when  one  has  put  time,  love,  and  attentions  into  friendly  inter- 
course, it  should  not  be  severed  except  for  good  cause,  and  parents 
should  endeavor  to  build  up  enduring  friendships  for  their  children 
by  selecting  as  friends  persons  of  high  character  and  fine  disposi- 
tions. Two  or  three  real,  first-class  friends  are  about  all  one  may 
hope  to  have  in  this  world  of  changes,  and  if  these  can  be  held 
throughout  life  the  individual  is  favored,  indeed.  Friendship 
must  be  founded  upon  mutual  fitness,  and  esteem  will  follow. 

Harmony  in  Friendship,  as  in  marriage,  is  the  result  of  suita- 
bility, congeniality  of  taste,  sentiment,  mental  development,  or 
magnetic  attraction,  and  this  single  circumstance  often  suffices  to 
hold  friends  together  who  seem  to  be  quite  dissimilar  in  tastes  and 
pursuits. 

The  platonic  friendships  entertained  by  members  of  each  sex 
for  the  other  are  most  commendable,  yet  the  censorious  will  insist 
there  is  something  evil  in  them.  Many  women  derive  the  greatest 
comfort  and  courage  from  the  counsel  of  some  disinterested  male 
friend,  and  men  often  find  their  best  adviser  in  some  wise,  pure, 
intuitive,  and  disinterested  female  friend.  The  schools  in  which 
co-education  of  the  sexes  is  established  develop  many  beautiful  and 
lasting  friendships  between  the  sexes,  and  many  scholars  in  these 
schools  who  have  intermarried  have  formed  most  harmonious 
unions,  for  the  reason  that  constant,  daily  intercourse  in  the  class- 
room and  in  social  life  has  made  them  better  acquainted  than  they 


390  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

could  possibly  have  become  by  their   casual  meetings  in  social 
gatherings. 

The  many  diverse  manifestations  of  Friendship  observed  in 
different  individuals  are  due  to  the  combinations  with  other  traits, 
which  influence  the  action  of  the  social  nature.  Those  possessed 
of  a  large  share  of  Friendship  in  connection  with  fair  Amativenos 
make  excellent  conjugal  companions,  and  defend  the  interests  and 
name  of  their  companion  with  spirit  and  ardor ;  with  large  Friend- 
ship, Hospitality,  and  Alimentiveness,  show  their  social  nature  by 
making  feasts  and  banquets  for  friends ;  with  Approbativeness  in 
combination,  will  be  sensitive  to  the  blame  and  praise  of  friends, 
and  be  very  much  cheered  and  encouraged  by  their  commendation  ; 
with  large  Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  Approbativeness,  and 
reasoning  power,  will  be  able  to  make  and  retain  many  friends, 
and  will  be  of  great  assistance  to  friends  by  wise  counsel  and  lov- 
ing attachment ;  with  large  Force,  will  defend  their  characters 
and  interests  with  great  vigor  from  assaults ;  with  small  Secretive- 
ness  and  large  Language,  are  sociable  with  all,  and,  with  large 
Mirth  fulness,  are  capital  fun -makers,  and  make  vivacious  and 
amusing  companions ;  with  Ideality  added,  will  use  only  the  most 
appropriate  and  refined  wit,  fun,  and  jests  ;  with  large  Self-esteem, 
will  carry  themselves  with  dignity  and  seek  the  esteem  of  others, 
and  yet  make  amusement  for  them ;  witli  literary  tastes  in  com- 
bination, will  care  for  the  society  of  the  intellectual,  and  with 
scientific  tastes  will  gravitate  naturally  to  that  class  of  society. 
Where  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  Language,  Imitation,  and  Con- 
structiveness,  with  small  Self-esteem,  are  well  developed,  there  will 
be  manifested  a  talent  for  mimicry,  acting,  story-telling,  and  prac- 
tical jokes  not  of  the  most  refined  character ;  but,  with  Ideality 
large,  the  whole  character  will  take  on  an  elevated  cast,  and  the 
wit,  fun,  and  acting  will  be  highly  amusing,  yet  always  refined  and 
admirable. 

Where  Friendship  is  small,  Benevolence  large,  and  Self-esteem 
small,  the  individual  will  make  few  friends  and  take  no  pains  to- 
cultivate  them ;  with  large  Language,  will  be  sociable  and  talkative, 
but  never  advance  to  confiding  in  others,  yet  will  give  of  means,  but 
never  offer  personal  service,  and,  with  Self-will  added,  are  brusque, 
and  take  little  pains  to  disguise  real  sentiments,  and  often  offend 
and  make  enemies  in  this  way ;  with  Friendship,  Approbativeness, 
Cautiousness,  and  Secretiveness  large,  make  few  friends  and  then 
only  upon  long  acquaintance,  and  are  apt  to  be  jealous  of  atten- 
tions shown  to  others,  and  desire  all  attentions  lavished  upon  self. 
With  large  Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  fair  Approbativeness, 
large  Friendship,  good  reasoning  faculties  and  large  Self-esteem, 


FRIENDSHIP.    '  391 

good  Alimentiveness,  and  Hospitality,  will  delight  in  entertaining 
friends  at  home  and  at  table,  and  will  seek  to  bring  friends  to- 
gether and  be  desirous  of  forming  attachments  between  them ;  in 
such  a  character  Jealousy  has  no  foothold,  and  hence  gets  more 
out  of  Friendship  than  if  troubled  with  petty,  jealous  fears  and 
rankling  envy  ;  and,  with  Ideality  added,  will  entertain  in  a  refined 
manner,  and  offer  gifts  of  flowers,  books,  fruits,  and  delicacies,  and 
show  to  friends  all  sorts  of  refined  and  appropriate  attentions. 

Where  Friendship  is  exhibited  in  a  moderate  degree,  but  with 
large  Language,  the  possessor  will  be  sociable  and  talkative,  yet  care 
little  for  the  loss  or  absence  of  friends ;  with  large  Acquisitiveness, 
will  use  acquaintances  as  a  stepping-stone  to  procure  business  ;  with 
small  Conscientiousness  and  large  kSecretiveness,  will  be  unreliable 
in  friendship,  and,  with  large  Amativeness  and  small  Ideality,  will 
exhibit  more  animal  passion  than  sentiment ;  but,  with  Ideality 
large,  will  prove  a  most  satisfactory  character  to  a  refined  conjugal 
partner. 

The  faculty  of  Friendship  can  be  cultivated  and  developed 
like  any  other  mental  power,  and  those  deficient  in  this  faculty 
should  endeavor  to  level  up  their  character  in  this  respect,  for  no 
one  can  overestimate  the  blessings  and  advantages  which  may  flow 
from  even  a  chance  acquaintance.  The  friendship  of  a  dog  is 
worth  something,  as  many  can  testify  who  have  been  benefited  by 
their  friendliness  and  fidelity.  The  sympathetic  and  friendly  acts 
of  the  St.  Bernard  dogs  in  saving  the  lives  of  travellers  in  the 
snowy  Alps  are  well  known,  and  countless  cases' of  lives  saved  by 
dogs  from  drowning  and  fire  are  recorded  the  world  over.  All  of 
the  higher  animals  exhibit  the  faculty  of  Friendship  in  a  very 
human  manner,  and  as  low  down  as  the  insect  tribes,  even,  sym- 
pathy and  friendship  are  shown  in  a  way  suited  to  the  needs  and 
natures  of  these  tiny  denizens  of  earth.  Indeed,  animals  set  man 
a  fine  example  in  human  virtues,  for  not  only  are  they  friendly  and 
sympathetic  to  their  own  species,  but  develop  friendships  for,  and 
make  pets  of,  other  animals,  and  constitute  themselves  the  guar- 
dians and  protectors  of  men  and  little  children.  When  1  see  men 
beating  and  ill-treating  dogs  and  horses,  I  think  how  infinitely  su- 
perior the  beast  is  to  that  man,  and  some  animals  are  in  certain 
respects  the  equals  of  the  best  men, — that  is,  in  fidelity,  honesty, 
and  friendship, — and  often  show  an  ingenuity  which  is  only  limited 
by  their  peculiar  anatomical  structure.  I  do  not  think  man  pos- 
sesses a  faculty  which  is  not  in  some  degree  shared  by  sonic  species 
of  animal.  Certainly,  the  domestic  and  social  range  of  faculties  are 
all  well*  developed  in  them,  and  reason  is  exhibited  by  ants  and 
wasps  even,  while  conscience  is  most  certainly  one  of  the  leading 


392  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

attributes  of  some  species  of  dogs  and  horses.  The  egotism  of 
humanity  has  led  it  to  ascribe  to  itself  all  earthly  virtues  and  to 
animals  scarce  any.  Not  only  has  man's  egotism  led  him  to  claim 
all  earthly  virtues,  but  he  also  claims  the  exclusive  right  to  divinity 
and  immortality,  and  he  bases  his  right  to  that  condition  upon  his 
possession  of  Conscience,  Reason,  and  Memory.  Now,  if  he  has 
these  traits,  he  only  has  his  share  and  hind.  Animals  have  also 
flair  share  ami  kind,  and  the  animal  might,  with  as  much  sense 
and  justice,  deny  to  man  his  claim  to  immortality  because  he  does 
not  exhibit  just  the  same  kind  and  degree  of  Reason,  Justice,  and 
Memory  or  Mind  as  does  the  animal. 

In  the  light  of  present-day  science  and  knowledge  of  animal 
life,  man's  arrogant  assumptions  of  superiority  and  immortality  are 
ridiculous,  and  ought  to  teach  him  a  little  modesty  and  justice  in 
making  comparisons  between  the  lower  and  higher  animals.  Man 
is  constituted  of  the  same  materials  precisely  as  the  animal,  and,  as 
this  points  to  a  common  origin,  why  not  to  a  common  destiny  1  I 
am  willing  to  share  Heaven  with  all  the  animal  tribes,  and  am 
anxious  to  live  eternally  with  some  I  have  known,  for  is  it  to  be 
supposed  that  the  lasting  and  enduring  friendships  we  have  built 
up  here  for  them,  and  which  have  helped  to  make  our  characters 
lovely,  noble,  and  magnanimous,  are  not  a  part  of  our  immortal 
inheritance  1  I  cannot  believe  that  all  this  will  be  stricken  out  of 
our  entity, — but  here  I  am  getting  beyond  science  and  giving  be- 
liefs, something  I  have  no  right  to  do,  while  I  claim  to  devote  this 
book  to  demonstrable  fads  alone. 

HOSPITALITY. 

Definition. — Receiving  and  entertaining  friends  and  strangers 
without  compensation ;  love  of  eating  and  drinking  with  friends. 
Combined  with  practical  faculties  and  Executiveness,  it  shows 
itself  by  active  participation  in  public  entertainments,  feasts,  and 
festivities. 

An  excess  of  this  fine  trait  tends  to  extravagance  in  entertain- 
ment of  friends  and  to  the  neglect  of  other  duties. 

A  deficiency  in  hospitable  feeling  makes  one  unsocial  and 
tends  to  isolation.  Reasonable  hospitality  is  a  duty  which  we  owe 
to  ourselves  as  well  as  others,  for  such  intercourse  develops  some 
of  the  most  beautiful  traits  of  character,  which,  if  lacking,  would 
lead  to  a  hermit-like  existence. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  conspicuous  facial  sign 
for  Hospitality  is  shown  by  fullness  of  the  cheek  below  the  sign 
for  Friendship  and  adjoining  the  signs  for  Alimentiveness,-  Mirth- 
fulness,  and  Approbativeness.  All  of  these  faculties  are  natural 


HOSPITALITY.  393 

allies,  and  are  all  concerned  in  carrying  out  the  behests  of  Hos- 
pitality.    The  signs  of  the  ''natural  cook"  are  in  close  proximity. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  HOSPITALITY. — The  placing  of  the  principal 
facial  sign  for  Hospitality  is  most  appropriate,  as  it  riot  only  shows  its 
glandular  origin  within  the  vegetative  system,  but,  by -its  situation 
near  the  signs  for  those  faculties  and  functions  which  act  in  unison 
with  it,  points  out  its  similarity  of  action  and  identity  of  interests 
with  its  nearest  neighbors,  the  domestic  faculties.  Where  the 
glands  are  well  developed  and  of  normal  action,  more  especially 
the  glands  directly  connected  with  the  function  of  digestion,  a  de- 
sire for  association  in  the  act  of  eating  will  arise  from  their  operation. 
In  animals  of  very  low  types,  even,  this  gregarious  flocking  and 
herding  propensity  at  feeding  time  is  most  strikingly  exhibited. 
The  same  love  of  association,  particularly  at  meals,  marks  the  hos- 
pitable human  being,  and  shows  also  that  it  is  distinct  in  its  action 
and  effect  from  pure  Alimentiveness,  or  love  of  food  and  drink,  and 
also  distinct  from  Friendship  purely,  although  Friendship  leads  to 
feasting  and  entertaining ;  yet  those  who  have  Hospitality  large, 
in  combination  with  Friendship,  Mill  entertain  more  by  cooking 
and  setting  table,  making  feasts,  etc.,  for  friends  than  by  other 
modes  of  entertainment.  This  is  its  basic  and  primary  phase. 

Other  traits  which  are  largely  developed  often  decide  the 
manner  of  showing  Hospitality.  The  grouping  of  the  signs  near 
Hospitality  arc  most  significant,  and  lead  us  to  a  logical  analysis  of 
its  use  and  action  in  the  human  economy.  Adjoining  and  above 
lies  the  sign  for  Friendship ;  on  the  forward  side,  the  signs  for  Ali- 
mentiveness and  Mirthfulness,  both  able  assistants  and  comrades  in 
action.  Approbativeness  is  also  a  near  neighbor,  and  "drops  in  "  at 
meal-times  with  praise  of  edibles,  cooking,  etc.,  and  asks  for  a 
recipe  for  that  "nice  cake"  or  "delicious  salad,"  and  commends 
and  flatters  the  guests  generally,  placing  all  at  their  ease,  and  thus 
promotes  digestion  by  giving  both  hostess  and  guest  a  feeling  of 
self-satisfaction.  Miss  Mirthfulness,  an  arch  damsel,  ready  with 
jest  and  story,  bright  sallies  and  flashes  of  wit,  enlivens  the  com- 
pany, and  enables  the  glands  to  pour  out  their  juices,  and  so 
good  digestion,  "sweet  remembrancer,  doth  wait  on  appetite  and 
health  on  both."  Love  of  Home  and  Love  of  Country,  in 
close  proximity,  point  out  to  woman  her  special  spheres  for  the 
exercise  of  these  noble  traits, .and  Love  of  Young  stands  close  at 
hand  waiting  for  mamma  to  dispense  the  dainties  which  all  mothers 
love  to  give  their  darlings.  Mr.  Benevolence  also  stands  close  by 
and  suggests  that  we  send  our  ovenmpply  of  wheat  to  the  starving 
millions  of  Europe,  and  prudent  Economy  lingers  near  to  see  that 
"nothing  be  lost."  The  prim  Miss  Self-esteem  has  arrived,  and 


394 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


at  a  little  distance  in  order  to  check  any  unruly  mirth  or  broach 
of  decorum  at  table,  while  Mr.  Alimentiveness  is  urging  all  to 
drink,  and  stuff  and  gorge  themselves;  but  the  delicate  little  Miss 
Modesty  deprecates  such  proceedings,  and  begs  the  company  to 
remember  that  the  "interests  of  'propriety  "  demand  moderation 
at  table.  It  is  in  such  social  and  merry  company  that  we  find 
this  matron,  Madam  Hospitality,  and  a  goodly  company  indeed 
she  has  about  her. 

But  Hospitality  is  not  all  kindness  and  disinterestedness  ;  it 

has  a  selfish  aspect  as  well, 
for  Nature,  in  order  to  com- 
pel action  of  the  faculties, 
gives  us  a  personal  desire 
and  pleasure  in  their  exer- 
cise, and,  as  our  pleasure  in 
association  must  be  drawn 
from  others,  so  we  derive 
from  their  society  the  satis- 
faction which  we  could  not 
gain  in  solitude. 

The  analytical  method 
of  arriving  at  truths  in  re- 
gard to  human  nature  has 
been  very  little  practiced  by 
the  old-time  metaphysicians, 
or,  if  used,  the  laws  of  ex- 
amination were  not  physio- 
logical nor  anatomical,  hence 
untenable.  The  Self-love  of 
man  has  always  prevented  a 
truthful  examination  of  char- 
acter, and  the  theological 
method  of  ascribing  to  the 
sinful 


FlG.42.— MARTHA  DANDRIDGE  CUSTIS  WASH- 
INGTON. (WIFE  or  GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 
FIRST  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.) 

Born  in  Virginia,  1732.  Principal  facial  sign,  Hos- 
pitality. The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  face.  All  of  the  social  and  domes- 
tic virtues  shine  pre-eminent  in  this  noble  counte- 
nance. Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Benevolence, 
Love  of  Home,  of  Country,  and  of  Children  are 
strongly  marked.  So,  alsoj  are  Economy,  Mirthful- 
ness.  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Modesty,  Sanativeness, 
Alimentiveness,  Bihativeness,  and  Color.  The  men- 
ial svstein  is  of  a  high  order,  and  reveals  the  signs 
for  Ideality,  Hope,  Mental  Imitation,  Constructive- 
ness,  Acquisitiveness.  Vent-ration,  Self-will,  Form, 
si/.e.  language.  Memory,  Reason,  and  Intuition.  The 
<iuality  tint-,  and  the  character  conservative  and  well- 
balanced. 


the 


pro- 
also 


"  devil  "  all 
clivities  of  man  has 
stood  in  the  way  of  a  just  and  complete  knowledge  of  the  real 
nature  and  method  of  action  of  the  human  mind.  When  an  indi- 
vidual is  born  with  a  large  degree  of  Force  and  small  Kindness 
and  Conscience  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  devil  should  urge  him 
on  to  fight  ;  his  own  peculiarity  of  structure  supplies  all  the 
impelling  power  necessary  to  set  him  brawling  and  fighting,  with 
or  without  provocation.  If  we  put  the  responsibility  where  it 
belongs  we  shall  relieve  all  "spirits"  of  complicity  in  this  instance, 
except  the  spirit  of  ignorance,  which  is  the  real  devil  in  the  case. 


HOSPITALITY. 


395 


Ignorance  breeds  monsters,  who  lie,  steal,  fight,  and  murder,  and 
all  this  is  done  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  their  being, 
uncontrolled,  of  course,  by  a  sense  of  right. 

When  I  show  that  Friendship,  as  well  as  Hospitality,  has  a 
dual  method  of  action,  and  that  in  their  exercise  they  are  both 
selfish  and  unselfish,  some  criticism  may  be  evoked,  for  the  majority 
of  people,  not  being  accus- 
tomed to  sit  in  judgment 
upon  their  faculties  will 
permit  their  Self-love  to 
come  between  their  desire 
to  have  certain  faculties 
appear  wholly  disinterested 
and  the  exact  truth,  or  else, 
not  being  logical,  do  not 
carry  the  analysis  to  its 
logical  sequence.  When 
I  find  a  function  within  the 
organism  which  exhibits  a 
twofold  action,  I  know 
that  the  mental  faculty 


arising  from   this  function 


lias  also  two  ways  of  mani- 
festing itself.  Now,  the 
glands  both  secrete  and 
absorb — draw  toward  them- 
selves and  send  out  their 
material  to  enrich  other 
parts  of  the  body.  The 
reasoning  faculties  are  sus- 
tained by  a  generous  supply 
of  nutrition,  and  Hospital- 
ity, deriving  its  ability  from 
a  portion  of  the  lacteal 
glands,  which  both  secrete 
and  absorb,  gives  to  man 
the  desire  for  food  as 
well  as  the  desire  to  cot 
in 


FIG.  43.— GEORGE   WILLIAM  OHTLDS 
(EDITOR  AND  PUBLISHER.) 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Hospi- 
tality. The  law  of  the  straight  line,  curve,  and  square 
governs  this  physiognomy.  The  face  above  illustrates 
in  the  highest  degree  the  faculty  of  Hospitality.  In  its 
details  it  reveals  the  face  of  one  of  the  foremost  citi- 
zens of  the  world,  for  Mr.  Childs  may  rank  as  a  cosmo- 
politan both  in  fame  and  deeds.  Yet  tire  sign  for  Pa- 
triotism is  well  defined  in  this  sympathetic,  generous, 
and  noble  countenance.  The  large  development  of  the 
domestic  traits  shows  that  a  highly-developed  nature 
must  possess  these  as  a  basis.  Accordingly,  we  rind  in 
this  physiognomy  large  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  of 
Home,  and  of  Country,  as  well  as  Mirth  fulness,  Bibative- 
ness,  Hospitality,  Benevolence,  Alimentiveness,  Appro- 
bativeness,  Friendship,  Sanativeness,  Self-esteem,  and 
Hope  large,  with' sufficient  Force,  Resistance,  and  Cau- 
tiousness to  balance  the  character.  The  commercial  in- 
stinct is  strong,  hence  Human  Nature,  Acquisitiveness, 
Construct! veness,Executiveiiess,  Self-will, Observation, 
Memory  of  Events,  Time,  Order,  Calculation,  and  Rea- 
son are  well  illustrated.  A  sense  of  the  aesthetic  is 
shown  by  Ideality,  Form,  Size,  Color,  Music,  and  Lan- 
guage. Altogether  a  fine  example  of  enterprising 
American  character.  The  life  of  Mr.  Childs  bears  out 
the  wisdom  of  the  choice  of  his  face  to  illustrate  Hos- 
pitality, for  he  has  probably  entertained  more  distin- 
guished literary,  royal,  titled,  and  military  characters 
in  his  several  residences  than  any  other  American  citi- 
zen. 

company   with    others. 
Where  the  vegetative  system  is  the  dominant  one  the  most 
selfish  aspect  of  Hospitality  will  be  disclosed,  and  the  individual 
will  offer  to  others  onlv  after  assuring  himself  that  he  has  a  suffi- 

tt 

ciency  for  all  after  he  has  gorged  himself.     With  higher  systems 
in  combination  a  more  unselfish  method  is  adopted,  and  where  we 


396  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

observe  Friendship  large,  along  with  Hospitality  and  Benevolence, 
we  shall  find  a  character  that  will  share  his  last  morsel  with  others, 
and  be  happy  in  so  doing.  In  combination  with  the  finer  traits, 
such  as  Ideality,  it  exhibits  itself  by  entertaining  in  the  most  refined 
manner ;  not  alone  by  setting  delicate  dishes  before  guests,  but, 
where  the  literary  faculties  are  present,  it  offers  intellectual  and 
artistic  entertainments,  such  as  dramatic  readings,  elocutionary 
recitations,  and  poems;  and,  with  Music  large,  will  entertain  with 
concerts,  operas,  etc. 

The  methods  which  hospitable  people  feake  to  entertain  their 
,  friends  will  depend  upon  their  natural  quality  and  cultivated  tastes, 
but  in  whatever  manner  exhibited  this  trait  usually  distinguishes 
itself  by  gatherings  at  the  domestic  or  festal  board  as  part  of  its 
method  of  manifestation  It  is  more  marked  in  women  than  in. 
men,  for  the  reason  that  woman  is  the  housekeeper,  has  had  more 
time  to  cultivate  it,  and  as  woman  emerges  more  and  more  from 
the  seclusion  of  home-hospitality  to  take  part  in  the  preparation 
of  entertaining  large  bodies  of  people  in  a  public  way — as  is  now 
done  by  women  who  assist  in  entertaining  large  societies  and  asso- 
ciations, such  as  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  the  Knights 
Templar,  at  the  Press  banquets,  and  in  the  annual  gatherings  of 
fraternal  societies — this  faculty  will  enlarge  and  strengthen,  and 
woman  will  be  recognized  as  the  lady,  or  "  loaf  giver  "  (according 
to  the  old  Saxon  meaning  of  that  term),  in  her  larger  home — the 
world.  No  public  gathering  where  eating  and  feasting  form  a 
part  of  the  entertainment  is  now  thought  complete  without  its 
committees  of  women,  and  no  church  could  hope  to  succeed  that 
did  not  have  many  social  features  connected  with  it  in  which  cook- 
ing and  feasting  bear  a  prominent  part.  The  larger  part  of  church 
membership  is  composed  of  women,  and  as  Hospitality  is  strongest 
in  women  we  should  naturally  expect  that  this  trait  would  impress 
itself  upon  these  organizations.  Accordingly,  we  find  that  many 
churches  have  not  only  parlors  for  entertaining  guests,  but  kitchens 
and  all  necessary  appliances  for  cooking  and  feasting,  where  the 
gentlemen  friends  are  invited  to  "assist  at"  "strawberry  festivals," 
"  New  England  dinners,"  "  hot  lunches,"  etc.,  at  prices  usually 
about  200  per  cent,  above  their  real  value.  (N.  B. — Gentlemen 
are  requested  to  skip  the  last  sentence.) 

Like  all  faculties  which  are  in  themselves  good  and  useful, 
Hospitality  can  become  by  excess  and  perversion  a  source  of  harm. 
Where  people  of  limited  means,  time,  or  strength  indulge  in  it  to 
the  injury  of  themselves  or  families  it  should  be  restrained.  Many 
women  neglect  their  families  to  take  part  in  church  festivals,  pic- 
nics, and  public  entertainments.  Others  draw  too  largely  upon 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  397 

their  health  to  emulate  and  rival  their  friends  in  entertaining. 
Others  keep  "open  house"  all  the  year  round,  and  thus  squander 
money,  time,  and  talents  for  no  really  useful  purpose.  Moderation 
in  this,  as  in  all  good  traits,  should  be  the  rule. 

Many  of  the  animal  tribes  exhibit  very  hospitable  as  well  as 
gregarious  habits  ;  not  only  do  they  extend  this  sentiment  to  those 
of  their  own  sort,  but  assist  in  the  entertainment  of  other  species 
by  carrying  to  them  and  sharing  with  them  their  food.  Dogs  have 
been  known  to  divide  with  their  feline  friends,  and  have  even 
shared  with  strangers  of  various  distinct  species. 

PNEUMATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Pneumatics  is  the  word  used  to  describe  the 
properties  and  action  of  air  and  gases,  hence  Pneumativeness  is 
the  name  of  the  physiological  function  which  deals  with  air,  gas, 
and  vapor  in  the  lungs,  and  also  the  name  for  the  mental  faculty 
which  takes  cognizance  of  air,  gases,  and  vapors.  This  faculty  gives 
the  love  and  desire  for  fresh,  pure  air,  and  a  capacity  for  distin- 
guishing readily  the  differences  in  atmospheres ;  detects  odors  and 
effluvia  arising  from  decomposition ;  gives  keenness  of  scent,  and 
enables  one  at  a  distance  to  scent  the  slightest  odor  of  smoke,  gas, 
or  any  peculiar  change  in  the  composition  of  atmospheric  air.  It 
gives  a  love  for  outdoor  life  and  a  dislike  to  crowds,  close  rooms, 
vitiated  atmosphere,  and  of  vile  odors.  Those  who  have  a  large 
measure  of  this  function  and  faculty  exhibit  great  recuperative 
powers,  also  ability  for  imparting  health  to  others,  by  hand-rubbing 
and  by  their  cheerful  and  moral  atmosphere.  Those  who  possess 
large  Pneumativeness  are  more  aspiring,  elevated,  and  actively 
moral  than  those  who  show  a  small  degree  of  this  faculty.  In 
combination  with  a  good  quality  of  brain,  it  gives  a  desire  for 
leadership,  power,  command,  oratory,  and  a  taste  for  mountains, 
high  places,  and  lofty  scenery.  Men  and  animals  who  exhibit 
large  Pneumativeness  are  fond  of  high,  pure  atmospheres,  climbing 
mountains,  towers,  etc.  The  deer  tribes  and  high-flying  birds  are 
excellent  illustrations  of  this  function  and  faculty.  It  is  large  in 
hunters  and  naturalists  ;  also  in  the  North  American  Indians,  whose 
love  of  oratory,  of  command,  and  healing  powers  are  well  known. 
Pneumativeness  gives  a  love  of  life  and  activity,  as  well  as  power 
to  resist  and  overcome  disease. 

An  excess  of  Pneumativeness  cannot  be  considered  injurious 
unless  it  leads  one  to  pass  too  much  time  in  outdoor  sports  to  the 
neglect  of  necessary  business. 

A  deficiency  tends  to  weakness  of  all  the  moral  and  mental 
powers,  to  consumption,  and  early  death.  It  is  known  by  small, 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY 


pinched  nostrils,  flat  chest,  pallid  color,  small  love  of  life,  feeble 
circulation,  poor  recuperative  powers,  chilly  surface,  cold  hands 
and  feet,  inability  to  discriminate  differences  in  odors  and  atmo- 
spheres, small  healing  power,  lack  of  hope,  and  very  little  ability 
to  resist  disease  ami  battle  for  life  and  health. 

/•"iicitd  <m<l   /loi/i/t/    X'ujHft. — Wide,  large  nostrils;  high  and 
broad  nose,  breadth  of  face  externally  to  the  eyes,  red  or  pink 

ears,  brightness  of  the  eyes; 
good,  fresh  color  of  the  com- 
plexion and  clearness  and 
purity  of  the  skin ;  red  lips  and 
gums,  wholesome  appetite  for 
food  and  drink;  large,  high 
chest ;  sprightly  motions,  lively 
gestures,  hopeful  and  cheerful 
expression  of  the  countenance, 
a  well  or  normally  nourished 
body,  and  lively  gait.  Those 
best  endowed  with  the  faculty 
of  Pneumativeness  exhibit  a 
slightly  receding  forehead,  with 
sharply-defined  outlines  of  the 
nose  and  chest.  The  nose, 
forehead,  and  chest  of  those 
having  the  greatest  degree  of 
this  function  are  in  harmonious 
relation  and  proportion,  and 
the  inhalation  of  a  great  deal 
of  air  •  gives  sharply-defined 
outlines  of  these  facial  features 
and  a  prominent  chest,  to- 
gether with  keenness  of  sensa- 
tions and  an  active,  rapid  gait. 
The  palms  of  the  hands  and 
the  finger-tips  disclose  a  vivid 
red  color,  while  the  color  of 
the  naild  assumes  a  healthy, 
pinkish  tint.  The  shape  of  the  hands  and  fingers  varies,  and 
accords  with  the  dominant  systems  in  combination.  There  are 
many  degrees  of  this  faculty  exhibited.  Some  subjects  disclose 
one  or  more  of  these  signs,  while  others  exhibit  all  or  nearly  all 
of  them. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PNEUMATIVENESS. — The  first  gift  of   God  to 
man,  as  he  enters  this  mundane  sphere,  is  atmospheric  air  ;  hence, 


FIG.  44.— Miss  FLORENCE  NIGHTENGALE. 

(PHILANTHROPIST  AND  ARMY  NURSE.) 

Born  in  England,  1820.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign,  Pneuniativeness.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  angle  governs  the.  countenance.  The 
large  size  of  the  nostrils  and  nose,  together  with 
the  large  amount  of  color  in  the  eyes,  skin,  and 
hair,  show  that  well-oxygenated  atmosphere  has 
built  up  a  noble,  pure-minded  philanthropic  mind 
and  body.  The  large  breathing  powers  of  this 
lady  are  an  ancestral  inheritance.  Thje  signs  for 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home. 
Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  and 
Patriotism  are  large.  The  mental  powers  or  Self- 
esteem,  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Sub- 
limity, Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executive- 
nos,  and  Self-will  are  far  above  the  average  in 
this  woman,  and  these  constituted  her  great  power, 
added  to  Sanativeness,  the  faculty  which  gives 
the  talent  and  desire  for  healing  the  sick,  the  sign 
for  which  is  uncommonly  well  defined  in  this 
sympathetic,  executive  face.  This  lady  organized 
a  band  of  trained  nurses  and  proceeded  to  the 
Crimea,  where  her  faithful  services  to  the 
wounded  soldiers  brought  deserved  grateful  recog- 


nition and  honors  from  her  government, 
women  leave  the  world  their  debtor. 


Sue 


*- 

ID 


PNEUMATIVENESS. 


399 


this  is  the  most  important  bodily  function,  for,  as  we  have  learned 
that  primitive  functions  exert  the  most  influence  upon  our  lives,  so 
our  capacity  for  breathing,  of  inhaling  copious  draughts  of  air,  is 
in  direct  ratio  with  our  moral  and  mental  powers.  The  lungs, 
then,  perform  the  most  important  office  of  the  body,  and  the  nose 
is  the  facial  register  of  these  internal  organs.  We  must  therefore 
look  to  that  feature  primarily  for  our  facial  knowledge  of  what 
Pneumativeness  does  for 
human  character.  The  cor- 
roborative signs — size  of  the 
thorax,  bright  color,  and 
lively  gait  and  movements 
— are  always  associated  with 
the  primal  facial  indication. 

Undeveloped  beings, 
such  as  idiots,  children  and 
infants,  and  vulgar,  boorish, 
rude,  stupid,  and  relatively 
immature  minds,  breathe 
mainly  through  the  mouth, 
and  their  mouths  are  more 
or  less  habitually  open.  In 
animals  the  same  appear- 
ances are  discernible,  and 
these  indications  teach  us 
that  the  most  perfected 
method  of  human  respiration 
is  through  the  nose,  and  that 
those  persons  who  breathe 
through  the  mouth  mainly 
are  immature  as  compared 
with  those  who  breathe 
deeply  and  respire  pro- 
foundly with  the  mouth 
closed.  Children,  being  com- 
paratively immature,  often 
during  infancy  respire  a 
great  deal  with  the  mouth  open,  but,  if  they  possess  large  lungs 
and  wide  nostrils,  will  soon  commence  and  keep  to  the  most  per- 
fected human  method. 

The  action  of  the  emotions  affords  us  also  a  means  of  judging 
of  the  value  and  significance  of  these  different  modes  of  respira- 
tion, for,  in  sudden  surprises — in  laughter,  in  crying,  and  in  out- 
bursts of  grief,  anger,  or  surprise — the  mouth  opens  and  the 


FIG.  45.— CHAUNCE'Y  M.  DEPEW. 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Pneu- 
mativeness, shown  by  wide  nostrils,  large  and  high 
nose,  brightness  of  the  eyes,  healthy  color  of  the  skin, 
cheerful  and  lively  expression  of  countenance.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and  curve  governs 
this  face.  This  face  is  one  of  extraordinary  power 
and  ambition.  The  domestic  nature  is  well  developed. 
The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness.  Love  of 
Home,  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Hospitality,  Alimen- 
tiveness,  Sanativeness,  Amativeness,  Mirthfulness, 
Modesty,  Self-esteem,  and  Friendship  are  well  devel- 
oped. The  power  for  command  is  shown  by  the  large 
size  and  nigh  and  broad  outline  of  the  nose,  the 
length  of  which  shows  a  cautious,  far-sighted,  a>tute 
character.  The  extreme  height  of  the  tip  of  the  nose 
above  the  plane  of  the  face  indicates  great  knowledge 
of  Human  Nature,  while  the  sigi^  for  Mental  Imita- 
tion, Sublimity,  Ideality,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  all  exceedingly  l:iri:v. 
Observation,  Locality,  Form,  Size,  Color,  and  Lan- 
guage assist  the  mental  and  mechanical  powers. 
When  with  all  these  powers  we  find  the  indication  of 
a  high  degree  of  Reason,  Memory  of  Events,  and  In- 
tuition we  have  all  the  elements  in  combination  of  a 
first-class  organism. 


400  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

muscles  about  the  mouth  become  relaxed;  the  color  of  the  face 
undergoes  changes  from  the  pallor  of  grief  and  sorrow  to  the  deep 
red  of  anger  and  revenge,  or  to  the  green  and  yellow  hue  of  jeal- 
ousy, or  to  a  white  heat, — the  most  intense  and  dangerous  form  of 
anger.  Now,  emotions  are  infantile  as  compared  to  purely  intel- 
lectual processes,  and  one  who  lives  more  in  his  intellect  than  in 
his  feelings  is  better -able  to  command  his  emotions,  and  will  close 
his  mouth  while  under  their  influence,  and  otherwise  control  his 
feelings  so  that  the  observer  is  not  aware  to  what  extent  he  is 
moved. 

If  the  nostrils  are  pinched  and  the  nasal  passages  narrow,  the 
mouth  necessarily  opens  to  assist  respiration,  but  this  method  of 
breathing  is  a  reversion  to  animal  methods.  Those  animals  that 
have  thick  coats  of  hair  cannot  assist  the  lungs  by  "  skin-breathing," 
as  perspiration  has  been  denominated ;  hence,  they  loll  out  the 
tongue  and  assist  the  lungs,  and  relieve  the  nose  by  "panting,"  as 
is  observed  in  dogs  and  all  of  the  carnivorous  animals. 

Deep  breathing  stands  in  close  relationship  to  high  thinking, 
for,  as  we  have  noted,  most  idiots  and  persons  relatively  imma- 
ture or  unintellectual  breathe  with  the  mouth  open.  The  latter 
drop  the  jaw  while  gazing  at  a  spectacle  or  at  the  sudden  and 
unexpected  appearance  of  an  individual. 

Country  bumpkins  and  clownish  rustics  at  a  play  or  circus  are 
often  observed  with  the  mouth  open  in  awed  wonderment,  and 
when  moved  to  laughter  respond  with  a  hoarse  or  hearty  "guffaw," 
while  the  mouth  is  stretched,  the  head  thrown  back,  and  the 
muscles  of  the  body  relaxed  in  all  the  abandonment  of  childish 
enjoyment. 

The  most  essential  factor  in  health,  usefulness,  and  longevity 
is  pure  air.  Proof  of  this  is  had  in  the  statistics  furnished  by  the 
reports  of  the  boards  of  health  of  all  large  towns  and  cities.  By 
these  reports  we  find  that  three-fourths  of  all  deaths  are  due  to 
diseases  of  the  respiratory  organs.  Nearly  all  throat  and  lung  dis- 
eases are  engendered  by  the  constant  inhalation  of  impure  air  and 
lack  of  ventilation,  particularly  in  sleeping-rooms,  where  we  pass 
at  least  one-third  of  our  lives.  Public  halls,  churches,  and  theatres 
are  open  to  the  same  charge,  and  in  these  the  majority  of  civilized 
people  pass  a  large  share  of  their  time.  Churches  should  set  a 
better  example,  for,  as  to  inhale  pure  air  is  the  first  law  of  God,  so 
religionists  of  all  creeds  should  make  the, observance  of  this  law 
of  paramount  importance.  Attempting  to  "  worship  God  "  in  an 
atmosphere  highly  charged  with  carbonic-acid  gas  and  the  vile 
emanations  from  decayed  teeth,  sore  throats,  torpid  livers,  and  foul 
stomachs  seems  a  strange  anomaly,  for  the  very  first  and  most 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  401 

important  clement  of  true  worship  is  lacking,  viz.,  bodily  purity. 
People  made  stupid  and  drowsy  by  the  inhalation  of  a  vitiated  at- 
mosphere are  not  in  a  condition  to  become  moral,  much  less  spir- 
itual ;  hence,  I  assert  that  the  first  duty  of  religionists  is  to  have  a 
constant  supply  of  pure  air  in  their  places  of  worship. 

Let  us  examine  briefly  the  methods  by  which  weak  lungs  and 
throats  are  developed.  In  one  generation  we  will  suppose  that  the 
parents  remain  chiefly  in-doors,  passing  their  hours  of  amusement 
and  relaxation  in  music-halls,  theatres,  museums,  etc.,  instead  of 
in  the  open  air ;  suppose  that  they  also  sleep  in  close  rooms,  and 
that  their  sitting-room  is  not  properly  ventilated ;  suppose  that 
these  parents  neglect  all  gymnastic  exercises  calculated  to  enlarge 
the  lungs,  and  that  the  mother  laces  her  corsets  and  thus  contracts 
her  lung-power ;  suppose  this  course  is  continued  for  two  genera- 
tions,— what  can  we  look  for  as  the  resitlt  but  offspring  who  are 
afflicted  with  bronchitis,  consumption,  narrow  lungs,  delicate  health, 
a  weakened  will,  and  little  power  to  oppose  immorality  and  scarce 
any  to  uphold  morality]  For  the  great  moral  efforts  of  life  are  not 
made  by  invalids,  nor  by  narrow-chested,  pinched-nosed  individuals. 
This  sort  sometimes  figure  in  the  Sunday-school  books  as  dying 
early,  leaving  behind  them  memories  of  an  abnormal  capacity  for 
committing  Bible  texts  to  memory,  and  a  longing  to  drop  their 
poor,  weakly  tenements  of  clay  to  shine  in  realms  where  they  will 
have  no  poor,  weakly  body  to  struggle  with. 

Love  of  life  is  one  manifestation  of  Pneumativeness,  but  those 
born  with  narrow  nostrils  and  flat  chests  are  denied  the  great 
pleasure  which  those  enjoy  who  have  a  strong  hold  upon  life. 
Large-lunged  people  take  a  positive  enjoyment  in  the  mere  act  of 
breathing,  provided  it  be  in  a  pure  atmosphere.  I  have  been  told 
by  such  persons  that  the  mere  act  of  breathing  by  the  ocean-side 
or  upon  a  mountain-top  gave  them  supreme  enjoyment.  I  have 
experienced  this  pleasure  myself,  and  I  can  testify  that  the  inhala- 
tion of  pure  air  in  copious  draughts  gives  one  a  feeling  of  being 
fn«/>iredi  and  this  capacity  for  fitting  the  huiys  with  a  large  quan- 
tity of  the  purest  constituent  in  the  universe  certainly  leads  to  high 
and  noble  thoughts,  to  lofty  endeavor,  and  moral  achievement.  No 
other  material  can  so  shape  and  mold  nobility  of  character.  That 
the  reader  may  be  quite  sure  that  this  assertion  is  founded  in  truth, 
let  him  examine  the  noses  and  chests  of  those  who  have  been  emi- 
nent in  great  moral  and  philanthropic  enterprises,  and  he  will  be 
convinced  that  this  statement  is  based  on  incontrovertible  evidence. 
Look,  for  example,  at  the  physiognomies  and  bodily  contour  of 
Martin  Luther.  John  Howard,  Peter  Cooper,  Florence  Nightingale, 
Wilberforce,  Elizabeth  Fry,  Froebel,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  and 

26 


40'2  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

he  will  become  convinced  that  large  lungs,  broad  nostrils,  and 
high  noses  have  a  direct  influence  upon  moral  conduct  and  noble 
aspirations.  To  prove  that  the  opposite  of  these  appearances  de- 
notes just  the  reverse  of  these  characteristics,  let  him  examine  the 
same  number  of  persons  who  possess  flat  chests,  flat  and  narrow 
nostrils,  and  compare  their  actions  witli  those  of  the  former,  and 
he  will  add  to  the  burden  of  proof  in  favor  of  lung-development. 

It  will  not  do  to  ascribe  to  the  size  of  the  brat' it.  or  width  of 
the  forehead  all  the  power  which  the  former  class  of  people  have 
manifested.  An  examination  of  many  large-brained,  small-lunged 
persons  will  prove  that  they  are  mcapdble  of  great  efforts  of  any 
kind,  and  that  if  they  lead  tolerably  moral  lives  it  is  because  they 
have  inherited  a  fine  quality  of  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  and 
are  thus  lovers  of  purity.  Then,  too,  such  persons  do  not  possess 
sufficient  strength  to  be  actively  immoral,  not  having  sufficient  con- 
stitution to  indulge  greatly  in  depleting  vices.  Brain-power  and 
pure  intellect  may  lead  to  great  mental  efforts,  but  morality  is  de- 
pendent upon  other  constituents,  and  these  are  primary  element*, 
either  watery  or  gaseous,  which  in  their  very  construction  are  com- 
posed largely  of  simple  and  pure  organic  materials ;  hence,  it  is 
necessary  to  morality  that  the  lungs,  the  fluid  circulation,  and  the 
kidney  system  should  be  normal  and  of  superior  strength  and 
vigor.  One  might  fill  a  large  volume  on  this  subject,  and  yet  not 
give  it  one-half  the  consideration  which  it  deserves. 

Let  us  examine  briefly  the  elements  which  compose  man's 
body,  and  we  shall  find  that  the  larger  part  of  them  is  either 
watery  or  gaseous ;  nearly  three-fourths  is  water.  The  lungs,  if 
of  normal  size,  must  take  in  a  very  large  amount  of  atmospheric  air. 
It  is  stated  in  Dalton's  "  Physiology  "  that  "  the  entire  daily  quan- 
tity of  air  used  in  respiration  is  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  cubic 
feet."  Add  this  amount  to  the  nearly  three-fourths  of  water,  and 
we  shall  learn  how  greatly  we  are  indebted  to  very  attenuated  sub- 
stances for  all  the  processes  of  life,  and  also  that  these  materials 
are  composed  of  the  lightest,  most  abundant,  and  purest  of  all  the 
substances  upon  the  earth.  Three-fourths  of  the  earth's  surface  is 
water,  and  the  earth  is  surrounded  by  air  extending  outwardly 
from  its  surface  to  a  distance  of  forty-five  miles.  Nearly  three- 
fourths  of  man's  body  is  composed  of  water.  Another  large  pro- 
portion is  composed  of  air  (by  constant  respiration).  Thus,  it  will 
be  observed  that,  in  the  matter  of  air  and  water  as  parts  of  our 
organic  whole,  we  cannot  be  too  careful  in  obtaining  our  full  supply, 
both  as  regards  quantity  ami  (/utility.  Pure  air  and  pure  water 
are  thus  shown  to  be  the  most  essential  things  of  life.  Any  system 
of  religion  or  ethics  which  ignores  this  truth  is  fundamentally 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  403 

defective,  and  will  not  exist  for  long  after  the  intelligence  of  the 
masses  is  led  to  comprehend  these  basilar  and  inexorable  laws  of 
•God  and  Nature. 

Great  energy  of  mind  and  body  is  in  direct  relationship  with 
the  capacity  for  deep  and  profound  breathing.  Those  animals  and 
men  that  have  the  best  breathing  apparatus  are  found  to  be  more 
talented,  energetic,  aspiring,  hopeful,  animated,  vivacious,  spirited, 
.and  inspiring  than  those  who  possess  feeble  powers  of  respiration. 
Hence  it  is  that  the  inhabitants  of  northern  latitudes  are  charac- 
terized by  more  energy  and  originality  than  those  who  are  born 
and  reared  in  tropical  climes,  Individuals  with  large  respiratory 
systems  are  also  more  moral  and  more  capable  of  moral  efforts 
than  those  with  feeble  respiration,  for  the  reason  that  the  air,  being 
the  purest  element  in  Nature,  would  naturally  create  purer  con- 
ditions the  more  of  this  constituent  there  was  taken  into  the  system. 
I  do  not  mean  by  this  assertion  that  the  savages  of  Africa  would, 
by  the  inhalation  of  great  quantities  of  pure  air,  exhibit  more 
morality  than  a  weak-lunged  German  or  Englishman  ;  but,  gra</c 
for  grade,  he  who  has  the  best  breathing  power,  and  who  inhales 
the  most  pure  air,  is  certainly  more  elevated  and  more  capable  of 
morality  than  one  of  the  same  grade  in  evolution  who  possesses 
small  lungs,  and  whose  life  is  passed  in  the  slums  of  a  great  city 
or  in  the  miasmatic  swamps  of  Africa.  If  this  be  true,  would  not 
the  gospel  of  pure  air  and  large  lungs  conduce  as  much  to  morality 
a,s  a  belief  in  any  scheme  of  salvation  by  faith  ?  Morality  is  the 
better  part  of  true  religion,  and  no  mere  sentimental  or  emotional 
state  of  mind  can  take  the  place  of  it.  I  have  known  persons  who 
considered  themselves  very  "  spiritual  "  who  were  very  untruthful 
tfiid  mercenary,  and  I  thought  how  much  more  common  honesty 
and  truthfulness  would  benefit  them  and  their  associates  than  so 
much  superfluous  sentimentality. 

Large  lungs  create  cheerfulness,  higli-'mindednesa,  am/  a/>//ift/ 
for  leadership)  and  command.  Observe  the  high  noses,  broad  nos- 
trils, and  arched  chests  of  all  the  great  commanders,  pioneers, 
adventurers,  and  discoverers.  Not  one  exhibits  a  small  nose,  knife- 
blade-like  nostrils,  and  a  sunken  chest;  on  the  contrary,  they  all 
exhibit  fine  breathing  powers  and  a  pure  red  and  white  or  clear 
complexion.  These  appearances  are  indicative  of  health  and  purity, 
and  can  be  imparted  to  others  only  by  those  who  possess  them. 

Bright,  fresh  color  and  clearness  of  tli<-  *kin  ami  <'//<'«  are 
derived  mainly  from  the  action  of  the  air  in  the  lungs,  and  these 
natural  beauties  are  most  commonly  observed  in  those  who  possess 
the  best  lung-power.  An  excellent  way  for  the  pallid  belle  to 
obtain  the  bloom  of  health  and  an  attractive  magnetism  is  to 


404:  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

spend  some  time  every  day  at  the  bars  of  a  gymnasium,  and  in 
walking,  rowing,  swimming,  or  gardening  in  the  open  air. 
"Bloom  of  youth,"  health,  and  attractiveness  are  not  obtained 
from  the  apothecary's  bottles;  neither  is  religion  shut  up  in  a 
church.  All  these  are  to  be  found  in  Nature's  grand  pharma- 
copeia, and  are  free  to  all  her  children  if  they  will  but  make  an 
i /t ft //i</<'»t  application  of  her  laws.  Ignorance  is  opposed  to 
religion,  health,  beauty,  morality,  and  all  goodness.  Knowledge 
of  God's  laws  as  revealed  by  Nature  will  give  us  all  these,  for  the 
"truth  shall  make  us  free,"  indeed. 

KeemK'xx  of  sensation  and  activity,  both  of  mind  and  body, 
are  derived  principally  from  good  breathing  powers,  for  these  give 
purity  to  the  blood,  and,  if  the  brain  and  nervous  system  are 
replenished  -with  pure  blood,  the  capacity  for  thinking  is  thereby 
enhanced;  hence,  also,  the  sensations  and  perceptions  will  be 
more  acute,  and,  as  the  body  always  moves  in  accordance  with  the 
rate  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  so  the  movements  of  the 
body 'will  be  rapid  and  accurate.  Rapidity  and  accuracy  of  move- 
ment are  essential  in  many  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  those 
who  are  thus  characterized  are  capable  of  greater  usefulness  and 
are  more  likely  to  attain  excellence  and  eminence  than  those 
whose  circulation  is  sluggish  and  movements  uncertain. 

Acuteness  of  scent  is  one  of  the  greatest  preservatives  of  life 
and  health,  and  the  better  the  power  for  breathing,  the  better  we 
shall  be  able  to  protect  ourselves  from  noxious  gases  and  effluvia, 
and  from  harmful,  stale,  and  injurious  foods.  Those  animals  that 
possess  the  highest  noses,  broadest  nostrils,  and  the  largest  chests 
are  the  best  endowed  with  the  faculty  of  scent.  The  carnivorous 
animals  and  the  rapacious  classes  of  birds  are  distinguished  above 
all  others  in  this  direction,  and  the  latter  exhibit  long,  high,  and 
broad  beaks  just  where  the  nasal  openings  are  situated.  The 
horse  breathes  exclusively  through  the  nostrils,  hence  is  dependent 
upon  wide  nostrils  and  wide  nasal  passages  for  his  ability  to  sus- 
tain prolonged  or  violent  locomotion.  The  race-horse  is  dis- 
tinguished above  others  for  width  of  chest,  wide  nostrils,  and 
width  between  the  eyes,  the  last-mentioned  facial  sign  denoting 
width  of  the  nasal  passages  at  the  upper  part,  as  well  as  a  broad 
intelligence.  The  horse  which  can  sustain  the  most  violent  and  pro- 
longed efforts  wins  the  race,  provided  that  he  possesses  also  a  high 
nervous  organization,  for  nerve  and  wind  are  the  essential  factors  in 
successful  horse-racing.  No  matter  how  superior  the  muscular 
organization  of  a  horse  may  be,  if  he  is  lacking  in  breathing  power, 
or  that  peculiar  quality  of  nerve  which  imparts  keenness  and 
quickness  to  his  movements,  and  unless  he  is  able  to  endure  the 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  405 

great  demands  made  upon  him  by  the  strain  and  excitement  of  the 
race-course  and  training,  he  will  fail,  for  muscle  alone  will  not  win 
the  race.  It  is  erroneously  held  by  many  that  a  person  who  pos- 
sesses a  high  nervous  organization  is  unable  to  contend  with 
excitements  and  to  stand  up  under  the  great  crises  and  struggles 
of  life.  A  fine  and  sound  nervous  system  is  just  the  thing  to 
endure,  without  flinching,  the  greatest  excitements.  The  race- 
horse, among  animals,  is  proof  of  this.  It  is  true  that  when  a 
naturally  fine  nervous  system  becomes  impaired  by  too  great  a 
strain  upon  it,  its  possessor  will  become  a  great  sufferer,  but  so 
long  as  it  retains  its  normal  condition  no  merely  muscular  person 
can  endure  as  much  excitement  and  as  great  an  amount  of  mental 
strain  and  mental  labor.  This  phenomena  was  well  tested  during 
the  last  war  by  contrasting  the  behavior  of  the  men  from  the 
country  with  those  from  the  city.  It  was  thought  that  the  city 
men,  not  having  the  muscle  of  the  men  from  the  country,  and  not 
being  so  accustomed  to  hard  manual  labor,  would  naturally  suc- 
cumb to  the  fatigues  incident  to  the  campaign ;  but  the  result 
proved  that,  with  all  their  muscular  development  and  ability  for 
hard  work,  they  could  not  stand  the  excitement  of  the  battle-field 
as  well  as  the  city  men,  whose  more  sensitive  nervous  systems  were 
inured  to  the  rush  and  whiii  of  every-day  city  life,  with  its  exciting 
fires,  mobs,  processions,  theatres,  and  social  festivities. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  function  of  Pneumativeness  is 
represented  in  the  brain.  Presiding  as  it  does  over  the  most 
important  functions  of  life,  it  must  have  a  strong  representation 
there;  indeed,  as  I  have  elsewhere  stated,  the  brain  is  functional 
of  the  whole  body.  The  function  and  faculty  of  scent  can  be 
traced  directly  to  the  brain  from  the  olfactory  ganglia  situated 
above  the  root  of  the  nose,  where  it  is  protected  from  injury  or 
destruction  by  its  sheltered  position,  for,  were  the  external  nose  to 
be  entirely  amputated,  the  sense  of  scent  would  still  remain  to  a 
great  extent,  and  thus  protect  the  lungs  and  stomach  from  noxious 
gases  and  injurious  food.  On  this  point  Dr.  Cross  remarks: — 

The  nasal  apparatus  is  the  porch  of  respiration,  and  the  sense  of  smell 
is  the  sentry;  hence, it  maybe  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  that  atmospheric 
air  is  wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  its  smell  is  agreeable  or 
disagreeable.  As  odorous  effluvia  tend  upward,  so  t lie  nose  comes  to  be 
percipient  of  substances  entering  the  mouth;  and  it  is  found  that  food  is 
wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  the  smell  is  grateful  or  ungrate- 
ful. The  sense  of  smell,  therefore,  is  superintendent  of  the  breath  and 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  food.  The  nose,  then,  stands  in  a  double 
relation, — in  the  relation  of  porch  and  sentinel  to  the  lungs,  and  in  the 
relation  of  assistant  sentinel  to  the  stomach  and  assistant  forager  to  the 
month.  The  nose,  in  its  capacity  of  giving  pa->age  to  the  breath,  indicates 
energy  in  general,  and,  in  its  capacity  of  assisting  and  watching  over  the 


406  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

interests  of  tin-  alimentary  organ,  indicates  the  external  application  of  this 
eneruv  toward  the  acquirement  of  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  life. 
The' larger  the  nostrils,  the  greater  must  be  the  current  of  breath,  and, 
consequently, the  more  energetic  the  individual.  As  breath  is  indispensable 
to  life.  N:iiuiv  lias  made  more  orifices  than  one  into  the  lungs.  The  nostrils, 
however,  are  the  proper  entrance  for  the  breath,  and  the  more  the  breath 
paxes  through  them,  the  more  genuine  is  the  energy  and  the  more  does  it 
pursue  an  active  channel;  whereas  the  more  the  breath  passes  through  the 
mouth,  the  more  does  the  energy  take  a  passive  channel  and  expend  itself 
in  appetites  and  passions.  Hence,  openness  of  mouth,  much  speech,  and 
much  blustering  are  no  tokens  of  either  energy  or  courage.* 

Of  the  sense  of  scent  Dr.  Cross  observes : — 

The  nose  could  smell  without  the  projecting  part,  though  by  no  means 
so  acutely  or  so  determinately  in  the  same  way  as  a  person  could  hear, 
though  not  so  distinctly,  without  external  ears.  As  the  duty  of  the  auricle 
is  to  collect  the  rays  of  sound,  so  the  duty  \>f  the  external  nose  is  to  collect 
the  odorous  effluvia.  As  physiognomical  indications  are  more  favorable  in 
proportion  as  the  construction  of  organs  is  more  suitable  for  the  perform- 
ance of  functions,  so  the  more  this  nasal  prominence  is  calculated  for  catch- 
ing odorous  effluvia  and  conveying  them  to  the  nerve  of  smell,  the  better 
shall  be  the  practical  application  of  the  predaceons  energy. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  the  faculty  of  Pneumativeness  creates  the 
faculty  of  judging  of  odors  and  atmospheres,  hence  those  who  are 
the  best  endowed  in  this  respect  will  be  the  most  capable  in  the 
matter  of  ventilation,  and  in  this  way  large  Pneumativeness 
directly  promotes  the  capacity  for  discriminating  between  pure  and 
impure  air.  As  a  rule,  small-nosed  persons  are  not  as  good 
judges  of  atmospheres  as  those  with  large,  broad  noses;  neither  do 
they  seem  to  suffer  as  much  discomfort  while  inhaling  the  air 
of  close  rooms  and  crowded  assemblies.  Those  who  possess  large 
lungs  poison  very  quickly  in  a  crowded  assembly  from  inhalation 
of  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  arises  from  the  exhalations  of  the 
crowd,  because  they  inhale  more  poison  in  a  given  time  than  do 
those  with  smaller  lungs.  In  man,  as  in  the  animal,  breadth  of 
nose  and  nostril  gives  keenness  of  scent  by  reason  of  the  more 
extensive  ramification  of  the  olfactory  nerve,  for,  as  in  nerve  dis- 
tribution the  more  the  nerve  is  spread  out  upon  a  surface  the 
greater  is  its  capacity  for  receiving  sensations,  noses  which  are 
broad  at  the  junction  with  the  forehead,  as  well  as  broad  at 
the  nostrils,  are  the  best  endowed  in  respect  to  the  function  of 
scent. 

A  fine  illustration  of  the  great  differences  in  the  sense  of  scent 
can  be  had  by  observation  and  comparison  of  the  noses  of  the 
blood-hound  and  bull-dog,  on  one  side,  and  of  the  greyhound,  on 
Jthe  other.  The  former  are  wonderfully  acute.  The  blood-hound's 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  upon  Scientific  Principles,  p.  214  et  scq. 


PNEUMATIVENESS.  407 

sense  of  scent  is  so  greatly  developed  that  it  is  used  to  trace  crimi- 
nals by  the  use  of  this  scent  alone,  for,  once  having  smelled  any 
article  belonging  to  the  suspected  person,  it  can  follow  miles  over 
rough  countries  and  keep  up  the  trace  and  detect  the  individual 
by  the  peculiarity  of  his  personal  odor;  while  the  greyhound's 
nose  is  so  narrow  that  the  nasal  nerves  have  no  room  for  proper 
development,  and  this  is  true  of  many  other  animals.  Persons 
with  long,  thin,  narrow  noses  and  pinched  nostrils  make  very  poor 
cooks  because  not  sensitive  in  the  matter  of  odors,  just  as  thin- 
lipped  people  are  insensitive  to  flavors  through  lack  of  space  for 
the  nerves  of  taste  to  ramify.  Let  it  be  understood,  however,  that 
quality  always  takes  precedence  of  mere  size  in  all  functions  and 
faculties.  I  have  known  some  very  fine  caterers  and  cooks  who 
exhibited  long  noses,  with  only  average-sized  nostrils  and  rela- 
tively thin  lips,  who  were  cooks  of  a  high  order ;  yet,  those  persons 
were  endowed  with  fine  and  sensitive  nervous  organizations, 
and  thus  high  quality  assisted  their  gastronomical  and  culinary 
efforts. 

A  great  deal  of  the  sense  of  flavor  or  taste  is  due  to  the  assist- 
ance rendered  by  the  sense  of  smell,  for  the  nose  perceives  odors 
before  the  tongue  and  lips  sense  them,  for  the  reason  that  odors, 
perfumes,  and  effluvia  are  more  subtle,  hence  more  quickly  recog- 
nized than  flavors.  Part  of  the  pleasure  of  taste  is  due  to  the 
agreeableness  of  scent.  Our  food  would  not  give  us  one-half  of 
the  enjoyment  which  we  would  otherwise  derive  from  it,  for  the  full 
effect  of  substances  is  not  obtained  until  they  are  actually  swal- 
lowed; while  the  sense  of  smell  perceives  them  and  derives  pleas- 
ure and  satisfaction  from  them,  even  if  never  tasted,  although  the 
sense  of  smell  and  the  inhalation  of  agreeable  odors  would  not 
nourish  the  body,  as  they  are  entirely  too  attenuated.  This 
thought  reminds  me  of  an  anecdote  told  of  a  traveller,  who,  being 
very  hungry  and  possessed  of  little  means,  stopped  in  front  of  a 
pastry-cook's  establishment,  and  for  a  long  time  inhaled  and  en- 
joyed the  odors  of  the  cooking  going  on  within.  Upon  preparing 
to  depart,  he  informed  the  cook  that  he  was  as  much  satisfied  with 
the  odors  as  if  he  had  eaten  a  good  meal,  whereupon  the  cook 
seized  him  and  demanded  payment  for  his  meal.  This  he  resisted, 
and,  as  they  could  not  agree,  they  decided  to  leave  the  case  to  the 
judgment  of  the  first  man  who  passed.  He  chanced  to  be  a 
foolish  sort  of  a  fellow,  but  he,  witli  a  Solomon-like  sense  of  jus- 
tice, decided  that  the  traveller  should  take  out  his  coins  and  jingle 
them  in  the  ears  of  the  cook,  and  that  he  should  be  as  satisfied  by 
the  sound  of  the  coins  as  the  traveller  was  with  the  smell  of  the 
food ! 


408  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  pneumogastric  nerve  controls  the  function  of  respiration 
and  connects  the  lungs  with  the  function  of  nutrition,  with  the 
stomach,  heart,  spleen,  gall-bladder,  and  liver.  This  close  connec- 
tion of  the  two  principal  functions  of  life  teaches  us  that  they  bear  a 
most  important  relation  to  each  other.  The  blood  must  receive  its 
proper  share  of  aliment  from  the  stomach,  and  the  blood  thus  cre- 
ated must  receive  sufficient,  oxygen  while  passing  through  the 
lungs  in  order  to  sustain  the  brain  and  replenish  the  tissues. 
When  either  of  these  conditions  are  lacking  the  mind  takes  cogni- 
zance of  it,  and  the  efforts  of  both  body  and  mind  are  correspond- 
ingly impaired.  The  pneumogastric  nerve  has  a  large  representa- 
tion in  tire  brain,  and  this  interaction  of  many  organic  functions 
with  cerebral  consciousness  reveals  to  us  the  immense  importance 
of  pure  air  and  good  nourishment  to  mental  efforts.  The  presence 
or  absence  of  these  two  factors  can  be  readily  detected  by  observa- 
tion of  the  facial  and  bodily  signs  of  Pneumativeness. 

To  remedy  defective  Pneumativeness  one  should  avoid  crowded 
assemblies,  sleep  and  live  in  ventilated  apartments,  pass  much  time 
out-of-doors,  and  increase  the  size  and  capacity  of  the  lungs  by  gym- 
nastic exercises,  improve  the  quality  of  the  blood  by  good  food, 
tone  up  the  nervous  system  by  avoiding  all  stimulants,  such  as  tea, 
coffee,  and  spirits,  and  secure  plenty  of  sleep.  All  of  these  func- 
tions are  mutually  dependent,  and  failure  of  one  involves  injury  to 
the  others. 

The  principal  facial  signs  of  Pneumativeness — the  nose  and 
large  nostrils — are  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  face,  and  are  thus 
suggestive  of  its  high  importance.  Its  location  above  the  mouth 
makes  it  the  sentinel  of  the  lungs,  while  the  heart,  brain,  and 
stomach  are  directly  influenced  by  its  action.  Its  secondary  signs 
corroborate  all  of  these  relations  to  all  of  the  viscera. 


GLANDULAR  AND  ARTERIAL  SYSTEM. 
COLOR. 

Definition. — The  capacity  for  distinguishing  colors,  tints,  hues, 
and  shades ;  ability  for  applying  colors  harmoniously  iii  art,  sci- 
ence, and  mechanical  trades ;  talent  for  painting  and  dyeing;  com- 
prehension of  colors  scientifically,  as  in  the  use  of  the  spectro- 
scope. The  highest  use  of  this  faculty  is  scientific,  and  gives 
ability  to  comprehend  the  differences  existing  between  the  several 
sources  of  light  arid  the  several  uses  of  the  various  spectra,  viz., 
the  chemical  spectrum,  chromatic  spectrum,  ocular  spectrum,  solar 
spectrum,  and  of  the  spectrum  analysis  and  thermal  spectrum. 


COLOR.  .        409 

An  excess  of  color  in  the  human  organism  would  hardly  be 
considered  abnormal,  unless  a  Caucasian  took  on  the  color  of  an 
African.  A  bright  and  fresh,  clear-red  color  of  the  cheeks  is 
always  indicative  of  thorough  oxygenation  of  the  blood,  and  is 
therefore  normal,  healthy,  and  to  be  desired.  Where  the  com- 
plexion of  the  face  assumes  a  dark-red  color  inflammatory  or 
febrile  action  is  denoted.  Where  it  is  of  a  purplish  hue  apo- 
plectic tendencies  are  indicated.  Where  the  gums  and  the  color 
of  the  face  assume  a  dark  and  inky  aspect  disease  of  the  heart  is 
present. 

A  deficiency  of  color  in  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  of  the 
human  races,  and  in  plants  and  animals,  denotes  a  lack  of  vigor, 
power,  strength,  and  beaMty. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs.- — Decided  color  of  the  complexion, 
eyes,  eyebrows,  and  hair  are  the  principal  facial  signs  of  the  pres- 
ence of  the  color-sense.  Clearness  of  the  skin  is  another  indication, 
and  the  veins  showing  plainly  through  the  skin  still  another  sign 
of  susceptibility  to  the  impressions  made  by  colors. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  COLOR. — Those  of  my  readers  who  may  have 
imbibed  the  phrenological  notion  that  the  faculty  of  Color,  or  the 
color-sense,  in  the  individual  is  disclosed  by  the  form  of  a  certain 
part  of  the  eyebrows,  and  caused  by  an  "organ  "  of  the  brain  at  this 
place,  would  do  well  to  analyze  the  sources  of  color  and  its  action 
and  method  of  distribution  in  the  human  organism  before  placing 
too  much  reliance  upon  form  as  the  indicator  of  color.  This  fal- 
lacy is  no  more  absurd  than  is  that  of  inspecting  the  development 
of  the  frontal  lone  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  tune  or  music  in  an 
individual.  Forms  do  not  indicate  color  ;  neither  does  bone  reveal 
the  ability  for  musical  expression.  As  well  examine  the  elbow  for 
the  faculty  of  Imagination  as  to  look  at  the  shape  of  the  skull  for 
indications  of  the  color-sense. 

The  arching  of  the  eyebrow,  which  is  set  down  in  works  on 
phrenology  as  the  sign  for  Color,  is  caused  by  the  <•  arcing  of  the 
muscles,  and  is  one  indication  of  artistic  capacity,  viz.,  the 
capacity  for  producing  curved  forms.  It  is  seen  in  the  faces  of 
many  great  artists  in  adult  life,  and  I  have  often  observed  this 
peculiarity  of  formation  in  the  physiognomies  of  those  deficient  in 
the  sense  of  Color,  and  in  others  partially  color-blind,  but  with 
ability  to  draw  curved  forms  and  run  machinery.  On  the  other 
hand,  I  have  observed  a  very  high  and  marked  degree  of  the  color- 
sense  in  many  whose  eyebrows  were  perfectly  horizontal ;  yet  these 
subjects  exhibited  fine  and  clear  complexions  of  red  and  white,  or 
red  and  olive,  together  with  well-colored  eyes  and  hair.  Color,  as 
remarked  elsewhere  in  these  pages,  is  created  by  the  action  of  the 


410 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


glands  iii  extracting  the  elements  of  color  from  the  foods  taken 
into  the  stomach,  and  also  by  the  action  of  air  upon  the  blood 
as  it  passes  through  the  lungs;  hence,  it  is  palpably  absurd 
to  look  for  color-signs  in  any  particular  form  of  feature  or  of 
the  body. 

Color  is  a  primitive  faculty,  and  is  found  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree  in  all  animals  that  breathe,  and  in  all  vegetation  which  is 
exposed  to  the  sun  and  air.  It  is  a  part  of  the  entire  organism, 
and  is  exhibited  in  infancy,  both  in  the  body  and  face,  and  is 

shown  by  the  love  of  bright 

colors. 

George    Combe    says 

as  follows : — 

Dr.  Gall  "  discovered  'r 
this  "  organ  "  by  comparing^to- 
gether  the  heads  of  painters 
distinguished  for  coloring.  In 
a  collection  of  portraits  of 
both  male  and  female  artists 
who  had  distinguished  them- 
selves in  this  department  of 
art  the  region  immediately 
above  the  middle  of  the  eye- 
brows was  extremely  promi- 
nent.* 

As  in  all  natural  ar- 
tists, the  muscular  is  one 
of  the  dominant  systems. 
It  shows  by  a  wide  space 
between  the  eye  and  brow, 
and  by  an  arched  appear- 
ance of  the  eyes,  eyebrows, 
and  other  portions  of  the 
body ;  hence,  the  curving 
upward  of  the  centre  of  the 
eyebrows  in  this  class  of 
subjects  is  caused  by  the /orm  which  the  muscle  creates.  Now,  in 
natural  mechanics  the  opposite  appearance  is  observed;  the  bones 
of  the  superciliary  ridge  project  and  are  drawn  down  close  to  the 
eyes,  and  produce  an  angular  or  horizontal  form  to  the  eyebrows, 
regardless  of  the  color  of  the  individual.  I  have  remarked  in 
some  eminent  musicians  the  most  exquisite  color-sense,  but  in  these 
cases  the  complexion  was  of  the  most  brilliant  description. 

Colors  of  various  hues  are  found  in  every  form  and  shape  in 

*  ("ombe's  lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  237.     New  York,  1871. 


FIG.  46.— MARIA  ANGELICA  KAITFFMANN. 

(HISTORICAL  AND   PORTRAIT  PAINTER.) 

Born  in  Switzerland,  1741.  Principal  facial  Sign, 
vivid  color  in  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion.  The  law 
of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  physiog- 
nomy. All  the  signs  of  artistic  capacity  are  present  in 
this  lovely  face.  A  fine  domestic  nature  is  a  good  foun- 
dation for  artistic  ability,  and  in  this  face  we  see  that 
the  signs  of  Amativeness,  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home, 
of  Young;,  and  Country  are  well  developed.  The  curve 
predominates  and  is  seen  in  the  oval  of  the  cheeks  and 
chin,  in  the  outlines  of  the  lips,  the  cheeks,  the  eyes, 
and  eyebrows ;  even  the  hair  is  wavy ;  these,  altogether, 
indicate  the  ability  to  reproduce  "curves  in  external 
works  of  art.  The  color-sense  is  of  the  highest,  while 
Analysis,  O'onstructiveness,  Ideality,  Acquisitiveness, 
Sublimity,  Imitation,  Locality,  Language,  Music,  Form, 
Size,  Order,  and  Intuition  are  well  defined. 


COLOR. 


411 


Color  is  as 
as     widely 
throughout 


organic  and  inorganic  life, — in  every  mineral,  vegetable,  and 
animal  in  existence, — and,  although  color  as  it  comes  to  us  in 
white  light  describes  a  wave-like  form  or  motion  (caused  by  its 
vibrations  through  the  ether  or  atmosphere),  its  form  does  not 
reveal  the  several  chemical  constituents  which  cause  its  color; 
hence,  we  are  able  to  confidently  assert  that,  in  order  to  ascertain 
the  amount  of  color  in  a  given  organism,  we  must  look  not  to  any 
particular  form  for  this  knowledge,  but  to  the  source  and  general 
distribution  of  color  throughout  the  object  under  observation. 

universal  and 

distributed 

Nature  as  is 
Form.  Its  action  and  ef- 
fect are  simply  illimitable. 
It  permeates  and  pervades 
all  things.  The  white 
light  of  the  atmosphere  is 
a  combination  of  all  the 
colors  known  to  man,  and 
by  their  chemical  blen dings 
produce  the  light  which 
appears  to  us  colorless  or 
white.  We  are  enveloped 
in  a  sea  of  color,  and 
actually  bathe  in  it.  What 
wonder,  then,  that  those 
who  live  much  out-of-doors 
should  be  permeated  with 
color  and  exhibit  it  in  their 
complexion,  eyes,  and  hair'? 
The  most  beautiful  colors 
displayed  in  animal  and 
insect  life  are  observed  in 
those  creatures  that  live 


FIG.  47.— HANS  HOLBEIN.     (GERMAN  PAINTER.) 

Born  1497.  Principal  facial  sign,  Color.  The  law  of 
the  curve  dominates  this  face,  with  a  suhdominance  of 
the  straight  line.  His  remarkable  combination  of  deep 
color  with  curves  proves  that  artists  are  born,  not  made. 
The  signs  for  the  basis  of  artistic  power  are  all  present, 
hence  we  find  Aniativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevo- 
lence, Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Hospitality,  Friend- 
ship, Alimentiveness,  and  Sanatiyem-ss  large.  Coming 
to  the  nose  we  see  the  signs  for  artistic  capacity — . 
Ideality,  Sublimity,  Analysis.  Human  Nature,  Con- 
structiveness,  Acquisitiveness.  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness,  and  Self-will — exceedingly  well  defined  ;  while 
Size,  Form,  Language.  <  'recleiioiveness.  Prescience, 
Memory  of  Events,  Locality,  Weight,  Time,  Order, 
Calculation,  and  Intuition  very  large,  and  altogether 
make  up  the  remarkable  face' of  a  justly  celebrated 
artist. 


entirely   in    the    open   air, 

and,  what  is  more  remarkable,  the  most  gorgeously  colored  of  all 
are  those  which  deal  professionally,  as  it  were,  in  colors,  viz.,  the 
butterflies,  birds,  and  insects  of  the  tropics.  Now,  this  peculiarity 
of  this  class  of  creatures  reveals  the  same  love  of  color  which 
characterizes  the  well-colored  human  being,  for  they  show  their 
possession  of  the  color-sense  in  precisely  the  same  manner  as  do 
artists  and  those  who  love  colors — by  always  seeking  them  out  and 
enjoying  them  in  flowers  and  bright  substances. 

Color  is  related  to  Pneumativeness,  or  the  breathing  faculty, 


41'2  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

for  the  blood  is  colored  by  the  air  as  it  passes  through  the  lungs. 
Color  is  also  related  to  the  glands,  which  extract  the  coloring 
matter  from  the  foods  taken  into  the  stomach.  I  therefore  regard 
the  glands  and  the  arterial  system  as  the  base  of  the  color-sense. 

Nothing  affords  one  possessed  of  the  color-sense  more  enjoy- 
ment than  to  ramble  through  fields  and  gardens  dressed  in  living 
green  and  dotted  with  many-lined  blossoms,  or  to  visit  an  aviary 
filled  with  the  bright-colored  warblers  of  the  tropics,  the  golden 
oriole,  the  pheasant,  the  paroquet,  the  parrot,  the  bird  of  Paradise, 
the  macaw,  the  lyre-bird,  the  sun-bird,  the  plume-bird,  the  hum- 
ming-bird (well-named  by  the  Indians  the  "  living  sunbeam") ;  or 
to  watch  the  sky  at  set  of  sun,  and  note  the  ever-changing  hues  of 
the  clouds  as  they  run  the  whole' gamut  of  colors,  shades,  and  tints, 
from  sombre  drab  and  violet  to  azure,  saffron,  vermilion,  purple, 
pink,  and  lavender,  and  to  the  gold  and  silver  hues  cast  by  the 
sun  and  rising  moon, — a  chromatic  symphony  costing  us  nothing, 
yet  filling  the  whole  being  with  exquisite  enjoyment  and  gratitude. 

Birds  and  brightly-colored  butterflies  seek  out  the  most 
brilliant-colored  flowers,  and  are  never  observed  dwelling  long  on 
those  which  lack  color.  These  classes  of  creatures  are  furnished 
with  apparatus  which  allows  a  free  circulation  of  air  through  their 
organisms,  and  this  intensifies  the  power  of  the  atmosphere  to  assist 
in  the  oxygenation  of  the  air  which  permeates  them.  The  bones 
of  birds  have  a  cellular  construction  which  aids  them  in  rising  in 
the  air,  as  well  as  assists  the  aeration  of  the  blood  and  also  pro- 
motes coloration  of  the  plumage.  Marsh-birds  are  dull-colored, 
and  nocturnal  birds  and  animals  are  never  so  brilliant  in  color  as 
those  which  spend  their  days  in  the  higher  atmospheres. 

Butterflies  and  certain  moths  and  beetles  possess  and  exhibit 
a  fine  aesthetic  sense  both  as  regards  Form  and  Color.  They  appear 
to  live  wholly  for  the  gratification  and  display  of  these  two  lacul- 
ties,  and  no  artist  has  ever  excelled  them  in  these  directions. 

A  high  cultivation  of  the  color-sense  is  a  rc/iytoux  dnt;/,  and 
all  parents  should  see  that  their  children  arc  instructed  in  this 
direction.  The  lives  of  thousands  are  dependent  upon  knowledge 
of  colors,  as  in  comprehending  the  signals  by  colored  lights  at  sea 
and  on  railways.  Boys,  particularly,  should  be  instructed  in  chro- 
matics, as  many  of  them  will  follow  professions  which  necessitate 
the  knowledge  of  colors.  Males  are  woefully  deficient  in  the  color- 
sen  sc  as  compared  to  females;  for  this  reason  boys  should  have 
#/>rr/(il  instruction  in  this  department  of  Nature.  Colors  are  inter- 
woven into  the  even-day  life  of  woman,  for  her  dress,  home  fur- 
nishing, and  decorations  all  contribute  to  develop  this  sense.  Add 
to  this  her  non-use  of  tobacco,  and  we  shall  see  the  cause  of  her 


COLOR.  413 

superiority  in  this  respect.  Any  habit  like  the  use  of  tobacco, 
pursued  for  generations  by  one  sex  alone,  becomes  a  permanent 
sex-attribute,  and  is  transmitted  to  that  particular  sex  mainly.  This 
accounts  for  the  inherited  deficiency  of  the  color-sense'  in  the  male. 
Woman's  finer  quality  also  gives  her  a  keener  sense  of  Color  and 
its  harmonies. 

One  of  the  best  aids  toward  cultivating  this  sense  is  exercise; 
in  the  open  air.  When  we  contrast  the  ruddy-cheeked  children 
of  the  farmer  with  the  poor  little  pallid-faced  denizens  of  the  slums 
of  great  cities  we  know  that  fresh  air  has  in  the  first  instance  con- 
tributed both  power  and  beauty.  No  beauty  of  form  or  regularity 
of  feature  can  compensate  for  the  absence  of  healthy  color,  nor 
redeem  a  skin  pimpled  or  blotched.  A  woman  possessed  of  a 
brilliant  complexion  has  always  in  combination  a  purity  of  blood 
and  vigor  of  thought  and  movement,  which  pallid  and  colorless 
persons  lack.  In  my  estimation,  a  fine  complexion  and  good  color 
of  hair  and  eyes  constitute  the  chief  beauty  of  the  human  race,  for 
so  much  more  is  involved  and  included  in  this  quality  than  in 
any  other  single  trait.  A  good  complexion  is  not  made  nor  pre- 
served by  veils  and  cosmetics.  A  good  color,  like  religion,  comes 
from  within,  not  from  without.  A  wholesome  diet,  with  plenty  of 
out-door  exercise,  such  as  gardening,  walking,  rowing,  bathing, 
'swimming,  and  skating,  will  do  more  toward  creating  and  pre- 
serving a  good  complexion  than  all  the  veils  and  cosmetics  in  the 
world. 

The  color  of  the  face  reveals  permanent  and  temporary,  as 
well  as  pathognomonic,  conditions  of  the  system.  Each  distinct 
disease  is  characterized  by  peculiarities  of  color  of  the  several 
features  of  the  face,  body,  and  hands.  Physicians  recognize  this 
principle  and  regard  color-changes  as  symptomatic  of  certain  dis- 
eased or  abnormal  conditions.  This  branch  of  color  will  be  noted 
in  "Signs  of  Health  and  Disease." 

A  very  great  confusion  exists  in  the  minds  of  many  in  regard 
to  the  designation  and  classification  of  colors  of  the  several  com- 
plexions. I  will  here  give  a  description  of  the  colors  of  the  com- 
plexion, hair,  and  eyes,  together  with  their  proper  designations. 

Those  persons  possessed  of  fair  hair,  nearly  white,  with  whit- 
ish skin,  almost  colorless  or  pinkish  eyes,  and  white  or  whitish 
lashes,  I  term  Albinos.  Those  exhibiting  fair  or  light,  golden. 
flaxen,  or  yellow  hair,  with  blue  eyes  and  fair  lashes,  and  clear, 
red  and  white  complexion,  I  term  Blondes.  To  those  who  have 
dark-brown  hair  and  dark-blue  eyes  and  brown  lashes,  together 
with  clear,  red  and  white  complexion,  1  give  the  term  Chat  (it  n^  the 
French  designation  for  this  class ;  there  is  no  word  in  English  to 


414  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    I'll  VSK  ><  ;  N«  >M  V. 


this  type,  who  partake  somewhat  of  the  vivacity  of  the 
blonde  and  somewhat  of  the  intensity,  vigor,  and  depth  of  feeling 
of  the  perfect  brunette  type.  Those  in  whom  black  eyes,  hair, 
and  lashes  arc  observed,  with  dark  or  olive,  or  olive  and  red  com- 
plexions, are  denominated  Brunettes,  and  there  are  as  many  shades 
and  varieties  of  these  as  there  are  of  the  blondes.  Those  who  ex- 
hibit a  combination  of  light-gray  eyes  with  red  and  white  com- 
plexion and  fair  hair  are  of  the  blonde  type.  Those  who  have 
dark  eyes  and  fair  hair,  with  fair  complexion,  either  pale  or  with 
some  red  color,  are  also  of  the  blonde  type,  yet  by  reason  of  the 
dark  color  of  the  eyes  they  display  some  of  the  characteristics  of 
the  brunette.  They  are  a  sort  of  compound,  neither  blonde  nor 
brunette.  These  several  types  of  color  are  found  mainly  in  the 
Caucasian  or  white  races,  and  these  designations  are  intended  to 
apply  to  them.  .  The  color  peculiarities  of  other  races,  such  as  the 
Indian  or  red  races,  the  Xegro  or  black  races,  and  the  yellow  races 
can  be  understood  as  presenting  the  same  characteristics  in  regard 
to  color  as  are  disclosed  by  similar  colors  in  the  white  races. 

It  will  be  unnecessary  for  me  to  enter  into  a  long  description, 
however,  of  the  ethnic  peculiarities  of  color  in  regard  to  the  classi- 
fication of  the  human  family  into  white,  red,  yellow7,  brown,  and 
black  races,  nor  to  discuss  in  extenso  the  causes  which  have  con- 
duced to  create  the  great  diversities  of  colors  observed  in  various 
races.  Let  it  suffice  us  to  know  that  whenever  a  race  exhibits  a 
deep  color  of  complexion,  hair,  and  eyes,  that  race  displays  in  a 
most  unmistakable  manner  a  love  for  colors.  If  it  be  an  uncivi- 
lized race,  like  the  Negro  or  Indian,  the  color-faculty  shows  by  ex- 
hibitions of  the  richest  and  most  gaudy  colors,  without  regard  to 
taste  in  their  combinations,  for  good  taste  in  the  combination  of 
colors  comes  with  other  fine  and  discriminating  traits  only  to  those 
races  which  by  evolution  have  reached  a  high  degree  of  excellence 
in  every  direction,  especially  in  the  fine  arts.  The  natives  of  all 
warm  or  tropical  countries  are,  as  a  rule,  of  dark  complexion,  and 
their  love  of  color  is  shown  by  their  choice  of  deep-red,  yellow, 
green,  purple,  orange^  and  all  other  bright  and  showy  hues,  while 
the  inhabitants  of  more  northerly  countries,  possessed  of  fairer 
complexions,  use  colors  more  subdued,  and  choose  more  delicate 
hues,  such  as  pink,  blue,  gray,  drab,  and  white.  Not  only  do 
these  colors  accord  or  harmonize  with  their  respective  complexions, 
but  they  all  choose  quite  naturally  and  instinctively  the  colors 
best  adapted  to  their  personal  peculiarities.  This  fact  reveals  the 
action  of  a  law  which  is  universal,  and  so  subtle  and  of  such  spon- 
taneity as  to  have  escaped  prominent  notice,  on  the  principle  that 
whatever  is  common  to  all  and  observed  from  birth  fails  to  make 


COLOR.  415 

the  profound  impression  which  a  much  simpler  matter  would  create 
if  introduced  to  one's  notice  suddenly.  The  color-sense  is  so  in- 
stinctive, that  is  to  say,  it  is  so  much  a  part  of  the  real  existence, 
and  so  thoroughly  incorporated  with  all  the  elements  of  mind  and 
body,  that  one  chooses  (if  untrained  in  chromatics),  without  thought 
or  premeditation,  the  colors  and  shades  which  are  similar  to  the 
colors  which  are  supreme  in  his  own  organism.  The  individual 
possessed  of  yellow  or  molasses-candy  colored  hair  and  skin 
chooses  yellowish-brown  or  tan  color,  light  drabs,  and  colors  which 
nearly  resemble  the  hues  and  tints  in  his  or  her  own  person.  The 
blonde,  if  untrained  in  colors,  chooses  garments  and  decorations 
the  colors  of  which  are  similar  to  her  own  hair  and  eyes,  while  the 
brunette,  with  olive  and  red  complexion  and  black  eyes  and  hair, 
adorns  herself  in  the  richest,  most  vivid,  and  brilliant  hues  of  red, 
orange,  green,  purple,  and  their  several  shades  and  combinations. 
How  often  are  seen  upon  the  street  women  with  yellowish  com- 
plexion and  dirty,  yellow-colored  hair  clad  in  light,  tan-colored 
or  yellowish-brown  garments.  These  same  persons,  if  educated  in 
color,  would  choose  those  colors  which  nmlraxt  with  their  own 
color,  and  thus  compel  the  combination  of  colors  to  enhance  their 
charms  instead  of  depreciating  them.  Others  with  light-gray  eyes 
and  a  grim,  gray,  colorless  complexion  will  array  themselves  like 
"a  friar  of  orders  gray,"  and  thus  depreciate  their  appearance, 
which  might  be  improved  by  contrasting  colors.  These  in- 
stances serve  to  show  the  universality  of  the  law  of  color,  and 
that  it  is  a  law  of  Nature  that  one  is  best  able  to  judge  of  and  use 
colors  similar  to  those  within  his  own  organism.  The  "old  mas- 
ters," the  great  painters  of  former  ages,  were  men  whose  com- 
plexion was  of  a  clear,  olive-brown  and  red,  with  black  hair  and 
eyes,  or  in  some  rare  instances  of  clear,  red  and  white  complexions, 
and  with  deep-blue  eyes  and  brown  or  red  hair.  The  former  em- 
ployed  the  most  brilliant  colors,  whose  power  the  hand  of  time  has 
failed  to  dim.  Their  works  may  be  seen  to-day  in  the  art  galleries 
of  Rome,  Florence,  Milan,  Munich,  Paris.  London,  and  in  other 
European  cities,  as  well  as  in  the  galleries  of  the  nobility  and  in 
the  collections  of  private  citizens  throughout  the  civilized  world. 
These  pictures  are  representative  of  the  highest  style  of  color-effects 
^ver  produced  by  artists.  Not  one  of  those  who  wrought  them 
was  pale,  pallid,  or  lacking  in  dense  color  of  skin,  hair,  and  eyes. 
Nearly  all  exhibited  large,  round  eyes  and  high,  arched  eyebrows. 
and  this  appearance  became  more  marked  by  advancing  age.  and 
was  caused  by  constantly  raising  the  brow  and  opening  the  e\<- 
very  wide  in  order  to  observe  the  effects  produced  by  tTie  brush, 
.as  all  artists  do  in  their  work.  Let  the  reader  observe  the  portraits 


416  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  Titian,  Uubens.  Michael  Angrlo,  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  the  three 
Carracci,  Fra  Bartolomeo,  Van  Dyck.  Jacob  Jordaens,  Teniers 
Giotto,  Fra  Aiii;elico,  Fra  Fellipo,  Lippi,  Hans  Holbein,  Antoine 
Wattcau  David,  Vcrnet,  Vanloo,  Boucher,  Murillo,  or  any  num- 
ber of  eminent  painters  of  every  nationality,  and  he  will  find  that 
they  exhibit  fine  color  of  eyes,  hair,  and  skin,  as  well  as  symmetri- 
cal bodies,  for  to  be  able  to  judge  of  symmetry  and  proportion 
one  must  possess  in  his  own  organization  a  good  share  of  the  very 
qualities  which  he  would  depict. 

Lack  of  color  produces  not  only  physical  and  mental  defects, 
as,  for  instance,  the  absence  of  the  color-sense,  but  also  moral 
deficiencies.  Now,  very  light-gray  eyes  and  nearly  all  light  eyes 
are  indicative  of  either  scrofulous  tendencies  or  weakness  of  the 
kidney  system,  and  weakness  or  deficiency  of  that  system  shows  a 
lack  of  natural  integrity,  or  Conscientiousness.  As  the  moral  as 
well  as  mental  powers  depend  upon  the  constitution  of  the  atoms 
and  molecules  which  compose  the  cellular  tissues  of  the  body,  how 
can  it  be  expected  that  integrity  shall  be  one  of  its  components  if 
chemical  action  has  failed,  in  the  first  instance,  to  properly  blend 
and  harmoniously  balance  the  physical  organism  1  Morality  is  not 
a  fine-spun,  fleecy,  cloudy  theory  of  belief.  Conscientiousness  is 
not  an  intellectual  opinion  as  to  the  merits  of  Infant  Damnation 
or  the  doctrine  of  Salvation  and  Election,  or  any  other  purely 
speculative  belief.  It  is  the  very  groundwork  of  our  physical  con- 
struction ;  it  inheres  in  the  chemical  or  underlying  basis  of  our 
organism,  and  depends  for  its  soundness  on  the  purity  of  the  body 
primarily  and  afterward  on  a  cultivated  and  quickened  moral 
sense. 

There  are  many  unsatisfactory  theories  put  forth  to  account 
for  the  deficiency  of  the  color-sense.  My  own  ideas  on  the  sub- 
ject may  be  useful  as  far  as  they  go ;  I  know,  however,  that  they 
do  not  cover  the  whole  ground.  My  observations  have  led  me  to 
remark  two  causes  for  this  defect :  First,  the  lack  of  foods  which 
contain  those  elements  that  produce  the  kind  and  amount  of  color 
essential  to  the  healthy  equilibrium  of  the  organism ;  that  is  to 
say,  that  in  the  chemical  combination  of  the  food  with  the  blood 
.and  tissues  there  is  not  sufficient  coloring  matter  mingled  to  en- 
dow the  person  with  the  right  proportion  of  color  to  constitute  a 
strong  and  decided  color-sense  ;  also,  there  is  not  enough  of  color 
derived  from  the  solar  rays.  This  proceeds  from  a  disregard  of 
sanitary  law  in  pursuing  an  in-door  existence,  or  a  non-assimilation 
by  the  organism  of  these  rays  in  consequence  of  certain  diseased 
conditions  which  prevent,  for  a  time,  the  proper  action*  of  the  light 
and  heat  of  the  sun.  It  is  well  known  that  sunlight  alone  will 


COLOR.  417 

eradicate  many  diseases,  and,  as  the  white  rays  of  the  sun  are  com- 
posed of  a  combination  of  all  the  colors  of  the  prism,  the  curative 
properties  must  reside  in  the  colors  alone.  If  this  were  not  the  case 
a  heated  room  would  conduce  to  health  as  well  as  sunlight.  Ex- 
perience proves  that  this  result  cannot  be  obtained  without  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun.  Plants  languish  and  become  pale  and 
sickly  when  deprived  of  sunlight,  and  vegetable  juices  undergo 
serious  chemical  changes  from  being  shut  off  from  the  action  of 
the  solar  rays.  There  are  other  sources  of  light  and  color  which 
are  nearly  the  same  in  their  composition  and  action  as  sunlight. 
Electricity  is  one  of  these  sources  which  has  a  direct  bearing  upon 
the  health  of  organic  life,  and,  although  many  of  the  laws  relating 
to  this  force  are  unknown,  still  enough  of  its  action  has  been  ob- 
served to  assure  us  that  a  proper  amount  must  enter  into  the  con- 
stitution of  the  human  organism  to  produce  healthy  conditions. 

The  second  cause  is  revealed  by  the  investigation  made  by 
scientists  among  those  who  are  color-blind.  The  large  percentage 
of  males  who  are  color-blind  as  compared  to  females  who  lack  the 
color-sense  is  quite  startling  in  its  numbers.  The  theory  of  non- 
assimilation  in  the  organism,  by  chemical  action,  of  sufficient  color 
to  give  a  correct  and  just  understanding  of  colors,  should  teach  us 
how  important,  in  a  moral  sense,  is  a  due  development  of  color  to 
the  human  body.  The  reader  will  observe  in  the  chapter  on  sub- 
basilar  principles  the  reference  madj  to  color  by  the  celebrated 
naturalist,  Haeckel,  who  has  observed  that  the  absence  of  color 
induces  or  accompanies  abnormal  conditions,  both  in  animals  and 
man.  He,  however,  gives  no  theory  on  the  subject. 

Professor  Holmgren  states  that 

Color-blindness  is  not  a  disease  in  the  sense  of  being  attended  with 
suffering,  obliging  the  person  to  have  recourse  to  a  physician.  Color- 
blindness, quite  as  well  as  normal  sight,  is  a  sense  of  color,  though  of 
another  and  more  simple  nature.  He  whom  we  call  color-blind  is  not,  cor- 
rectly speaking,  at  nil  blind  to  all  colors.  In  the  system  according  to  which 
he  arranges  his  colors  he  has  fewer  kinds  than  the  normal  observer.  It 
results  from  this  that  he  finds  resemblances  between  colors,  or  confuses 
others  that  the  normal  observer  finds  different;  for  instance,  red  and 
green. 

A  most  significant  fact  in  regard  to  the  necessity  of  coloring 
pigment  in  the  human  organism  is  shown  by  its  presence  in  the 
ganglia  of  all  the  sense-organs.  It  is  found  in  the  olfactory 
ganglia  in  the  retina  of  the  eye,  and  a  coloring  matter,  called 
melanine,  is  abundant  in  the  hair,  the  iris  of  the  eye,  and  in  the 
epidermis.  This  coloring  pigment  is  most  abundant  in  the  black 
and  brown  races,  and  less  so  in  the  yellow  and  white  races.  It  is 
almost  entirely  absent  in  f/ic  iin-ruHK  ganglia  of  Albinos. 

27 


418  I'KACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Color  gives  power  to  the  passions  and  emotions,  ibr  color 
denoto  heat,  power,  and  vigor,  and  the  deeply-colored  exhihit 
more  ardor  in  love  and  more  strength  in  hate  than  those  of  fairer- 
colored  complexions.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  color  is  a  product 
of  the  glands  and  the  arterial  circulation,  and  is  a  primitive  or 
organic  quality.  Now,  the  glands  are  directly  concerned  in  the 
production  of  emotions,  and  some  of  the  glands,  the  reader  will 
recall,  are  the  hases  of  Amativeness,  Friendship,  Mirthfulness, 
Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  and  other  traits.  Color  assists  force, 
and  the  muscular  system  in  the  well-colored  possesses  more  general 
vigor  than  the  muscles  of  the  pallid  person,  whose  muscles  exhihit 
the  same  degree  of  muscular  development;  hence,  force  and  resist- 
ance, as  well  as  all  the  destructive  and  combative  tendencies,  are 
greater,  not  onlv  in  dark  races,  but  in  dark  individuals  of  the 

*< 

Caucasian  race,  where  the  grade  of  development  is  similar  in  other 
respects.  It  is  true  that  among  the  dark-eyed  and  dark-complex- 
ioned there  will  be  found  persons  of  as  great  refinement  and  purity 
of  life  as  among  the  lighter-colored,  who  possess  but  few  combative 
tendencies,  and  exhibit  very  little  force  or  resistance;  yet,  grade 
for  grade,  these  very  refined  persons  with  dark  color  will  exhihit 
more  vigor  of  emotion,  more  intense  love  for  the  marital  companion, 
and  for  children.  They  will  also  manifest  stronger  dislikes  than 
fair  people  of  the  same  grade  of  quality. 

The  emotions  of  the  negroes  predominate,  as  a  rule,  over 
their  intellects.  Even  in  civilization  the  negro  is  almost  childishly 
emotional.  Their  love  for  gaudy  colors,  such  as  yellow  and  red, 
is  well  known.  They  have  not  excelled  as  artists  for  the  reason 
that  they  lack  the  quality  essential  to  such  work.  The  greatest 
artists  are  of  the  white  races,  but  endowed  with  dense  color  of  the 
eyes,  skin,  and  complexion. 

The  color-sense  is  common  to  all  races,  but  is  less  in  those 
inhabiting  the  most  northerly  climes.  The  Laplanders  and  Finns 
exhibit  less  love  of  color  and  less  talent  in  combining  colors  than 
the  inhabitants  of  more  southerly  countries.  Their  country  is 
covered  a  great  part  of  the  year  with  snow,  and  in  their  short 
summers  very  few  bright-colored  flowers  and  birds  are  observed ; 
hence,  their  color-sense  receives  but  little  stimulus  from  Nature. 

The  color-sense,  as  I  have  shown,  is  essential  to  life  and 
health.  It  is  therefore  general,  and  has  existed  in  all  ages  and  in 
all  races  in  varying  degrees.  The  oldest  objects  of  art  preserved 
in  the  great  museums  of  Europe  exhibit  many  remains  of  the  art 
of  coloring.  Not  only  are  specimens  of  fine  colors  found  in  the 
remains  of  Greek  art,  but  the  potteries  of  primitive  races,  viz., 
the  Peruvian,  the  Egyptian,  and  the  New  Zealander,  furnish  us 


COLOR.  419 

evidences  of  the  presence  of  a  high  degree  of  the  color-sense 
among  them. 

A  large  majority  of  persons  in  every  community  can  be  taught 
the  art  of  painting  quite  easily,  for,  as  I  have  shown,  color  is  a 
physiological  constituent  of  man,  and  a  knowledge  of  its  hues  and 
meanings  is  essential  to  his  protection  and  safety.  Color  forms  the 
basis  of  many  trades  and  professions,  and  is  therefore  of  great 
importance  to  mankind.  Yet  there  are  many  grades  between  a 
fair  degree  of  the  color-sense  and  a  genius  for  painting.  -  The 
lowest  and  most  barbarous  races  exhibit  considerable  skill  in  the 
use  of  colors,  as  shown  in  their  personal  decoration  in  tattooing 
and  in  embroideries  with  the  quills  and  feathers  of  birds,  etc.  The 
North  American  Indians  are  quite  artistic  in  the  use  of  beads  and 
feathers  in  their  art  works,  while  the  Mexican  Indians  exhibit  their 
capacity  for  coloring  in  pottery  and  other  wares. 

Color  everywhere  exhibits  power,  as  I  have  shown  previously. 
The  greatest  artists  are  those  who  exhibit  the  most  color  personally ; 
so  the  greatest  orators  are  those  who  are  well  colored.  Daniel 
Webster,  the  most  eminent  of  American  orators,  possessed  very 
dark  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion,  and  many  other  illustrious  orators, 
actors,  arid  elocutionists  are  distinguished  for  the  fine,  deep  color 
of  their  hair,  eyes,  and  skin.  Color  gives  the  power  for  zeal, 
fervor,  and  enthusiasm,  which  in  geniuses  is  called  the  "sacred 
fire."  It  is  the  exciting  cause  of  vehemence,  invective,  and  sar- 
casm, which  so  distinguished  Mirabeau,  the  greatest  of  French 
orators.  I  dare  affirm  that  no  orator  has  achieved  eminence  who 
had  very  light  eyes  and  very  light  hair,  and  a  pallid  complexion. 
No  poet  or  actor  has  ever  been  known  to  fame  who  lacked  the 
essential  faculty  of  Color,  either  in  his  skin,  hair,  or  eyes.  The 
writings  of  all  our  great  poets  teem  with  descriptions  of  colors  in 
Nature,  and  in  their  delineation  of  human  characters.  A  poet  des- 
titute of  chromatic  sense  would  paint  his  pen-pictures  in  a  minor 
key,  and  would  spread  a  sombre  and  Quakerish  hue  over  all  his 
scenes;  but,  if  he  possess  a  decidedly  strong  color-sense,  he  will 
impart  warmth  and  vigor  to  all  he  writes,  whether  describing  colors 
or  not.  It  is  just  the  same  with  the  actor,  for  he  who  is  well- 
colored  imparts  force,  energy,  and  enthusiasm  to  his  acting.  And 
the  minister,  too,  is  indebted  in  a  great  measure  to  his  color  for 
eloquence.  I  have  met  a  fine  musical  composer  who  just  missed 
being  a  genius  through  lack  of  color.  He  had  black  eyes  and 
hair  and  a  sallow  complexion,  and  his  compositions  were  mainly 
in  minor  keys, — solemn,  pathetic,  slow,  and  lacking  that  r<  /•/•< 
vigor,  dash,  and  vivacity  of  movement  which  characterize  the 
compositions  of  those  more  decidedly  and  more  brightly  colored. 


4*20  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  varying  grades  and  shades  of  color  observed  in  the 
different  individuals  of  the  artistic  classes  will  mark  the  several 
degrees  of  power  and  intensity  exhibited  in  their  actions  and  works. 

The  meanings  which  Nature  attaches  to  color,  and  by  which 
we  must  be  guided  in  our  interpretations  of  her  signals,  arc  patent 
to  all  who  have  given  to  the  subject  any  considerable  degree  of 
observation  or  reflection.  Black-eyed,  dark-skinned  persons,  with 
red  cheeks  and  lips,  are  fervid  and  intense  in  all  their  acts,  are 
capable  .of  great  endurance,  are  tough,  and  of  very  strong  and 
decided  feelings,  and  give  vent  to  them  and  their  opinions  in  most 
positive  and  unmistakable  terms;  with  black  eyes,  black  hair,  and 
sallow  complexion,  are  more  guarded  and  reticent,  yet  feel  almost 
as  strongly  as  the  former,  and  possess  nearly  as  violent  passions 
and  emotions.  Both  these  classes  are  good  lovers  and  good  haters, 
witli  strong  and  high  tempers.  The  first  class  are  generally 
dramatic  in  their  tastes,  if  of  high  and  fine  quality,  and  possessed 
of  a  suitable  brain  system.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  iron  in  these 
two  classes,  and  their  color  is  derived  partly  from  the  oxygenation 
of  that  element  in  the  blood;  hence,  those  in  whom  this  mineral 
predominates  as  a  ruling  element  are  well  adapted  to  work  in  iron 
and  other  dark  metals  and  substances.  Men  thus  organized  gravi- 
tate naturally  to  such  work.  The  proof  of  this  is  'found  in  the 
fact  that  nearly  all  of  those  who  work  in  foundries  are  black-eyed, 
black-haired  men,  with  dark  complexions ;  while  those  engaged  in 
the  pattern-making  department,  where  the  wooden  patterns  are 
made  for  the  castings,  exhibit  every  grade  and  shade  of  the  light 
complexions,  ranging  from  the  lightest  blonde  to  the  cliatain.  In 
my  investigations  in  foundries  I  do  not  recollect  having  seen  even 
one  very  dark  person  in  the  wood-workers'  department.  Black- 
smiths, as  a  rule,  are  dark-complexioned,  or,  at  all  events,  very  few 
fair  men  enter  into  this  field  of  labor.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
minute  and  infinitesimal  portions  of  iron  enter  into  the  system  of 
iron-workers  by  inhalation,  and  so  affect  the  system  that  only 
those  who  have  already  a  good  degree  of  iron  in  their  compositions 
are  able  to  work  continuously  with  this  metal,  and  that  the  light- 
haired  men  are  unable  to  assimilate  the  amount  of  iron  received  in 
homoeopathic  doses  into  the  system  while  thus  engaged.  How 
far  this  may  apply  I  cannot  say,  but  the  fact  that  the  darker- 
lined  men  are  engaged  as  iron-workers  can  be  proven  by  all  who 
will  take  the  trouble  to  look  through  any  number  of  foundries  and 
machine-shops. 

Black  hair  and  black  eyes,  witli  a  fair  complexion,  indicates 
great  intensity  of  the  passions  and  emotions.  Hair  which  presents 
a  bluish-black  color,  together  with  a  sallow  or  livid  complexion, 


COLOR.  421 

is  associated  with  passions  almost  abnormal  in  their  intensity 
of  desire,  and  this  class  of  characters,  when  under  strong  excite- 
rrtent  of  the  passions,  are  apt  to  prove  dangerous.  Love,  hate,  and 
jealousy  are  all  strongly  developed,  and  the  unrestrained  indul- 
gence in  these  emotions  leads  to  crime.  This  last  combination  of 
color  is  seldom,  if  ever,  accompanied  with  fine  quality,  hence  its 
possessors  have  none  of  the  restraining  influences  of  refinement. 

Black  hair,  accompanied  by  eyes  which  change  from  black  to 
a  metallic  red,  which  glitter  and  appear  to  the  observer  as  if  they 
had  great  depth,  are  indicative  of  diabolical  and  perfectly  unscru- 
pulous character.  Fortunately,  this  combination  is  very  rare. 
I  have  met  with  three  persons  only  in  my  life  who  exhibited  this 
combination  of  color.  One  of  these  characters  was  a  noted  abor- 
tionist ;  another  was  an  infamous  debauchee,  seducer,  and  sensual- 
ist. The  form  of  the  eyes,  together  with  the  color,  must  be  taken 
into  account.  The  eyes  of  the  last  mentioned  were  wide  from  side 
to  side  and  the  vertical  measurement  not  correspondingly  wide. 
They  were  true  "  polygamic  eyes,"  like  those  of  the  Polynesians. 

Blue-eyed  women  generally  are  attracted  by  black-eyed  men, 
and  blue-eyed  men  are  drawn  toward  black-eyed  women.  If  the 
bodily  forms  of  the  diversely -colored  are  not  too  much  alike  this 
combination  is  an  excellent  one  in  marriage,  but  if  the  respective 
parties  possess  about  equal  proportions  of  the  vegetative,  thoracic, 
muscular,  osseous,  or  brain  forms  the  union  woidd  not  be  desira- 
ble on  account  of  the  bad  effect  upon  offspring.  Black-haired 
and  black-eyed  men  and  women  make  the  most  ardent  marital 
companions,  and,  if  possessed  of  fair  or  average  Conscientiousness, 
are  most  steadfast  and  enduring  in  their  affections.  Their  pas- 
sions are  strong,  and  where  the  quality  is  coarse  they  exhibit  a 
great  deal  of  sensuality,  but  with  fine  hair  and  fine,  clear  skin 
they  evince  ardor  with  refinement,  sensitiveness,  and  sentimentality. 
A  man  of  criminal  proclivities,  if  black-haired  and  dark-eyed, 
makes  a  more  desperate  and  dangerous  villain  than  a  fair  man  ;  he 
possesses  more  capacity  for  intrigue  and  conspiracy,  and  is  more 
secretive  and  enduring  in  his  plots  and  schemes. 

Black-eyed,  lilack-luiiml  persons,  possessed  of  a  high  moral 
and  religious  disposition,  allied  to  a  good  intellect,  exhibit  tremen- 
dous force  in  these  directions,  and  are  noted  for  the  enthusiasm 
with  which  they  work  and  incite  others  to  action.  John  Howard. 
the  world-renowned  philanthropist,  possessed  black  hair  and  dark 
eyes.  His  benevolence  was  only  equalled  by  his  power  of  endur- 
ance, which  took  him  to  the  most  inhospitable  climes  in  the  cause 
of  suffering  humanity.  Many  distinguished  revivalists  are  men 
of  dense  color  and  corresponding  force  and  energy. 


4'2'2  PRACTICAL  AND  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  dark  races  are  not  so  progressive  as  the  lighter  races,— ^ 
not  as  susceptible  to  improvement.  Those  races  which  have  re- 
mained stationary  in  color — as,  for  example,  the  Chinese,  the  In- 
dians, the  Spanish,  Portuguese,  etc. — are  less  progressive  than 
the  Anglo-Saxon  races,  who  are  vari-colored. 

It  is  the  same  with  animals ;  the  least  improvable  are  those 
who  exhibit  a  single  color  only  of  eyes  and  hair,  as,  for  example, 
several  species  of  bears,  the  panther,  and  some  others.  The  dog 
and  horse  are  vari-colored,  and  are  capable  of  very  high  breeding, 
and  are  teachable  and  progressive.  Intermingling  of  any  of  the 
light  with  the  dark  varieties  of  the  Caucasian  race,  in  marriage, 
improves  the  species ;  but  a  mingling  of  the  darker  classes  of  the 
Caucasian  race  with  dark,  undeveloped  races  degrades  the  species, 
as,  for  example,  a  mingling  of  the  Spanish  with  the  Indian  and 
Negro,  or  Chinese  with  Portuguese,  or  white  with  the  Negro. 
There  is  no  possible  advance  in  mixtures  of  similar  colors.  The 
crossing  of  the  white  race  with  the  negro  produces  the  mulatto, 
who  are  never  so  strong  and  long-lived  as  the  original  African,  nor 
as  mentally  gifted  and  healthy  as  the  white  race.  Indeed.  I  have 
never  seen  a  very  aged  mulatto.  They  are  usually  weak,  scrofu- 
lous, consumptive,  and  short-lived.  The  fusion  of  white  with 
black  is  detrimental  in  every  way,  while  the  crossing  of  dark 
Caucasians  with  negroes  or  Indians  almost  always  creates  low. 

tt 

criminal,  and  brutal  types. 

A  combination  of  darJc-blue  eyes  and  black  hair  is  often  found 
among  the  descendants  of  the  Celtic  and  Celtiberian  races, — in  the 
Portuguese,  Irish,  Welsh,  Spanish,  and  Italians,  for  example.  It 
produces  a  rare  kind  of  beauty,  regarded  from  the  art  stand-point. 
The  disposition  associated  with  this  peculiar  combination  is  char- 
acterized by  an  "artless  artfulness,"  by  great  capacity  for  intrigue 
in  love,  politics,  and  business,  with  great  apparent  candor  and  sin- 
cerity, while  the  real  thought  and  design  are  entirely  and  most 
skillfully  hidden  in  the  innermost  recesses.  In  this  combination 
is  seen  the  depth  and  power  of  the  black-haired,  dark  species,  with 
(apparently)  the  openness  and  frankness  of  the  light-lined  class. 
Where  this  combination  co-exists  with  a  superior  intellect  the  char- 
acter will  evince  great  political  aptitudes  or  uncommon  skill  in 
planning  large  commercial  enterprises,  or  will  excel  in  diplomacy 
and  similar  pursuits,  depending  for  direction  upon  the  faculties  in 
combination.  In  women  this  combination  of  hair  and  eyes  is 
often  associated  with  great  cunning  in  love  affairs  and  a  large 
amount  of  plot  and  counterplot,  of  small  intrigues  and  petty 
trickery  of  a  perfectly  useless  sort,  while  the  countenance  and  ex- 
pressions and  voice  and  manners  resemble  those  of  a  confiding, 


COLOR.  423 

artless  child.  This  class  of  people  are  usually  very  charming  and 
engaging  in  social  intercourse,  and  always  deep  in  love  affairs,  of 
which  they  contrive  to  carry  on  several  at  once.  Indeed,  plotting 
and  planning  seem  to  be  the  life  of  this  class.  As  lawyers,  they 
are  astute,  secretive,  and  politic;  in  roguery,  deep  and  designing; 
as  worldlings,  they  do  not  permit  society  to  get  the  better  of 
them ;  as  parents,  they  scheme  for  their  children ;  as  friends,  sus- 
picious and  unreliable ;  as  beauties,  often  of  the  highest  art-order, 
with  arch  (apparently),  shy,  and  vivacious,  cunning  little  ways, 
which  are  very  taking.  When  the  hair  is  curly — as  it  often  is 
with  this  combination — musical  or  imitative  talent  of  some  sort 
will  be  exhibited,  as  well  as  lack  of  integrity.  If  the  hair  be 
coarse  the  talent  and  power  exhibited  will  be  of  a  lower  order 
than  if  it  be  fine. 

Blue  eyes,  with  dark-brown  hair  and  with  clear,  red  and  white 
complexion,  and  fine  hair  and  skin,  belong  to  amiable,  pure- 
minded  characters,. with  capacity  for  improvement  and  progress, 
usually  intelligent  and  refined,  with  a  moderate  development  of 
amativcness  and  temper;  they  are  more  calm  than  the  black-eyed, 
and  evince  less  jealousy,  revenge,  and  enthusiasm,  and  can  become 
excellent  painters,  but  will  use  the  more  delicate  colors. 

I  have  observed  great  indefiniteness  and  contrariety  of  opinion 
in  regard  to  describing  certain  colors  of  the  eyes.  Many  persons 
term  a  brown  or  hazel  eye  "gray."  Now,  in  using  the  term  gray 
I  apply  it  to  those  eyes  that  are  a  mixture  of  blue  and  white. 
The  light  gray  are  more  white  than  blue  ;  the  dark  gray  are  more 
blue  than  white.  It  is  essential  to  keep  this  discrimination  of 
colors  fixed  in  the  mind,  else  erroneous  meanings  will  be  attached 
to  the  several  colors  of  the  eyes. 

Light-gnu/  eyes,  with  light-brown  or  fair  hair',  often  disclose 
mathematical  and  calculative  tendencies,  and,  with  a  good  brain 
form  in  combination,  philosophical  tastes  and  capacities.  The 
emotions  and  passions  are  not  so  intense  nor  so  enduring  as  in 
those  who  exhibit  darker-colored  eyes  and  hair.  This  class  also 
possess  a  selfish,  planning,  calculative  spirit,  and  evince  very 
little  warmth  of  affection ;  yet,  with  Friendship  or  Benevolence 
large,  will  show  sympathy  and  friendship  in  a  sluggish  sort  of 
manner,  and  it  will  not  be  so  intense  and  enduring  as  with  the 
deeper-colored.  When  the  inherited  quality  is  fine  a  great  deal 
of  natural  refinement  will  be  present,  but  with  coarso  quality  the 
character  will  be  very  cold-blooded,  unsympathetic,  and  selfishly 
calculative.  A  certain  degree  of  suspicion  accompanies  the  light- 
gray  eye,  and  greediness,  too ;  jealousy  and  envy  are  also  very 
easily  aroused,  and  often  without  occasion.  The  mental  and 


424  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC-  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

moral  deficiencies  indicated  by  such  lack  of  color  as  this  peculiar 
combination  discloses  are  usually  accompanied  by  grave  physio- 
logical defects.  There  is  likely  to  be  congenital  weakness  of  the 
kidneys  or  of  the  generative  system  ;  a  lack  of  the  color-elements 
in  the  blood  and  tissues  prevents  that  integrity  or  soundness  of  or- 
ganization which  a  normal  degree  of  color  produces.  The  physi- 
cal defects  may  not  become  apparent  until  the  age  of  puberty  or 
later,  when  some  pathognomic  crisis  reveals  them. 

Very  li<//tf,  almost  colorless  eyes  and  hair  and  colorless  or 
pallid  skin  denote  weakness,  generally  of  a  scrofulous  or  consump- 
tive tendency.  This  color  is  often  accompanied  by  weakness  of 
vision,  deafness,  eruptions  on  the  skin,  and  white  swellings  of  the 
joints,  as  is  the  case  with  Albinos.  Those  with  these  indications 
should  never  intermarry,  as  the  result  to  offspring  would  be  highly 
disastrous.  The  mentality  of  this  class  is  never  of  a  very  gifted 
character.,  They  are,  from  the  very  quality  and  conformation  of 
their  organs,  weakly.  Their  minds  partake  of  this  enfeebled  con- 
dition. They  are  generally  surface  people,  like  the  pure  blondes. 
They  have  little  sympathy  for  others,  and  are  much  absorbed  in 
the  adornment  of  self.  They  can  never  become  good  colorists  in 
the  arts  and  industries.  This  type  of  people  woidd  soon  die  out  if 
intending  parents  would  abide  by  physiognomical  laws,  and  cease 
to  perpetuate  this  almost  helpless  and  useless  species. 

Flaxen  hair  and  blue  eyes  indicate  impulse,  affection,  quick- 
ness of  apprehension,  sensitiveness,  taste,  purity, — if  the  .hair  be 
fine, — and,  if  wavy  or  curly,  a  degree  of  imaginative  ability. 
Many  poets  exhibit  this  combination.  Where  the  hair  is  fine  the 
manners  will  be  gentle  and  refined,  and  tastes  delicate.  As  a  rule, 
this  class  does  not  exhibit  great  endurance  or  ardor. 

Sandy  Jiair,  if  coarse,  denotes  grossness  and  very  ordinary 
abilities.  If  the  hair  be  fine,  delicacy  of  feeling  and  impulsive 
action  will  be  exhibited.  It  is  not  usually  an  indication  of  as  great 
longevity  as  the  darker  hues.  The  same  may  be  said  of  all  the 
very  light  shades  of  hair  and  eyes. 

The  dark-gray  eye,  in  combination  with  black  or  dark-brown 
hair  and  laxhe*,  is  usually  accompanied  by  talent  of  some  sort, 
and -denotes  coolness,  with  considerable  intensity  of  feeling  and 
devotion  to  purpose.  With  a  clear,  fair  skin  and  fine  quality,  the 
character  will  be  refined  and  energetic. 

Red  hair  antl  <la  rlc-chestnut  eyes  reveal  great  intensity  of 
feeling,  secretiveness,  and  capacity  for  plotting.  If  the  quality  be 
fine,  we  may  look  for  considerable  natural  intelligence,  refinement, 
and  ambition ;  but,  if  the  hair  be  coarse,  strong  animal  passions, 
insincerity,  and  a  common  order  of  mentality  are  indicated. 


COLOR.  425 

Red  hair  and  blue  eyes  (if  the  quality  be  fine)  denote  ardor, 
impulse,  sincerity,  purity,  quick  temper,  ambition,  and,  if  the  hair 
be  wavy  or  curly,  considerable  imitative  talent, — aesthetic,  poetic, 
or  dramatic.  If  the  hair  be  coarse,  sensuality,  lack  of  refinement, 
and  strong  passions  will  be  exhibited.  Red-haired  people  of  every 
grade  are  aspiring  and  ambitious,  and  may  be  found  in  positions 
of  authority,  such  as  superintendents,  teachers,  overseers,  foremen, 
and  directors.  There  is,  doubtless,  more  sulphur  in  the  composition 
of  red-haired  people  than  in  other  types.  It  is  this  mineral  which 
gives  clearness  to  the  skin  and  color  to  the  hair. 

Auburn  Jiair  <i/x/  blue  eyes  denote  tenacity  of  purpose,  ardor, 
warmth  of  affection,  and  strong  emotions ;  with  fine  quality,  are 
intelligent  and  capable  of  progress. 

Dark-red  hair  denotes  (if  fine)  strength,  vigor,  and  virtuous 
inclinations,  with  strong,  stable  emotions  and  deep  affections.  If 
accompanied  by  blue  eyes,  frankness,  purity,  and  noble  aspirations 
are  indicated ;  if  brown  eyes  are  observed  in  combination,  the  char- 
acter will  evince  more  secretiveness  and  capacity  for  scheming  and 
planning.  When  the  hair  and  skin  are  'coarse,  with  the  above 
colors  of  hair  and  eyes,  the  animal  passions  will  be  strong,  and  a 
great  deal  of  low  cunning  and  trickery  will  be  exhibited. 

Yellow-eyed  people,  with  broini,  yellow,  or  fair  hair,  are  de- 
ceptive, suspicious,  cruel,  and  jealous;  with  dark  hair,  are  revenge- 
ful and  low.  I  have  never  observed  any  one  with  yellow  or  greenish 
eyes  who  exhibited  great  mental  powers.  It  is  a  sign  of  inferiority, 
and  if  this  colored  eye  is  oblique  in  shape,  like  that  of  a  cat,  the 
disposition  is  tricky  and  treacherous,  as  exhibited  by  the  Mongolian 
and  other  bias-eyed  races.  This  class  may  show  considerable  sym- 
pathy toward  others,  owing  to  the  warmth  imparted  by  the  amount 
of  color,  but  it  will  not  be  accompanied  by  consistency,  sincerity, 
and  truthfulness.  Yellow  and  greenish  eyes  are  found  in  the  most 
sly,  treacherous,  tricky,  cruel,  and  deceitful  animals,  such  as  the 
panther,  the  hyena,  the  leopard,  the  puma,  the  fox,  and  cat. 

Mixed,  mottled,  or  spotted  eyes  show  a  mixture  of  blood — a 
crossing  of  two  or  more  distinct  races — within  two  generations. 
This  is  an  infallible  law  of  physiognomy.  Crossing  usually  pro- 
duces talent  or  improvement  of  some  kind,  but  at  the  same  time 
induces  jealousy  and  suspicion,  secretiveness  and  insincerity,  par- 
ticularly if  the  eye  is  spotted  with  yellow  and  green.  It  seems  as 
if  the  opposing  elements  of  the  blood  and  tissues  had  not  fused  or 
harmonized.  After  two  or  three  generations  the  eyes  of  offspring 
become  uniform  in  color,  and  more  tnirnrss  is  exhibited. 

The  normal  distribution  of  red  color  in  the  human  lace  and 
body  is  found  in  the  cheeks,  chin,  and  lips,  very  slight  in  the 


426  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nostrils  and  eyelids,  but  where  it  exceeds  a  certain  degree  of  delicacy 
in  the  eyelids  it  is  a  sign  of  abnormal  or  inflammatory  conditions. 
The  ears,  also,  should  present  a  clear  pink  or  red  apj>earaiice,  and, 
when  the  skin  is  thin  and  the  nervous  system  sensitive,  the  cars 
will  always  appear  well  colored,  if  health  be  present.  The  outer 
part  of  the  palm  of  the  hand  should  present  a  bright-red  color. 
A  vivid  color  in  this  part  of  the  hand  is  a  great  beauty,  and,  with 
a  fine  skin,  denotes  extreme  sensitiveness  to  all  external  influences 
and  a  keen  mentality.  The  whole  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  hand 
and  fingers  should  exhibit  a  red  or  pinkish  color,  and,  if  the  skin 
be  fine  and  thin,  the  veins  at  the  root  of  the  thumb  will  be  quite 
distinctly  traced.  The  extremities  of  the  toes  possess  color,  also 
the  entire  plantar  surface  of  the  foot,  except  the  hollow  arch  be- 
tween the  toe-joints  and  the  heel,  which  is  lighter  colored  than  the 
surrounding  parts.  Excess  of  color  in  the  lips,  cheeks,  chin,  and 
eyelids  denotes  feverish  or  inflammatory  action,  and  is  symptom- 
atic of  the  different  diseases,  according  to  the  feature  in  which  the 
color  is  excessive.  The  color  in  the  cheeks  in  youth  is  most  de- 
cided in  the  lower  part,  extending  in  some  cases  down  onto  the 
neck.  As  age  advances  it  rises  higher,  and  often  appears  upon  the 
cheek-bones.  The  great  mistake  which  those  who  use  cosmetics 
make,  in  applying  rouge  to  the  face,  is  in  placing  it  upon  the  upper 
part  of  the  cheek  in  their  endeavors  to  look  more  youthful.  Now, 
in  doing  this,  they  show  utter  ignorance  of  Nature,  as  well  as  of 
art,  for  art  professes  to  be  an  imitation  of  Nature. 

In  the  foregoing  description  of  the  significance  of  the  several 
colors  in  the  human  race  the  meanings  of  the  several  forms  of  the 
eye  have  been  omitted ;  they  will  be  found  in  the  chapter  on 
*k  The  Human  Face."  The  reader  can  make  the  combination  of 
Form  with  Color  for  himself,  and,  like  an  example  in  arithmetic,  he 
can  "  sum  it  all  up  together."  Sufficient  has  been  shown,  however, 
to  prove  that  we  cannot  ignore  the  fact  that  a  defect  in  the  chemi- 
cal combination  of  the  materials  composing  the  human  organism 
induces  diseased  conditions  of  the  several  systems  and  functions, 
and,  as  a  consequence,  diminished  mental  activities  and  moral 
power  and  proclivities.  Color  is  a  chemical  effect  produced  by  a 
variety  of  causes.  It  is  essential  to  our  mental  and  moral  welfare 
that  the  right  proportion  of  color  should  be  mingled  in  our  food  in 
the  natural  way,  and  that  we  should  obtain  from  the  sunlight  suf- 
ficient of  its  color  chemically  combined  in  our  organisms  to  produce 
moral,  mental,  and  physical  harmony,  without  which  mankind  can- 
not be  moral,  healthful,  or  perfectly  balanced.  The  cultivation  of 
the  color-sense  should  be  commenced  in  childhood  and  continue 
through  life.  We  cannot  know  too  much  about  Color.  Let  chil- 


SANATIVENESS.  427 

dren  be  taught  first  from  Nature  and  their  every-day  surroundings  ; 
then,  gradually,  as  their  minds  can  grasp  it,  teach  them  experi- 
mentally the  scientific  production  of  color,  its  use,  meanings,  and 
importance  to  man,  bird,  beast,  fish,  insect,  and  to  the  entire  uni- 
verse. 

SANATIVENESS. 

Definition. — Sanativeness  is  derived  from  Sanative,  which, 
according  to  Webster,  is  "having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal;  heal- 
ing; curing;  having  the  tendency  to  heal."  The  scope  of  this 
faculty  is  wider  than  this,  and  means  also  Health,  Love  of  Life, 
the  natural  doctor,  nurse,  and  healer ;  tenacity,  endurance,  and 
good  recuperative  powers.  Large  Sanativeness  gives  the  capacity 
to  impart  health  to  others  by  advice,  nursing,  and  manipulation  ; 
with  a  good  mental  system  in  combination,  natural  qualifications 
for  medication  or  surgery  will  be  manifested. 

An  excess  of  this  faculty  is  not  to  be  avoided. 

Deficient  Sanativeness  leads  to  premature  decay  and  early 
death.  It  unfits  one  to  cope  with  disease  and  renders  one  incapa- 
ble of  treating  or  healing  the  sick.  It  deprives  one  of  a  strong 
love  of  life,  thereby  rendering  the  individual  incapable  to  a  great 
extent  of  resisting  disease  or  injuries. 

The  signs  of  deficient  Sanativeness  are  various.  The  most 
prominent  facial  signs  are  narrow  and  long,  thin  face ;  hollow 
cheeks ;  small,  depressed  nose  and  pinched  nostrils  ;  narrow  head 
and  sunken  temples  ;  narrow  and  receding  chin  ;  a  bluish,  sallow, 
pallid,  or  transparent  complexion.  The  bodily  signs  are  shown 
by  long,  slim  neck ;  narrow  and  sloping  shoulders,  sunken  chest, 
flat  abdomen  ;  thin,  flat  muscles  and  small  bones;  long,  thin, flexible, 
and  transparent  fingers.  Some  persons  exhibit  several  of  these 
signs,  while  others  disclose  all  of  them. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — There  are  many  types  of  the 
human  family  in  which  the  faculty  of  Sanativeness  is  apparent,  but 
its  signs  are  the  same  in  all  ages,  sexes,  and  races,  making  allow- 
ance, however,  for  the  differences  in  size  and  racial  forms. 

The  general  facial  signs  are  as  follow,  viz.,  relative  breadth 
of  the  forehead,  full  temples,  breadth  of  face  outwardly  from  the 
eyes  and  just  below  them  (this  is  one  sign  of  the  natural  doctor, 
nurse,  and  healer),  high  and  broad  nose,  broad  nostrils,  full  cheeks, 
full  lips,  broad  chin,  healthy  color,  clear  skin,  and  bright  eyes. 
The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  relative  width  of  shoulders,  good- 
sized  neck,  high  chest,  round  muscular  body  (or  a  well-propor- 
tioned one),  full  muscles,  strong  bones,  and  full  abdomen. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SANATIVENESS. — Sanativeness  is  a  term  which 
well  expresses  the  power  for  healing  and  the  quality  or  state  of 


428 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


healthfullness.  This  quality  includes  love  of  life,  together  with  a 
tenacious  clinging  to  life  and  a  determined  resistance  to  the  en- 
croachments of  disease.  The  same  condition  which  causes  health 
gives  the  capacity  to  impart  health  to  others  in  several  ways,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  intuitive  comprehension  of  bodily  states 
and  changes  of  conditions  and  assistance  by  suggestion  of  hy- 
gienic measures,  by  hand-rubbing  and  manipulations  of  the  body, 
by  administering  remedies  which  experience  and  study  have  taught 

as  suitable,  and  by  surgical 
aid,  which  is  in  some  a 
natural  gift,  yet  which  the 
majority  of  surgeons  are 
obliged  to  learn  by  experi- 
ence. That  surgery  is  a 
natural  gift  in  some  fami- 
lies is  well  known.  The 
celebrated  Sweet  family, 
of  Milford,  Connecticut, 
were  "natural  bone-setters," 
and  this  talent  was  exhib- 
ited in  several  generations. 
Even  the  children  of  the 
family  evinced  a  remark- 
able faculty  for  setting 
bones,  and  showed  their 
skill,  I  am  told,  by  prac- 
ticing upon  cats  and  other 
animals,  first  dislocating 
their  joints  and  then  re- 
placing them  as  a  playful 
experiment.  Thousands  of 
persons,  without  instruc- 
tion, are  capable  of  nursing 
the  sick,  and  show  a  gen- 
uine love  for  this  profession, 
and  when  this  class  of  per- 
sons add  systematic,  scientific  training  to  their  natural  aptitudes 
they  are  most  successful  in  relieving  and  curing  the  sick.  Natural 
healers  (and  there  are  quite  a  number  of  persons  with  this  gift  in 
every  community,  known  and  unknown)  delight  to  exercise  their 
healing  gifts  upon  those  afflicted  with  disease,  by  spontaneous  ma- 
nipulations of  the  body  and  limbs.  This  phase  of  the  faculty  of 
Sanativeness  is  common  to  many  species  of  animals,  as  has  been 
noted  by  naturalists,  many  instances  being  related  by  them  of  the 


FIG.  48.— DR.  NELLIE  BEIGHLE.    (MAGNETIC 
HEALER.) 


Principal 
e  curve  and 


Born  in  America  of  Scotch  parent; 
facial  sign,  Sanativeness.  The  law  of 
Straight  line  governs  this  face.  This  physiognomy  ex- 
presses the  highest  degree  of  ability  to  heal  by  manipu- 
lating the  limbs  and  the  body.  The  power  which  this 
lady  exhibits  for  diagnosing  diseases  may  well  be  ranked 
as  a  ''seventh  sense."  She  seems  to  be  a  perennial 
fountain  of  health,  and  is  probably  the  most  gifted 
healer  in  the  world.  To  a  strong  domestic  nature  she 
adds  a  love  of  art  and  music,  her  fine  muscular  endow- 
ment giving  this  capacity.  Her  complexion  is  clear  red 
and  white,  and  her  Dodily  vigor  remarkable,  a  debt  she 
owes  to  the  good  oatmeal  porridge  of  her  Scotch  ances- 
tors. The  signs  for  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  of 
Home,  and  of  Country  are  large  :  so,  also,  are  the  signs 
for  Benevolence,  Hospitality,  Friendship,  Mirthful- 
ness,  Color,  Approbativeness,  Firmness,  Self-esteem, 
Modesty,  Human  Nature,  Analysis,  Hope,  Construct- 
iveness.  Form,  Size,  Ideality,  Language,  Music,  Time, 
Self-will,  Prescience,  and  Intuition. 


SANAT1VENESS. 


429 


methods  used  by  brute  creatures  to  restore  their  health  and  that 
of  others  of  their  kind  by  assistance  in  simple  surgery — sympathy, 
shown  by  assistance  of  various  kinds — nursing,  bringing  food  to 
those  disabled,  etc.  Not  only  do  various  species  of  the  higher  ani- 
mals assist  each  other  to  regain  their  health,  but  they  have  in 
many  instances  acted  as  nurses  and  guardians  of  helpless  or 
drunken  masters,  saving  their  lives  from  fire,  and  by  calling  atten- 
tion to  their  masters  while  in  fits,  or  who  had  fallen  into  ditches, 
or  who  were  exposed  to  the 
danger  of  fire,  etc. 

All  human  experience 
points  to  the  fact  that  San- 
ativeness,  or  the  faculty 
which  sustains  and  restores 
health,  is  a  normal  and 
primitive  function,  being 
common  alike  to  man  and 
the  brute  creation.  Indeed, 
Ave  may  go  to  the  lowest 
forms  of  life,  to  the  vege- 
table, and  to  the  crystal  in 
the  mineral  kingdom,  and 
we  shall  note  the  fact  that 
even  plants  and  trees  pos- 
sess the  power  of  self- 
healing,  when  injured,  and 
some  crystals,  by  time  and 
a  proper  environment,  as- 
sume again  their  natural 
forms  when  violence  has 
changed  them.  Whole- 
ness, soundness,  normalcy 
and  healthfulness  are  ordi- 
nances of  Nature,  without 
which  neither  man,  animal, 
nor  plant  could  survive  the  slightest  wound  or  disorder.  The  heal- 
ing power  must  reside  within;  it  does  not  exist  in  the  apothecary's 
bottle.  Like  true  religion  and  true  morality,  it  is  a  component  of 
man  by  Nature.  This  truth  should  teach  us  the  religious  duty  of 
making  the  body  sound  by  all  reasonable  methods,  in  order  that 
our  offspring  may  inherit  the  tendency  to  Sanativeness. 

The  faculty  which  presides  over  health  and  healing,  and 
which  gives  a  love  of  life,  is  related  to  all  the  primitive  faculties 
primarily,  and  to  all  the  higher  or  mental  faculties  secondly.  Those 


FIG.  49.— PIEATRO    ANDREA   MATTIOLI.    (PHY- 
SICIAN, AUTHOR,  BOTANIST.) 

Born  in  Italy,  1500.  Principal  facial  sign,  Sanative- 
ness,  shown  by  prominent  malar  bones,  projecting  eye- 
bones  (sign  for  Observation),  width  between  the  eyes, 
balanced  condition  of  all  the  features.  The  law  of  'the 
straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face.  Physicians, 
like  poets,  are  born,  not  made  by  education.  The  physi- 
ognomy of  Mattioh  is  proof,  in  this  instance  at  least. 
01  the  above  statement.  The  signs  for  Conscientious- 
ness, Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young,  Biba- 
tiveness,  Amativeness,  Benevolence,  Mirthfulness, 
Friendship,  Color,  Modesty,  Cautiousness,  Pneuinative- 
ness,  Hope,  Analysis,  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation, 
Cpnstructiveness,  Ideality,  Veneration,  Self-will.  Form, 
Size,  Observation,  Locality,  Language,  Order,  Reason. 
and  Intuition  declare  this 'to  be  the  physiognomy  of  a 
first-class  mind.  Earnestness,  Love  of  Truth  and  of 
Knowledge  are  perceptible,  while  the  signs  of  the  heal- 
ing power  and  capacity  are  most  apparent. 


430  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  whom  this  function  is  well  represented  eat  heartily,  breathe  well, 
sleep  profoundly,  enjoy  exercise,  and  in  all  ways  attest  that  health, 
vigor,  and  a  sound  constitution  are  the  most  priceless  possessions 
of  the  human  family.  AVe  can  only  give  that  which  we  possess, 
and  those  who  have  a  large  degree  of  Sanativeness  are  best  able  to 
impart  the  same  to  others,  by  advice,  personal  service,  or  skillful 
medication.  The  long,  narrow-faced,  narrow-chested,  narrow- 
shouldered,  juiceless,  sapless  individual  has  no  health  to  impart, 
hence  is  to  a  great  degree  a  useless  cumberer  of  the  earth.  The 
sight  of  such  should  be  a  lesson  in  physiological  religion  to  all 
beholders,  and  a  warning  to  intending  parents  to  build  up  their 
own  constitutions  'by  gymnastics  and  diet,  before  presuming  to 
become  the  constructors  of  other  human  beings. 

The  love  of  life  and  enjoyment  of  the  mere  fact  of  existence 
is  strongest  where  Sanativeness  is  best  developed,  and  parents  by 
transmitting  to  children  sound  and  healthful  bodies  endow  them 
with  a  fortune  above  price.  Not  only  does  it  give  zest  and  inspira- 
tion to  life  and  its  occupations,  but  it  enables  its  possessor  to 
recover  easily  and  quickly  from  sickness,  as  well  as  to  endure 
hardships  and  prolonged  strain  upon  the  constitution  without 
permanent  injury, 

If  Sanativeness  were  not  a  primitive  function,  it  would  be 
impossible  for  the  sick  to  recover  and  be  made  whole.  Nature  has 
instituted  certain  laws  and  processes  which  are  self-operative,  by 
the  exercise  of  which  self-healing  is  set  in  action,  and  when  sick- 
ness or  injuries  have  changed  the  normal  condition  of  healthful- 
ness  the  reparative  methods  of  Nature  at  once  take  up  the  work 
of  restoration,  and  unless  the  subject  is  injured  beyond  the  power 
of  Nature  to  repair  this  process  goes  on  until  perfect  health  is 
regained.  This  process,  designated  by  the  ancient  medicos  as  vis 
medicatrix  naturce,  or  "  the  healing  power  of  Nature,"  is  dominant 
throughout  Nature's  broad  domain.  Plants  and  animals  are  healed 
by  this  all-pervading  law,  and  in  many  sections  of  the  country 
remote  from  physicians  man  relies  wholly  upon  this  beneficent 
provision  of  Nature,  and  thus  escapes  many  ills  which  too  much 
medication  inflicts  upon  those  who  are  so  unfortunate  as  to  be 
treated  by  an  ignoramus  posing  in  the  guise  of  an  M.D.,  made 
such,  perhaps,  by  the  possession  of  a  regular  diploma  alone,  and 
not  endorsed  by  the  hand  of  Nature.  All  true  physicians  are  horn 
with  the  capacity,  instinct,  and  love  for  the  healing  art.  Scientific 
physiognomy  teaches  us  how  to  discover  those  upon  whom  Nature 
has  set  her  seal,  and  shows  to  whom  she  has  given  credentials  of 
fitness  for  the  highest  and  holiest  office  within  her  gift.  "  The 
healing  of  the  nations,"  by  direct  means,  requires,  above  and 


SANATIVENESS.  431 

beyond  all  other  arts  and  sciences,  the  most  skill,  the  highest 
natural  fitness,  and  the  most  conscientious  conduct.  We  may  be 
able  to  exist  in  great  comfort,  and  listen  to  singers  out  of  tune,  or 
to  poets  whose  rhymed  measures  halt  and  limp,  or  gaze  upon 
pictures  that  fail  to  convey  a  meaning,  without  being  greatly 
injured ;  but  when  sickness  assails  this  mortal  frame,  then  it  is  that 
the  utmost  skill,  wisdom,  and  almost  superhuman  knowledge  is 
demanded  to  restore  us  to  our  wonted  health,  and  this  result  re- 
quires the  highest  powers  of  mind,  or  (as  in  the  case  of  natural 
healers)  a  suitable  physical  endowment. 

There  are  four  general  and  distinct  classes  of  those  who  pos- 
sess the  power  of  healing,  viz.,  natural  physicians,  natural  surgeons, 
natural  nurses,  and  natural  healers.  Each  class  is  distinguished 
by  facial  and  bodily  peculiarities  of  structure  which,  once  under- 
stood will  always  reveal  the  class  to  which  each  belongs.  Each  of 
these  classes  has  its  subdivisions.  Some  surgeons,  for  example, 
are  best  adapted  to  repair  injuries  to  the  bones;  others  have  a 
special  gift  in  treating  injuries  to  the  eye,  ear,  or  abnormal  states 
of  the  viscera,  removing  tumors,  etc.  All  these  differences  of 
taste  and  capacity  manifest  themselves  in  the  practice  of  every 
surgeon,  as  well  as  in  his  face,  showing  in  each  case  that  Nature 
has  especially  endowed  certain  persons  with  the  talent  essential  to 
restore  all  of  the  various  parts  of  the  human  organism.  It  is  the 
same  with  physicians ;  some  have  a  natural  aptitude  for  treating,  a 
certain  portion  of  the  body,  or  are  most  successful  in  some  special 
department,  thus  evincing  that  Nature  has  provided  in  every 
direction  for  the  restoration  to  health  of  all  her  suffering  children. 
There  is  also  great  diversity  of  taste  and  talent  exhibited  among 
natural  nurses,  as  among  physicians  and  surgeons.  Some  are  led 
by  natural  aptitudes  to  attend  to  sick  children  exclusively,  or  to 
diseases  of  women  solely;  while  others  have  more  skill  and  insight 
in  nursing  surgical  cases;  others  still  excel  in  treating  fever 
patients,  thus  proving  that  if  ill  health  assumes  a  Protean  aspect, 
Nature  has  endowed  humanity  with  characteristics  sufficiently 
varied  to  relieve  them  all. 

In  all  communities,  civilized  and  uncivilized,  are  found  persons 
of  both  sexes,  to  whom  Nature  has  imparted  the  gift  of  healing 
by  different  methods  of  hand  rubbing  and  manipulation  of  the 
body  and  limbs.  Doubtless  many  of  these  beneficent  beings  have. 
in  former  ages,  been  persecuted  as  witches  and  magicians ;  but  in 
this  more  enlightened  age,  when  inquiry  is  not  obstructed  by  penal 
enactments,  we  are  able  to  investigate  the  peculiar  virtues  of  this 
useful  class  of  people,  and  to  avail  ourselves  openly  of  their 
capacities. 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


These  two  general  classes  of  healers,  viz.,  the  magnetic  and 
the  electric,  are  suited  to  the  requirements  of  differently  constituted 
patients,  some  of  whom  need  vital  electricity,  while  others  demand 
magnetism.  As  a  rule,  patients  need  the  sort  of  vitality  opposite 
to  their  own.  Scientific  physiognomy  gives  the  only  method  by 
which  these  classes  of  persons  can  be  known  and  classified. 

The  magnetic  healer  is  known  by  a  predominance  of  the 
muscular  system,  while  the  electric  healer  discloses  the  supremacy 

of  the  nervous,  or  the  ner- 
vous and  mental  systems  in 
combination.  The  latter 
class  possess,  in  many  cases, 
wonderful  insight  into  phys- 
ical, moral,  and  mental  dis- 
orders, and  if,  as  it  some- 
times happens,  they  are  not 
able  to  aid  with  the  hands, 
are  very  competent  to  give 
advice  as  to  treatment, 
foods,  hygienic  habits,  etc., 
which  are  highly  beneficial. 
All  true  physicians,  sur- 
geons, nurses,  and  healers 

FIO.SO.-.'MOTHER"  BYCKERDYKE.     (AKMV  V^^    ™    ^^    **&«* 

NURSE  AND  PHILANTHROPIST.)  intuitive  lllSlgllt  111  SlCKliesS, 

Born   in   Illinois.     Conspicuous   facial   sign,    Sana-  vi7liir>Vi      miaWlfe    flif>m     V»v    ft 

tiveness.    The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  square  gov-  WIL  UJ 

erns  this  physiognomy.   This  tenderly  sympathetic  face  rkvr»/-«occ     r»f    rM-i-inflfirm      if 

discloses  all  the  signs  of  a  great  and  self-sacrificing  na-  lm  '"»    1 

ture.   Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Benevo-  >>,.,\     or»    form   if    'fr»    r>nm IVI-A- 

lence,    Economy,    Love   of    Home,  Love   of    Young,  m<l>    fc  11,    U 

Modesty,   Friendship,  and  Approbativeness   are  most  Vio-nrl       rkvictimr      r>rm rl i fi nn e 

decided ;    while  the  faculties  (!t  Analysis,  Hope,  .Sub-  "611(1      CXlSling  [IS, 

limity,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Locality,  Language,  •nid       time      tViPV      HVP      llYIp 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are  excellent.  1CJ 

to  promote  health  by  ap- 
plying the  best  remedy  to  the  case  in  hand.  This  gift  is  aug- 
mented by  study  and  experience.  The  more  intuition  a  physician 
possesses  the  greater  is  his  power  to  diagnose  a  disease,  and 
this  fact  has  been  used  by  quacks  and  mere  college-made  doctors 
to  impose  upon  patients  by  the  assumption  of  extraordinary 
occult  or  mystic  powers  in  this  direction.  So  precious  is  health, 
and  so  eager  are  the  sick  to  become  well,  that,  like  drowning 
men,  they  seize  upon  every  straw  of  comfort  they  can  get  in  the 
way  of  relief,  and  thus  it  is  that  many  resort  to  quacks  and  char- 
latans, or  to  dangerous  patent  remedies.  Like  many  other  of  the 
good  things  of  life,  we  value  health  more  after  we  lose  it  than 
while  we  possess  it.  Natural  remedies,  such,  for  example,  as  rest, 
diet,  abstinence  from  food  in  certain  cases,  sea-bathing,  judicious 


SANATIVENESS. 


433 


exercise,  gymnastics,  remedial  foods  and  drinks  afforded  by  vege- 
tables and  herbs,  are  the  best  aids  to  preserve  and  restore  health. 
When  these  fail,  then  recourse  may  be  made  to  physicians,  medi- 
cation, nurses,  and  healers.  Most  persons  respond  easily  to  these 
natural  methods  of  regaining  health,  and  the  more  they  rely  upon 
them  and  persevere  in  an  intelligent  manner  the  better  it  will  be 
for  them,  for  health  is  the  normal  condition  of  all ;  and  when  one 
seeks  the  aid  of  natural  remedies  he  acts  in  conjunction  with  other 
natural  laws,  for  all  of  the 
laws  of  Nature  work  in 
harmonious  agreement. 

An  ardent  love  of  life 
is  one  phase  of  the  faculty 
of  Sanativeness.  Those 
endowed  with  a  high  de- 
gree of  health  and  a  sound 
constitution  naturally  enjoy 
existence  more  than  do 
those  who  are  feeble  by 
nature ;  hence  they  will 
make  greater  efforts  to  re- 
cuperate, and  do  so  more 
readily  than  those  who  are 
life-long  sufferers  by  dis- 
ease. 

Longevity   is  still  an- 
other    attribute      of     this 
faculty,  and  the  physiogno- 
mies    nf     nil     pcrp»rl      nm-cnnc 
1    d6et 

show  most  of  the  signs  for 
Sanativeness.  This  grand 
primal  faculty  has  many 
phases  and  aspects,  thus 
disclosing  its  breadth  of 

SCOpe  and  its  relation  tO  all 

the  life-giving  and  life- 
sustaining  powers.  Its  base  is  broader  and  more  important  than 
any  other  function,  for  it  embraces  many  of  the  others  in  its 
operation,  as  it  is  related  to  respiration,  digestion,  and  secretion,  as 
well  as  to  the  muscular  and  bone  and  brain  systems. 

After  reading  the  above  exposition  of  this  function  and  its 
associated  faculties,  can  one  doubt  its  direct  influence  upon  our 
moral  nature  ?  How  important,  then,  its  cultivation  ! 

*  This  cut  by  permission  of  editor  of  "History  of  Woman's  Suffrage." 

•28 


FIG.  51.— CLEMENCE  S.  LOZIER.  (PHYSICIAN  AND 

REFORMER.)* 

Born  in  New  Jersey,  1812.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Sanativeness,  shown  by  breadth  of  face  outwardly  from 
the  eyes  and  just  below  them,  full  cheeks ;  good,  fresh 
color  of  the  complexion,  clear  skin,  bright  eyes.  The 
law  of  the  straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face. 
The  force  of  character  exhibited  by  this  lady  was  of 
that  quiet,  gentle,  persistent  sort  which,  when  allied  to 
great  mental  and  moral  gifts,  as  in  her  case,  leads  to 
success.  She  was  quite  a  noted  reformer,  having  been 
one  of  the  staunchest  supporters  of  the  womanys  suf- 
frage cause.  In  the  face  of  great  obstacles  she  obtained 
a  medical  education  and  established  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  New  York,  and  became  its  rirst 
Dean.  The  signs  of  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Econ- 
omv.  Love  of  Home.  Mirthfulness,  Patriotism,  Love 
of  \oung,  and  of  Hospitality  are  well  defined.  The 
mental  signs  of  Analysis,  Ho'pe,  Human  Nature,  Con- 
structiveness.  Form,  Size,  Color,  Veneration,  Reason, 
Prescience,  and  Intuition  are  large.  Altogether  an 
earnest,  gentle,  wise,  and  womanly  woman. 


-i:U  PRACTICAL    AND    SC1KXTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOM  V. 

The  restorative  powers  of  animals  are  manifested  in  a  greater 
decree  than  in  eivili/ed  man,  and  they  also  exhibit  in  many  cases 
an  intuitive  or  instinctive  knowledge  of  the  remedial  powers  of 
certain  herbs,  of  rest,  and  diet.  They  also"  evince  considerable 
ability  in  surgery,  often  practicing  it  upon  themselves,  and  assist- 
ing each  other.  Oats  and  dogs  understand  the  virtue  of  certain 
plants,  which  they  use  either  as  purgatives  or  emetics  according  to 
their  requirements.  The  buffalo,  camel,  and  horse  use  salt  for 
the  purpose  of  promoting  health.  The  "  salt-licks "  of  all  coun- 
tries are  resorted  to  by  various  animals  for  this  purpose.  The 
chimpanzee  and  other  apes  are  known  .to  staunch  their  bleeding 
wounds  by  using  their  hands  to  compress  them,  or  by  stuffing 
grass  and  other  things  into  the  wound  to  relieve  themselves 
(Livingston).  Many  animals  lick  their  own  and  other's  wounds 
and  sores,  thus  cleansing  them  in  order  to  facilitate  healing.  A 
dog  has  been  known  to  perform  a  surgical  operation  upon  a  cat 
by  excision  of  its  tail,  which  had  been  partially  cut  in  two.  The 
dog  bit  off  the  end,  and  thus  relieved  his  feline  friend  (Lindsay). 
Many  animals  take  the  orphaned  offspring  of  other  animal  species 
and  nurse  them  at  their  breasts,  and  do  a  parent's  part  by  them. 
Dogs  and  elephants  have  nursed  and  cared  for  injured  and  >irk 
men  and  children,  and  have  saved  human  lives,  by  their  acuteness 
in  scent  and  sound,  from  drowning  and  fire,  and  in  a  thousand 
ways  they  attest  that  the  principle  of  Sanativeness  in  all  its  phases 
is  possessed  by  various  animal  species. 

Longevity  in  animals  is  disclosed  by  the  same  general  signs  as 
in  man,  the  long,  slim-necked  giraffe  living  a  relatively  shorter 
life  than  the  round,  muscular  tortoise,  or  the  broad-built  elephant. 
In  short,  animals  possess  in  common  with  man,  in  varying  degrees, 
•cdl  the  phases  of  Sanativeness,  and  which  they  manifest,  as  he  does, 
by  both  mental  and  physical  acts  and  means. 

If  the  love  of  life  were  not  a  universal  and  dominating  trait, 
both  men  and  animals  would  "  shuffle  off  this  mortal  coil  "  upon 
the  slightest  provocation.  Suicides  are  committed  by  animals 
from  the  same  causes  which  induce  men  to  commit  them.  Man 
must  have  within  himself  a  great  restraining  influence,  else  very 
few  would  stand  up  under  the  innumerable  disasters,  trials,  and 
sufferings  to  which  nearly  all  mankind  are  subjected.  It  requires 
great  heroism  oftentimes  to  exist,  The  love  of  health  is  the  next 
strongest  desire  of  the  human  heart ;  longevity  or  length  of  days 
another  great  human  desire.  Then  follows  the  yearning  exhibited 
by  so  many  to  save  life  and  health  by  personal  service,  advice,  and 
medication.  All  these  traits  are  but  phases  and  manifestations 
of  one  fundamental  function  and  faculty  which  I  have  included 


SAXATIVENESS.  435 

under  the  comprehensive  term,  Sanativeness,  from  sanative, 
"having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal;  healing;  curative;  having 
the  tendency  to  heal."*  From  this  condition  of  the  body  all  the 
other  phases  and  aspects  of  the  faculty  follow,  viz.,  the  power  to 
assist  others  in  sickness,  the  love  of  life  and  health,  the  dread  of 
pain,  and  longevity. 

The  facial  signs  of  the  physician  are  varied  and  numerous, 
because  this  profession  requires  very  superior  and  varied  character. 
None  should  enter  its  ranks  unless  specially  qualified  by  Nature  for 
this  work.  One  general  sign  observed  in  the  physiognomies  of 
physicians,  and  nurses  as  well,  is  a  prominence  of  the  bones  of  the 
cheek,  about  one  inch  outward  from  the  outer  angle  of  the  eye, 
and  also  just  below  the  eye.  The  other  signs  found  in  combina- 
tion will  decide  whether  the  talent  is  for  nursing  or  doctoring. 
The  physician  must  possess  a  good  brain  system,  such  as  would 
enable  him  to  take  a  comprehensive  course  of  study,  with  large 
Practicality  to  enable  him  to  apply  it.  The  shape  and  size  of  the 
nose  will  give  this  information.  He  must  have  fair  Caution,  large 
Reason,  Analysis,  Observation,  Intuition,  Self-will,  Firmness,  Self- 
esteem,  Conscientiousness,  and  sufficient  Secretiveness  to  enable  him 
to  keep  a  close  mouth  and  command  his  facial  muscles.  He  must 
possess  fine  social  and  domestic  traits,  such  as  Friendship,  Hope, 
Mirthfulness,  Pneumativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  suf- 
ficient Amativeness  to  enable  him  to  be  tender  and  considerate  of 
women,  and  good  health  and  a  vigorous  constitution.  He  requires 
also  fine  Ideality  to  give  refinement,  large  Constructiveness,  plenty 
of  Force  to  give  courage  while  performing  difficult  operations, 
together  with  a  high  sense  of  honor  and  morality.  In  short,  a 
physician  should  possess  a  high  and  well-balanced,  harmonious 
organization  of  body  and  mkid,  if  he  would  attain  the  highest 
success  in  the  healing  art. 

The  surgeon  needs  many  of  the  foregoing  traits,  but  with 
larger  Form,  Size,  Constructiveness,  Force,  and  Resolution,  as  well 
as  great  physical  courage  and  mechanical  ability.  Nearly  all 
superior  surgeons  exhibit  large  muscular  development ;  that  is,  the 
muscles  must  exceed  the  bones  in  order  to  give  strength  and  sup- 
pleness, without  large  size  of  the  hands  and  fingers,  which  are 
round,  flexible,  and  inclined  to  taper ;  hence  surgeons  are  round- 
built'  men,  with  broad,  rounding  heads,  broad  shoulders,  deep 
chest,  and  a  strong  and  not  an  oversensitive  nervous  system. 
This  profession  requires  a  combination  of  the  brain  and  muscular 
systems  predominant. 

All  natural  nurses  exhibit  the  facial  sign  about  the  corner  of 


*  Webster. 


436  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  eyes,  and  manifest  a  desire  to  be  with  the  sick,  and  exhibit 
their  skill  in  their  treatment.  They  should  have  a  good,  vigorous 
constitution;  large  Caution,  Hope,  Mirthfulness ;  not  too  much 
Loquacity,  yet  enough  to  interest  and  amuse  the  invalid  ;  large 
Piirumativeness,  to  detect  odors  and  atmospheric  changes  ;m<l 
qualities;  good  Conscientiousness  and  Firmness,  to  give  decision  and 
perseverance  without  being  rigid  or  severe ;  good  Alimentiveness, 
to  enable  them  to  eat  well  and  be  able  to  choose  and  prepare  suit- 
able foods  for  the  sick.  A  nurse  may  possess  either  the  bone  and 
brain  systems,  with  a  good  degree  of  the  vegetative,  or  a  combination 
of  the  muscular  and  brain  systems  dominant. 

Natural  healers  are,  as  before  stated,  usually  found  with  the 
muscular  or  nervous  systems  dominant ;  yet  I  have  known  some 
very  good  healers,  who  combined  nursing  with  healing  qualities, 
in  whom  the  vegetative  and  muscular  systems  were  supreme. 
Healers  acquire,  by  long  and  continued  practice,  a  sensitiveness  of 
the  sense  of  touch  and  temperature  which  enables  them  to  locate 
a  disease  by  the  sense  of  touch,  aided  by  intuition.  The  diag- 
noses of  some  of  this  class  are  truly  phenomenal.  Healers  should 
possess  the  best  of  health  and  sound  constitution,  moral  principle, 
and  large  Friendship.  In  their  efforts  for  the  sick  they  are  too  apt 
to  overdo,  and  thus  break  down  early.  They  should  bear  in  mind 
that  vitality  is  limited,  and  endeavor  to  conserve  their  powers  by 
plenty  of  rest  and  a  good  deal  of  fresh  air  and  sunshine.  These 
are  indispensable  to  those  who  would  retain  healing  powers  unim- 
paired for  years. 

SELF-ESTEEM. 

Definition. — Self-respect,  independence,  true  pride,  dignity, 
decorum,  self-reliance,  nobility,  self-control,  love  of  leadership, 
selfhood,  elevation  of  character. 

An  excess  induces  intense  egotism,  insolence,  haughtiness, 
tyranny,  and  an  overbearing  assumption  of  superiority. 

A  deficiency  tends  to  lack  of  dignity,  want  of  self-reliance 
and  true  independence,  with  little,  if  any,  ability  to  lead  or 
command. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  sign  for  Self-esteem 
is  length  of  the  upper  lip.  The  principal  bodily  signs  are  an 
erect  carriage,  a  high  head,  erect  shoulders,  chin  carried  slightly 
forward,  and  feet  turned  well  outward.  Those  with  short,  upper 
lips  have  relatively  less  Self-esteem  than  those  with  a  long  upper 
lip.  The  length  of  the  upper  lip  also  indicates  (if  the  color  is  well 
defined)  the  strength  of  the  spinal  column  and  strength  of  the 
vertebrae.  It  leads  the  individual  to  carry  himself  with  a  vigorous 


SELF-ESTEEM.  437 

and  independent  bearing;  and  as  mind  and  body  always  act  in 
unison,  Sell-esteem  and  a  very  erect  carriage  are  the  results  of  the 
integrity  of  the  bony  system,  which  is  also  manifested  by  a  strong 
and  straight  vertebral  structure.  See  the  portraits  of  Admiral 
Farragut,  Herbert  Spencer,  John  G.  Whittier,  and  others. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SELF-ESTEEM. — The  limbs  of  those  possessed  of 
large  Self-esteem  are  long  and  straight ;  the  fingers  long  and  bony. 
Sell-esteem  originates  in  the  osseous  system  and  is  best  den  eloped 
in  those  in  whom  .this,  system  is  dominant.  The  length  of  the  bony 
structure  of  the  upper  jaw  gives  the  facial  sign,  and  this  indicates  its 
source  or  base.  By  virtue  of  the  same  logic  we  find  that  stiffness 
and  strength  of  the  vertebras,  or  bones  of  the  spinal  column,  and 
an  erect  carriage  of  the  body  and  head  are  among  its  bodily  indica- 
tions. When  the  osseous  system  is  strong,  well  developed,  and 
sustained  by  the  perfection  of  the  digestive  functions,  there  is 
evolved  such  vigor  of  the  mind  and  of  the  most  solid  and  enduring 
parts  of  the  body  as  leads  to  Self-esteem,  love  of  leadership,  self- 
reliance,  dignity,  and  elevation  of  character.  The  reader  can  con- 
vince himself  very  readily  of  the  reliable  and  unyielding  nature 
of  bone,  and  of  its  ability  to  impart  firmness,  solidity,  and  dignity 
to  character,  by  comparing  the  stature  and  lives  of  Washington, 
Jefferson,  or  any  other  men  possessed  of  very  long  and  square 
bones,  with  the  personnel  and  character  of  any  short,  fat,  squat 
individual,  and  he  will  become  convinced  of  the  reliable  nature 
of  bone  when  exhibited  in  man  or  animal. 

This  trait  imparts  ability  for  enduring  and  overcoming  one's 
own  weaknesses  as  well  as  the  opinions  and  weaknesses  of  others. 
In  disease,  it  assists  in  sustaining  the  patient  in  a  measure  and 
leads  him  to  rely  upon  his  own  efforts  and  self-control  to  promote 
recovery.  It  is  a  grand  force  in  a  character,  in  a  normal  degree. 
but  where  a  large  excess  has  been  transmitted  and  unduly  exer- 
cised it  is  a  perversion,  and  the  most  offensive  egotism,  haughti- 
ness, contempt,  and  tyranny  take  its  place,  and  thus  weaken  ami 
make  despicable  the  character  exhibiting  this  perversion.  Insane 
asylums  contain  many  characters  whose  unbalanced  or  excessive 
Self-esteem  is  most  marked,  and  they  announce  themselves  to 
visitors  as  "Jesus  Christ,"  or  "Queen  Victoria,"  or  "Napoleon 
Bonaparte,"  or  some  other  celebrated  character,  with  all  the 
earnestness  of  truth. 

The  position  of  the  facial  sign  of  Self-esteem  is  worthy  of 
analysis.  It  is  dominated  by  the  sign  for  Modesty,  which  cuts  a 
channel  through  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip  and  seems  intended 
to  tone  down  the  haughty  assumptions  of  a  too-excessive  egotism. 
Just  above  it  stands  Hope,  to  cheer  and  lead  upward  a  strong 


438 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


selfhood,  without  which  it  would  be  content  with  mere  self-contem- 
plation; while  above  it  are  all  the  traits  which  disclose  artistic, 
literary,  and  musical  ability,  grouped  together  to  attract  the  char- 
acter toward  active  labor  in  those  directions,  and  thus  give  a  real 
foundation  for  true  pride  in  meritorious  achievement ;  while  Ama- 
tiveness  and  Love  of  Young  each  develop  feeling  toward  others, 
which  modifies  somewhat  the  constant  thought  of  self-importance  ; 
for  each  of  these  sentiments  demands  recognition  and  sends  out  to 

children,  lover,  and  hus- 
band a  share  of  attention, 
and  thus  tends  to  draw  off 
the  mind  from  too  much 
self-contemplation  and  self- 
glorification, — a  condition 
which  would  be  the  natural 
result  did  not  mental  tastes 
•and  desires,  as  well  as  do- 
mestic sentiments,  arise  to 
prevent  the  character  from 
becoming  entirely  absorbed 
in  contemplation  of  itself. 

In  many  characters 
who  exhibit  an  excess  of 
Self-esteem,  a  certain  trait 
or  several  traits  are  ob- 
served to  be  relatively 
feeble;  either  Love  of 
Young,  Amativeness,  or 
else  a  poor  development  of 
artistic  or  literary  tastes 
and  capacities  will  be  ob- 
served. Those  who  possess 
an  inordinate  degree  of  Self- 
esteem  seem  often,  in  their 
offensive  assumptions  of  superiority,  in  many  directions  to  be 
insane.  They  carry  this  egotism  and  hauteur  to  such  lengths  as 
to  lay  themselves  open  to  the  charge  either  of  insanity  or  of  acting 
a  part.  Indeed,  excessive  indulgence  in  this  self-feeling  often 
brings  on  morbid  states  of  mind,  which,  if  not  checked,  induce 
insanity.  The  "sublime  self-sufficiency  of  $wedenborg,"  for  ex- 
ample, is  a  matter  most  interesting  to  physiognomists,  for  when 
his  portrait  is  examined  scientifically  the  faculty  of  Self-esteem 
will  be  found  second  only  to  the  faculty  of  Credenciveness,  and 
both  were  abnormally  developed.  Indeed,  the  physiognomies  of 


;< ' 


FIG.  52. —THOMAS  JEFFERSON.  (STATESMAN, 
REFORMER,  AND  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES;  AUTHOR  OF  THE  "DECLARATION  OF 
INDEPENDENCE." 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Self-esteem,  shown  by 
length  01  the  upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
square  governs  this  face.  Elevation  of  mind  is  the  domi- 
nant characteristic  of  this  noble  character.  A  developed 
vegetative  system  gives  a  firm  foundation  upon  which 
is  built  a  b'road  and  lofty  mentality.  The  signs  for 
Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home 
and  of  Young  are  most  marked.  The  height,  length, 
and  width  of  the  nose  announce  a  marked  and  vigorous 
mentality.  The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Analysis, 


Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity.  Vener- 
ation, Executiveness,  Self-will.  Observation,  Memory 
of  Events,  and  Reason  are  all  large.  His  stature  was 
tall  and  commanding  and  quality  fine. 


SELF-ESTEEM. 


439 


all  great  founders  and  leaders  of  religious  and  other  reforms,  dis- 
close the  signs  for  Self-esteem  most  decidedly.  Observe  the  faces 
of  George  Washington,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Garibaldi,  Kossuth, 
Lamartine,  Admiral  Farragut,  John  Bright,  Lucretia  Mott,  and 
John  Wesley. 

This  trait  assists  the  character  in  the  self-assertion  and  post- 
tlveness  required  for  domination.     Confidence  in  one's  self  inspires 
confidence  on  the  part  of  others,  hence  it   is  that  quacks,  so-called 
prophets,  and  miracle-work- 
ers secure  a  large  following 
and  great   pecuniary   profit. 
Self-assertion,  bombastic  pre- 
tension, coupled  with  a  claim 
to    supernatural    powers,    is 
always  sure  of  success.     His- 
tory records  many  who  were 
monomaniacs    whose    confi- 
dence in  themselves  led  them 
into    all    sorts    of    extrava- 
gances,  as  well  as  their  de- 
luded   worshipers.      Joanna 
Southcott,  who  flourished  in 
England  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  was  one  of  this  sort. 
No  doubt  she  was  so  inflated 
with    Self-esteem     and    her 
own    importance     that    she 
sincerely  believed  herself  to 
be  what  she  professed,  viz., 
the   bride    of  Christ.       Her 
portrait    exhibits   the    signs 
for  Credenciveness  and  Self-     est   an(1  Ap,m)batiVeneS 
esteem  large.    These  are  also     opeti-  tl 
very  marked  in  the  physiog- 
nomies of  Mahomet,  George 
Fox,  Brigham   Young,  Mar- 
tin Luther,  and  Calvin.     The 
portraits   of  all   successful  generals  exhibit  a  more  than  average 
degree  of  Self-esteem,  and  the  physiognomies  of  the  leaders  in   all 
great  enterprises   show  the  same.     In  all  such  affairs  it  is   vrry 
essential  that  the  individual  should  have  confidence  in  his  own 
powers,  and   then  be  able  to   inspire,    otlters  with   confidence  in 
himself,  and  this  the  natural  leader  will  do  in  the  most  spontane- 
ous manner.     Among  children,  the  one  who  possesses  the  most 


FIG.  .53.— HENRY  WARD  BEECHER.    (AUTHOR, 
EDITOR,  OKATOR,  PREACHER,  REFORMER.) 

Born  in  Connecticut,  1813.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign  Self-esteem.  The  law  of  the  straight  line.square, 
and  curve  governs  this  countenance.  This  portrait 
of  Mr.  Beecher,  taken  in  early  life,  expresses  great 
power.  Along  with  a  fine  and  strong  vegetative 
system  are  seen  the  signs  of  moral  and  mental 
capacity ;  the  wide,  straight  mouth  and  full  eyes 
announce  the  orator,  while  the  large  size  of  the  nose 
and  its  length  give  the  clue  to  his  great  mentality. 
The  signs  tor  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Love  of 
Home,  of  Young,  and  of  Country  are  well  denned. 
Amativeness,  Benevolence,  Economy,  Hospitality, 
Sanativeness,  Color,  Mirthfulness,  Friendship,  Mod- 
esty, and  Apnroliativeness  are  all  very  well  devel- 
oped, thus  showing  constitutional  vigor  and  the 
essential  foundation  of  sympathetic  emotion  for  the 
orator  anil  reformer.  The  signs  for  Analysis,  Human 
Nature.  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constructiveness,  Men- 
tal Imitation.  Veneration,"  Executiveness.  Self-will, 
Language,  Music,  CaleiiTation.  Order,  Form,  Size, 
Locality,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  large,  while  Cre- 
denciveness is  deficient. 


440  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Sell-esteem  or  dignity  will  naturally  set  up  the  standard  of  leadership 
in  their  games  and  pastimes.  A  child  with  natural  Executiveness 
will  also  assume  the  character  of  the  "father,"  or  "mother,"  or 
"captain,"  or  "teacher,"  in  intercourse  with  his  or  her  playmates, 
and  in  childhood,  as  well  as  in  adult  life,  the  one  who  is  able  to 
lead  does  so  according  to  the  infallible  law  of  the  reign  of  the 
fittest. 

In  the  animal  kingdom  the  faculty  of  leadership,  by  virtue  of 
capacity,  is  exhibited  in  a  very  marked  manner,  and,  in  this  do- 
main, leadership  always  rests  upon  true  merit,  and,  according  to 
animal  ideas,  the  leader  must  prove  his  power  or  vacate  the 
position.  "  Family  influence "  here  goes  for  nothing,  and  deeds 
alone  entitle  the  conquering  buck  to  the  possession  of  the  does, 
the  right  to  whom  he  has  had  to  earn  by  the  most  valiant  and 
hard-fought  battles.  Among  the  peaceful,  graminivorous  tribes, 
the  "  bell-wether "  leads  the  flock  by  reason  of  ability  to  do 
so ;  and,  lower  down,  the  most  skillful  beaver  acts  as  engineer-in- 
chief  to  locate  and  construct  the  dams  and  dwellings  for  the  tribes. 
So,  also,  the  ants  choose  capable  superintendents  and  architects, 
whose  authority  is  acknowledged  and  ability  unquestioned  by  those 
who  work  under  direction  of  their  chosen  leaders.  The  faculty  of 
Self-esteem,  then,  must  be  inherent  as  low  down  in  the  animal 
series  as  the  insect  tribes,  and  possibly  it  may  be  exhibited  in  some 
way  by  those  still  lower  down.  Because  man's  faculties  are  too  gross 
to  penetrate  the  finer  powers  of  animal  life  he  assumes  that  animals 
are  deficient  creatures,  and  not  possessed  of  sense  or  mind, — only 
"  instinct."  The  microscope  possesses  powers  of  which  the  most 
perfect  human  eye  is  destitute,  and  this  same  instrument  reveals 
to  man  facts  in  animal  nature  which  almost  exceed  belief.  The 
patience  and  observation  of  numberless  naturalists  are  accumulating 
a  vast  amount  of  evidence  in  this  direction,  which  is  adding  greatly 
to  our  intelligence  on  the  subject  of  the  mental  life  of  animals,  and 
which  must  greatly  contribute  to  the  respect  in  which  we  should 
hold  them.  Let  the  reader  peruse  the  works  of  the  Ilev.  J.  G. 
Wood,  Pierre  Htiber,  Ur.  J.  Lander  Lindsay,  Charles  Darwin, 
Buckland,  Houzeau,  Biiclmer,  Youatt,  Miss  Cobbe,  and  others, 
who  have  made  the  study  of  animals  a  specialty,  and  he  will  be- 
come convinced  that  the  mentality  of- animals  is  different  from 
man's  only  in  degree,  not  in  kind.  In  treating  of  Mind  in  its 
most  comprehensive  sense  I  am  obliged  to  include  some  notice  of 
animal  mentality,  for  there  can  be  but  one  mind  pervading  all  ani- 
mate objects,  just  as  there  is  but  one  life  permeating  all  things  in 
existence,  yet  manifesting  itself  in  many  diverse  methods  in 
unnumbered  objects. 


SELF-ESTEEM.  441 

The  reader  will  observe  that  in  the  descriptions  of  the  facul- 
ties in  this  chapter  a  space  is  devoted  to  notice  of  similar  faculties 
in  various  animals.  My  object  in  thus  doing  is  to  enlarye  the  ideas 
of  my  readers,  and  to  lead  them  to  take  a  more  comprehensive  view 
of  mind  than  obtains  at  present  among'  the  masses.  When  man 
magnifies  himself  at  the  expense  of  the  animal  kingdom  he  does 
himself,  as  well  as  the  animal  tribes,  a  gross  injustice.  He  nar- 
rows his  view  of  Nature's  laws*  and  shuts  out  much  which  the 
great  truths  of  evolution  teach. 

A  balanced  degree  of  Self-esteem  is  of  infinite  service  to  man, 
and  is  intended  to  teach  him  to  protect,  uphold,  and  respect  himself 
by  causing  him  to  pursue  a  course  of  conduct  which  will  entitle  him 
not  only  to  respect  himself,  but  to  deserve  the  respect  of  others. 
It  is,  indeed,  a  "tower  of  strength"  to  the  character,  and  will  en- 
able one  to  push  his  way  to  many  places  of  importance,  social, 
commercial,  and  governmental. 

Those  with  short  upper  lips  are  greatly  lacking  in  Self-esteem, 
yet 'usually  possess  a  large  share  of  Approbativeness,  which  assists 
the  character.  Children  with  this  feature  should  be  encouraged 
to  act  with  self-reliance  and  be  taught  to  depend  on  their  own 
efforts  and  to  value  their  own  opinions  more.  In  this  manner  the 
lack  of  Self-esteem  can  be  overcome  in  a  measure,  and  thus  add 
strength  and  power.  Parents  should  always  seek  to  level  iq>  the 
character  and  not  to  level  down  this  trait  by  discouraging  bashful, 
shame-faced  children.  Many  parents  will  observe  in  the  presence 
of  a  child,  "  Oh,  there  is  no  use  trying  to  make  anything  of 
Johnnie ;  he  is  too  bashful  to  ever  amount  to  anything."  They 
should  take  the  opposite  course  with  diffident  children,  and  inspire 
them  with  a  belief  in  their  own  abilities  by  saying  in  their  hear- 
ing, "I  expect  my  boy  to  succeed,"  or  "My  daughter  lias  ability 
to  do  many  things  well,  and  she  will  certainly  show  it."  Always 
speak  of  them  and  to  them  as  if  their  backwardness,  or  lack  of 
Self-esteem,  was  only  an  incident  peculiar  to  childhood,  but  always 
assume  in  their  hearing  that  they  are  expected  to  put  forth  all 
their  energies,  and  that  success  will  surely  crown  their  efforts. 
Many  a  boy  has  been  obliged  to  take  a  second-rate  place  in  life 
simply  because  his  self-estimation  was  not  commensurate  with  his 
abilities. 

It  is  wonderful  how  readily  the  world  accepts  our  own  valua- 
tion of  ourselves.  This  being  the  fact,  all  should  put  a  high 
•estimate  upon  their  character  and  then  live  up  to  if. 

The  effects  which  are  produced  by  the  combination  of  Self- 
esteem  with  other  faculties  are  most  noteworthy.  Average  Self- 
esteem,  with  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness,  lends  great  dignity 


442  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  moral  worth  to  the  character,  together  with  a  stable,  reliable 
mind ;  with  the  intellectual  faculties  large,  the  individual  will  seek 
to  lead  in  public  matters,  reforms,  etc. ;  with  large  Self-esteem  and 
large  Hope,  he  will  exhibit  a  most  inflated  idea  of  his  capacities,  and 
in  business  will  be  too  sanguine  for  success,  always  venturing  be- 
yond his  depth ;  with  large  Approbativeness,  added  to  Self-esteem, 
will  become  a  "  shoddy  aristocrat"  and  assume  airs  of  superiority, 
and  be  offensively  egotistic,  boast  of  "  family,"  blue-Wood,  etc. ; 
with  large  Love  of  Young,  will  always  put  children  forward,  boast 
of  their  attainments,  and  speak  of  them  as  great  "beauties"  and 
full  of  talent,  when  .perhaps  they  appear  plain  and  dull  to  others ; 
with  large  Approbativeness,  Force,  Executiveness,  and  Firmness, 
will  aim  to  be  a  leader,  and  become  captain,  officer,  or  superin- 
tendent by  virtue. of  ability  to  be  such  ;  with  large  Language  and 
reason  added,  will  make  a  public  speaker,  and  seek  to  influence 
the  public  mind.  Self-esteem,  combined  with  Firmness,  Force,  the 
Practical  faculties,  and  Constructiveness,  enables  one  to  super- 
intend large  numbers  of  persons  engaged  in  mechanical  pursuits, 
as  in  foundries,  workshops,  etc. ;  with  Acquisitiveness  added,  he  will 
succeed  well  in  commercial  life,  particularly  where  commerce  is 
concerned  in  mechanical  appliances,  such  as  hardware,  agricultural 
implements,  machinery,  and  similar  articles.  Large  Self-esteem, 
combined  with  Firmness  and  Conscientiousness,  creates  great  dignity 
and  honorable  conduct ;  with  intellectual  faculties  large,  it  will 
impart  pride  of  one's  moral  and  intellectual  worth,  and  will  make 
self  prominent  in  all  reform  movements  which  bring  into  action 
moral  and  intellectual  powers.  Those  with  small  Self-esteem  and 
large  Approbativeness  will  seek  the  commendation  of  others,  and 
feel  small  and  insignificant  if  not  applauded  or  approved  by  them. 
If  praise  is  withheld  they  will  act  and  look  cheap,  and  will  almost 
apologize  for  being  in  existence  at  all,  and  will  be  deficient  in  dignity 
and  independence,  and  will  never  feel  that  their  conduct  or  efforts 
are  quite  as  good  as  others,  no  matter  how  meritorious  they  may 
be ;  this  class  will  almost  live  upon  praise,  and,  when  it  is  profuse, 
they  will  put  forth  all  their  energy  and  power,  but  unless  praised 
will  droop  and  become  dispirited  and  probably  fail. 

The  effect  of  a  bdlanced  self-esteem  is  to  give  a  jmt  estimate 
of  one's  worth ;  this  lends  to  the  character  true  dignity,  independ- 
ence, decorum,  sense  of  propriety  at  all  times  and  in  all  places ; 
prevents  clownish  fun,  and  holds  one  up  to  a  high  standard  of  con- 
duct. It  is  thus  shown  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  moral 
powers,  and  should  be  developed  in  those  in  whom  it  is  deficient. 

An  average  development  of  the  length  of  the  upper  lip  assists 
in  the  symmetry  and  proportion  of  the  face,  yet  those  persons  whose 


SELF-ESTEEM.  443 

only  idea  of  beauty  is  derived  from  classic  models  profess  to  see  no 
beauty  in  a  moderately  long  upper  lip,  but  think  such  a  lip  looks, 
as  a  lady  once  expressed  it  to  me,  "  so  plain." 

The  short  upper  lip,  which  is  almost  universally  observed  in 
the  physiognomies  of  classic  creations,  is  expressive  of  only  one 
form  of  beauty.  The  Greeks  had  doubtless  perceived  that  many 
of  their  talented  poets  and  actors  exhibited  a  short  upper  lip, 
hence  this  feature  was  used  by  them  to  express  Art-beauty. 
Reference  to  the  works  of  the  Greek  sculptors  will  disclose  the 
short  upper  lip  in  the  statues  of  many  of  their  gods  and  goddesses 
who  typified  the  Muses,  and  were  considered  the  presiding  deities 
of  music,  poetry,  the  drama,  etc.  Nearly  all  actors  and  actresses 
exhibit  a  short  upper  lip  and  are  correspondingly  deficient  in  Self- 
esteem,  but  large  in  Approbativeness.  Self-esteem  would,  in  an 
ordinary  artist,  detract  from  his  acting,  because  the  player  must 
be  able  to  hide  his  own  personality  entirely  in  order  to  faithfully 
portray  the  character  which  he  desires  to  represent;  hence,  a  strong 
sense  of  his  own  selfhood  would  conflict  with  his  impersonations. 
A  good  actor  of  the  imitative  class  must  and  does  possess  large? 
Imitation,  Secretiveness,  and  large  Approbativeness,  together  with 
large  Form  and  Size,  to  assist  in  posing,  in  gesture,  and  in 
arranging  drapery,  etc.  He  also  has  large  Language,  Amative- 
ness,  Love  of  Young,  and  Constructiveness.  Now,  these  faculties 
and  their  accompanying  facial  characteristics  may  be  found  in  the 
physiognomies  of  hundreds  of  those  whom  I  term  the  "  Imitative 
class  "  of  actors.  The  "  Creative  class,"  like  musical  composers, 
are  possessed  of  more  lofty  attributes  of  character,  hence  their 
physiognomies  possess  more  powerful  features,  more  individualized 
expressions,  more  Self-esteem,  and  relatively  less  Approbativeness. 

The  following  description  of  features  seen  in  the  faces  of  the 
majority  of  imitative  artists  can  be  verified  by  placing  any  number 
of  their  portraits  side  by  side.  Although  the  individual  expression 
may  vary,  the  general  forms  of  their  features  will  coincide  and  will 
appear  as  here  indicated  :  A  soft,  round,  muscular  chin,  often 
dimpled;  full  lips,  particularly  developed  at  the  signs  for  Amative- 
ness  and  Love  of  Young;  short  upper  lip;  signs  for  Mirthfulness 
and  Approbativeness  very  decided,  producing  wrinkles  or  dimples 
in  the  cheeks  and  at  the  exterior  corners  of  the  mouth;  nose  thick 
at  the  lower  third,  showing  the  presence  of  Constructiveness  and 
Ideality;  width  between  the  eyes,  showing  Form;  very  large, 
bright, and  prominent  eyes,  disclosing  Language ;  arched  eyebrows, 
indicating  Credenciveness,  and  the  upper  and  middle1  part  of  the 
face  and  the  sides  rounding;  the  face  usually  oval  and  the  lower 
jaw  inclined  to  curve.  In  this  description  you  have  the  portrait 


4-U  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY 

of  hundreds  of  actors,  singers,  athletes,  painters,  and  the  artistic 
class  generally.  The  variations  within  these  classes  are  shown  by 
variations  in  the  shape  of  the  nose  more  than  by  any  other  feature, 
the  musical  nose  being  shorter  than  the  nose  of  the  others, 
although  many  of  the  imitative  painters  exhibit  short,  round,  pug- 
noses. 

The  description  of  the  great  creative  artists,  composers, 
painters,  etc.,  I  reserve  for  another  space.  Suffice  it  to  say  that 
Self-esteem  enters  largely  into  their  characters,  and  is  a  necessary 
part  of  the  character  which  is  accustomed  to  impersonate  the 
grandest  characters  known  in  history,  such  as  kings,  queens, 
cardinals,  generals,  and  philosophers.  The  first-mentioned  class 
of  artists  delineate  the  lighter  characters,  such  as  ladies  of  fashion, 
chambermaids,  fops,  and  comic  characters  generally,  and  these 
require  the  exercise  of  the  lighter  faculties  of  the  mind;  but  the 
latter  class  of  persons  demand  the  exercise  of  the  highest  and 
strongest  traits  of  character  in  their  expression,  hence  the  grander 
traits  must  be  possessed  by  those  who  would  interpret  them  on  the 
mimic  stage,  in  accordance  with  that  law  of  human  nature  which 
permits  the  individual  to  express  in  deeds  or  works  only  those 
principles  which  exist  in  his  own  organism.  Accordingly,  we  find 
in  the  physiognomies  of  the  creative  artists,  such  as  Booth,  Salvini, 
Mad.  Ristori,  Raymond,  Barrett,  Irving,  and  others  of  this  class, 
a  relatively  long  upper  Up,  disclosing  Self-esteem,  together  with 
large  Self-will ;  also  a  large,  broad,  long  nose,  denoting  force  of 
character;  a  large,  broad  chin,  showing  Firmness  and  Conscien- 
tiousness or  thoroughness  and  persistency  in  their  impersonations. 
Large  Language  is  also  present,  as  is  shown  by  the  full  eyes, 
while  the  dimpled  chin  in  many  indicates  that  their  appreciation 
of  the  beauty  of  the  opposite  sex  lies  at  the  foundation  of  their 
creative  minds,  for  sex-love  and  sex-appreciation  are  the  great 
underlying  forces  which  assist  creative  efforts  in  the  mind,  and  are 
most  decided  traits  in  the  mental  construction  of  all  the  great 
creative  minds  in  art,  science,  and  literature. 

The  presence  of  a  good  share  of  Self-esteem  in  a  character  is 
always  proof  of  the  possession  of  a  certain  degree  of  high  or  noble 
traits, — something  which  the  possessor  can  respect  and  esteem. 
The  chief  office  of  this  faculty  is  to  assist  in  guarding  the  reputa- 
tion by  compelling  the  individual  to  behave  in  a  self-respecting 
manner.  Where  it  is  largely  developed  the  reputation  as  well  as 
the  character  will  be  an  object  of  solicitude,  yet  character  will 
stand  first  in  appreciation.  The  sentiments  expressed  by  Mowbray* 
in  "  Richard  II,"  where  he  exclaims — 

*  Act  I,  Scene  1,  Richard  II,  Shakespeare. 


MODESTY.  445 

"Mine  honor  is  my  life;  both  grow  in  one; 
Take  honor  from  me  and  my  life  is  done. 
Then  dear  my  liege,  mine  honor  let  me  try; 
In  that  I  live,  and  for  that  will  I  die" — 

will  express  the  feeling  of  one  with  large  Self-esteem. 

MODESTY. 

Definition. — Sense  of  propriety  and  decency ;  chastity ;  purity 
of  thought;  unobtrusiveness ;  reserve;  "inclination  to  assume  less 
than  is  one's  due  and  concede  more  than  is  the  due  of  others." 
Physiologically,  Modesty  is  exhibited  by  a  love  of  personal  cleanli- 
ness and  neatness  of  one's  surroundings,  as  in  clothing,  the  domi- 
cile, etc. 

An  excess  of  Modesty  is  shown  by  painful  bashfulness,  diffi- 
dence .or  abject  humility;  by  dislike  of  the  attentions  and  society 
of  the  opposite  sex ;  shrinking  from  notice ;  also  by  extreme  clean- 
liness of  person  and  "painful  neatness." 

A  deficiency  of  this  trait  leads  to  boldness,  arrogance,  self- 
confidence,  indecency,  lewdness,  unchastity,  lack  of  cleanliness, 
and  indifference  to  vulgar  language,  filth,  and  dirt. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — As  the  base  of  Modesty  is  traced 
to  the  sensitiveness  of  the  nerves  of  the  skin,  we  shall,  accordingly, 
find  that  a  fine,  thin,  clear  skin  is  one  of  the  best  indications  of  the 
presence  of  Modesty ;  also  fine,  smooth,  glossy  hair  is  another 
indication  of  sensitiveness  of  the  nervous  system.  A  most  reliable 
facial  sign  is  shown  in  the  depth  of  the  little  perpendicular  channel 
or  groove  which  divides  the  upper  lip  in  two,  running  vertically 
from  the  septum  of  the  nose  down  through  the  facial  sign  for 
Amativeness.  This  trait  is  found  large  in  all  in  whom  the  brain 
and  nerve  system  predominates,  icJietJter  this  local  sign  l>e  i>r<«i  /// 
or  not.  Blushing  and  downcast  looks  are  physiological  signs  of 
excessive  Modesty  and  sensitiveness. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  MODESTY. — The  predominance  of  the  brain 
and  nerve  system  always  gives  a  more  elevated  cast  of  thought 
than  the  other  systems.  Its  position  shows  it  to  be  the  highest 
in  the  organism  ;  hence,  where  it  preponderates  it  will  be  found  to 
produce  the  purest  sentiments  and  emotions.  It  is  the  system  of 
quality,  fineness,  and  sensitiveness.  The  nervous  system  was 
primarily  evolved  from  the  skin,  and,  as  a  fine,  thin  skin  is  indic- 
ative of  a  sensitive  nervous  system,  the  skin  thus  becomes  a  sign 
of  purity,  modesty,  and  love  of  cleanliness  and  neatness.  The 
faces  of  Charlotte  Bronte,  Lucretia  Mott,  Elizabeth  Barrett  Brown- 
ing, Beranger  the  French  poet,  and  Lavater  are  well  marked  in 
this  respect. 


446 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Many  persons  in  whom  the  brain  system  is  not  dominant 
exhibit  a  large  degree  of  Modesty.  This  is  owing  to  the  natural 
or  inherited  f/t«ilify  of  the  nervous  system,  for  one  may  posses.*  a 
very  sensitive  nervous  system  without  the  brain  dominating. 
Many  persons  with  the  osseous  system  or  the  thoracic  system  in 
the  ascendency  exhibit  a  fine  and  sensitive  quality  of  the  nerves, 
and  this  sensitiveness  of  the  skin  leads  to  delicate  personal  habits 
and  love  of  cleanliness  and  neatness  of  attire.  When  we  consider 

that  the  sense  of  touch  is 
diffused  over  the  entire 
surface  of  the  body,  and  is 
produced  by  a  net-work  of 
nerves  which  ramifies  upon 
the  skin-covering  of  the 
whole  body,  we  can  easily 
understand  why  an  indi- 
vidual with  a  sensitive 
quality  of  the  nerves  ap- 
prehends more  readily  the 
nature  of  things,  of  tactile 
impressions,  than  does  one 
not  possessed  of  a  like  de- 
gree of  sensation.  And, 
as  a  sensitive  nerve  needs 
more  care,  and  cannot  en- 
dure contact  with  gross 
matters  as  well  as  a  coarser 
nerve-structure,  it  follows 
that  the  more  sensitively- 
endowed  individual  will 
„  „ .--,--  seek  protection  in  avoiding 

also  are  Forni,"Size.  Locality,  Prescience.  Memory  of  i  j       .ciil 

Events,  Order,  Reason,  and  Intuition.  This  lady  en-  1'OUgll,  gl'OSS,  ailCl  tlltllV 
joys  the  distinction  of  being  a  practitioner  in  the  Su-  j  .  •  i  •* 

preme  Court  of  the  United  States.  She  is  an  ardent  matters,  and  SUStam  111S 
.advocate  of  woman's  equality,  and  is  in  all  ways  an  t  IT  C 

illustration  of  what  she  professes.  pO WCl'S      DV     CleanllUCSS     OI 

the  person  and  by  neatness 

of  attire,  as  well  as  by  neat  surroundings.  By  virtue  of  the 
same  sensitive  quality  of  the  sense  of  touch  the  mind  is  quick  and 
apprehensive,  and  this  sensitiveness  leads  one  to  avoid  impure, 
vulgar,  and  unchaste  words  and  deeds.  And  in  this  exposition 
of  cause  and  effect — of  physiological  cause  and  moral  and  mental 
effect — we  find  proof  of  the  fact  that  mind,  morals,  and  body 
are  one  and  indivisible,  and  that  there  is  no  line  of  demarkation 
between  them. 

•Cut  by  permission  of  the  editors  of  the  "History  of  Woman  Suffrage." 


FIG.  54.— BELVA  A.  LOCKWOOD*  (M. A.,  TEACHER, 
ATTORN  EY-AT-LAW,  REFORMER.) 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 'Mod- 
esty, shown  by  the  depth  of  the  groove  which  is 
•observed  in  the  centre  of  the  upper  lip.  The  law  of 
the  straight  line  and  square  governs  this  face.  The 
above  portrait  discloses  a  womanly  and  intellectual 
•character.  The  domestic  virtues  are  well  defined.  Con- 
scientiousness is  large.  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Be- 
nevolence, Amativeness,  Love  of  Young,  Mirthfulness 
Modesty,  and  Self-Esteem  are  conspicuous.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  of  Ideality,  Sublimity,  C  onstructiveness,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will 
are  large.  Language  is  exceedingly  well  developed ;  so 


MODESTY. 


447 


The  other  organs — those  of  scent,  of  sight,  of  hearing,  and 
of  taste — are  all  situated  near  the  surface,  and  covered  with  a  sensi- 
tive skin  both  within  and  without  their  orifices,  and  are  also  con- 
nected with  the  central  and  cerebral  nervous  systems,  thus  proving 
their  mental  power  as  well  as  physiological  basis. 

The  placing  of  the  signs  of  character  in  the  face  is  one  of  the 
highest  proofs  of  the  harmony  of  Nature's  works.  The  situation 
of  the  local  sign  for  Modesty  is  most  significant  of  the  beauty  and 
propriety  of  the  manner  of 
grouping  the  signs  in  the 
face.  We  have  previously 
considered  the  nature  of 
Self-esteem  and  shown  to 
what  its  excess  leads,  but 
Modesty,  running  down  the 
centre  of  the  upper  lip,  cut- 
ting its  way  right  through 
the  middle  of  the  sign  for 
Self-esteem,  seems  to  say 
to  it :  "I  will  put  a  check 
upon  your  estimate  of  your- 
self, and  compel  you  to  be 
moderate  in  your  manifes- 
tations of  personal  valua- 
tion." Modesty  reaches 
out  to  the  local  sign  for 
Amativeness,  and  here 
again  we  are  struck  with 
the  beauty  and  utility  of 
its  placing.  The  manifes- 
tations of  Amativeness  un- 
controlled by  s  Modesty 
would  be  offensive  to  good 
taste,  decency,  and  pro- 
priety. We  are  sometimes 

met  with  overfond  manifestations  of  love  publicly  displayed 
by  love-lorn  swains,  in  whose  character  and  countenances  the 
faculty  and  sign  for  Modesty  is  scarcely  discernible.  The  truly 
modest  person  shows  the  presence  of  purity  of  thought,  expres- 
sion, and  conduct  by  bodily  cleanliness  and  neatness  of  attire, 
by  chaste  and  pure  language,  and  decorous  and  appropriate 
demeanor.  On  the  contrary,  the  moek-inodest  person  perceives 
immodesty  in  what  is  natural  and  in  what  is  not  intended  to  wound 
the  sensitiveness  of  the  really  pure-minded.  The  mock-modest 


FIG.  55.— JOHN  WILLIAM    DRAPER.     (CHEMIST, 
PHYSIOLOGIST,  AUTHOR,  HISTORIAN.) 

Horn  in  England,  1811.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
Modesty,  shown  by  depth  of  line  running  down  the 
centre  Of  the  upper  lip.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, 
square,  and  curve  governs  this  ]  ivsiognomy.  A  quiet, 
calm  expression  of  conscious  pi  vci  pervades  this  face. 
All  of  the  signs  of  a  good  co  ist;tution  are  present. 
The  lower  third  of  the  eonnten  nee  discloses  the  signs 
for  Conscientiousness,  Fmm  ess.  Economy.  Sell- 
esteem,  Love  of  Young,  of  Home,  of  Patriotism, 
Benevolence,  Amativeness,  and  Hospitality  most  de- 
cided. Tbe  nose  is  Constructive ;  in  it  we  observe  the. 
signs  for  Sublimity.  Human  Nature.  Mental  Imitation, 
Analysis,  Ideality.' Veneration.  Exccnth  cue— .  Self-will 
large'.  The  facilities  of  Language.  Color.  Form.  Size, 
Locality,  Observation,  Memory  of  Events,  and  l!ea>on 
are  pronounced,  Credeneiveness  is  small.  A  highly 
moral  and  able  character. 


448  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    1'HYSIOGNOMY. 

mid  prurient-minded  person  is  angry  at  Nature  for  having  made 
us  of  flesh  and  blood,  and  thinks  that  the  only  way  to  remedy 
her  immodest  mistake  is  to  ignore  the  facts  of  our  physiological 
construction  altogether.  To  this  class  belong  those  who  are 
shocked  if  one  use  the  term  "  bowels"  to  describe  the  intestinal 
part  of  the  body,  and  who  think  to  misname  it  "  stomach"  is  a 
more  refined  way  of  spcakjng.  This  same  class  of  people  make 
themselves  ridiculous  in  the  eyes  of  the  sensible  and  truly  modest 
by  speaking  of  that  class  of  Nature's  manifestations  which  are 
proper  to  mention,  by  a  misuse  of  terms,  and  so  call  attention  to 
the  innate  immodesty  and  pruriency  of  their  own  minds. 

Modesty  has  its  mental  adaptation  as  well  as  its  physical  and 
moral  aspects.  Those  who  are  mentally  modest  will  show  it  by 
their  unobtrusive  manner,  by  shrinking  from  public  notice,  and,  if 
they  have  done  a  very  meritorious  deed,  will  prefer  that  it  should 
not  be  referred  to  in  their  presence.  If  given  to  art  or  literature, 
they  will  seek  to  hide,  under  a  nom  de  plume,  their  identity. 

Many  modest  and  retiring  women  have  performed  noble, 
charitable,  and  valorous  deeds  which  have  made  them  world-re- 
nowned ;  yet  with  this  publicity  they  have  retained  their  womanli- 
ness and  purity  of  life.  Joan  of  Arc,  impelled  by  the  love  of 
humanity  and  of  patriotism,  donned  male  attire  and  led  the  armies 
of  France  to  victory ;  yet  there  has  never  been  aught  charged  against 
her  purity,  although  the  superstitions  of  the  age  in  which  she  lived 
led  to  her  being  tried  for  sorcery  and  burned  at  the  stake.  Her 
portraits  show  a  face  of  great  purity  and  modesty.  Florence 
Nightingale,  a  modest  and  refined  English  woman,  was  a  devoted 
nurse  to  the  soldiers  during  the  Crimean  war.  She  became  cele- 
brated for  her  charity  and  courage,  yet  retained  her  maidenly 
purity  and  refinement,  and  always  shrunk  from  praise  or  notoriety. 

True  heroism  is  always  modest,  for  gentleness,  kindness,  and 
bravery  must  be  blended  in  order  to  form  heroism.  Modesty  in 
man  is  as  becoming  as  in  woman.  Mothers  neecT  to  cultivate  and 
develop  this  trait  in  boys  particularly,  who  should  be  taught  to 
guard  their  speech  and  avoid  all  vulgar  phrases  and  expressions. 
All  boys  should  join  the  "  White  Cross  Army,"  of  which  mention 
has  been  made  elsewhere.  It  is  devoted  to  moral  purity,  and  is  a 
great  assistant  to  young  boys.  Every  one  must  feel  the  necessity 
for  special  training  for  boys  in  this  direction.  I  have  been  often 
horrified  in  passing  through  the  streets  by  the  profane  and  even 
obscene  language  which  fell  from  the  lips  of  very  young  boys, 
those,  too,  who  were  members  of  respectable  families,  thus  showing 
that  special  training  and  direction  on  this  point  is  most  necessary. 

The  modesty  of  many  members  of  the  animal  kingdom  will 


MODESTY.  449 

contrast  well  with  the  vulgar,  immodest,  and  low  practices  of  some 
uncivilized  races  of  men,  and  will  compare  favorably  with  the  con- 
duct of  the  better  classes  among  civilized  people.  Travellers  and 
missionaries,  who  have  dwelt  among  the  Maoris,  of  New  Zealand, 
and  the  Fijians,  tell  us  that  they  have  "  no  sense  of  sexual 
decency,  modesty,  chastity,  virtue,  purity,  propriety,  or  shame; 
no  marriage  tie  or  rite;  no  family  arrangements;  no  love,  maternal, 
paternal,  conjugal,  parental,  filial,  or  fraternal ;  no  idea  of  pater- 
nity or  of  other  relationships."*  In  conjugal  love  and  fidelity,  the 
lowly  dove  is  far  above  these  wretched  human  beings,  and  is  cer- 
tainly the  peer  in  this  respect  of  the  most  civilized.  I  have  no 
space  to  note  the  countless  anecdotes  recorded  of  the  maternal, 
paternal,  and  fraternal  love  shown  by  various  races  of  animals,  all 
tending  to  prove  that  in  these  sentiments,  as  well  as  in  others, 
many  animals  are  superior  to  large  numbers  of  men. 

The  Modesty  of  many  classes  of  animals  is  quite  markedly 
in  contrast  with  the  love  of  publicity  of  many  persons,  both  in 
civilized  and  uncivilized  races,  and  is  noted  by  Dr.  Lindsay.  He 
remarks  that 

Certain  menagerie  or  other  captive  animals  show  a  decided  dislike 
for  publicity,  to  being-  stared  at  or  looked  at,  or  to  being  made  a  show  of. 
Thus,  the  mule  hog-deer  of  India  is  highly  nervous  in  the  presence  of  visitors. 
When  forced  out  of  its  house  in  the  London  Zoological  Gardens  it  betrays 
immediate  and  considerable  excitement,  "  dashing  about  the  enclosure  as  if 
frantic,  leaping  high  in  the  air  "  (Wood).  And  such  behavior  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at  in  the  case  of  many  animals  that  in  a  state  of  Nature  go  forth 
only  in  the  night,  or  that  are  naturally  solitary  and  unaccustomed  to  the 
disturbing  sounds  and  sights  of  menagerie-life.  Possibly,  in  some  cases, 
their  sense  of  personal  modesty  is  shocked  ;  their  love  of  domestic  privacy 
is  violated,  or  there  is  simply  an  aversion  to  strangers,  depending  upon  a 
natural  shyness  or  coyness.  Barbarous  and  other  animals  resent  the  intru- 
sion of  strangers,  jealously  guarding  the  privacy  of  their  homes  (Cassell).f 

These  extracts  .will  serve  to  show  that  animals  possess  a  sense 
of  decency,  modesty,  and  conjugal  fidelity, — virtues  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be  the  exclusive  attributes  of  man.  I  might  continue  the 
collation  of  evidence  indefinitely,  but  sufficient  is  noted  to  prove 
that  Modesty  is  not  an  exclusively  human  trait. 

Blushing,  which  is  popularly  supposed  to  indicate  the  pres- 
ence of  Modesty,  is  not  an  exclusively  human  act,  but  is  exhibited 
by  various  animals,  and  is  often  the  result  of  other  causes  than 
Modesty  or  sensitiveness.  On  this  point  Dr.  Lindsay  remarks 
thus : — 

Blushing  is  not  peculiar  to  man,  though  it  is  much  more  readily  seen 
in  him  by  reason  of  the  color  of  his  skin  and  the  bareness  of  his  face. 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Aniniiils.  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  p.  165. 
t  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  298. 

29 


450  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Color-change  in  the  skin  of  various  animals  may  be  regarded  as  an  equiva- 
lent to  blushing,  while  the  feelings  which  give  rise  to  the  blush  of  man  are 
expressed  in  other  ways  in  other  animals,  though  not  less  eloquently,  e.g., 

shame  and  Modesty.* 

• 

Experience  leads  us  to  know  that  blushing  is  not  always  a  sign 
of  Modesty.  It  proceeds  from  a  variety  of  causes,  yet  general 
.sensitiveness  of  the  nerves  of  the  skin  creates  a  delicacy  of  appre- 
hension, and  thus  leads  one  thus  constituted  to  express  many  emo- 
tions by  blushing.  Guilt  is  often  thought  to  be  indicated  by 
blushing,  but  it  is  quite  as  just  to  suppose  it  the  proof  of  inno- 
cence, for  any  sensitive  or  honest  person  will  blush  as  quickly  from 
emotion  produced  by  the  suspicion  or  accusation  of  guilt  as  he 
would  from  the  consciousness  of  guilt ;  indeed,  I  think  that  the 
blush  in  this  case  would  be  the  best  proof  of  innocence,  for  sensi- 
tive, refined  persons  are  rarely  so  demoralized  as  to  do  mean, 
criminal  acts,  and  coarsely  constituted  persons  do  not  blush  as 
readily  as  those  with  fine  skins  when  under  suspicion. 

All  sudden  color-changes  are  produced  by  variations  in  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  sudden  pallor  is  as  often  observed  in 
the  countenance  as  reddening  of  the  skin.  It  is  the  result  of 
sudden  emotion  or  of  sudden  morbid  pathological  changes  in  the 
body  or  mind.  This  phenomena  is  common  alike  to  man  and 
animal,  and  may  be  an  indication  of  innocence  under  false  accusa- 
tion or  it  may  proceed  from  guilt  confounded,  or  fear,  or  other 
emotions.  That  this  peculiarity  is  common  to  animals  has  been 
noted  by  Dr.  Lindsay.  He  observes  :— 

Pallor,  anaemia,  or  blanching  of  the  face  from  fear  may  be  seen,  es- 
pecially in  certain  bare-faced  monkeys  (Sutton);  while  exciting  emotions, 
such  as  passion,  produce  in  them  reddening,  flushing,  suffusion. "f 

Downcast  looks  are  thought  to  be  indicative  of  Modesty  and 
shyness,  while  many  believe  them  to  be  signs  of  guilty  conscious- 
ness. They  are  exhibited  as  the  result  of  both  purity  and  guilt. 
Dogs  hang  their  heads  and  cast  down  their  eyes  when  detected  in 
wrong-doing,  as  well  as  when  reprehended  wrongfully.  Shy, 
country-children,  upon  meeting  strangers,  hang  the  head,  and  also 
when  reprimanded  for  naughtiness.  Shy,  coy  maidens  look  down 
and  through  their  eye-lashes  in  a  furtive  manner ;  but  shyness  must 
not  be  confounded  with  slyness,  for  the  two  traits  present  often  the 
same  appearances  or  what  are  judged  to  be  similar.  Many  sly 
people  have  a  fashion  of  casting  down  the  eyes  and  giving  sidelong 
glances.  This  action  is  the  method  which  a  sly  person  takes  to 
deceive,  by  pretending  not  to  look,  while  he  or  she  really  watches 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  Lindsay,  vol.  i,  p.  113.  t  Ibid.,  vol.  ii,  p.  261. 


MODESTY.  451 

in  a  covert  manner  out  of  the  corners  of  the  eye.  This  act  and 
its  interpretation  are  in  accord  with  physiogfnomic  laws  which  de- 
clare that  all  crooked  or  oblique  looks,  lines,  gestures,  or  forms  are 
evidences  of  crooked,  unreliable  characters. 

I  once  knew  a  man  who  was  attracted  to  a  girl  simply  because 
she  had  a  trick  of  casting  down  her  eyes  and  peeping  at  him  from 
the  corners.  He  believed  this  "artfully-artless "  trick  to  be  the  sign 
of  excessive  modesty,  simplicity,  and  shyness.  He  married  her, 
and  lived  to  learn  that  this  particular  form  of  "shyness"  should 
be  spelled  "slyness." 

There  have  been  instances  of  persons,  both  male  and  female, 
who  have  been  so  sensitive  and  shy  as  to  cause  them  to  shut  them- 
selves away  from  intercourse  with  society.  Such  persons  are  to  be 
pitied,  for  their  shyness  is  a  sign  of  a  morbid  or  diseased  condi- 
tion. Where  this  morbid  feeling  leads  to  avoidance  of  the  oppo- 
site sex  only,  we  may  expect  to  find  deficient  development  of  sex- 
uality and  a  corresponding  absence  of  its  associated  sentiment, 
Amativeness.  This  is  nearly  always  the  case  when  shyness  is 
indicated  in  this  particular  raanner. 

Bash  fulness  amounts  in  many  cases  to  a  disease,  and  one  can 
but  sympathize  with  young  persons  of  either  sex  who  are  affected 
by  excessive  diffidence. 

Where  coyness,  shyness,  bashfulness,  and  diffidence  are 
exhibited  after  the  age  of  youth  they  must  be  considered  either 
as  indicative  of  morbid  states  of  mind  or  as  affectations,  and 
"affectation,"  says  some  witty  writer,  "is  the  endeavor  to  make  the 
impoverished  seem  wealthy."  In  other  words,  affectation  of 
extreme  Modesty  is  the  effort  to  cover  its  entire  absence. 

Shyness  is  unbecoming  in  young  ladies  and  gentlemen  past 
twenty,  for  it  is  a  youthful  or  defective  state  of  mind, — one  which 
experience  and  development  of  the  intellect  will  remedy.  If  it 
does  not,  then  it  denotes  deficient  -sense,  or  deficient  strength  of 
the  nervous  system,  or  of  some  other  part  of  the  organism;  and 
when  it  does  not  proceed  from  either  of  these  causes,  it  is  an 
affectation,  and  therefore  thoroughly  detestable  in  the  one  imi- 
tating it. 

In  this  instance  the  law  which  physiognomy  formulates  with 
respect  to  infantile  appearances  is  made  apparent.  The  law  in 
regard  to  juvenile  or  infantile  traits  or  forms,  when  exhibited  in 
adult  life,  is  stated  thus: — 

All  forms,  traits,  or  appearances  which  belong  to  infancy,  im- 
maturity, or  youth,  when  exhibited  in  the  adult,  argue  similar 
traits  and  characteristics  as  are  common  to  infancy  or  youth.  Lisp- 
ing, stammering,  halting  speech,  downcast  looks,  extreme  shyness ; 


452  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

small,  undeveloped  mouth ;  undeveloped  nose  or  chin  ;  rounding-, 
infantile  forehead,  or  any  other  form  or  habit  natural  to  childhood, 
when  observed  in  the  adult,  are  evidences  of  immaturity  of  some 
sort.  This  law  is  explained  elsewhere  in  detail,  hence  unneces- 
sary to  recapitulate  here.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  bashfulness,  blush- 
ing (except  where  the  skin  is  uncommonly  thin  and  sensitive), 
continued  beyond  the  age  of  youth,  are  evidences  of  undevelop- 
ment  of  some  portion  of  the  organism  or  of  a  lack  of  mental 
energy.  When  constant  blushing  is  exhibited  in  adult  life  we 
must  conclude  that  there  is  a  great  sensibility  of  the  centres  of 
emotion ;  in  other  words,  of  the  ganglia  connected  with  the  inter- 
nal organs,  and  this  centrifugal  nervous  force,  sent  from  the  great 
centres  of  emotion,  expends  itself  upon  the  nervous  surfaces  of 
the  nerves  of  touch,  situated  all  over  the  external  skin-covering, 
and  are  more  particularly  discernible  in  the  face,  neck,  and  near 
all  the  external  orifices  of  the  five  senses.  It  is  rational  to  con- 
clude that  the  face  and  neck,  where  are  situated  so  many  important 
ganglia  and  nerves,  as  are  essential  to  the  manifestation  of  sight, 
sound,  scent,  taste,  and  hearing,  would  be  most  uncommonly  sen- 
sitive, and  express  every  shade  and  degree  of  change  in  mental 
and  moral,  as  well  as  physical,  conditions.  For  this  reason  the 
face  is  the  most  reliable  portion  of  the  anatomy  by  which  to  read 
character, — far  more  comprehensive  than  an  examination  of  the 
outlines  of  the  bony  case  of  the  brain,  which  changes  only  by 
years  of  age,  and  has  not  the  assistance  of  the  finer  nerves  of 
sense  and  of  the  delicate  and  most  expressive  facial  muscles  to  as- 
sist in  interpreting  character.  When  we  come  to  deal  with  the 
emotional  conditions  such  as  are  expressed  by  blushing  and  by 
certain  tones  of  the  voice,  as  in  acting  and  in  the  great  crises  of 
feeling  and  other  eVnotional  expressions,  we  can  only  comprehend 
them  fully  by  reference  to  their  origin,  viz.,  by  analysis  of  the 
source  of  the  emotions,  the  ganglia  of  the  great  visceral  structures, 
and  their  agents,  the  glands  and  muscles.  It  is  not  just  that  the 
physiognomist  should  dogmatically  assert  that  his  observations  are 
true.  This  might  satisfy;  him,  but  would  not  be  satisfactory  to  the 
scientific  inquirer ;  neither  would  such  dogmatism  be  just  to  so 
grand  and  noble  a  science  as  the  science  of  Man.  A  portion  of 
the  organism  which  can  disclose  every  slight  and  instantaneous 
change  within  the  hidden  recesses  of  the  body  must  appear  to  the 
thoughtful  the  most  useful  portion  by  which  to  discover  thought 
and  feeling,  and  transient  as  well  as  permanent  states.  Not  only 
so,  but  it  must  possess  great  malleability,  and  be  capable  (by  its 
nervous  and  muscular  connections  with  the  brain  and  the  great 
chain  of  nerves  leading  to  the  visceral  organs,  as  well  as  to  the 


MODESTY.  453 

spinal  column)  of  being  fashioned  and  shaped  into  the  form  toward 
which  the  most  habitual  states  of  mind  tend.  Constant  sadness, 
as  all  know,  makes  tense  the  muscles,  while  joy  relaxes  them,  par- 
ticularly those  about  the  mouth  and  eyes;  while  the  lachrymal 
and  salivary  glands,  as  well  as  the  heart  and  organs  of  respiration 
all  conspire  together,  while  under  the  influence  of  emotions,  to 
change  the  expression  of  the  face ;  and,  if  certain  states  of  feeling 
or  of  reflection  are  long  continued  or  oft-repeated,  they  leave  per- 
manent expressions  on  the  features,  particularly  of  the  muscular 
portions  of  the  face.  The  bony  structure  always  discloses  the  more 
solid  and  permanent  traits,  and  the  function  of  digestion  decides 
by  its  action  the  form  of  the  cheeks  and  the  general  fullness  or 
leanness  of  the  entire  countenance.  The  greatest  of  anatomists, 
those  who  might  be  presumed  to  know  more  of  the  sources  of  the 
emotions  than  others  less  well  informed  as  to  the  structure  and 
operation  of  the  bodily  organs,  hold  opinions  in  regard  to  the  face 
quite  in  harmony  with  many  of  my  own.  Sir  Charles  Bell,  for 
example,  observes : — 

The  man  was  wrong  who  found  fault  with  Nature  for  not  placing  a 
window  before  the  heart  in  order  to  render  visible  human  thoughts  and  in- 
tentions. There  is,  in  truth,  provision  made  in  the  countenance  and  outward 
bearing  for  such  discoveries.* 

Sir  Charles  Bell  has  little  to  say,  however,  as  to  the  origin  of 
blushing.  Later  scientists  have  given  the  subject  more  attention. 
What  he  does  say  is  pertinent,  and  I  quote  it  in  verification  of  the 
principle  which  I  endeavor  to  elucidate,  viz.,  that  it  arises  from 
excitement  of  the  emotional  centres.  He  observes: — 

We  think  of  blushing  as  accompanying  shame,  but  it  is  indicative 
of  excitement.  There  is  no  shame  when  lively  feeling  makes  a  timid  youth 
break  through  the  restraint  which  modesty  and  reserve  have  imposed.  It 
is  becoming  in  youth;  it  is  seemly  in  more  advanced  years  in  women. 
Blushing  assorts  well  with  youthful  and  effeminate  feature*,  while  nothing 
is  more  hateful  than  a  dog-face  that  exhibits  no  token  of  sensibility  in  the 
variation  of  color,  f 

Individuals  with  very  thick  skins  and  insensitive  nerves  never 
change  color,  for  the  reason  that  they  never  feel  as  deeply  as  those  who 
possess  the  opposite  structure ;  hence,  they  are  incapable  of  express- 
ing sympathy  or  excitement  in  this  manner.  I  think  it  unjust  to 
the  canine  tribe  for  Sir  Charles  Bell  to  term  unresponsive  human 
countenances  "dog-faces."  Dogs  often  exhibit  Modesty  when 
greatly  praised,  and  hang  their  heads  and  drop  the  eyes,  just  as 
children  do  under  excessive  approbation  and  attention.  Even 
negroes  blush,  for  it  has  been  observed  where  the  scar  of  a  wound 

»  Anatomy  of  Expression,  Sir  Charles  Bell,  p.  82.    New  York,  1883.  t  Ibid. 


45-i  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

liiis  left  a  white  cicatrix  that  this  part  reddened  when  under  the 
influence  of  rage.  We  have  no  evidence  that  dogs  and  other 
animals  do  not  blush  under  their  sldus,  like  the  negro,  under 
excitement. 

Poets  in  all  ages  have  sung  of  the  potent  effects  of  blushing 
as  evidence  of  modest,  chaste,  and  youthful  feeling.  The  phrases, 
"blushing  bride,"  "the  blushing  maiden,"  "the  youth  flushed 
with  innocence,"  etc.,  show  us  that  this  particular  form  of  sensi- 
bility has  been  looked  upon  as  expressive  of  the  more  youthful 
and  innocent  feelings  of  humanity,  and  the  face  that  cannot 

J  ' 

change  somewhat  in  color,  upon  great  provocation,  expresses  either 
an  unfeeling  or  an  unthinking  character. 

FORCE. 

Definition. — Physical  strength,  physical  courage,  boldness, 
spontaneous  resistance,  opposition,  resentment,  strong  or  pas- 
sionate temper,  decided  will,  coolness  in  danger,  self-protection, 
spirited  conduct  and  language.  Force,  combined  with  Conscien- 
tiousness and  Intellect,  creates  Executiveness. 

An  excess  leads  to  undue  use  of  the  muscular  system,  as  in 
athletics,  etc.,  which  tends  to  shorten  life.  Unbalanced  by  Caution 
it  creates  rashness  and  causes  wanton  destruction,  wars,  murder, 
quarreling,  fighting,  bickering,  scolding,  teasing,  and  tantalizing 
language. 

A  deficiency  creates  timidity  and  cautiousness,  and  causes 
weakness  of  will  and  spirit.  Those  thus  characterized  will  use 
very  mild  language,  will  be  entirely  too  meek  and  humble,  and 
unable  to  resent  wrongs  by  forcible  words  or  blows. 

.  Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  principal  facial  signs  of 
Force  are  large,  convex  eyes ;  round  or  oval  face,  large  mouth, 
heavy  and  wide  lower  -jaw,  wide  nostrils,  square  jaws,  strong  and 
square  bones ;  low,  broad  forehead ;  round  head,  heavy  eyebrows, 
an  abundance  of  coarse  hair,  and  round,  muscular  ears  setting 
well  out  from  the  head.  The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  broad 
shoulders,  thick  neck ;  rounded,  muscular  limbs ;  muscular  hands, 
broad  chest ;  short,  thick  feet ;  arched  instep.  There  are  several 
sorts  of  Force,  one  class  shown  by  strong  and  square  bones, 
together  with  strong  muscles ;  another  variety  is  shown  mainly  by 
muscular  development. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  FORCE. — The  normal  use  of  the  faculty  of 
Force  is  exhibited  in  constructive  energy,  yet  it  is  also  the  power 
used  by  man  to  destroy  as  well  as  to  rebuild.  Its  origin  and  main 
base  of  supply  is  the  muscular  system.  Within  this  system  there 
are  more  than  five  hundred  single  muscles,  and  in  the  face  thirty- 


FORCE.  455 

six  pairs  and  two  single  muscles.  This  great  number  of  facial 
muscles  assist  all  the  expressions  of  Force,  rage,  and  destruction, 
which  are  often  seen  in  action  in  the  human  countenance,  in 
motion,  and  in  language  of  a  forcible,  energetic,  or  belligerent 
nature  ;  hence,  this  faculty  is  not  limited  to  one  single  sign,  but  is 
manifested  by  means  of  the  entire  muscular  system,  and  this  in- 
cludes the  involuntary  muscles,  such  as  the  heart  and  stomach,  as 
well  as  the  voluntary  muscles  which  are  found  in  every  part  of 
the  body.  The  only  method  by  which  we  can  understand  the 
operation  and  effect  of  Force  in  the  human  body  and  face  is  by 
the  investigation  of  the  muscular  system.  We  are  thus  enabled 
to  understand  how  so  great  a  variety  of  movements  and  expres- 
sions can  be  produced  by  the  movements  of  the  facial  muscles 
alone,  while  movements  of  the  muscles  of -the  trunk,  limbs,  and 
hands  reveal  other  peculiarities  of  this  faculty.  The  rounding 
outline  of  the  individual  in  whom  Force  is  pre-eminent  announces 
his  ability  for  useful,  constructive  operations,  as  well  as  his  capa- 
city for  destruction.  The  faculties  in  combination  will  decide 
which  direction  this  trait  will  take. 

Those  possessed  of  round  muscles  are  the  most  vigorous, 
efficient,  and  powerful  in  action,  whether  in  work,  play,  love,  or 
fighting,  and  this  formation  of  the  muscles  rounds  out  not  only 
the  sides  of  the  head  above  the  ears,  where  the  "organ"  of  Force 
is  said  by  phrenologists  to  be  located,  but  it  also  rounds  out  the 
head  at  the  base  of  the  brain,  where  another  "organ"  is  said  to 
be  located,  viz.,  Amativeness.  Now,  Amativeness  and  Force  are 
both  the  best  developed  in  muscular  persons,  and  more  particu- 
larly in  those  who  possess  round  muscles,  and  this  peculiar  forma- 
tion of  the  muscular  system  rounds  out  every  part  of  the  human 
body  ;  not  only  the  head  and  ears,  but  also  the  nose,  the  limbs, 
the  fingers,  the  body,  and  neck,  so  that  a  glance  at  any  one  por- 
tion of  the  frame  in  which  round  muscles  are  dominant  will  reveal 
the  construction  of  all  parts,  and  also  denotes  the  presence  of 
Force,  Amativeness,  Constructiveness,  and  many  other  muscular 
traits. 

Force  is  one  of  the  most  essential  faculties  of  the  human  and 
animal  organisms.  Its  adaptation  is  primarily  to  the  destruction 
of  beasts  for  food,  to  fishing  and  hunting,  to  obtain  the  means  of 
subsistence ;  also  to  the  building  of  habitations.  Without  this 
forceful,  destructive  tendency  humanity  could  not  progress,  as, 
for  example,  in  the  blasting  of  rocks,  levelling  roads,  cutting 
canals,  and  in  all  the  operations  essential  to  the  progressive  devel- 
opment of  the  country,  all  of  which  involve  destruction  before  the 
process  of  building  can  be  commenced. 


456 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Force  has  its  mental  use  as  well  as  physical  aspects,  and  the 
energy  which  springs  from  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular 


FIG.  56.— JOHN  L.  SULLIVAN.    (CHAMPION  PUGILIST.) 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  and  bodily  sign,  Force,  shown  by  large 
nose,  large  eyes,  curving  jaw,  ears  standing  well  out, "broad  and  deep  chest;  strong, 
large  bones,  and  general  development  of  the  muscular  system.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Love 
of  Home,  Love  of  Young,  Approbativeness,  Resistance.  Color.  Amativeness,  and 
Sanativeness  are  well  denned.  Human  Nature,  Hope,  Veneration,  Executiveness, 
and  Self-will  are  also  large ;  while  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Observation,  Calculation, 
Practicality,  and  Memory  of  Events  show  a  mechanical  cast  of  mind.  The  dimpled 
chin  shows  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  of  the  opposite  sex. 


system  is  just  as  essential  to  the  preacher  or  moral  reformer  as  it  is 
to  the  laborer.  Martin  Luther,  whose  portraits  exhibit  this 
faculty  in  a  high  degree,  had  need  of  great  physical  force  and 


FORCE. 


457 


courage  to  promulgate  and  enforce  the  doctrines  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. Gough,  the  eminent  temperance  lecturer,  was  a  man  of 
powerful  physique,  which  enabled  him  to  set  forth  in  an  emphatic 
manner  his  moral  precepts.  No  development  of  the  brain  purely 
will  afford  the  strength  necessary  to  carry  forward  great  mental 
labor,  and  all  men,  whether  in  the  pulpit,  in  the  reform  field,  on 
the  platform,  or  stage,  require  a  large  development  of  muscle 
in  order  to  impart  heat,  ardor,  and  enthusiasm  to  their  hearers 
and  followers,  for,  as  I  have  shown,  these  traits  are  evolved 
from  the  muscular  system,  and  are  exhibited  most  decidedly  by 
those  in  whom  this  system 
is  dominant,  or  one  of  the 
dominant  systems.  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  was  an  ex- 
cellent illustration  of  this 
class  of  enthusiastic,  mus- 
cular men.  He  was  able 
not  only  to  enlighten  his 
hearers  by  his  mental  pow- 
ers, but  also  had  the  ability 
to  arouse  their  enthusiasm 
to  a  very  high  pitch. 
Daniel  Webster,  the  re- 
nowned orator,  possessed 
this  faculty  largely,  and  his 
fine  muscular  build  con- 
tributed to  make  his  mental 
efforts  more  effective. 

Men  with  large  brain 
of  high  quality  are  often 
able  to  write  well,  yet  no 
man  deficient  in  muscle  is 
able  to  excite  feeling  and 
enthusiasm,  in  his  hearers,  or 
to  lead  a  great  reform  in  the 
face  of  violent  opposition.  Moody  and  Sankey,  the  popular  evan- 
gelists, are  largely  indebted  to  the  development  of  the  muscular 
system  for  their  power  to  awaken  the  interest  of  the  masses, — the 
one  by  his  voice  in  oratory,  the  other  by  his  voice  in  singing ;  both  of 
these  gifts  are  derived  from  the  action  of  the  muscles  of  the  larynx 
and  of  the  limbs  and  hands  in  gestures.  Their  capacity  to  excite 
faith  in  their  followers  proceeds  from  the  magnetic  influence  of 
their  muscular  M  systems,  and  the  method  which  they  pursue  in 
converting  the  masses  proves  that  they  depend  more  upon  appeals 


FIG.  57.— ARCHIBALD  FORBES.    (AUTHOR  AND 
JOURNALIST.) 

Born  in  Scotland.  Noted  for  his  bravery  as  a  war- 
correspondent.  Conspicuous  facial  and  bodily  sign, 
Force,  shown  by  large,  convex  eyes,  wide  mouth,  square 
jaw,  energetic  expression,  large  and  high  nose,  large 
nostrils,  broad  shoulders,  deep  and  broad  chest,  strong 
bones,  well-knit  muscles.  The  law  of  the  straight  line, 
square,  and  angle  governs  this  face.  The  signs  of  a 
venturous,  courageous  nature  are  manifest  in  this  coun- 
tenance. Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Patriotism,  Love 
of  Home,  Benevolence,  Approbativeness,  and  Friend- 
ship are  decided  traits.  So,  also,  are  Human  Nature, 
Hopet  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Constructiveness, 
Acquisitiveness,  Veneration.  Executiveness,  Self-will, 
Form,  Size,  Locality,  and  Calculation. 


458    .  PRACTICAL    AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

• 

to  the  imagination,  credrnciveness,  and  faith  of  their  hearers  than 
to  appeals  to  their  intellect  and  intelligence.  Now,  magnetism  is 
a  real,  tangible  force  evolved  from  the  muscular  system,  and  is 
quite  as  marked  and  telling  in  its  effects  upon  the  minds  of  people 
as  is  a  blow  upon  the  body. 

The  primary  aspect  of  Force  is,  as  has  been  seen,  physical 
merely,  and  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  this  department.  Its 
secondary  aspect  is  mental,  and  here  too  it  is  of  great  benefit  to 
mankind.  A  large  brain  (no  matter  how  high  its  quality),  with- 
out good  muscles  and  lungs,  is  a  positive  detriment  to  its  possessor, 
for  one  thus  endowed  has  not  the  power  to  enforce  his  thoughts 
nor  strength  to  sustain  that  continuous,  mental  labor  which  is  re- 
quired by  those  who  would  gain  a  livelihood  by  the  intellect  alone. 
The  sensitiveness  and  timidity  of  such  persons,  together  with  their 
pale  and  bloodless  countenances,  narrow  shoulders,  and  small 
hands  and  limbs,  are  proof  positive  to  the  beholder  that  they  will 
never  lead  the  world  in  thought  or  action. 

When  we  consider  the  fibrous  nature  of  certain  parts  of  the 
brain-structure,  as  observed  in  the  dura  mater  and  other  portions, 
we  would  naturally  infer  that  a  large  development  or  fine  quality 
of  the  muscular  system  would  lend  force,  vigor,  and  spontaneity  to 
the  mental  operations  of  those  thus  endowed.  This  is,  in  iact, 
what  we  do  observe  in  all  men  of  talent  in  whom  the  brain  system 
is  assisted  by  a  good  muscular  system.  The  fibroid  nature  of  the 
dura  mater  reveals  the  fact  that  they  all  rely  upon  muscular  or 
fibroid  substances  in  the  brain  for  power  and  strength  of  their  in- 
tellectual processes,  but,  when  Nature  has  endowed  a  man  with  a 
good  brain  development  and  also  with  an  excellent  muscular  sys- 
tem, it  can  be  readily  seen  what  an  advantage  this  combination 
would  impart  to  his  mental  labors.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose  in 
this  case  that  the  fibroid  nature  of  the  dura  mater  would  not  only 
be  of  a  stronger  but  denser  quality  than  if  the  muscular  system 
were  deficient.  Other  portions  of  the  brain  are  of  a  fibroid  nature, 
and  when  these  are  of  a  superior  quality  the  operations  of  thought 
should  exhibit  greater  vigor  than  if  these  portions  were  constructed 
of  a  weaker  quality  of  muscular  tissue. 

The  faces  of  all  talented  divines,  poets,  artists,  architects,  in- 
ventors, orators,  warriors,  and  men  of  action  generally,  disclose 
many  of  the  facial  signs  for  the  muscular  system.  These  classes 
are  characterized  by  a  thick  neck,  fullness  of  the  eyes,  thickness  of 
the  muscle  at  the  junction  of  the  nose  with  the  forehead  (sign  for 
Self-will, — this  sign  is  one  of  the  most  pronounced  signs  of  the 
muscular  system),  curving  oi.it ward  of  the  lower  jaw-bone,  and 
width  of  the  nose  just  above  the  alae;  the  eyebrows  somewhat 


FORCE.  459 

arched,  and  the  forehead  in  front  inclined  more  to  9k  perpendicular 
than  to  a  receding  outline. 

The  faculty  of  Force,  which  we  are  now  considering,  is  the 
base  of  mental  courage,  but  not  of  moral  courage.  The  latter 
resides  in  the  integrity  of  the  osseous  system,  while  intellectual 
courage  proceeds  from  a  good  development  of  the  brain  assisted 
by  the  muscular  system.  Physical  courage  is  the  direct  product 
of  a  fine  development  of  the  muscular  system.  That  this  is  so  is 
evidenced  by  the  muscular  powers  of  the  athlete  and  prize-fighter, 
the  oarsman,  sea-captain,  sharpshooter,  and  ball-player.  All  these 
classes  possess  coolness  in  danger,  and  resolution,  as  well  as  prompt 
action  in  sudden  crises,  such  as  accidents  on  sea  or  land,  in  panics 
and  riots.  Many  steamship  engineers  and  sea-captains  are  of  the 
muscular  build,  being  relatively  short,  broad,  and  round.  These 
men  exhibit  great  coolness,  resolution,  promptness  of  action,  and 
possess  other  qualities  of  a  social  and  domestic  nature  which  inhere 
in  the  muscular  system. 

How  useful  the  faculty  of  Force  is  to  men  of  mental  powers 
is  well  illustrated  in  the  following  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Cross.  He 
remarks : — 

Thus  we  see  that  whatever  slight  advantages  Nature  may  bestow  in  pity 
upon  the  weak  and  timid,  yet  the  courageous  and  the  strong  are  the  i'avorites 
to  whom  she  has  intrusted  the  intellectual  concerns  of  the  world.  Courage 
is  as  necessary  to  the  direct  promotion  of  science  as  to  its  indirect  promo- 
tion by  the  acquirement  of  plentiful  supplies  of  food  and  the  maintenance 
of  personal  safety  ;  for  a  timid  philosopher  is  as  unfit  for  the  pen  as  is  a 
timid  soldier  for  the  sword.* 

The  right  development  of  the  muscular  system  should  be  con- 
sidered a  religious  duty.  Lack  of  Force  endangers  and  shortens 
life,  reduces  the  mental  powers  to  a  minimum,  makes  cowards  and 
sneaks,  creates  timid,  sickly  children  and  inefficient  fathers  and 
mothers. 

I  have  been  much  interested  in  watching  the  conduct  of  little 
girls  trained  in  a  gymnasium.  I  find  that,  although  of  tender 
years,  they  possess  great  coolness  when  in  unsafe  positions,  and  that 
they  are  ready  with  trained  brain  and  muscles  to  jump  out  of,  or 
off  from,  any  place  which  seems  to  them  to  be  dangerous;  and  this 
they  do  promptly  and  without  direction,  gauging  by  the  trained 
eye  the  distance  to  jump,  and  in  this  way  their  courage,  will-power, 
coolness,  self-possession,  and  strength  are  enhanced  a  thousand- 
fold. They  form  a  decided  contrast  to  those  children  who,  un- 
trained, timid,  and  irresolute,  when  placed  in  danger  either  become 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  1'rincipli's,  .John  (,'ross,  M.D.,  p.  146- 


460  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

maimed  or  lose  their  life,  owing  to  their  defective  muscular  power 
and  feeble  will. 

All  children  should  be  thoroughly  trained  in  gymnastics. 
More  especially  should  girls  be  thus  trained,  for  all  may  become 
wives  and  mothers,  and  certainly  development  of  the  muscular 
powers  is  one  of  the  most  essential  conditions  for  motherhood.  A 
resolute  will  is  most  important  in  the  rearing  of  children  ;  through 
lack  of  this  faculty  and  of  necessary  force  in  the  mother,  many  a 
bright  boy  has  gone  down  to  perdition,  wrecked  by  the  soft-headed, 
soft-hearted,  emotional  mother,  without  power  enough  to  enforce 
the  slightest  law  or  command.  Our  penitentiaries  are  recruited 
more  from  the  ranks  of  those  who  have  been  spoiled  with  over- 
indulgence than  from  those  who  have  been  reasonably  disciplined 
by  parents  possessed  of  some  strength  of  mind  and  force  of  char- 
acter. Had  I  a  weakly,  timid,  vacillating  child  I  would  have  it 
trained  systematically  in  a  good  gymnasium.  If  there  was  none 
convenient  I  would  have  a  horizontal  bar  erected  out  of  doors,  and 
compel  daily,  systematic  practice  upon  it.  Parents  can  procure 
works  at  any  book-store  on  the  subject,  with  description  of  exer- 
cises and  plates  of  apparatus  for  the  same.  These  exercises  assist 
in  developing  spirit  and  courage  as  well  as  lung-power,  and  this 
tends  directly  to  mental  power.  Were  I  called  upon  to  advise 
how  to  strengthen  a  feeble  brain  I  should  advise  systematic  exer- 
cise in  gymnastics  and  elocution.  No  course  of  study  can  give 
that  vigor  to  the  thoughts  and  brain  which  development  to  the 
muscular  system  imparts,  but  the  greatest  improvement  is  mani- 
fested when  the  lungs  are  strengthened  and  enlarged  by  long-con- 
tinued breathing  exQrcise,  by  rowing  and  swimming,  etc.  The 
practice  of  elocution  is  another  most  excellent  way  to  impart  force 
and  vigor  to  the  timid  and  diffident.  Where  Force  is  present  in  a 
large  degree,  it  is  exhibited  by  a  clear,  positive,  and  ringing  enun- 
ciation. It  is  one  of  the  finest  traits  for  an  orator  or  public 
speaker  to  possess.  Indeed,  all  artists,  as  well  as  scientists  and  me- 
chanics, depend  upon  a  good  degree  of  Force  to  carry  forward  their 
operations.  The  teacher  must  possess  a  fair  degree  of  Force  to  be 
able  to  enforce  law  and  to  inspire  his  pupils  with  respect  for  his 
management.  Children  instinctively  feel  the  want  of  or  the  pos- 
session of  power  in  a  teacher  and  conduct  themselves  accordingly. 
Force  gives  vim,  energy,  and  spirit,  and  these  assist  the  teacher's 
efforts  in  imparting  knowledge,  and  in  keeping  the  children's 
interest  aroused.  A  dull,  listless,  inert  manner  in  a  teacher  nulli- 
fies in  a  measure  his  educational  efforts. 

An  unbalanced  degree  of  Force  is  quite  as  disastrous  in  its 
effects  upon  the  human  family  as  its  normal  action  is  beneficial. 


FORCE  461 

Unbridled,  unrestrained  passion,  which  is  so  often  observed  in  very 
muscular  people,  leads  to  terrible  crimes,  to  cruelty,  revenge,  suicide, 
and  murder.  Those  who  possess  a  quick  and  violent  temper 
should  guard  against  its  excess,  and  compel  the  intellect  to  govern 
by  deliberately  planning,  while  in  a  cool  mood,  to  suffer  wrong 
rather  than  allow  the  temper  to  get  the  upper  hand.  The  evil 
effects  wrought  upon  the  system  by  overindulgence  of  passion  are 
terrible  to  contemplate,  for  violent  passion  often  leads  to  disorders 
of  the  heart,  apoplexy,  and  other  distressing  complaints.  On  the 
contrary,  weakness  of  Will,  or  lack  of  Force,  leads  one  to  accept 
imposition  without  resisting  it,  and  such  persons  often  suffer  great 
pecuniary  loss  rather  than  stand  up  and  contend  for  their  rights, 
and  often  act  a  part  which  seems  mean,  cowardly,  or  criminal 
rather  than  force  themselves  to  do  what  should  be  done.  Those 
deficient  in  Force  often  agree  to  what  their  sense  of  right  and 
reason  declare  to  be  improper  because  they  cannot  oppose  and 
give  a  decided  negative,  while  those  possessed  of  a  great  degree  of 
this  faculty  speak  out  in  a  most  decided  and  spontaneous  manner, 
and  often  intrude  their  feelings  and  convictions  in  a  way  more 
vigorous  than  elegant. 

A  large  degree  of  Force  gives  to  the  voice  clearness  and 
resonance.  The  reason  of  this  is  obvious,  for  all  of  the  parts 
of  the  organism  involved  in  the  production  of  tone  are  within  the 
muscular  system;  hence,  where  this  system  predominates  clear 
and  forcible  enunciation  will  be  exhibited,  as  muscle  not  only 
assists  language  but  is  indicative  of  the  presence  of  will-power. 
The  English  are  a  muscular  race,  and  are  noted  for  the  mellow, 
clear,  and  decided  tones  of  their  voices.  They  speak  in  c7*e^-tones. 
The  American,  less  well  endowed  with  muscle,  speaks  in  a  high 
nasal  or  head-tone.  So  surely  does  the  build  of  the  body  give 
quality  to  the  speech  that  a  good  observer  may  not  only  name  the 
nationality  from  the  tones  of  the  voice,  but  should  also  be  able  to 
describe  existing  mental  and  pathological  conditions  from  hearing 
one  speak.  Not  only  this,  but,  conversely,  he  should  be  able  to 
describe  the  dominant  systems  of  the  speaker  and  the  form  or  out- 
line of  his  body  from  the  tones  of  his  voice. 

Color  is  of  great  service  in  determining  in  what  degree  Force 
will  be  exhibited.  Where  this  faculty  is  large  and  the  color  of 
the  hair  and  eyes  dark  or  black,  the  temper  will  be  hot,  quick,  and 
often  ungovernable,  and  be  long  in  subsiding  when  once  aroused ; 
with  a  like  degree  of  muscular  development  where  the  color  of  the 
hair  is  light,  the  eyes  blue,  and  the  skin  white  and  red,  the  temper 
will  be  less  violent  and  more  easily  controlled.  The  chemical  law 
that  intense  color  and  great  heat  are  always  to  be  found  associated 


462  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

applies  to  the  human  organism  as  well  as  to  all  other  Departments 
of  Nature.  Yet  white  heat  indicates  a  higher  temperature  than 
red  heat,  and  those  who  turn  white  under  the  influence  of  rage 
are  most  to  be  dreaded.  Not  only  will  they  be  more  dangerous  to 
others,  but  their  excess  of  force  will  react  upon  themselves,  and 
often  result  in  serious  consequences  to  their  health.  Red-haired 
persons,  possessed  of  large  Force,  will,  if  aroused,  exhibit  very 
sudden  and  violent  passion,  yet  it  will  subside  as  quickly. 

Combinations  with  other  traits  reveal  how  Force  acts  in  differ- 
ent individuals.  Those  with  large  Conscientiousness  and  large 
Force  will  defend  the  right  and  oppose  wrong  conduct  and  measures 
with  vehemence  and  power;  with  large  Approbativeness,  will 
stand  up  for  reputation;  with  large  Love  of  Young,  will  defend 
children  with  spirit  and  ardor,  not  only  their  own  children  but 
those  needing  a  protector.  I  was  once  walking  in  the  street  with 
a  lady  possessing  both  these  faculties  in  a  large  degree,  when 
suddenly  we  heard  the  loud  screams  of  a  child  issuing  from  a 
dwelling  near  by.  The  lady  with  me  immediately  went  into  the 
house  without  invitation  and  confronted  a  mother  with  an  uplifted 
whip,  chastening  in  an  unreasonable  manner  her  daughter,  a  girl 
of  a  dozen  years  of  age.  My  friend  commanded  her  to  cease,  and 
took  the  whip*  from  her  hands,  and  by  talking  quieted  her  rage, 
and  by  a  judicious  course  of  argument  with  her  got  her  cooled 
down  to  reason,  and  discovered  that  this  most  terrible  punishment 
was  the  penalty  for  a  very  slight  offense.  The  mother  exhibited 
dark  complexion  and  possessed  more  Force  than  parental  love, 
while  the  child's  defender  was  a  lighter  woman  with  a  good  deal 
of  Force  and  courage,  yet  with  larger  parental  love  than  the 
mother,  although  not  a  mother  herself.  In  this  case,  Force  com- 
birfbd  with  parental  love  (which  is  also  a  force)  sufficed  to  quell  a 
violent  and  dangerous  temper.  All  faculties  are  forces.  Each 
faculty  sends  out  a  positive  force,  and  manifests  its  power  through 
the  perfection  and  vigor  of  the  several  organs  of  the  body,  or  by 
means  of  the  development  of  the  bones,  the  nerves,  the  muscles, 
etc.  The  more  perfect  their  development,  the  more  powerful  their 
action.  9 

Those  with  large  Force  and  small  Caution  are  rash,  foolhardy, 
love  quarreling,  and  are  always  in  fights  and  disputes.  Short-nosed 
persons,  with  a  moderate  or  large  muscular  system,  if  possessed  of 
dark  hair  and  eyes,  are  quarrelsome,  rash,  and  heedless;  always  in 
trouble  of  some  sort  and  are  constantly  antagonizing  all  about 
them.  And  this  same  forceful  rashness  leads  them  into  acts  which 
often  eventuate  in  ill  health. 

Those  who  possess  small  Force  should  never  attempt  business 


RESISTANCE.  463 

requiring  nerve,  push,  and  pluck,  for  they  cannot  stand  opposition 
and  rebuffs.  They  are  too  weak  to  succeed  except  in  the  most 
sheltered  positions,  and  always  need  an  overseer;  and  are  incapable 
of  taking  a  commanding  position.  And  this  suggests  the  necessity 
of  building  up  in  youth  a  good  muscular  system  by  methodical 
exercise  of  all  the  muscles  of  the  body.  Girls  and  women  can 
gain  strength  by  housework,  if  not  too  laborious,  while  boys  can 
conserve  health  by  chopping  wood,  scrubbing  floors,  weeding  the 
garden,  and  by  cleaning  the  stable  and  yard.  All  these  works  are 
good  for -girls  and  boys,  yet  no  exercise  will  compare  in  efficiency 
with  systematic  gymnastic  training  under  an  intelligent  teacher. 
Systematized  exercise  develops  equally  all  of  the  muscles,  while 
many  pursuits  develop  one  set  of  muscles  and  leave  the  rest 
unused. 

RESISTANCE. 

Definition. — Aggression,  opposition,  argument,  courage, 
bravery,  endurance;  love  of  violent  amusements,  such  as  ath- 
letics, etc. 

An  excess  results  in  bullying,  useless  argument,  scolding, 
idle  contention,  teasing,  fighting,  revenge,  and  brutality.  Those 
possessing  an  excess  are  characterized  by  coarse  skin  and  coarse 
hair. 

A  deficiency  renders  one  timid,  weak,  spiritless,  and  incapable 
of  self-defense,  and  creates  a  fretful,  whining,  complaining  dis- 
position. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Sign$. — A  large,  round  nose ;  large  nostrils ; 
curving  of  the  lower  jaw-bone ;  rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the 
forehead ;  compressed  mouth  and  closed  teeth  while  in  action ; 
short,  wide  teeth,  and  tushes. 

The  bodily  signs  are  shown  by  a  short,  thick  neck ;  general 
development  of  the  round  muscles,  more  particularly  in  combination 
with  square  bones.  This  affords  the  best  structure,  both  for 
aggression  and  defense. 

The  signs  for  capacity  for  mental  resistance  are  shown  by 
large  size  of  the  nose  and  general  outward  Curving  of  the  lower 
jaw,  and  prominent  chin,  as  observed  in  the  faces  of  eminent 
orators  and  reformers.  The  physiognomies  of  Mirabeau,  French 
orator,  and  of  Frederick  Le  Maitre,  French  actor,  are  excellent 
illustrations  of  the  sign  for  mental  resistance. 

DESCRIPTION  or  RESISTANCE. — This  faculty,  like  all  the  others 
found  in  the  human  organism,  is  difficult  to  designate  completely 
by  any  single  word  in  our  language.  Sometimes  it  shows  itself 
by  a  combative  disposition;  at  others,  by  resisting  assaults,  by 


464 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


courage,  intrepidity,  resolution,  and  by  thoroughness.  It  gives 
force  to  mental  energies  and  physical  prowess;  it  assists  the 
preacher,  moral  reformer,  and  temperance  lecturer  to  enforce  their 
ideas  in  a  vehement  manner.  It  also  is  the  power  which,  when 
perverted,  gives  the  pugnacious  and  quarrelsome  their  force  and 
combative  disposition.  It  is  indispensable  to  every  character;  it 
gives  presence  of  mind  and  coolness  of  judgment  in  danger.  There 

is  scarcely  a  day  in  our  lives 
in  which  we  have  not  need  to 
invoke  its  power  in  some  form 
or  other.  Life  is  one  long 
round  of  resistances.  We 
resist  aggressive  infringement 
of  our  natural  and  acquired 
rights ;  we  resist  the  elements, 
and  erect  barriers  to  protect 
ourselves  against  the  assaults 
of  wild  beasts;  we  resist  the 
encroachments  of  disease  by 
applying  the  remedies  with 
which  Nature's  great  labora- 
tory has  supplied  us ;  in  short, 
Resistance  gives  us  the  power 
to  live  under  all  circumstances. 
Without  it  we  could  neither 
gain  a  livelihood  nor  retain 
our  health.  Its  excess  leads 
to  aggression,  bullying,  fight- 
ing, and  war.  Some  observers 
give,  as  one  sign  of  Combat- 
most  noticeable,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young  and 
of  Country,  and  are  not  inferior  to  Conscientious- 
ness, Firmness.  Self-esteem,  Modestv,  Sanativeness, 
Hospitality,  Alimentiveness,  Bibativeness,  Appro- 


FIG.  58.— MARTIN  LUTHER.  (PRIEST,  AUTHOR, 
REFORMER.) 

Born  in  Saxony,  14*3.  Conspicuous  facial 
sign,  Resistance,  shown  by  the  large  and  fine 
development  of  all  the  facial  features,  together 
with  a  short  neck,  broad  chest ;  large,  round  mus- 
cles, and  square  bones.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line,  square,  and  cube  governs  this  powerful  and 
"y.  The  immense  amount  of 
the 
of  the 

g    been 

derived  from  intellectual  or  moral  power  alone. 
It  required  all  the  elements  of  a  first-class  physique, 
along  with  his  strong  moral  sense  and  great  men- 
tality. The  signs  for  all  the  domestic  traits  are 


noble  face  and  body. 


iveness,  Resistance,  or  Cour- 
age, "the  ears  standing  well  out 
from  the  head.  Another  sign 
of  the  aggressive  phase  of 
this  faculty  is  known  by 
shaking  of  the  head  from  side 
to  side  and  forward  and  back- 
ward while  engaged  in  an 
A  short,  low  nose,  with  a  high  and  thick 
pug  end,  is  one  evidence  of  pugnacity.  Nearly  all  the  noted 
prize-fighters  whose  portraits  I  have  observed  have  this  description 
of  nose,  and  a  very  short,  thick  neck,  with  great  muscular  powers 
generally ;  but  moral  courage  and  resistance  spring  from  an  excess 
of  Conscientiousness,  and  are  mightier  forces  than  that  sort  of 


bativeness,  and  Friendship.  The  signs  for  Pneuma- 
tiveness,  Color,  Force,  and  Resistance  show  that 
he  possessed  Courage  of  all  sorts,  mental,  moral, 
and  physical:  while  the  mental  traits  of  Cautious- 
ness. Analysis,  Human  Nature,  Sublimity,  Con- 
struct iveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self- 
will,  Language,  Order,  Memory*of  Events,  Reason, 
and  Intuition  are  all  large.  Both  the  head  and 
body  are  solid  and  cubical  in  form. 


energetic  conversation. 


RESISTANCE. 


465 


combativeness  or  resistance  which  proceeds  from  muscular  develop- 
ment merely.  Executiveness,  shown  by  height  of  the  nose,  lends 
to  the  character  the  ability  to  combat  argument  and  opinions. 
Every  faculty  has  its  own  peculiar  force  and  mode  of  expressing 
power.  These  different  methods  of  showing  force  must  be 
analyzed  by  the  reader,  else  confusion  will  ensue,  and  motives  will 
not  be  comprehended  fully.  The  only  method  by  which  we  can 
analyze  a  trait  is  to  observe 
the  action  of  the  mechanism 
through  which  it  makes 
itself  manifest.  Now,  as  the 
muscular  system  is  the  main 
instrument  by  means  of 
which  Resistance  is  shown, 
it  follows  that  we  must  look 
to  this  system  and  its  de- 
velopment for  knowledge 
on  this  point.  Roundness 
or  curving,  as  elsewhere  ex- 
plained, always  indicates  the 
predominance  of  the  mus- 
cular system;  hence  it  is 
that  when  we  find  the  nose 
thick  its  entire  length,  as  is 
often  observed  in  belligerent 
characters,  we  know  .  that 
the  muscular  system  of  the 
entire  body  is  well  devel- 
oped, —  so  significant  are 
minute  facial  indications. 

Not  only  does  fullness 
of  the  nose  prove  the  pres- 
ence of  muscle,  but  it  dis- 
closes the  fact  that  the  large 
viscera,  the  heart,  lungs,  and  stomach  (all  muscular  or  fibroid 
organs),  are  large  and  vigorous.  The  heart  and  stomach  are 
hollow  muscles,  the  heart  being  capable  of  more  work  than  any 
other  muscle  of  the  body.  The  rounding  out  of  the  head  above 
the  ears  is  another  sign  of  muscular  power,  and  this  rounding 
form  of  the  head  is  one  reason  why  the  ears  of  courageous  men 
and  animals  stand  so  far  out.  And,  again,  large  projecting  ears 
are  signs  of  muscular  power,  as  they  are  composed  mainly  of 
muscle  and  cartilage. 

The  short,  round,  thick  neck,  another  sign  of  Resistance,  is 

30 


FIG.  59.— GROVER  CLEVELAND.     (STATESMAN, 
GOVERNOR,  AN*  PRESIDENT.) 

Conspicuous  facial  and  bodily  sign,  Resistance, 
shown  by  a  large  nose,  wide  nostrils,  width  of  jaws, 
thick  neck,  large  muscular  development ;  broad, 
square  shoulders ;  broad  and  deep  chest.  The  law  of 
the  straight  line  and  square  governs  this  physiognomy. 
This  gentleman's  face  reveals  great  determination, 
and  Courage  of  all  sorts,  mental,  moral,  and  physical. 
The  vegetative  system  gives  great  strength  of  consti- 
tution ;  while  the  mental  qualities  are  of  a  high  order. 
The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Analysis.  Constructive- 
ness.  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness, 
and  Self-will  are  very  marked.  The  sense  of  Order, 
Time,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Reason  are  large ;  while 
the  faculties  of  Conscientiousness,  Firmness,  Econo- 
my, Love  of  Home,  Patriotism.  Aniativeness,  Love  of 
Young,  Self-esteem,  and  Friendship  are  most  decided. 
A  character  that  would  be  able  to  meet  and  withstand 
great  crises. 


4G6  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


evidence  of  muscular  formation,  for  muM-tr  fi-ml*  to  dim-ten  limbs 
and  features,  and  this  member  is  greatly  relied  upon  both  by  man 
and  animals  in  combating  and  resisting.  The  action  of  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  and  chest  proves  this. 

The  ram,  the  stag,  and  bull,  all  courageous  and  ferocious 
creatures,  make  use  of  the  head  for  butting,  and  in  this  exercise 
the  neck  is  contracted  when  about  to  spring  upon  their  opponent. 
Butting  is  not  confined  to  animals.  The  Southern  negro  uses  this 
method  in  his  endeavors  to  resist  his  antagonist,  and  men  calling 
themselves  civilized  sometimes  use  this  method  of  fighting. 

Compressing  the  mouth  and  closing  the  teeth  while  engaged 
in  active  operations,  whether  peaceable  or  otherwise,  facilitates  the 
tension  of  the  muscles  concerned,  as  well  as  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  lungs,  for,  says  Dr.  Cross:  — 

It  may  be  proper  to  remark  that  all  the  dangerous  passions  produce 
and  are  expressed  by  violent  expiration,  while  the  emotions  of  fear  are  ex- 
pressed by  long  inspiration. 

In  preparation  for  the  immediate  performance  of  any  weighty  enter- 
prise we  draw  in  a  full  breath,  and  by  shutting  the  glottis  hold  it  in.  The 
glottis  then  serves  a  most  important  part  in  the  performance  of  any  mighty 
enterprise  by  enabling  us  for  a  time  to  dispense  with  the  motion  of  respira- 
tion— --by  converting  the  whole  chest  from  a  hollow  to  a  solid  structure  —  by 
giving  a  mechanical  advantage  to  some  of  the  principal  muscles  of  the  arm, 
and  by  directly  increasing  the  vitality.  All  this  assistance  the  larynx 
affords  toward  any  fair  and  noble  undertaking,  but  where  the  anyry  and 
offensive  passions  have  a  place  in  the  undertaking,  then  the  delicate  musical 
larynx,  being  unable  to  sympathize,  throws  wide  the  glottis,  and  allows  the 
ebullition  of  passion  to  get  vent,  and  the  energy,  dangerous  from  such  a 
prompter,  to  get  exhaustion  in  violent  expirations.  It  is  not  because  the 
angry  man  is  so  rapid  and  violent  in  his  exertions  that  he  is  so  frequently 
overcome  by  his  cooler  antagonist,  but  because  the  energy  is  soon  exhausted 
by  the  violent  expirations  of  rage.* 

Those  whose  Resistance  takes  the  form  of  Combativeness  or 
Contrariness  shake  the  head  from  side  to  side,  or  forward  or  back- 
ward, when  in  earnest  conversation.  They  also  step  heavily  and 
with  force,  close  doors  with  a  bang,  set  down  articles  with  empha- 
sis, drop  or  throw  down  their  boots  and  shoes  in  a  noisy  manner. 
If  a  door  or  anything  else  resists  their  immediate  efforts  to  move  it 
they  apply  force  directly,  never  stopping  to  observe  the  situation, 
and  note  if  ingenuity  may  not  accomplish  the  desired  purpose 
without  resort  to  force. 

In  argument  they  take  the  opposite  side  spontaneously,  and 
will  argue  against  the  plans  intended  for  their  own  welfare,  seem- 
ingly because  they  cannot  help  it.  One  person  told  me  that  she 
always  felt  like  opposing  anything  which  I  proposed  for  her  good, 

*An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles.  John  Cross,  M.D.,  pp. 
152,  153. 


RESISTANCE.  467 

yet,  after  considering  it,  and  being  perfectly  convinced  that  it  was 
for  her  highest  good,  she  would  often  adopt  ideas  and  plans  which 
she  had  instantaneously  combated.  She  said,  when  questioned 
as  to  her  reason  for  doing  so,  that  "she  just  felt  contrary  without 
any  reason  for  it." 

The  impulse  to  "pull  back"  seems  to  be  ever  present  in  these 
characters,  and  this  is  yet  another  proof  of  the  muscular  origin  of 
Resistance,  for  no  other  part  of  the  organism  has  the  contrariety 
of  motion  that  characterizes  the  muscles  which  move  backward 
and  forward  upon  the  bones  to  which  they  are  attached,  and  which 
also  permit  as  much  freedom  of  action  in  one  direction  as  in 
another.  All  persons  endowed  with  a  good  muscular  system  are 
not  always  contrary,  for  other  faculties  come  in  to  modify  this 
trait,  but  muscular  people  having  the  best  apparatus  for  the  ex- 
pression of  contrariness  display  it  more  generally  than  those  with 
the  bony  system  predominant.  A  good  illustration  of  this  differ- 
ence in  the  two  classes  of  persons  is  found  by  comparison  of  those 
animals  in  which  the  same  differences  of  structure  are  observable. 
The  carnivorous  class,  those  in  whom  the  muscles  predominate 
over  the  bones,  present  the  same  contrary,  changeable,  tickle  dis- 
position which  is  characteristic  of  muscular  people.  The  lion,  the 
tiger,  the  lynx,  the  cat,  and  all  other  animals  of  this  formation,  are 
given  to  contrariety  and  shift  and  change  about  with  great  rapidity, 
and  they  are  less  capable  of  being  trained  than  the  bony  animals. 
This  causes  Contrariness,  yet  does  not  produce  Obstinacy.  This  is 
the  property  of  those  possessed  of  excess  of  bone,  as  seen  in  the 
bull-dog  and  ass.  Yet  the  horse,  the  dog,  the  -camel,  and  elephant, 
possessing  relati vely  more  bone  than  muscle,  are  less  contrary, 
more  reliable  in  regard  to  stability  of  purpose,  more  tractable, 
docile,  and  teachable. 

There  are,  of  course,  great  differences  existing  in  the  several 
breeds  of  the  same  animals.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  in  the 
-dog  tribes,  the  greyhound,  poodle,  and  terrier  presenting  quite 
different  appearances  of  structure  than  the  St.  Bernard,  the  bull- 
dog, and  mastiff'.  The  latter,  although  exhibiting  a  formidable 
and  dangerous  appearance,  is  tractable,  gentle,  and.  unless  his  mas- 
ter or  .his  master's  property  is  attacked,  remains  good-natured. 
Like  men  endowed  with  great  strength,  he  is  not  quarrelsome  or 
given  to  use  his  powers  unnecessarily,  either  by  barking  or  attack- 
ing strangers,  while  smaller  dogs  of  less  strength  and  courage  will 
bark  and  yelp,  and  by  their  noisy  demonstration  endeavor,  like 
human  braggarts^  to  gain  a  character  for  courage  by  simple  noise, 
when  they  have  neither  the  spirit  nor  strength  to  overcome  an 
antagonist.  There  is  a  deal  of  human  nature  in  dogs,  and  we 


468  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

can  all  pick  out  the  different  types  of  our  human  friends  among 
them. 

Mental  resistance  is  not  so  marked  in  its  manifestations  as  is 
physical  resistance.  It  seems  more  adapted  to  overcome  obstacles 
and  assist  the  individual  in  hewing  his  way  to  success,  whether  it 
be  in  the  political  arena,  in  the  conflict  of  opinion  in  debate,  in  the 
determination  and  force  necessary  to  the  orator  and  actor  in  delin- 
eating forcible  characters,  or  in  promoting  those  great  reforms  which 
at  their  inception  always  meet  with  immense  opposition,  and  which 
must  be  opposed  with  tremendous  moral  force  and  intellectual 
courage  in  order  to  insure  their  success. 

One  of  the  most  noticeable  features  in  the  faces  of  the  great 
dramatic  orators  and  actors  is  the  curved  lower  jaiv,  or,  as  I  choose 
to  designate  it,  the  "dramatic  jaw."  The  curving  of  the  jaw  is 
produced  by  the  curving  of  the  muscle,  which  causes  the  relatively 
smaller  bone  to  curve  with  it,  and  curving  of  the  muscles  indicates 
not  only  constitutional  vigor  but  also  creative  powers.  Curving 
of  any  portion  of  the  features  of  the  face  denotes  superior  consti- 
tutional vigor,  hence  the  power  to  resist  disease  as  well  as  circum- 
stances, enemies,  climate,  etc.,  is  indicated  by  this  formation. 
Dr.  Redfield,  in  his  system  of  physiognomy,  very  justly  terms  the 
high,  curved  nose  the  "  aggressive  "  nose,  but  he  fails  to  give  its 
philosophy,  or  to  show  that  such  a  nose  is  associated  with  a  power- 
ful visceral  structure  like  that  of  the  carnivorous  animals,  which  are 
particularly  aggressive.  Their  noses  are  broad,  nostrils  wide,  and 
their  muscular  systems  predominant.  In  discerning  and  analyzing 
the  signs  of  character  we  are  very  much  indebted  to  the  animal 
kingdom  for  our  knowledge,  for  by  comparison  with  their  forms, 
colors,  and  qualities  we  are  able  to  verify  much  in  the  human 
family  which  would  be  otherwise  obscure.  Cuvier  observed  that 
"the  bodies  of  animals  are  experiments  ready  prepared  by  Nature 
for  man,"  while  Dr.  Cross  remarks  on  this  subject  that  "  the  lower 
animals,  taken  as  a  whole,  constitute  a  rough  field  of  physiog- 
nomical inquiry  calculated  to  promote  the  science  in  its  more 
refined  and  dignified  application  to  the  human  race."* 

Large,  prominent  teeth  indicate  the  spirit  of  opposition.  The 
same  appearance  in  animals  denotes  like  characteristics,  while  horns, 
tusks,  and  tushes  are  tokens  of  its  excess,  and  announce  ferocity, 
cruelty,  and  brutality,  as  is  witnessed  in  the  behavior  of  the 
rhinoceros,  the  rhinaster,  the  wild  boar,  the  buck,  and  the  stag. 

One  phase  of  mental  resistance  is  shown  in  debate  by  caus- 
tic, acrimonious,  and  sarcastic  language,  and  by  the  expression  of 
impassioned,  vehement,  and  denunciatory  sentiments. 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  11. 


SECRETIVENESS.  469 

When  one  is  wanting  in  Resistance  he  is  tame,  mild,  and 
conciliatory  in  speech ;  he  relies  upon  this  tone  to  win  and  con- 
vince. The  most  morally-inclined  persons  with  small  Resistance 
will  not  defend  their  beliefs  with  any  degree  of  power,  preferring 
to  be  thought  cowardly  rather  than  take  a  bold  stand  for  principle. 
Such  individuals  are  often  charged  with  deceit,  treachery,  and 
want  of  truth  because  unable  to  stand  up  and  speak  out  decidedly 
at  the  right  time.  This  class  are  wholly  incapable  of  defending 
friends  and  children,  preferring  rather  to  shield  them  and  keep  them 
out  of  danger  than  to  battle  for  their  rights  in  any  way. 

Cursing,  swearing,  and  threatening  are  vulgar  forms  of  its 
excess.  Uncivilized  races  generally  exhibit  many  of  the  signs  of 
physical  resistance.  In  these  races  savagery  and  brutality  are 
indicated  (as  in  the  most  brutal  beasts)  by  a  thick,  coarse  skin ; 
coarse,  thick  hair,  and  dull  eyes.  The  bear  and  wild  boar  are 
illustrations  of  this  grade.  The  eyes  of  a  celebrated  lion-tamer, 
attached  to  a  menagerie  which  I  attended,  were  dull  and  brutal  in 
expression.  When  I  questioned  him  as  to  the  capacity  of  savage 
beasts  to  yield  to  the  power  of  love  or  kindness,  he  replied  :  "  They 
only  understand  a  good  beating  and  respect  nothing  but  superior 
force."  I  think  this  is  also  true  of  brutal  people. 

Tusks  and  tushes  in  animals  are  signs  of  savage  resistance 
and  belligerency,  and  are  never  observed  in  the  mouths  of  the 
most  noble  and  peaceable  animals.  Whenever  a  tusk  is  exhibited 
in  a  human  mouth  it  is  indicative  cf  lack  of  feeling  or  some  form 
of  cruelty  or  malignancy  in  the  disposition.  Fortunately,  such 
appearances  are  rare  in  the  human  family. 

SECRETIVENESS. 

Definition. — Reserve,  reticence,  policy,  concealment,  evasion, 
and  watchfulness.  It  creates  a  scheming  and  managing  disposition, 
often  on  a  very  small  scale. 

An  excess  tends  to  slyness,  selfishness,  cunning,  deceit,  suspi- 
cion, falsehood,  treachery,  craft,  and  artfulness. 

A  deficiency  creates  artlessness,  want  of  tact,  imprudence  and 
indiscretion  in  speech,  and  too  much  frankness  in  the  discussion  of 
one's  affairs. 

Facial  and  Bcxl'dij  Signs. — Compressed  and  thin  lips ;  small 
mouth ;  half-closed,  peeping  eyes ;  very  small  eyes ;  shy  and  sly 
glances  out  of  the  corners  of  the  eyes ;  furtive,  stealthy  looks,  and 
long  lashes,  all  indicate  different  degrees  of  Secretiveness.  Broad, 
flat  nostrils  are  a  sign  of  secrecy  common  to  negroes  and  many  un- 
developed races  and  certain  carnivorous  animals.  A  very  subdued 
tone  of  voice  and  a  mumbling,  indistinct  utterance  characterize 


470 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


secretive  individuals.  They  never  enunciate  loudly  and  clearly 
except  when  they  are  acting  a  part,  and  this  unaccustomed  loud- 
ness  should  be  a  warning  to  others.  Arched  feet  and  long, 
curved  claws  also  betoken  Secretiveness,  as  seen  in  the  feline  tribes 
and  among  the  larger  beasts  and  birds  of  prey. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SECKETIVENESS.  —  Secretiveness  in  the  animal 
kingdom  is  most  developed  in  the  lower  classes  of  the  carnivora, 
viz.,  in  those  beasts  and  birds  to  which  Nature  has  denied  cither 
great  strength  of  intellect  or  great  bodily  vigor.  The  deduction, 

then,  to  be  made  in  this 
case  is  that  Secretiveness 
is  a  trait  of  inferiority,  de- 
signed as  a  compensation 
for  some  deficiency  of  mind 
or  body  ;  hence,  Secretive- 
ness  is  given  to  hide  the 
defect  and  enable  the  timid 
and  weak  animal  to  both 
avoid  and  prey  upon  his 
enemies.  Without  craft 
and  slyness  such  characters 
as  the  snake,  the  fox,  the 
rat,  the  coon,  the  opossum, 
the  hare,  and  similar  beasts 
would  be  entirely  unable 

Na- 


FIG. 60.— MRS.  M. 

Principal  facial  sign,  Secretiveness,  shown  by  the 
thin,  compressed  lips  and  furtive  expression  of  the  eye. 
The  entire  expression  of  this  face  gives  one  a  good  idea 
of  a  secretive  character  ;  the  lips  alone  announce  that 
this  is  a  dominant  trait.  The  wide-spread  nostrils  are 
secondary  signs  of  Secretiveness.  Firmness  and  Con- 
scientiousness are  not  largely  developed.  Approbative- 
ness,  Friendship,  Self-esteem,  Alimentiveness,  Color, 
and  Force  are  well-defined.  Of  the  mental  traits.  Cau- 
tion, Acquisitiveness,  Localitv,  Veneration,  Size,  Form, 
Calculation,  and  Memory  of  Events  are  noticeable. 


to  gain  a  livelihood. 

ture  therefore  gives  them  a 


stealthy,  cunning,  and  sus- 
picious disposition,  which 
in  their  case  is  a  great 
protection  and  assists  them 
in  acquiring  food. 
The  logic  derived  from  the  observation  of  this  trait  in  the 
animal  holds  good  in  its  application  to  the  human  being.  In  all 
characters  celebrated  for  their  intellectual  and  moral  power  we  find 
Secretiveness  at  its  minimum,  and  replaced  by  intelligence,  reason, 
strength,  and  conscience,  together  with  practical  and  mechanical 
abilities,  which  serve  to  maintain  the  individual  and  to  enable  him 
to  deal  with  his  fellows  in  a  conscientious,  unselfish,  intelligent 
manner.  Secretiveness  in  a  normal  degree  is  an  important  factor 
in  human  character.  Without  a  due  degree  of  secrecy  we  could 
not  be  just  to  our  friends  nor  plan  and  manage  our  own  affairs  with 
interest  to  ourselves.  A  well-balanced  mind,  possessed  of  conscien- 
tiousness and  good  reasoning  faculties,  will  find  little  use  for  great 


SECKETIVENESS. 


471 


Secretiveness  for  the  reason  that  such  minds  possess  a  mental  opu- 
lence which  furnishes  them  with  resources  for  every  emergency, 
without  recourse  to  concealment,  trickery,  lying,  or  deceit.  Char- 
acters like  George  Washington  or  Abraham  Lincoln,  for  example, 
could  maintain  themselves  in  every  position  and  emergency  without 
constant  use  of  this  trait.  Lincoln  possessed  a  native  tact  and 
shrewdness  which  aided  him  in  many  great  crises.  He  also  was 
large  in  conscience, — another  valuable  assistant. 

The  physiological  peculiarities  of  secretive  men,  as  well  as  of 
secretive  animals,  are  simi- 
lar. The  flexor  muscles 
are  tense  and  the  glandular 
system  somewhat  defective, 
and  these  defects  of  struc- 
ture cause  such  functional 
action  as  to  greatly  affect 
and  modify  the  characters 
of  those  thus  affected.  In 
secretive  persons  all  the 
sphincter  muscles  are 
closely  drawn.  The  orbic- 
ularis  oris,  the  muscle 
which  assists  the  mouth  in 
opening  •  and  closing,  is 
tense.  The  commissure  of 
the  eyes  is  small,  giving 
that  half-closed,  peeping, 

f      ,  •  ,         , -I 

lUrtlVe     appearance     tO     the       sign       Becretlenew,  shown  by  small  mouth,  thin  lips 

eyes    seen    in    many  sus- 

•    >  irom  tne  normal  stanuanis  01  lorm.    me  signs  ror  f  irm- 

plClOUS,  Secretive,  and  Cnm-       ness,    Conscientiousness,    Benevolence,    Amativeness. 

inal    faces.     The   thinness 
of  the   lips   is   caused   by 

••/»,.  i          ii  -i          i  r^veius,  ana  ru-ason.   me  enure  expression  01  me  lower 

detective    glandular     devel-  part  of  the  face  is  petty  and  contemptible,  while  the 

on  r  ii_  upper  part  shows  a  strong,  selfish,  dogmatic  will,  with 

Opment.        omallneSS  OI    the  considerable  mental  ability. 

eyes  is  owing  to  a  relatively 

undeveloped  state  of  the  muscular  system,  while  the  broad,  flat 
nostrils  observed  in  undeveloped  races  and  animals  announce 
relatively  large  breathing  apparatus,  for  secretive,  stealthy  acts 
require  ability  for  controlling  the  breath  while  in  active  opera- 
tions, and  powerful  inspiration  is  essential  in  the  act  of  springing 
upon  and  seizing  prey.  The  same  mechanism  assists  in  holding  in 
and  prolonging  the  emotions  in  all  sly,  secret,  and  dangerous  enter- 
prises. Long  hislies  are  indices  of  timidity, — a  mild  species  of 
Secretiveness, — yet  they  afford  a  safe  retreat  for  a  melting  pair 


FIG.  61.-FRANCOIS  MAXIMILIEN  JOSEPH  ISI- 
DORE ROBESPIERRE,  (LAWYER,  ORATOR, 
REVOLUTIONIST,  TYRANT.) 

Born  in  France,  1759.  The  law  of  imperfect  curva- 
tion  governs  this  countenance.  The  principal  facial 
sign  is  Secretiveness,  shown  by  .small  mouth,  thin  lips, 
and  imperfectly  curved  nostrils.  The  lower  jaw  and 
the  nostrils  show  imperfect  curvation  or  departures 
from  the  normal  standards  of  form.  The  signs  for  Firm- 
ness, Conscientiousness,  Benevolence,  Amativeness. 
Love  of  Young,  Mirthlulness,  and  Friendship  are  all 
below  the  average.  Cautiousness  is  large;  so,  also,  are 
Human  Nature,  veneration,  Executiveness,  Language, 
Self-will,  Observation,  Form,  Size,  Locality,  Memory  of 
Events,  and  Reason.  The  entire  expression  of  the  lower 


472  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  lovely  eyes  when  embarrassed  by  the  fulsome  flattery  of  a  too 
ardent  lover. 

I  have  observed  the  faculty  of  Secretiveness  large  in  many 
really  good  persons,  yet  destitute  of  some  useful  faculty  in  so  large 
a  degree  that  this  trait  enabled  them  to  hide  its  deficiency  from 
most  people ;  but  scientific  physiognomy  will  not  only  unveil  the 
innocent  possessors  of  Secretiveness,  but  will  reveal  the  guilt  of  the 
criminal,  and  both  locate  his  defect  and  show  for  what  it  is  the 
compensation.  One  of  the  most  estimable  women  whom  I  have 
ever  known  possessed  this  trait  in  an  inordinate  degree,  yet  to  a 
friend  in  whom  she  had  confidence  she  would  unfold  all  her 
thoughts,  but  let  another  person  come  into  the  room  she  would 
instantly  become  silent.  Her  need  of  this  trait  arose  from  the  fact 
that  she  was  deficient  in  many  practical  faculties  and  was  excess- 
ively slow  in  all  her  movements  and  mental  efforts.  She  had 
a  very  large  brain,  with  small  lungs,  yet  thought  and  moved 
too  slowly  for  practical  purposes.  The  reader  can  readily  see 
that  had  she  been  a  garrulous,  frank,  outspoken  woman  every 
one  witli  whom  she  came  in  contact  could  have  taken  advantage 
of  her  plans,  and  in  this  case  she  would  have  been  entirely  at  the 
mercy  of  designing  persons,  with  whom  she  could  not  cope  by 
reason  of  her  inability  to  think  and  act  as  quickly  as  the  average 
person  and  also  through  her  lack  of  practicality. 

Another  subject  has  large  Secretiveness.  His  defect  con- 
sists in  an  utter  lack  of  ability  to  reason  upon  or  comprehend  ab- 
stract ideas.  Yet  show  him  anything  of  a  mechanical  nature,  such 
as  machinery  in  motion,  or  explain  to  him  mechanical  principles 
which  he  can  see  in  operation,  and  he  is  very  intelligent  in  such 
matters.  He  is  always  cautioning  his  wife  not  to  "  talk  so  much," 
saying  that  she  will  "  never  succeed,"  etc.  He  knows  it  will  not 
do  for  him  to  talk  freely,  else  he  would  soon  betray  his  ignorance, 
and  so  believes  that  all  should  be  reticent.  He  passes  in  his  circle 
for  a  very  wise  man,  and  his  acquaintances  speak  of  him  as  a 
"  knowing  chap,"  "  a  deep  fellow,"  and  "  one  who  can  keep  his 
mouth  closed,". etc.,  etc. 

Those  who  have  a  large  share  of  Secretiveness  always  feel  that 
they  cannot  be  found  out,  that  their  ideas  are  securely  hidden  be- 
cause they  do  not  talk  much,  hence  they  think  that  their  plans  are 
perfectly  secure  from  the  knowledge  of  all. 

A  closely-drawn  or  pursed-up  mouth  is  an  evidence  of  Secre- 
tiveness, if  the  mouth  be  small  and  the  lips  thin.  As  the  large 
mouth  and  large  eye  are  indicative  of  volume  of  language,  so 
the  converse  of  this  denotes  a  lack  of  linguistic  power.  All  orators 
exhibit  very  wide  mouths  and  full  lips. 


SECRETIYENESS.  473 

Suspicion  is  the  natural  outcome  of  Secretiveness,  for  a  man 
who  is  concealing  his  ideas  and  plans  suspects  that  others  are  acting 
from  the  same  motives ;  hence,  he  believes  all  expressions  of  kind- 
ness cover  some  ulterior  design,  and  thinks  that  offers  of  sincerity 
are  all  pretense,  and  that  those  who  make  such  offers  are  actuated 
by  selfishness. 

A  man,  in  order  to  be*successful  in  secret  plots  and  intrigues, 
must  possess  a  large  intellect  and  a  great  knowledge  of  human 
nature,  else  his  plans  will  show  upon  the  surface  and  all  his 
strategy  be  detected.  Such  a  man  was  Richelieu,  a  French  states- 
man and  a  cardinal  of  Rome.  His  face  would  never  have  deceived 
a  scientific  physiognomist  for  the  reason  that  his  Secretiveness  and 
its  compensations  were  all  written  in  Nature's  hieroglyphics  upon 
his  face  and  body.  His  voice,  too,  was  low  and  indistinct,  and 
altogether  he  would  have  stood  a  self-confessed  intriguer  in  the 
presence  of  a  good  physiognomist.  No  need  in  such  cases  to  ask 
permission  to  feel  the  skull,  measure  the  head,  etc. ;  a  few  glances, 
and — behold  !  the  mask  is  off !  One  law  of  physiognomy  (most 
potent  in  deciding  character)  shows  that  those  faculties  which  are 
dominant  or  most  used  are  the  most  apparent  in  the  human  coun- 
tenance, and  this  explains  why  astute,  crafty,  politic,  and  selfish 
persons  will,  under  the  light  of  this  science,  stand  revealed,  while 
they  believe  themselves  to  be  the  most  secure. 

A  moderate  degree  of  this  trait  assists  one  in  being  prudent, 
and  causes  him  to  restrain  his  desire  to  speak  of  his  own  or  other 
people's  affairs  when  it  would  be  detrimental  to  their  interests  to 
do  so.  "  A  fool,"  says  Solomon,  "  uttereth  all  his  mind,  but  a  wise 
man  keepeth  it  till  afterward."  One  peculiarity  of  cunning  people 
is  that  they  always  like  to  know  the  business  and  affairs  of  others, 
while  they  never  return  a  like  confidence.  Beware  of  such  persons, 
for  they  will  ever  prove  detrimental. 

Actors,  as  a  class,  have  very  large  Secretiveness.  It  is  to  them 
a  most  essential  trait.  It  enables  them,  to  completely  hide  their 
own  personality — their  voice,  their  walk,  and  their  natural  ges- 
tures— and  assume  the  entire  personality  of  the  character  which 
they  wish  to  personate.  To  novelists  like  Katharine  Anna  Green, 
who  writes  excellent  detective  stories,  it  is  most  essential.  It  en- 
ables them  to  keep  back  the  part  of  the  plot  upon  which  the  story 
hinges  and  hold  the  reader  in  suspense,  and  retain  the  interest 
and  mystery  until  the  denouement.  AVilkie  Collins'  physiognomy 
indicates  this  trait,  as  do  the  faces  of  many  other  authors. 

Secretiveness  is  very  large  in  the  English,  and  shows  in  their 
exclusiveness  and  suspicion  of  strangers  and  travelers.  It  is  much 
less  in  the  Americans,  who  are  very  free,  frank,  and  communicative 


474  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

to  strangers.     The  French  are  also  frank  and  polite,  and  enjoy  the 
pleasure  which  foreigners  take  in  their  free  conversation. 

Secretiveness  is  large  in  most  priests  and  physicians.  In  these 
it  is  a  cultivated  trait,  and  is  most  essential  to  them,  for  the  honor 
and  interests  of  thousands  of  families  are  in  their  keeping,  which 
to  betray  would  he  evidence  of  great  villainy.  An  open-mouthed 
physician  is  to  be  avoided. 

Persons  who  love  to  arrange  surprises  and  carry  them  through 
successfully  possess  this  faculty.  Humor  is  Secretiveness  and  Wit 
combined.  It  is  almost  universal  among  Americans,  who  also 
enjoy  practical  jokes, — another  form  of  this  faculty.  Americans 
love  Icpen  -wit,  pointed  repartee,  humorous  stories  and  anecdotes. 
America  has  furnished  more  professional  humorists  than  any  other 
country,  and  the  jokes  and  sayings  of  Josh  Billings,  Mark  Twain, 
Artemus  Ward,  and  Bret  Harte  are  repeated  the  world  over.  The 
English,  too,  are  noted  for  a  fondness  for  humor,  but  o'f  a  different 
sort  than  that  which  pleases  American  audiences.  A  gentleman 
who  has  lectured  both  in  England  and  America  told  me  that  lie 
was  obliged  to  change  his  jokes  and  stories  for  English  audiences. 
"They  seemed,"  he  said,  "not  to  comprehend  the  sharp,  keen, 
pointed  jokes  which  delighted  the  Americans."  He  was  obliged 
to  produce  heavier,  more  solid  and  ponderous  ones  for  the  English. 
All  of  which  accords  with  the  nature  of  these  two  peoples.  The 
English  are  more  solidly  built,  with  more  muscle  and  bone  and  less 
sensitive  nerves  than  the  Americans;  while  the  latter  are  keen, 
sharp,  and  quickly  apprehensive;  hence,  an  incisive,  keen-cutting 
joke  or  story  would  be  in  consonance  with  their  formation  and 
mental  construction. 

The  French  have  developed  many  crafty,  astute,  secretive 
statesmen  and  officers.  The  spirit  and  genius  of  their  former 
monarchical  government  were  probably  the  great  formative  agencies 
in  their  development,  although  it  is  not  strongly  characteristic  of 
the  French  as  a  race.  Talleyrand,  whom  Hayden  terms  "that 
patriarch  of  artifice  and  dissimulation,"  was  a  statesman  of  this 
sort,  and  overmatched  all  his  opponents  in  state-craft.  He  was 
possessed  of  a  wonderful  degree  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature, 
and  an  impostor  would  have  to  be  finished  indeed  who  could 
impose  upon  him,  for  the  smallest  flaw  in  his  manners,  looks,  or 
conversation  would  reveal  the  imposition  to  this  crafty  and  observ- 
ant statesman.  It  is  related  that  a  gentleman  once  presented  him- 
self to  Talleyrand,  claiming  to  be  the  accredited  representative  of 
a  foreign  court.  As  his  papers  of  credit  appeared  to  be  all  right, 
Talleyrand  gave  him  the  usual  courteous  reception  and  invited 
him  to  a  banquet,  seating  him  at  his  right  hand.  During  the 


SECRETIVENESS.  475 

banquet  he  observed  that  his  guest  helped  himself  to  olives  with 
his  fork  instead  of  with  his  fingers,  as  was  the  custom  in  his 
circle.  Upon  seeing  this  he  suspected^that  the  man  was  an  impos- 
tor, and  dispatched  a  courier  to  the  place  from  whence  the  gentle- 
man had  professed  to  come,  and  found  his  suspicions  verified.  The 
etiquette  of  the  table  in  polite  society  at  that  time  required  that 
olives  should  be  taken  with  the  fingers.  Talleyrand  at  once  saw 
that  this  man  was  unaccustomed  to  the  usages  of  a  society  so 
rigorous  in  its  etiquette,  hence  he  knew  that  this  slight  infraction 
marked  him  decisively  as  belonging  to  another  grade.  One  moral 
of  this  is  that  so  long  as  governments  are  built  upon  tyrannical 
foundations,  as  was  the  government  of  France,  their  statesmen  will 
have  to  occupy  themselves  with  observation  of  very  small  affairs  in 
order  to  keep  it  going. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  most  remarkable  for  his  Secretive- 
ness.  In  him  it  was  the  compensation  for  a  lack  of  moral,  principle 
and  humanity.  He  was  intensely  selfish  on  a  large  scale.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  says  of  him  that  "when  Napoleon  thought  himself 
closely  observed  he  had  the  power  of  discharging  from  his  counte- 
nance all  expression  save  that  of  an  indefinite  smile,  and  presenting 
to  the  curious  investigator  the  fixed  eyes  and  rigid  features  of  a 
marble  bust."  Napoleon  was  a  good  actor.  Of  him  Pope  Pius 
VII  said  he  was  in  turn  "comediante"  and  "  tragedian te "  (come- 
dian and  tragedian).  He  was  certainly  untruthful,  unscrupulous, 
and  selfish,  and,  according  to  Madame  de  Remusat,  who  lived  in  his 
family,  and  who  has  written  memoirs  of  Napoleon,  "  he  thought 
any  one  a  fool  for  speaking  the  truth  when  they  could  make  a  lie 
serve."  Such  a  character  has  need  of  the  check  which  Secretive- 
ness  puts  upon  the  tongue,  for  openness  of  speech  would  have 
prevented  his  making  his  way  in  the  world,  and  probably  prevented 
his  obtaining  even  a  livelihood,  for  those  who  frankly  avow  such 
immoral  sentiments  as  did  Napoleon  are  shunned  and  feared. 

Generals  need  a  good  degree  of  Secretiveness  in  order  to 
enable  them  to  hide  their  designs  and  surprise  the  enemy.  Yet 
too  large  an  amount  works  against  and  defeats  its  own  purpose. 
Those  generals  who  have  flourished  in  history  as  successful  in  war- 
fare were  all  endowed  with  a  good  share,  and  General  Grant,  lik£ 
Napoleon,  evinced  far  more  than  the  average,  and  this  surplus  was 
undoubtedly  the  compensation  which  Nature  made  to  hide  some 
grave  deficiency.  In  this  hour  of  mad  hero-worship  it  would  be 
scarcely  prudent  to  state  what  that  defect  is.  I  leave  to  my 
students  the  task  of  deciphering  the  hieroglyphics  of  character 
seen  in  the  face  of  the  "Sphynx  of  the  White  House,"  as  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Oadv  Stanton  termed  him. 


476  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

There  is  an  old  saying  which  states  that  "it  takes  a  rogue  to 
catch  a  rogue."  This  is  good  physiognomical  philosophy,  for 
one  law  of  this  science  declares  that  "one  is  best  enabled  to 
judge  of  those  principles  in  others  which  are  strongest  in  him- 
self,'' hence  it  is  that  in  such  characters  as  Fouche,  the  Chief 
of  Police  under  Napoleon,  and  Allan  Pinkerton,  a  celebrated  de- 
tective of  Chicago,  we  observe  the  faculties  of  Secretiveness  and 
Human  Nature  very  large.  It  was  these  traits  in  combination  with 
large  Reason  that  enabled  them  to  enter  into  the  feelings  and 
minds  of  the  criminal  classes,  and  so  to  understand  and  detect 
their  criminal  stratagems.  The  faculties  of  Human  Nature  and 
Secretiveness  are  both  well  defined  in  the  physiognomies  of  habitual 
aiid  successful  criminals,  while  in  the  characters  of  hypocritical 
confidence-men  we  find  a  large  share  of  Agreeability,  which,  added 
to  the  other  two  traits,  enables  them  to  get  on  the  good  side  of 
their  intended  victims,  by  a  plausible,  persuasive,  winning  manner, 
and  thus  make  them  an  easy  prey.  Secretiveness  aids  them  in 
keeping  their  own  plans  secret,  while  agreeability  assists  them  in 
singing  that  song  of  the  crafty  yet  polite  member  of  the  useful 
Araclmida  family: — 

"  'Will  you  walk  into  my  parlor?'  said  the  spider  to  the  fly  ; 
''Tis  the  prettiest  little  parlor  that  ever  you  did  spy.'  " 

And  while  this  pleasing  ditty  is  being  sung  by  the  confidence- 
operator,  a  good  physiognomist  might  be  making  out  a  physiog- 
nomical chart  to  present  to  him  as  a  reward  of  merit  for  the  fine 
exhibition  of  tact,  industry,  ingenuity,  and  agreeability  displayed 
in  the  praiseworthy  object  C?)  of  getting  an  easy  living  by  the 
mere  exercise  of  his  natural  powers. 

There  is  no  better  method  of  detecting  these  smooth  and 
fluent  conversationalists  than  by  the  rules  of  physiognomy.  Ask 
them  to  let  you  feel  their  phrenological  developments,  and  they 
would  fly  from  you ;  but  engage  them  in  a  short  conversation, 
and 'while  thus  employed  the  entire  character  of  a  very  secretive 
individual  is  laid  bare,  for,  as  before  remarked,  an  excess  of  any 
trait  makes  a  very  decided  impress  upon  the  face  and  form,  as  well 
as  upon  the  voice,  the  walk,  the  gestures,  and  general  appearance. 

Prudent,  politic  persons  use  the  minimum  of  Secretiveness, 
and  by  wise  evasions  avoid  the  prying  busybody,  yet  avoid  telling 
falsehoods  at  the  same  time.  In  this  instance,  intellect,  ingenuity, 
and  truth  work  together  to  protect  their  interests,  for  all  have 
concealments  which  are  essential  to  their  welfare  and  success,  yet 
not  necessarily  dishonorable.  The  merchant  must  be  able  to  con- 
ceal his  methods  from  others,  else  they  might  take  advantage  of 


SECRETIVENESS.  477 

them  and  so  forestall  him  in  his  enterprises.  The  lawyer  must 
conceal  his  clients'  affairs  and  his  own  methods  of  procedure  until 
matured.  The  professional  man  must  use  all  honorable  means  to 
protect  by  secrecy  the  affairs  of  others  which  have  been  intrusted 
to  his  honor.  Secrecy  is  both  necessary  and  useful,  and  all  well- 
balanced  characters  must  avail  themselves  of  its  powers.  Its 
excess  is,  as  I  have  shown,  the  resource  of  timid,  weak,  criminal, 
or  immoral  characters,  and  is  exhibited  by  weak,  thievish,  skulk- 
ing animals,  the  prototypes  of  their  sneakish  human  brothers. 
Timid  children,  like  timid  animals,  make  use  of  Secretiveness  to 
avoid  dangers.  Fear  makes  them  cowardly.  Parents  can  make 
them  liars  or  truthful,  according  to  the  methods  employed.  A 
method  which  I  adopted  with  my  children  seemed  a  very  excellent 
way  to  cultivate  truth,  by  substituting  reward  instead  of  penalties 
for  disobedience  of  rules  confessed..  For  example,  I  made  some 
slight  reward  the  incentive  for  the  avowal  of  wrong-doing,  such 
as  breaking  rules,  destroying  China,  or  accidental  violations  of* 
decorum,  etc.  My  children  would  bring  to  me  quite  readily  a 
piece  of  broken  China,  and  state  how  it  occurred  in  the  frankest 
manner  possible.  For  this  avowal  I  would  always  give  a  slight 
reward,  at  the  same  time -expressing  my  sorrow  at  the  loss  and  at 
the  heedlessness  which  caused  it.  In  this  way  I  made  it  for  the 
children's  interest  to  be  truthful,  hence  they  were  never  afraid  to 
tell  the  whole  truth  to  me.  Moral  cowardice  in  children  can  be 
corrected  by  treating  them  in  a  friendly  and  confidential  manner, 
thus  robbing  the  confession  of  their  little  faults  of  the  dread  of 
penalties.  Let  children  see  that  you  believe  in  them,  yet  show  by 
your  manner  that  you  suffer  by  their  concealing  their  delinquencies 
when  they  commit  them.  Hold  them  up  to  a  high  standard  of 
truth  by  example.  Let  them  have  confidence  in  their  parents* 
integrity,  and  thus  you  will  stimulate  their  imitation  as  well  as 
principle.  When  children  are  too  frank,  show  them  how  the 
family  interests  suffer  by  relating  family  matters  which  should  not 
be  detailed  to  strangers ;  also  how  silly  it  is  to  be  constantly  telling 
every  thought  as  fast  as  it  comes  into  the  mind.  Cultivate  their 
morality  by  leading  them  to  see  how  wrong  it  is  to  relate  what  has 
been  told  them  in  confidence.  You  will  thus  establish  in  early 
life  a  habit  of  prudent  reticence  which  too  frank  and  too  trans- 
parent children  need. 

Large  Secretiveness,  combined  with  large  Reason  and  Caution, 
makes  men  very  adroit  in  concealing  their  real  ideas  and  purposes. 
Such  persons  express  themselves  in  a  very  politic  and  guarded 
manner,  so  much  so  as  to  mislead  others  through  their  lack  of 
precision  and  directness.  With  small  Conscientiousness  combined, 


478  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

they  will  invariably  lie  and  cheat,  first  laying  plans  to  cover  up 
their  tricks. 

Where  Secretiveness  is  about  of  an  average  degree  the  char- 
acter will  exhibit  a  prudent  self-control,  yet  under  provocation  will 
free  the  mind  and  give  others  the  benefit  of  thoughts  in  regard  to 
them,  but  with  large  Cautiousness  will  hold  back  somewhat  for 
fear  of  consequences.  Those  possessed  of  moderate  Secretiveness 
are  remarkably  frank,  and  not  afraid  of  showing  their  methods  or 
of  speaking  their  thoughts ;  they  will  not  use  much  policy  nor 
evade  open  expression;  yet,  with  large  Caution  will  look  ahead, 
and  are  reasonably  circumspect  in  their  dealings  and  speech ; 
with  large  Acquisitiveness  and  Conscientiousness,  will  speak  and 
deal  honorably  and  regard  others  with  confidence ;  with  Force 
added,  are  abrupt  and  speak  out  decidedly,  and  with  Friendship 
large  they  are  inclined  to  assist  friends  in  business  as  well  as 
socially. 

There  are  very  many  curious  ways  in  which  Secretiveness  is 
exhibited.  Some  witli  large  Secretiveness  will  conceal  many  sides 
of  their  nature,  as,  for  example,  their  love  affairs  or  their  sym- 
pathetic thoughts,  yet  will  be  open  in  matters  pertaining  to 
business  or  duty ;  they  will  defend  the  interests  of  morality 
and  urge  reforms  in  a  very  bold  and  vigorous  manner,  and  so 
convey  the  idea  that  they  are  wanting  in  the  softer  traits.  I 
once  knew  a  very  tender-hearted,  sympathetic  man,  who,  to 
conceal  what  he  considered  a  weakness,  always  assumed  a  blunt, 
gruff,  and  abrupt  manner  of  speech,  and  so  earned  for  himself 
the  name  of  the  "grand  growler"  in  his  circle,  yet  I  knew 
him  to  be  more  sympathetic  and  charitable  than  many  soft- 
spoken  men. 

Secretiveness,  when  it  assists  men  to  be  diplomatic,  politic,  ju- 
dicious, and  honorable,  is  an  excellent  quality,  but  when  it  leads 
to  trickery,  dishonesty,  lying,  and  double-dealing  it  should  be  re- 
strained. Where  therfe  is  too  much  frankness,  a  too  confiding 
spirit,  it  reacts  upon  the  character  and  works  injury;  hence,  pru- 
dence and  circumspection  should  be  cultivated.  Remember  that 
as  long  as  life  lasts  you  will  have  time  enough  to  tell  all  that 
you  know,  but  once  having  told  a  secret  it  cannot  be  recalled. 
Be  free  with  friends,  but  guarded  with  strangers  and  indifferent 
acquaintances. 

Take  the  poet's  advice  : — 

"Aye,  free,  pff-han'  your  story  tell, 

When  wi'  a  bosom  croiiy, 
But  still  keep  something  to  yoursel' 
Ye'  scarcely  tell  to  ony." — BURNS. 


CAUTIOUSNESS.  479 


CAUTIOUSNESS. 

Definition.  —  Vigilance,  foresight,  prudence,  providence, 
anxiety,  watchfulness,  wariness,  care- taking. 

An  excess  is  shown  by  melancholy,  anguish,  cowardice,  irreso- 
lution, bashfulness,  shyness,  timidity,  fright,  over-anxiety,  terror, 
suspicion,  despair,  nervousness,  forebodings,  fretting,  and  useless 
fears.  .  It  tends  to  sickness,  disorders  of  the  nerves  and  of  the 
biliary  system,  to  insanity  and  suicide. 

A  deficiency  is  characterized  by  rashness,  boldness,  assurance, 
impudence,  audacity,  and  imprudent  and  injudicious  language  and 
conduct. 

.  Facial  and  Bodily  /Signs. — Length  and  breadth  of  the  nose  is* 
the  sign  for  the  highest  degree  of  Caution.  Length  merely  of  the 
nose  indicates  that  sort  of  Caution  manifested  by  very  timid  human 
beings  and  animals.  Long  and  thin  ears,  long  and  thin  neck, 
and  long  and  thin  legs  are  also  some  of  the  bodily  signs  of 
Cautiousness. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CAUTIOUSNESS. — The  most  reliable  facial  sign 
of  Cautiousness  is  shown  by  the  length  of  the  nose.  Its  location 
is  admirably  adapted  to  the  preservation  of  the  body,  presiding  as 
it  does  over  all  the  functions  of  digestion  and  guarding  the 
avenues  of  approach  to  the  stomach  by  its  keenness  of  scent, 
which  soon  detects  qualities  of  food  un  suited  to  the  sustentation 
of  the  body.  Not  only  does  it  act  as  sentinel  to  the  stomach,  but 
by  virtue  of  its  anatomical  structure  it  guards  the  lungs  from 
noxious  vapors,  gases,  and  all  improper  atmospheres.  Its  length 
'  assists  in  warming  the  air  to  a  considerable  degree  before  it  strikes 
the  lungs,  while  the  vibrissse,  or  small  hairs  with  which  the  inte- 
rior of  the  nostrils  is  furnished,  prevent  injurious  particles  from 
entering  the  lungs. 

The  fact  of  the  length  of  the  nose  being  the  principal  sign 
for  Caution  has  been  noted  by  other  physiognomists.  Dr.  Cross 
observes  on  this  subject  that 

The  nasal  apparatus  is  the  porch  of  respiration  and  the  sense  of  smell 
is  the  sentry  ;  hence,  it  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general  rule  that  atmospheric 
air  is  wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  its  smell  is  agreeable  or 
disagreeable.  As  odorous  effluvia  tend  upward,  so  the  nose  comes  to  be 
percipient  of  substances  entering  the  mouth,  and  it  is  found  that  food  is 
wholesome  or  unwholesome  in  proportion  as  the  smell  is  grateful  or  ungrate- 
ful. The  sense  of  smell,  therefore,  is  superintendent  of  the  breath  and 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  food.  The  nose,  then,  stands  in  a  double 
relation, — in  the  relation  of  porch  or  sentinel  to  the  lungs  and  in  the  relation 
of  assistant  sentinel  to  the  stomach  and  assistant  forager  to  the  mouth.* 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  215. 


480 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Short  noses  are  not  so  efficient  in  guarding  these  functions  as 
long  noses.  Then?  are  several  reasons  for  this :  In  the  first  place, 
the  nose  is  not  only  an  indicator  of  animal  organization,  but  it  is 
likewise  the  chief  facial  exponent  of  intellect  and  of  />/it/*i<-al  <m 
well  as  of  mental  energy ;  hence,  the  longer,  higher,  and  broader  the 
nose,  the  more  judgment  and  prudence  will  be  displayed,  for  length 
and  breadth  of  nose  in  man  and  beast  is  exhibited  only  by  the  most 
superior  characters. 

A  nose  which  is  high  as  well 


as  long  and  broad  is  best 
adapted  to  the  function  of 
scent,  for  the  reason  that 
the  olfactory  nerves  have 
room  for  greater  expan- 
sion, hence  the  nasal  gan- 
glion is  more  powerful 
than  where  its  space  is  re- 
stricted. Those  races  that 
possess  the  broadest,  high- 
est, and  longest  noses 
exhibit  the  most  prudence, 
foresight,  and  watchfulness, 
and  entertain  as  well  the 
broadest  views  of  life  and 
its  affairs.  The  Hebrews, 
among  the  civilized  races, 
possess  in  a  remarkable 
degree  all  these  attributes. 
So  far-sighted  is  their  in- 
tellectual grasp,  and  so 
broad  are  their  views  of 
worldly  affairs,  that  the 
majority  of  them  are  well 
provided  with  this  world's 
goods,  and  beggars  of  their 
race  I  believe  are  wholly 
unknown.  I  have  never  seen  or  heard  of  one.  They  also 
possess  all  the  physiological  traits  which  accompany  this  for- 
mation, exhibiting  predaceous  energy,  keenness  of  scent,  and  fond- 
ness for  fine  odors  and  flavors.  They  are  good  judges  of  food  and 
immoderately  addicted  to  the  pleasures  of  the  table.  They  also 
exhibit  various  mental  traits  which  often  accompany  large  Ali- 
mentiveness,  viz.,  rapacity,  love  of  domination,  and  marked  social 
and  domestic  qualities. 

The  same  traits  are  characteristic  of  the  carnivorous  class  of 


FIG.  62.— SIGNOR  CRISPI.    (PRIME  MINISTER 
OF  ITALY.) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Cautiousness,  shown  l>y 
length  and  breadth  of  the  nose.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  development  of 
Cautiousness  as  displayed  in  this  countenance  gives  evi- 
dence of  an  astute  and  far-sighted  character.  The  do- 
mestic traits  are  well  defined  and  the  intellectual  of 
the  first  class.  The  signs  for  Firmness  and  Conscien- 
tiousness are  of  average  size.  Patriotism,  Love  of 
Home,  Love  of  Young,  Amativeness.  and  Benevolence 
are  well  manifested ;  while  Human  Nature,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Acquisitiveness,  Constructiveness,  Analysis, 
Mental  Imitation,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self- 
will,  Observation,  Language,  Reason,  Memory  of 
Events,  and  Intuition  are  very  large.  Altogether  they 
form  the  portrait  of  a  very  capable,  executive,  and 
judicious  individual. 


CAUTIOUSNESS. 


481 


animals,  as  distinct  from  the  graminivorous  class.  The  nose  and 
nostrils  of  the  lion,  the  tiger,  the  dog,  and  other  carnivorous 
animals  are  broad,  high,  and  long  as  compared  to  the  noses  of 
the  sheep,  the  giraffe,  the  deer  tribes,  the  rabbit,  and  hare.  The 
former  are  aided  by  their  sense  of  scent  and  superior  strength 
and  intellect,  while  the  latter  have  to  depend  more  upon  their 
activity  or  timidity  than  strength  for  their  safety  and  livelihood. 
The  ganglia  of  the  olfactory  or  nasal  nerves  are  furnished 
with  a  coloring  pigment,  and,  according  to  the  laws  of  color 
which  obtain  in  the  human 
as  well  as  in  the  animal 
organisms,  the  more  color, 
the  more  power.  It  will 
be  observed  that  the  car- 
nivorous class  of  animals 
are  quite  dark  in  colors, 
or,  if  mixed,  the  darker 
hues  predominate ;  there- 
fore it  is  logical  to  infer 
that  they  are  better  adapted 
to  scent,  and  can  scent  at 
a  distance  better  than  the 
long,  thin-nosed,  grami- 
nivorous animals.  All  Na- 
ture confirms  this  principle 


FIG.  63.— JOHN  FOX.    (AUTHOR  AND  DIVINE.) 


of  form.  The  greyhound 
possesses  a  long,  thin, 
watchful,  timid  nose,  but 
is  comparatively  destitute 
of  the  sense  of  scent. 
Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  says  of 
this  animal : — 


Born  in  England.  1">17.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  *  'au- 
tiousness,  shown  by  disproportionate  length  of  nose. 
The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  angle  governs  this  face. 
Truthfulness  and  sincerity  certainly  shine  forth  from 
these  eyes,  which  are  set  true  and  straight  under  the 
brow.  'The  chin  is  hidden,  yet  comparative  anatomy  as- 
sists in  discovering  what  is  beneath  the  beard.  Conscien- 
tiousness, Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young, 
Amativeness,  Benevolence,  and  Patriotism  are  large ; 
while  Friendship,  Approbativeness.  Alimentiveness.  and 
Bibativeness  are  only  average  in  development.  The  men- 
tal powers  are  excellent.  The  signs  for  Mental  Imita- 
tion, Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Acquisitiveness.  ( '<>n- 
structiveness,  Veneration,  Kxecutiveness,  Self-will, 
Form,  Size",  Observation,  Calculation,  and  Language 
are  large.  The  nose,  broad  at  the  bridge,  discloses 
logical  capacity.  Altogether,  a  moral,  upright,  and 
intelligent  countenance. 


The  narrow  head  and 
sharp  nose  of  the  greyhound, 
useful  as  they  are  for  aid  ins: 
the  progress  of  the  animal  by  removing  every  impediment  to  its  passage 
through  the  atmosphere,  yot  deprive  it  of  a  most  valuable  faculty, — that  of 
chasing  by  scent.  The  muzzle  is  so  narrow  in  proportion  to  its  length 
that  its  nasal  nerves  have  no  proper  room  for  development,  and  hence 
the  animal  is  very  deficient  in  its  powers  of  scent.  The  same  circumstances 
may  be  noted  in  other  animals.* 

The  noses  of  all  carnivorous  animals  are  relatively  broad, 
especially  at  the  point  where  are  located  the  olfactory  ganglia  and 
plexuses, — that  is  to  say,  at  and  near  the  junction  of  the  nose  with 

*  Wood's  New  Illustrated  Natural  History,  p.  51. 
31 


482  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  forehead,  where  brunches  and  filaments  of  the  olfactory  nerve 
ramify  upon  the  septum  and  nostrils,  and  here  assist  the  sense 
of  smell,  us  this  is  the  peculiar  office  of  this  nerve.  Therefore, 
where  we  observe  breadth  of  the  nose  above  the  "  bridge,"  and 
also  where  the  nostrils  are  very  broad,  as  in  the  lion  and  in  many 
human  beings,  we  shall  find  superior  power  for  guarding  the 
avenues  of  approach  to  the  great  vital  cavities, — the  stomach 
and  lungs, — hence  Cautiousness,  foresight,  and  judgment  are  the 
result. 

The  long,  high,  thin  or  narrow  nose  discloses  Cautiousness, 
but  of  the  timid  sort,  as  observed  in  the  formation  of  the  noses 
of  all  or  most  of  the  herbivorous  tribes.  The  long-eared  hare 
and  rabbit  are  illustrations  of  the  sort  of  Cautiousness  given  to  the 
timid  and  weak.  They  possess  long,  sensitive  ears  which  convey 
sounds  to  them,  not  only  from  a  long  distance  but  those  which  are 
made  near  them,  and  their  superior  powers  of  activity  enable  them 
to  easily  elude  their  pursuers,  whether  human  or  animal.  The 
long-necked  giraffe  is  another  excellent  illustration  of  this  trait. 
The  superior  length  of  its  neck  aids  the  animal  to  look  over  inter- 
vening obstacles  and  thus  it  insures  its  safety  by  flight,  which  is 
its  method  of  self-protection,  being  relatively  weak  and  timid  like 
other  long-eared,  long-legged  animals.  Another  wise  provision  of 
Nature  is  seen  in  the  entire  absence  of  voice.  Wood  states  that 
"  the  giraffe  has  never  been  heard  to  utter  a  sound,  even  when 
struggling  in  the  agonies  of  death."  Were  the  giraffe  a  noisy 
animal  he  would  be  always  in  danger,  by  calling  attention  to 
himself  and  thus  be  exposed  to  the  attacks  of  wild  beasts.  The 
camel  evinces  a  good  deal  of  cautious  foresight,  and  exhibits  its 
physiognomical  indication  by  long  legs,  slim  neck,  long  nose,  and 
broad  nostrils.  The  reindeer  is  a  wary  and  sagacious  animal,  and 
possesses  "the  sense  of  scent  in  a  greater  degree  than  any  other 
animal.  Its  width  of  nostril  is  quite  a  conspicuous  feature.  The 
fallow  deer,  the  red  deer,  and  wapiti  evince  great  Cautiousness, 
and  their  long  ears,  long  necks,  and  long,  slim  legs  are  the 
outward  indications  of  the  timid,  sensitive,  and  cautious  mind 
within. 

Lavater,  in  his  criticism  of  animals,  speaks  of  the  "art  and 
discretion  exhibited  in  the  proboscis  of  the  elephant."  This  is  a 
most  just  observation,  for  watchfulness  and  foresight  are  the 
peculiar  attributes  of  this  animal,  and  sound  judgment  as  well. 
Nature,  in  creating  so  huge  and  bulky  a  creature,  was  obliged  to 
give  such  traits  as  would  enhance  its  safety.  What  then  could  she 
give  but  a  large  degree  of  Cautiousness,  Judgment,  and  Foresight  ? 
All  these  faculties  are  exhibited  in  a  marked  manner  bv  these 


CAUTIOUSNESS.  483 

animals  in  India,  where  they  are  employed  in  various  mechanical 
and  warlike  enterprises,  where  their  fine  qualities  of  mind  are 
used  to  advance  man's  interests.  In  this  creature,  caution  is 
balanced  by  reason,  hence  he  is  not  suspicious,  but  watchful. 
"In  all  work,"  says  Mr.  Wood,  "which  requires  the  application 
of  great  strength  combined  with  singular  judgment  the  elephant 
is  supreme." 

Cautiousness  is  a  universal  faculty  and  is  useful  in  all  the 
walks  of  life,  giving  vigilance,  providence,  and  discretion  to  charac- 
ter. It  is  allied  to  Alimentiveness,  for  it  assists  in  looking  ahead 
and  by  foresight  accumulates  and  stores  up  for  a  rainy  day.  It 
is  an  assistant  of  Acquisitiveness,  as  it  guides  this  faculty  in  the 
acquisition  and  care  of  money,  property,  etc.  All  of  the  higher 
mental  faculties  are  indebted  to  its  influence  in  causing  them  to 
refrain  from  hazardous  and  risky  enterprises,  in  order  to  prevent 
future  trouble.  Cautious  persons  seek  advice  from  those  who  have 
had  experience,  while  short-nosed,  incautious  characters  rush  into 
all  sorts  of  dangers  and  enterprises  in  a  reckless  fashion,  unheed- 
ing the  warnings  of  those  more  experienced.  If  possessed  of 
small  Caution  and  large  Force  and  Resistance  and  only  average 
Reason,  they  will  be  constantly  embroiled  in  disputes  and  quarrels, 
because  unable  to  control  the  temper,  and,  possessing  no  Caution, 
will  give  loose  rein  to  the  tongue  and  sometimes  to  the  fist  and 
pistol.  Those  of  this  combination  are  perpetually  meeting  with 
what  they  term  "  accidents,"  in  which  they  succeed  in  getting  cuts, 
burns,  and  falls,  and  are  often  engaged  in  disastrous  adventures. 
Bullies,  braggarts,  and  loose,  unreliable  talkers  are  lacking  in 
•Caution. 

An  excess  of  Caution  is  more  universal  in  America  than  among 
Europeans.  It  is  caused  by  the  greater  degree  of  delicacy  of  the 
nervous  system  which  this  climate  produces  and  which  causes 
fear,  apprehension  of  bodily  injury,  timidity,  and  nervousness. 
Women  are  far  more  cautious  than  men.  The  conservative  nature 
of  woman,  as  the  mother  and  care-taker  of  the  young  and  guardian 
of  the  family,  results  in  more  caution  and  also  adds  foresight  and 
prudence,  and  for  this,  reason  most  mothers  are  better  able  to 
disburse  the  family  funds  than  the  father.  The  anxiety  for  the 
future  welfare  of  the  family  causes  care  and  providence  in  the 
disposition  of  money  and  in  storing  up  for  emergencies.  Children 
are  usually  more  cautious  than  adults,  and  in  many  its  excess  creates 
groundless  fears  and  great  mental  suffering.  Weak,  timid  children 
should  be  trained  in  a  gymnasium  with  the  view  of  making  them 
more  courageous,  strong,  and  self-willed,  which  result  can  be  pro- 
duced by  developing  all  the  muscles  until  they  dominate  or  equal 


484  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

the  nervous  system.  Driving,  rowing,  swimming,  and  all  athletic 
sports  assist  in  developing  courage  and  give  force  and  decision  to 
the  character.  Associating  with  the  strong  and  courageous  is 
another  method  of  imparting  confidence  to  the  irresolute.  It 
engenders  a  desire  to  imitate,  and,  as  the  weak  admire  the  strong, 
they  will  endeavor  to  follow  their  example  if  thrown  constantly  in 
their  society. 

It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  all  admire  most  those  quali- 
ties in  others  in  which  they  are  themselves  deficient.  I  have 
known  many  weak  and  timid  women  become  expert  and  courage- 
ous horsewomen  by  practicing  driving,  when  formerly  they  had 
suffered  tortures  in  a  short  drive  for  fear  of  some  accident.  Nothing 
overcomes  fear  as  thoroughly  as  experiment  and  intelligent  com- 
prehension of  the  nature  of  the  thing  feared.  Children  are  often 
injured  beyond  recovery  by  forcing  them  into  the  water  against 
their  wish.  When  it  is  desired  that  they  should  be  taught 
bathing  and  swimming  they  should  be  allowed  to  enter  and  leave 
the  water  at  their  own  pleasure,  and  gradually,  by  easy  stages,  they 
will  lose  all  fear  of  it,  particularly  if  they  enter  with  more  cour- 
ageous children.  They  should  never  be  ';  ducked "  to  furnish 
amusement  for  some  "tease,"  who  thinks  it  great  fun  to  hear  the 
poor  little  things  scream.  Such  methods  are  criminal,  and  should 
never  be  pursued  with  timid  children.  Frightening  them  by 
bug-a-boo  stories  also  increases  their  fear  and  induces  nervous 
disorders. 

A  good,  sound  whipping  as  a  punishment  hurts  a  child  far 
less  than  threatening  them  with  mysterious  and  occult  beings, 
or  shutting  them  up  in  dark  rooms,  for  these  methods  have  been 
known  to  produce  convulsions  and  loss  of  reason.  The  force  of 
example  is  well  illustrated  in  the  conduct  of  two  mothers  whom 
I  knew  in  my  childhood.  One,  on  the  approach  of  a  thunder- 
storm, took  her  children  out  upon  the  porch  and  watched  with 
great  enjoyment  its  approach,  and  entered  the  house  only  when 
driven  in  by  the  rain.  They  all  seemed  to  derive  great  pleasure 
from  the  scene.  The  other  mother,  on  the  approach  of  a  storm, 
gathered  her  children  together  in  an  agitated  and  terrified  manner 
and  plunged  them  between  feather  beds  under  the  mistaken  notion 
that  "lightning  never  strikes  feathers."  They  would  remain  thus 
half  stifled  and  emerge  weak  and  trembling  only  after  the  storm  had 
passed.  The  children  of  the  latter  family  upon  reaching  adult  life 
pursued  precisely  the  same  methods  in  their  families,  and  thus 
trained  their  children  to  be  cowards  instead  of  training  them  to  be 
courageous. 

Shyness  is  one  manifestation  of  Cautiousness.     A  sensitive, 


CAUTIOUSNESS.  485 

nervous  system  by  its  keenness  of  sensation  causes  one  to  be  careful 
and  watchful  of  dangers,  and  also  promotes  care  for  health  through 
dread  of  suffering. 

Slyness  is  often  caused  by  extreme  Caution,  and  is  cultivated 
in  children  by  injudicious  methods  of  discipline,  by  too  many 
penalties,  and  by  constant  threatenings  for  all  sorts  of  small  offenses. 
Secretive  children  are  also  sly,  but  this  is  spontaneous  and  inherent, 
while  many  children  are  made  sly  by  their  parents'  threats  of 
penalties  and  constant  fault-finding. 

The  normal  action  of  Cautiousness  is  manifested  in  the  highest 
degree  by  persons  possessed  of  good  intellects  and  practical  facul- 
ties. In  the  faces  of  such  persons  will  be  observed  length,  breadth, 
and  height  of  the  nose.  In  these  cases  Caution  takes  on  its 
highest  phase  of  action,  and  a  common-sense  view  of  affairs  is  ex- 
hibited, and  reason,  judgment,  and  prudence  preside  over  all  their 
mental  processes. 

When  Caution  is  indicated  in  an  individual  as  a  compensa- 
tion for  the  lack  of  some  other  important  faculty,  decision  and 
judgment  will  be  less  promptly  manifested,  hence  all  the  acts  will 
be  slower  and  more  uncertain,  and  as  great  a  measure  of  success 
as  in  the  former  cases  must  not  be  expected.  An  excessive  length 
of  nose  in  relation  to  the  other  features  denotes  excessive  Caution,  and 
also  shows  it  to  be  the  -compensation  for  the  absence  of  some  other 
faculty.  By  observing  the  relative  proportions  of  the  features  this 
deficiency  can  be  easily  discovered.  In  some  subjects  it  is  caused 
by  deficient  Self-esteem.  In  these  cases  a  short  upper  lip  will  dis- 
close the  reason.  In  other  characters  there  may  be  deficient  Con- 
scientiousness. A  narrow  chin  will  reveal  this  want.  If  Reason 
is  feeble  the  nose  will  not  be  broad  and  high,  but  may  be  high, 
thin,  and  narrow,  especially  at  the  "-bridge." 

Absence  of  the  practical  faculties  is  often  shown  by  a  com- 
pensatory degree  of  Caution.  .Where  a  knowledge  of  human  na- 
ture is  deficient,  Cautiousness  is  often  present  and  protects  the 
character  from  too  great  confidence  in  others ;  hence,  suspicion  is 
the  result  and  thus  acts  the  part  of  protector ;  or,  if  Friendship 
be  lacking,  reserve  and  guardedness  in  dealing  with  others  will  be 
displayed.  In  some  instances,  where  the  brain  is  very  large  and 
slow  in  its  action  (by  reason  of  smallness  of  the  thoracic  system), 
the  mental  processes  are  correspondingly  feeble  and  dull  of  ap- 
prehension. Here  Caution  comes  in  and  assists  the  character  by 
its  prudential  outlook,  and  thus  averts  and  avoids  dangers  by  that 
slowness  of  mind  and  body  which  is  at  the  same  time  a  failing 
and  a  compensation.  Self-control  and  self-denial,  restraint  and 
prudence  are  the  results  of  a  normal,  balanced  degree  of  Caution. 


486 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Rashness,  imprudence,  and  foolishness  show  the  lack  of  this  most 
useful  trait. 

"Reader,  attend  !  whether  thy  soul 
Soars  fancy's  flights  beyond  the  pole, 
Or  darkling  grubs  this  earthly  hole, 

In  low  pursuit, 
Know,  prudent  cautious  self-control 

Is  wisdom's  root." — BURNS. 

HOPE. 

Definition.  —  Anticipation,    expectation,     joyousness,    confi- 
dence, cheerfulness,  buoyancy  of ,  spirits,  belief  in  future  success 

and  advantages,  prospect- 
ive good,  inclination  to 
believe  and  work  on  in 
spite  of  innumerable  ob- 
stacles. 

An  excess  imparts  en- 
thusiasm and  gives  belief 
in  impracticable  plans  and 
projects;  inclines  one  to 
speculations,  and  "  sees 
millions"  in  every  inven- 
tion and  enterprise  in 
which  one  becomes  inter- 
ested. 

A  deficiency  causes 
lack  of  success,  hopeless- 
ness, melancholy,  gloomy 
thoughts,  and 
and  is  often 
with  liver  complaint, 
tends  to  dementia,  insanity, 
and  suicide. 

Facial  and  Bo<lili/ 
Signs. — The  most  prom- 


Fio.  64.— ELLEN  TERRY.     ( ACTRESS.) 

Born  in  England,  1848.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Hope,  shown  by  downward  projection  of  the  septum  of 
the  nose.  The  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line  gov- 
erns this  face.  The  dominant  expression  of  this  coun- 
tenance is  sharpness,  keenness,  penetration.  The  signs 
for  Firmness,  Conscientiousness,  Love  of  Home.  Pa- 
triotism, Economy,  and  Benevolence  are  exceedingly 
well  defined.  Love  of  Young  and  Amativeness  are  con- 
spicuous. The  nose  exhibits  the  signs  for  Hope, 
Analysis,  Ideality,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Human  Na- 
ture highly  developed.  Construct! veness,  Acquisitiye- 
ness,  Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  marked.  Observa- 
tion, Form,  Size,  and  Language  are  large,  and  altogether 
combine  to  produce  a  first-class  artistic  mind.  The 
quality  is  exceedingly  fine. 


inent  facial  sign  for  Hope 
is  the  downward  projection  of  the  septum  of  the  nose  below 
the  alse,  or  wings  of  the  nostrils.  Brightness  of  the  eyes; 
bright,  clear-colored,  and  fresh  complexion ;  full  cheeks,  plump 
body,  springy  step,  vivacious  and  cheery  manner  are  also  indica- 
tions of  the  presence  of  Hope  and  are  caused  by  activity  of  the 
liver.  Drooping  of  the  corners  of  the  mouth,  dullness  of  the  eyes, 
together  with  a  thick  skin  and  muddy  complexion,  point  to  en- 
feebled action  of  the  liver  and  a  consequent  deficiency  of  Hope. 
Where  the  septum  does  not  project  below  the  alae,  or  where  it 


HOPE. 


487 


recedes  abo*ve  the  sides  of  the  nostrils,  we  have  an  unfailing  indica- 
tion of  a  weak  and  torpid  liver,  together  with  a  mind  tinctured  with 
hopelessness  and  despondency.  The  modifying  effects  of  Mirthful- 
ness  and  Approbativeness  often  assist  this  condition  and  partially 
neutralize  its  depressing  influence. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  HOPE. — The  methods  formerly  employed  by 
sentimentalists  in  treating  of  the  affections,  emotions,  and  passions 
in  a  poetic,  romantic,  and  metaphysical  manner  have  led  to  most 
erroneous  ideas  in  regard  to  the  origin  and  physiological  basis  of 
mental  powers.  To  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  view  the 
mind,  with  its  numerous 
powers  and  passions,  such 
as  love,  hope,  imagination, 
etc.,  as  an  entity  separate 
from  the  body  and  con- 
nected with  another  vague 
entity  termed  the  "  soul," 
floating  about  somewhere 
in  space,  the  connection  of 
the  emotions  and  passions 
with  physical  organs  will 
seem  like  sacrilege.  To 
this  class  let  me  state  that 
a  thorough  analysis  of 
natural  laws  will  alone  free 
them  from  this  error,  and 
the  :  poetic  flights  of  the 
rhapsodist  upon  the  nature 
of  love,  hope,  etc.,  will  not 
seem  half  as  enchanting 
as  a  cool,  keen,  scientific 
analysis  of  these  traits.  It 
is  easily  demonstrated  that 
Hope  is  most  largely  devel- 
oped in  those  who  possess 
a  vigorous  and  normally- 
acting  liver.  Where  this 
viscus  is  normally  active  the  eyes  are  bright,  the  skin  clean  and 
clear,  the  voice  cheerful,  the  brain  active  and  analytic  (according 
to  the  grade  of  intellect  manifested  in  each  individual),  the  step 
brisk,  and  the  disposition  hopeful  and  confident  and  ready  to 
attempt  any  difficult  project.  Hope  is  a  grand  sustainer  of  life, 
and  when  we  transmit  to  offspring  a  vigorous,  normal  liver  we 
endow  them  with  a  precious  inheritance. 


FIG.  65.— PAUL  GUSTAVE  DORE.     (HISTORICAL 
AND  ALLEGORICAL  PAINTER.) 

Born  in  France,  1883.  Principal  facial  sign,  Hope, 
shown  by  downward  projection  of  the  septum  of  the 
nose.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs 
this  countenance.  The  social  faculties  are  well  repre- 
sented in  this  face.  Alimentiveness.  Hospitality, 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Love  of  Home,  and  Pa- 
triotism are  all  well  defined.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for 
Hope,  Analysis,  Sublimity.  Ideality,  Mental  Imitation, 
Human  Nature,  Constructivencss,  Acquisitiveness. 
Veneration,  Execntiveness.  and  Self-will  arc  highly  de- 
veloped; while  Prescience.  <  'redenciveness.  Observa- 
tion; Form,  Size,  Color,  Calculation,  Locality.  Order,  In- 
tuition, Artistic  Judgment,  and  Reason  are  exhibited 
in  a  talented  degree.  Dove  was  one  of  the  most  original, 
weird,  awful,  quaint,  and  prolific  of  artists.  The  hair, 
by  its  form  and  manner  of  growth,  denotes  artistic 
capacity.  The  quality  i.s  very  fine. 


488  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Hope  buoys  up  the  mind  under  adversities  and  troubles  of  all 
sorts  and  shows  a  silver  lining  to  every  cloud.  It  makes  one  be- 
lieve in  "  a  good  time  coming,"  and  thus  encouraged  one  works 
with  a  will,  and  hence  is  enabled  to  bring  about  just  the  state  of 
affairs  hoped  for.  Hope  is  noticeable  in  the  physiognomies  of 
most  very  aged  persons.  It  directly  promotes  longevity,  not  only 
by  the  vigorous  action  of  the  liver,  but  by  the  sustaining  power  of 
//.s  ((ssociated  sentiment,  which  is  ever  pointing  onward  and  upward. 
Hope  is  most  decided  in  the  countenances  of  all  eminent  artists, 
actors,  poets,  litterateurs,  and  inventors.  In  disease  no  faculty  so 
sustains  and  encourages  the  patient,  and  in  this  manner  an  active 
liver  and  the  sentiment  of  Hope  together  are  instrumental  in  pro- 
moting recovery.  In  fact,  the  action  of  every  well-developed  organ 
is  remedial,  not  only  by  reason  of  its  physiological  action,  but  also 
through  its  effect  upon  the  mind, — a  reciprocal  action  which  is  now 
getting  to  be  better  understood  than  formerly.  The  science  of 
physiognomy  teaches  that  if  we  jvould  live  more  nearly  in  accord 
with  hygienic  law  we  should  have  very  little  use  for  doctors. 
This  faculty  and  function  can  be  kept  in  a  normal  condition  by  an 
intelligent  and  persevering  course  of  diet  and  sensible  modes  of 
dressing.  Sufficient  fruit-juices  should  be  taken  into  the  stomach, 
and  sugar,  except  as  found  in  fruits,  grains,  and  vegetables,  should 
be  avoided.  Then,  too,  the  clothing  should  be  sufficiently  loose  and 
easy  in  order  to  give  the  lungs,  heart,  and  liver  room  for  needed 
expansion.  We  caii  no  more  induce  a  hopeful,  cheerful  state  of 
mind  by  inculcating  hopefulness  as  a  duty  than  we  can  become 
truly  conscientious  by  studying  truth  as  a  moral  sentiment  merely, 
without  regard  to  the  condition  of  the  liver  and  kidneys.  Con- 
scientiousness proceeds  from  a  well-developed  and  normally-acting 
kidney  system,  and  Hope  from  a  well-developed  liver.  If  we 
attend  to  the  physiology  of  these  two  organs,  I  fully  believe  that 
the  associated  sentiments  of  Conscientiousness  and  Hope  will  take 
care  of  themselves,  and  evolve  a  moral  and  hopeful  disposition  as 
a  consequence  of  healthy  and  normal  action,  and  development. 
Man  is  certainly  created  perfect,  or  we  should  have  no  normal  f///>e 
or  standard  of  any  organ  or  function.  The  imperfections  we  ob- 
serve are  all  of  man's  creating,  caused  either  by  willful  or  ignorant 
violations  of  natural  physiological  laws.  If  it  were  not  for  the 
action  of  a  law  which  endeavors  to  make  each  newly-created  being 
return  to  a  normal  standard,  the  race  would  have  run  out  and 
become  extinct  ages  ago — through  an  aggregation  of  diseases  and 
misuse  of  the  organs. 

Dr.  Felix  Oswald  happily  expresses  this  law  in  the  following 
words. 


HOPE.  489 


He  observes : — 


Every  birth  is  a  hygienic  regeneration.  The  constitutional  defects 
which  degenerate  parents  transmit  to  their  offspring  are  modified  by  the 
bequests  of  an  older  world. 

Where  the  septum  of  the  nose  is  observed  to  be  even  with  the 
alse  or  wings,  we  shall  find,  first,  an  organism  with  a  small  liver, 
or  an  inert  condition  of  the  liver,  together  with  a  steadily-increasing 
tendency  to  melancholy  as  age  advances ;  also,  oft-recurring  bilious 
diseases.  In  such  individuals,  the  mind  reverts  to  disease,  disaster, 
death,  and  similar  gloomy  subjects.  They  can  see  no  hope  in  any- 
thing. Every  business  enterprise  is  in  their  minds  foredoomed 
to  failure.  The\  hardly  think  it  worth  while  to  commence  any 
project,  so  certain  are  they  of  non-success.  The  only  remedy  for 
these  victims  to  an  inherited  weak  liver  is  an  active,  stirring  life,  a 
dietary  suited  to  their  condition, — abstention  from  sugar, — together 
with  plenty  of  active  out-door  exercise,  and  the  companionship  of 
the  joyous,  cheerful,  and  light-hearted.  This  course  may  not  com- 
pletely eradicate  the  abnormal  tendency  toward  melancholy,  but 
will  make  life  more  enjoyable,  more  useful,  "and  successful. 

The  localizing  of  the  principal  facial  sign  for  the  liver  is  note- 
worthy. Its  position  between  the  local  signs  for  the  heart  and 
lungs  (wi4e  nostrils)  teaches  us  somewhat  of  its  physiological 
relations,  inasmuch  as  the  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs  is  greatly 
assisted  by  the  action  of  the  liver,  and  as  all  these  organs  are  so 
placed  and  connected  in  the  body  as  to  mutually  assist  each  other, 
so  we  find  in  the  intimate  placing  of  their  signs  in  the  face  a  re- 
markable proof  of  Nature's  method  of  throwing  out  physiognomic 
signals  which  are  confirmed  by  both  logic  and  observation. 

Temporary  disorders  of  the  liver  result  in  gloomy,  depressed 
conditions  of  the  mind,  while  restoration  of  its  functions  brings  a 
return  of  the  usual  cheerfulness.  So  different  are  the  mental  effects 
of  a  disordered  liver  from  those  produced  by  a  diseased  heart  or 
lungs  that  medical  writers  in  all  ages  have  noted  them,  yet  have 
failed  to  connect  them  with  physiognomical  sighs.  Of  the  differ- 
ences in  mental  states  induced  by  disorders  of  these  different 
organs,  Dr.  Maudsley  observes: — 

I  come  now  to  the  thoracic  organs.  The  heart  and  the  lungs  are 
closely  connected  in  their  functions  so  that  they  mutually  affect  one 
another.  Some  diseases  of  lungs  greatly  oppress  and  trouble  the  heart, 
yet  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  they  have  their  special  effects  upon  the 
mind.  How,  indeed,  can  we  think  otherwise  when  we  contrast  the  sanguine 
confidence  of  the  consumptive  patient  with  the  anxious  fear  and  apprehen- 
sion exhibited  in  some  diseases  of  the  heart.* 

*  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  M.D.,  p.  1-5. 


490  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  following,  previously  quoted  from  Dr.  Maudsley,  is  to  the 
point,  and  I  here  reproduce  it  in  order  to  emphasize  the  intimate 
relation  existing  between  the  function  of  the  liver  and  the  mental 
sentiment  of  Hope.  He  remarks  : — 

Anger,  disappointment,  and  envy  notably  touch  the  liver,  which  in  its 
turn,  when  deranged,  engenders  a  gloomy  tone  of  mind,  through  which  all 
things  have  a  malignant  look,  and  from  which,  when  philosophy  avails  not 
to  free  us,  the  restoration  of  its  functions  will  yield  instant  relief.* 

A  good,  clear,  fresh-colored  complexion  is  one  sign  of  the 
presence  of  Hope.  It  is  incumbent  upon  us,  if  we  would  enjoy 
this  truly  religious  sentiment,  that  we  study  and  work  to  prevent 
clogging  of  the  biliary  system,  for  hopelessness  and  dejection  are 
opposed  to  a  truly  religious  state  of  mind.  Hope  in  the  future  is 
an  especial  attribute  of  the  religious  belief  of  all  civilized  religions; 
some  savages  even  share  with  the  most  advanced  races  this  univer- 
sal sentiment  of  a  blissful  future  state  as  the  inheritance  of  the 
righteous,  and,  as  I  have  shown,  Hope  is  a  sentiment  which  not 
only  assists  us  in  combating  disease,  making  health  more  firm  and 
sure,  promoting  longevity,  but  also  carries  forward  the  mind  to 
higher  and  more  exquisite  enjoyments  of  anticipation  in  the  con- 
templation of  scenes  of  heavenly  rest,  purity,  and  "progression.  In 
these  sentiments  it  seems  to  me  all  right-minded  and  benevolent 
persons  must  share,  whether  Christian,  Hebrew,  Pagarf,  Agnostic, 
Spiritualist,  or  Liberalist.  The  following  poem  expresses  the 
Indian's  belief  in  the  future,  and  proceeds  from  a  development  of 
the  faculty  of  Hope: — 

'  I  go  to  the  Isles  of  the  Great  Manito, 
Whose  shores  through  the  mist  I  distinguish  e'en  now  ; 
I  shall  hunt  in  the  mountains  and  fish  in  the  streams 
%  Of  the  land  that  I  often  have  seen  in  my  dreams. 

There  shall  I  hold  in  my  fondest  embrace 
The  braves  and  the  chiefs  of  my  nation  and  race  ; 
They  shall  applaud  me,  and  welcome  their  son. 
And  boast  of  the  heroic  deeds  he  has  done. 

Spirit  of  evil,  thou  never  canst  go 

To  the  far,  happy  land  of  the  Great  Manito  ; 

Spirit  of  evil — spirit  of  pain — 

Farewell — we  never  shall  meet  again." 

There  is  in  the  above  as  fine  expression  of  future  rewards  and 
enjoyments  as  is  .to  be  found  in  the  beliefs  of  the  most  advanced 
religionists. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  Hope  as  a  sentiment 
assists  in  prolonging  life,  while  at  the  same  time  it  looks  for  a 
future  state  of  happiness.  The  faces  of  nearly  all  of  the  aged 

*  Body  and  Mind,  Henry  Maudsley,  p.  38. 


HOPE.  491 

whom  I  have  observed  have  the  sign  for  Hope  and  the  liver  well 
defined.  How  can  it  be  otherwise  when  we  see  how  essential  to 
good  health  is  the  continued  activity  of  the  liver. 

Hope  is  a  sustainer  of  life  and  health  by  causing  the  mind  to 
continually  anticipate  good  results,  and  by  preventing  the  mind 
from  apprehending  disasters.  This  thought  is  well  expressed  in  the 
following: — 

"Had  some  good  angel  op'd  to  me  the  book 
Of  Providence  and  let  me  read  my  life, 
My  heart  had  broke  when  I  beheld  the  sum 
Of  ills  which  one  by  one  I  have  endured." 

All  the  conditions  of  life  require  and  must  have  in  them  a 
large  share  of  the  element  of  Hope.  This  is  as  true  of  our 
pleasures  in  anticipation  as  it  is  of  business  enterprises,  intellectual 
labors,  artistic  successes,  and  domestic  durability.  The  business 
man  needs  its  inspiring  influence  to  buoy  him  up  when  putting 
his  thousands  into  a  business  venture,  yet  he  must  have  a  balance 
of  the  practical  faculties  and  reason,  in  order  that  he  shall  not  be 
too  sanguine  of  success  in  face  of  improbabilities;  and  if  business 
reverses  come,  and  all  seem  lost,  Hope  comes  to  the  rescue  and 
puts  him  on  his  feet  again,  and  anticipates  better  fortune  next  time. 

As  an  active  liver  keeps  the  brain  clear  and  unclouded,  it 
gives  a  sense  of  power  and  a  desire  for  enterprise, — for  pushing 
ahead  in  adventurous  schemes.  An  active  liver  clears  the  brain 
to  the  extent  of  causing  one  to  be  inventive,  ingenious,  and  fertile 
in  resources.  Not  only  is  this  remarked  in  business  men,  but  it  is 
pre-eminently  the  attribute  of  artists,  writers,  sculptors,  actors,  and 
the  creative  classes  generally.  Large  Hope  assists  the  dominant 
tastes  and  faculties,  whether  these  faculties  tend  to  art,  science,  or 
commerce.  Hope  is  one  of  the  impelling  forces  in  <//.s-m/v/vr,<?, 
ndrif/afors,  travelers,  and  adventurous  */>// •//.<?,  who  are  always 
looking  for 

"Some  happy  island  in  the  watery  waste," 

and  often  find  what  is  desired  through  the  exercise  of  that  perse- 
verance which  Hope  has  inspired.  "  Hope  tells  a  flattering  tale." 
and  if  they  fail  in  one  enterprise  they  see  something  just  as  allur- 
ing in  the  next  one,  and,  whether  it  be  California  gold  or  South 
African  diamonds,  they  always  see  a  fortune  just  ahead  to  be  had 
for  the  taking.  It  is  sad,  however,  to  see  one  unbalanced  by  ex- 
cessive Hope,  for  this  leads  to  failure  and  disappointment.  Those 
who  have  an  excess  should  take  counsel  of  more  practical  persons, 
and  have  for  a  partner  one  who  has  a  balanced  degree  of  reason 
and  experience. 


492  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  physiognomies  of  the  majority  of  successful  artists,  actors, 
merchants,  and  leaders  of  great  enterprises  exhibit  large  Hope. 

Those  whose  Hope  is  greater  than  Caution,  with  deficient 
Practicality,  rush  into  wild  speculations,  and  of  course  meet  with 
heavy  losses  or  disasters.  Those  possessed  of  large  Hope,  Self- 
esteem,  and  Approbativeness,  together  with  good  reasoning 
faculties,  are  capable  of  great  enterprises,  and  will  take  hold  reso- 
lutely and  carry  the  work  through ;  with  large  Acquisitiveness, 
they  will  lay  successful  plans  for  money-getting;  and  with  Hope 
allied  to  Conscientiousness,  Credenciveness,  and  Veneration,  they 
will  exhibit  great  religious  and  moral  character,  and  will  look 
forward  to  a  future  state  of  enjoyment  with  an  unfaltering  con- 
fidence. 

Whatever  trait  is  useful  and  ennobling  to  the  human  race 
has  its  place  in  the  physiognomy,  and  sets  a  sign  of  beauty  there. 
The  sign  for  the  liver  and  Hope  causes  the  outline  and  propor- 
tions of  the  nose  to  be  more  beautiful  than  where  it  is  lacking. 
The  noses  of  most  eminent  writers,  artists,  poets,  and  enterprising 
persons  generally  present  this  peculiar  formation  of  the  septum  of 
the  nose.  The  numerous  classic  works  of  art  in  paintings  and 
statuary  exhibit  this  formation.  The  masters  of  art,  taking  their 
models  from  the  most  talented  people,  of  course  found  this  peculi- 
arity present,  and  reproduced  it  without  understanding  either  its 
mental  or  physiological  significance  and  importance.  In  this  in- 
stance, art-beauty  and  scientific  beauty  are  in  accord. 

Examine  the  countenances  of  Julius  Ca?sar,  general;  Sarah 
Siddons,  actress;  Arkwright,  inventor;  Lavater,  physiognomist; 
Canova,  sculptor;  Adam  Smith,  philosopher;  the  first  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  warrior  and  statesman;  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  scientist; 
Sir  Matthew  Hale,  jurist;  Thomas  Jefferson,  statesman;  Thomas 
Moore,  poet;  Corneille,  poet;  William  Blake,  painter,  and  we  shall 
find  that  they  all  exhibit  the  sign  for  Hope.  There  are  thousands 
of  other  eminent  men  and  women  whose  countenances  indicate  its 
presence.  Let  the  reader  make  observation  of  large  numbers,  and 
note  among  his  acquaintances  those  possessed  of  great  Hope, 
and  he  wjll  observe  its  accompanying  physiological  and  mental 
peculiarities. 

The  faculty  of  Hope  is  shared  with  the  animal  kingdom,  as 
their  acts  testify.  They  are  capable  of  expectation,  both  of 
rewards,  pleasures,  and  punishments.  Dogs  look  forward  to  the 
return  of  their  masters  and  anticipate  their  approach  with  every 
demonstration  of  delight,  and  exhibit  their  sense  of  Time,  also, 
by  going  a  distance  in  the  direction  from  which  they  usually 
return. 


ANALYSIS.  493 


ANALYSIS. 

Definition. — The  ability  to  separate,  classify,  and  suggest 
changes  and  note  differences.  Analysis,  according  to  Webster, 
is  "the  tracing  of  things  to  their  source  and  the  resolving  of 
knowledge  into  its  original  principles."  It  tends  to  practicality, 
ingenuity,  invention,  resource,  and  fertility  of  expedients. 

An  excess  gives  a  tendency  to  be  hypercritical,  captious,  and 
fault-finding  without  reason. 

A  deficiency  is  shown  by  inability  to  separate,  classify,  and 
re-arrange  ideas  and  principles,  also  the  elements  and  constituents 
of  literary,  musical,  and  art  ideas;  and  in  mechanics  it  shows  by 
failure  to  comprehend  the  elements  of  mechanical  forces  and  their 
combinations  and  effects. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  presence  of  good  analytical 
ability  is  shown  by  the  drooping  downward  of  that  portion  of  the 
nasal  septum  just  forward  of  and  adjoining  the  principal  mental 
sign  for  Hope, — that  is  to  say,  the  centre  of  the  nasal  septum. 
Another  and  a  secondary  sign  is  shown  by  a  slightly  receding 
foreliead,  together  with  a  high  and  relatively  long  nose.  Although 
many  musical  noses  are  short,  yet  they  indicate  the  sort  of  analysis 
adapted  to  the  comprehension  of  musical  laws  and  principles. 
Mechanical  analysis  is  best  developed  in  those  in  whom  the  bony 
system  is  slightly  in  the  ascendency,  combined  with  a  good  mus- 
cular development.  Analysis  of  &  practical  phase  is  also  observed 
where  the  bony  system  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems.  The 
physiognomies  of  Porta,  Julius  Caesar,  Byron,  Dickens,  Shakes- 
peare, and  Sir  Walter  Scott  exhibit  large  Analysis.  The  sign  for 
Analysis  lies  close  to  the  sign  for  the  liver  and  thus  indicates  its 
origin.  Where  the  septum  does  not  project  below  the  alse  or  sides 
of  the  nostrils  it  denotes  a  torpid  liver  and  a  deficiency  of  analytical 
power. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  ANALYSIS. — The  ability  for  analyzing  is 
universal  in  civilized  races  and  not  lacking  in  the  animal.  It 
endows  the  character  with  the  ability  to  suggest  inventions, 
improvements  in  art,  mechanism,  music,  human  nature,  and  litera- 
ture. It  assists  the  chemist,  the  mathematician,  and  astronomer. 
It  is  accompanied  by  a  fertile,  suggestive,  criticizing  mind,  and  is 
ever  ready  with  expedients  and  resources.  Its  action  is  affected  by 
the  development  of  the  liver,  yet  not  in  the  same  degree  as  is  Hope. 
The  physiognomies  of  La  Place,  Dr.  John  Hunter,  Dr.  Jenner ; 
C'anova,  the  sculptor;  Sarah  Siddons,  actress;  and  Roebling,  en- 
gineer, all  exhibit  this  sign  well  defined.  The  faces  of  thousands  of 
others  eminent  in  all  the  active  walks  of  life  bear  the  facial  record  of 


494 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


this  trait  in  unmistakable  characters.  Its  physiognomical  base  is  not 
to  be  doubted.  That  the  high  development  and  normal  action  of 
the  liver  give  clearness  to  the  inventive  mental  processes,  all 
ingenious  and  fertile-minded  characters  attest.  Show  me  a  man 
with  a  weak,  undeveloped,  torpid  liver,  and  I  will  show  you  a 
character  that  is  deficient  in  the  capacity  to  invent  or  to  analyze 
well  in  active  art  or  science.  Even  temporary  inactivity  of  the 

liver,  in  those  who  have 
inherited  a  normal  devel- 
opment of  this  organ,  pre- 
vents for  the  time  being 
that  clearness  of  thought 
and  power  to  reason  upon 
principles  which  are  char- 
acteristic of  the  mind  in 
a  state  of  perfect  health. 
Although  it  may  not  cloud 
the  memory  nor  the  sense 
of  Locality,  of  Language, 
of  Music,  of  Form,  of  Ven- 
eration, of  Modesty,  of  Love 
of  Young,  or  other  facul- 
ties, yet  the  power  to  sug-** 
gest,  invent,  and  mentally 
classify  will  be  weakened 
for  the  time  being,  or  until 
the  functional  activity  of 
the  liver  is  restored. 

The  capacity  for  ana- 
lyzing is  most  essential  to 
scientists,  such  as  chemists 
and  physicians.  It  assists 
by  its  suggestive  power 
the  discovery  of  new  prin- 
ciples and  combinations. 

»JIZ,C,       A'  VTA  111,        '  I  i     I  I  H  I  I    >      V/l       1'J  »  1  "I  I  I  .^,      A    t,CO^lClH_>C,     V/A  'HI.     ill  111  I  4-  •*  ft          f\"\~\  £1         f\t  t"  fl  £*          TUfll  WT^OII  — 

Time  are  -well  delineated.    The  hair  in  the  arrangement  oopci 

sable  traits  toward  a  correct 
comprehension  of  Human 
Nature,  whether  in  the  physician  or  physiognomist.  I  could  not 
conscientiously  recommend  any  one  to  attempt  either  of  these  pro- 
fessions who  was  greatly  deficient  in  this  gift.  It  is  adapted  to 
the  comprehension  of  natural  laws  and  unfolds  the  mechanical 
workings  of  all  departments  of  Nature,  and  leads  to  discoveries  of 
the  occult  and  latent  principles  controlling  the  sources  of  light, 


FIG.  66.— JOHN  RUSKIN.    (AUTHOR,  ART  CRITIC.) 

Born  in  England,  1819.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Analysis,  shown  by  downward  projection  of  the  centre 
of  the  septum  of  the  nose.  The  law  of  the  straight  line 
and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  domestic  faculties  in 
this  character  are  unevenly  developed.  Firmness  is 
measurably  deficient,  but  Love  of  Home,  Love  of 
Young,  Patriotism,  and  Benevolence  are  all  well  defined, 
while  Friendship  is  only  of  average  size.  Self-esteem  is 
large.  It  is  from  the  size  and  shape  of  the  nose  added  to 
hign  quality  that  we  derive  our  knowledge  of  the  mental 
power  and  bias  of  this  artistic  mind.  The  nose  is  of  large 
size,  nostrils  wide  and  nose  thick  at  the  lower  third,  as  all 
artistic  noses  are  :  it  is  high  at  the  bridge,  showing  power 
for  command,  and  the  septum  is  drooping.  Let  us  trans- 
late these  forms  and  this  combination  into  character : 
Height  of  the  point  of  the  nose  from  the  plane  of  the 
face  shows  Human  Nature ;  the  droop  of  the  septum, 
Hope  and  Analysis ;  at  the  under,  the  express  tip,  we  find 
Mental  Imitation  large;  while  in  close  contiguity  are 
the  signs  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness.  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Veneration,  Kxecutiveness,  and  Self-will 
all  conspicuous;  and  Language,  Observation,  Locality, 
Size,  Form,  Memory  of  Kvents,  Prescience,  Order,  and 
Time  are  well  delineated.  The  hair  in  the  arrangement 
above  the  forehead  shows  inventive  capacity.  Alto- 
gether the  make-up  of  a  fine  artistic  character. 


ANALYSIS. 


495 


heat,  and  motion.  It  is  the  faculty  which  is  the  chief  agent  in 
discoveries  in  electricity,  biology,  mathematics,  and  astronomy, 
which  every  day  startle  the  world  by  their  accuracy  and  impor- 
tance. Many  uneducated  persons  have,  with  the  assistance:  of  this 
trait,  been  able  to  make  inventions  of  great  importance,  and  if  one 
cannot  get  an  education  a  large  endowment  of  this  faculty  almost 
takes  its  place,  and  its  constant  exercise  will  cause  one  to  be- 
come intelligent  in  .many 
branches  of  knowledge. 
Such  a  one  was  William 
Murdock,  whose  biography 
has  been  written  by  Samuel 
Smiles  in  his  work  on  "  Men 
of  Industry  and  Inven- 
tion."* This  man  arose 
from  the  condition  of  a 
poor,  uneducated  Scotch 
mason,  and  became  the 
inventor  of  the  application 
of  coal-gas  as  an  illumi- 
nant  and  of  other  commer- 
cial uses,  and  also  of  very 
many  inventions  in  con- 
nection with  steam-engines. 
He  was  the  able  assistant  „_„  ..  „ anv  1804  Uon 

'  of  'the  straight  li 
_         eroverns  this  face. 

with  and  assisting  him  for 

years    in     his    inventions. 

He     became    one    of    the 

world's  benefactors  through 

a    constant   and    practical 

exercise   of  his    analytical 

powers.     It   is  worthy  of 

remark,  however,  that  his 

talent  came  to  him  as  an  inheritance  transmitted  through  a  line  of 

ancestors  who  had  been   mechanical  for  generations,  thus  proving 

that  a  trait  intensified  by  the  exercise  of  many  generations,  when 

transmitted,  often  displays  itself  in  the  form  of  an  iiixthict,  and 

gives  the   capacity  for  ft}>o)if<u>eoH$  and  instinctive  expression,  as 

witness  the  compositions  of  Mozart  at  four,  Meyerbeer  at  six,  and 

of  Goethe,  the  poet,  at  six.     Also  the  mathematical  genius  of  Xerah 

Colburn,  \vho,  at  six  years  of  age,  was  able  to  "divine,,"  as  one 

might  say,  the  answers  to  vast  sums,  and  this  without  any  previous 

*  Men  of  Industry  and  Invention.  Samuel  Smiles,  i>.  US. 

t  This  cut  is  by  permission  of  1>.  Appleton  A-  Co.,  New  York. 


FIG.  07.— MATTHIAS  JACOB  SCHLEIDEN.f 

(CHEMIST.) 

Born  in  Germany,  1804.  Conspicuous  facial  sign. 
fif  Tamnc  \\<rnff  wr»vl<ririrr  Analysis.  The  law  or  the  straight  line,  curve,  and  cube 
.Mr,  '  1  ivillg  governs  this  face.  The  domestic  and  moral  virtues  are 
amply  represented  in  the  lower  part  of  this  face.  The 
nose  "and  forehead  (particularly  the  lower  part  of  the 
forehead)  are  most  striking.  In  the  nose  are  the  signs 
for  Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature, 
Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  and  Veneration  very 
large.  The  region  about  the  eyes  discloses  a  wonderful 
development,  for  here  Observation  is  immense  and  Pres- 
cience uncommonly  large,  while  Locality,  Weight.  Form, 
Size,  Language,  Music,  Time,  Order,  Memory  of  Events. 
Reason,  and  Intuition  combine  in  such  large  degree 
as  to  enable  the  character  to  manifest  the  highest  sci- 
entific gifts, — the  powers  of  intuitive  insight  and  dis- 
covery of  the  forces  of  Nature  and  their  application 
to  human  necessities. 


496  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

education, — a  proof  of  inherited  analytical  power,  which  in  his 
case  worked  spontaneously  and  without  knowledge  on  his  part  as 
to  how  he  produced  the  results.  In  all  youthful  prodigies,  whose 
minds  work  spontaneously  and  who  exhibit  effects  which  are  in 
others  attained  only  by  years  of  practice  and  experience,  their 
talents  are  of  the  nature  of  instinct,  and  act  as  automatically  as 
does  the  newborn  infant  in  the  act  of  sucking  or  grasping. 

The  human  family  exhibits  many  instincts,  some  not  of  as 
high  a  grade  as  are  shown  by  animals.  Yet.  when  they  reveal 
themselves  in  the  spontaneous  acts  of  genius,  the  fine  self-conceit 
of  man  attributes  them  to  something  higher  even  than  reason, 
when,  in  fact,  precocious  genius  is  always  shown  by  an  instinctive 
or  automatic  manner  of  doing  things, — a  method  which  is  popularly 
considered  to  be  the  special  attribute  of  the  animal  kingdom  when 
exercised  in  a  similar  manner  by  the  latter.'  Genius  or  spontaneous 
action  is  well  illustrated  by  the  spider,  ant,  and  bee  in  their 
beautiful  and  ingenious  constructions.  The  architectural  and 
mathematical  principles  exhibited  by  these  several  species  have 
been  transmitted  to  them  from  ancestors  who  possessed  these 
talents. 

I  have  never  examined  either  portrait  or  bust  of  any  greatly 
talented  person,  or  a  genius  in  art,  science,  or  mechanics,  that  was 
deficient  in  the  sign  for  Analysis.  A  word  of  caution  is  here 
added  to  those  who  prepare  drawings  for  works  of  biography  and 
ethnology :  Too  little  attention  is  given  to  the  details  of  the  two 
most  prominent  features  of  the  human  organism,  viz.,  the  nose  and 
ear.  Many  artists  seem  to  think  that  any  form  in  the  shape  of  a 
human  ear  will  do  for  any  given  portrait,  whereas  the  truth  is,  that 
the  ear  of  every  person  is  as  different  and  as  individualized  as  is  the 
nose  or  mouth.  Not  only  is  this  the  case,  but  each  ear  on  the 
head  of  any  given  person  is  quite  different  and  distinct  in  its  shape 
from  the  other  ear.  So  great  is  this  disparity  that,  in  examining  the 
two  ears  of  any  subject,  one  would  scarcely  believe  that  they  could 
belong  to  the  same  head ;  while  the  minute  details  in  the  shape  of 
the  nose,  more  particularly  about  the  tip  and  septum,  are  often 
entirely  ignored  by  even  the  most  talented  painters.  Now,  it  is 
these  minute  variations  in  form  which  disclose  great  and  important 
characteristics.  The  physiognomist  must  see  these  fine  shades  and 
grades  of  form  portrayed  in  marble  or  on  canvas  before  he  can 
describe  accurately  the  character  intended  to  be  represented,  hence 
the  drawing  for  works  of  ethnology  must  be  most  correctly  deline- 
ated in  order  to  present  the  most  faithful  exposition  of  character. 

The  power  of  Analysis  is  greatly  called  into  activity  in  the 
investigation  of  human  character.  Nowhere  is  it  of  such  impor- 


ANALYSIS.  497 

tance,  and,  as  we  have  no  way  for  discerning  and  discovering  char- 
acter, both  mental  and  physical,  as  certain  as  by  the  examination 
of  the  human  face,  so  it  is  apparent  that  the  most  minute  details 
and  variations  in  form  and  size  must  be  closely  scrutinized  and 
analyzed  before  a  final  verdict  can  be  given. 

This  trait  is  equally  useful  in  art,  in  mechanics,  and  science. 
One  of  its  most  efficient  uses  is  in  the  comprehension  of  the  human 
body  and  mind.  Any  face  which  shows  a  deficiency  of  this  faculty 
is  not  well  adapted  to  the  study  of  science,  more  particularly  that 
of  human  science  as  shown  in  evolution,  psychology,  and  physiog- 
nomy. No  original  thinker,  actor,  artist,  poet,  or  painter  is  defi- 
cient in  this  trait,  and  this  is  why  the  noses  of  these  classes  pre- 
sent such  a  variety  of  shape  and  peculiarity  of  structure  in  the 
region  of  the  septum  and  tip  of  the  nose,  and  also  about  the  lower 
third  of  the  nose,  which  in  imaginative  and  constructive  charac- 
ters is  quite  developed  in  size  and  form  as  compared  to  the  noses 
of  commonplace  and  ordinary  individuals. 

So  surely  is  Analysis  the  sign  of  a  high  and  perfected  people 
that  it  is  never  seen  in  the  physiognomies  of  undeveloped  races, 
such,  for  example,  as  the  natives  of  many  parts  of  Africa,  New 
Holland,  and  also  in  the  countenances  of  congenital  idiots.  It  is 
also  a  distinguishing  difference  between  the  more  highly  evolved 
or  talented  and  original  characters  and  the  very  ordinary,  un- 
imaginative, and  non-inventive  persons  among  the  civilized  races. 
It  is  one  of  those  traits  which  a  developed  humanity  has  evolved 
along,  with  many  other  high  faculties.  This  circumstance  is  one 
proof  of  the  high  improvability  of  the  race,  assuring  us  that  there 
are  yet  greater  heights  to  which  character  can  attain.  The  many 
grades  and  degrees  of  this  faculty  observed  among  different  indi- 
viduals of  the  civilized  races,  ranging  all  the  way  from  a  total  de- 
ficiency to  a  highly-marked  degree,  show  us  that  its  development 
is  still  going  on,  and  that  as  physiological  evolution  progresses  the 
human  mind  develops  in  the  same  ratio.  The  bodies  of  the  lowest 
races  are  in  just  the  same  defective  state  as  are  their  minds.  An 
examination  of  their  bodily  and  facial  features  will  confirm  this 
statement.  We  have  only  to  use  our  powers  of  observation,  anal- 
ysis, and  comparison,  if  we  desire  to  verify  any  appearance  in  the 
human  body  or  face  which  seems  obscure.  Our  senses  were  given 
for  this  purpose,  and  when  we  refrain  from  using  our  powers  in 
any  department  of  our  nature  we  decrease  our  ability  in  that  direc- 
tion. "  Use  increases  capacity,"  hence  we  should  not  rely  entirely 
upon  others  for  moral  support,  logical  deductions,  comparison, 
or  analysis,  but  put  forth  our  own  efforts,  and  thus  by  continu- 
ous attempts  in  higher  directions  develop  a  higher  morality,  more 


498  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mental  acumen,  and  greater  accuracy  of  all  our  powers  and 
capacities. 

In  studying  the  science  of  physiognomy,  each  one  should 
observe  for  himself,  and  note  whether  the  signs  I  give  correspond 
with  his  own  observations.  If  they  do  not;  appear  to  do  so,  he 
should  renew  his  investigations  until  his  observations  are  verified 
or  disproved  by  incontrovertible  evidence.  Scientists  are  not  in- 
fallible ;  yet  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  presume  that  one  who  passes 
a  life-time  in  the  study  of  a  particular  department  of  Nature  should 
know  more  about  it,  and  collect  more  extended  and  accurate 
knowledge  on  the  subject  than  the  casual  observer.  Yet  even 
these  may  discern  phenomena  which  have  escaped  the  notice  of 
more  attentive  persons.  All  should  endeavor  to  contribute  some- 
thing to  physiognomy  and  leave  their  discoveries  as  a  legacy  to 
generations  yet  unborn.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  the  great  as- 
tronomers co-operate  and  leave  their  observations  to  be  added  to 
and  built  upon  by  those  who  follow. 

The  direction  which  analytical  power  will  take  in  each  case 
is  shown  by  other  faculties  in  combination.  If  one  possess  the 
artistic  combination,  like  Canova,  he  will  best  analyze  artistic 
works.  If  the  mechanical  traits  predominate,  he  will  be  adapted 
to  the  criticism  and  invention  of  mechanical  objects.  If  the 
(/nmiatic  traits  are  pre-eminent,  the  analysis  of  character  will  be 
exemplified.  If  Color,  Form,  Size,  and  Imagination  are  domi- 
nant, we  shall  find  exhibited  the  works  of  a  Titian,  a  Carlo 
Dolci,  or  a  Caracci.  If  the  musical  sense  is  greatly  developed, 
Analysis  assists  in  the  separating  and  resolving  into  their  con- 
stituent elements  the  principles  of  music.  Where  the  literary 
faculties  are  large,  it  assists  by  simile,  parable,  allegory,  and  figures 
of  speech  the  writings  of  the  literary  character. 

There  are  so  many  sorts  of  analytical  power,  and  so  many 
grades  also,  that  it  is  impossible  to  represent  them  all  by  writing. 
They  must  be  studied  in  the  living  subject. 

The  situation  of  the  sign  for  Analysis  is  noteworthy,  and, 
taken  in  conjunction  with  its  nearest  neighbors,  is  highly  signifi- 
cant and  corroborative  of  its  use  and  purpose.  The  sign  for 
Mental  Imitation  adjoins  Analysis,  and  is  located  just  forward  of 
it,  while  Ideality,  Imagination  (aesthetic  taste)  are  quite  close, 
and  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  and  Constructiveness  are  all  in 
close  proximity.  Truly  a  wonderful  group !  This  collection  of 
signs  thus  arranged  reveals  to  us  why  it  is  that  the  noses  of  artists, 
poets,  inventors,  musical  composers,  actors,  litterateurs,  and  discov- 
erers are  all  so  developed  about  the  tip  and  septum,  for  here  are 
congregated  a  band  of  noble  assistants  to  the  fine  arts  and  useful 


MENTAL    IMITATION.  499 

professions.  The  development  of  this  part  of  the  nose  discloses 
the  course  of  evolution  by  ethnic  characteristics,  and  teaches  us 
that  the  noses  of  the  most  talented  and  the  most  useful  of  all  the 
finer  races  advance  into  prominence  and  in  -complex  configuration 
according  as  the  character  is  enriched  by  the  physiological  devel- 
opment of  the  race.  The  impoverishment,  mentally  as  well  as 
physically,  is  disclosed  more  by  the  nose  than  by  any  other  feature, 
although  phrenologians  would  have  us  believe  that  tile  forehead 
presents  greater  proofs  of  the  presence  of  intellect.  I  shall  show 
before  I  finish  these  pages  that  large  size  of  forehead  is  not  proof 
of  great  intellect,  and  that,  taken  alone,  it  will  not  verify  any  such 
assumption  ;  while  the  nose,  taken  alone,  will  not  only  disclose  the 
kind  of  intellect  with  which  one  is  endowed,  but  will  also  reveal 
its  activity  and  give  a  correct  idea  of  the  respiratory,  circulatory, 
and  digestive  powers  as  well. 

So  much  has  been  observed  and  recorded  of  the  analytical 
powers  of  every  species  of  animal  that  it  is  difficult  to  select  in- 
stances to  illustrate  their  possession  of  this  trait,  which  the  arrogance 
of  man  has  assumed  to  be  an  exclusively  human  faculty.  The 
Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  has  collected  a  large  number  of  anecdotes  relat- 
ing to  the  mental  and  moral  characteristics  of  animals,  from  which 
I  extract  the  following,  as  showing  that  fertility  of  resource, 
ingenuity,  and  adaptability  of  means  to  ends  are  extended  through- 
out the  animal  kingdom.  He  observes: — 

While  a  friend  of  mine  was  last  week  superintending  his  workmen  in 
a  wood,  he  observed  his  dog,  a  retriever,  busily  occupied  in  collecting  mouth- 
fills  of  hay  and  withered  grass,  and  carrying  it  all  to  otie  spot.  On  going 
to  examine  it  he  found  the  deposit  made  was  on  a  closely-coiled  hedgehog. 
The  dog,  having  attained  his  evident  purpose  of  rendering  the  spines  harm- 
less, proceeded  to  take  up  the  heap  with  its  contents,  and  then  set  on"  tri- 
umphantly toward  home. 

To  this  he  adds: — 

i 

No  human  being  could  have  acted  in  a  more  judicious  i/ianner,  and 
had  a  man  saved  his  fingers  by  enveloping  the  hedgehog  in  grass  he  would 
not  have  felt  particularly  flattered  if  told  that  he  had  acted  by  instinct  and 
not  by  reason.* 

MENTAL    IMITATION. 

Definition. — The  capacity  for  imitating  mental  efforts,  as  in 
art,  poetry,  literature,  science,  and  mechanism;  the  ability  to 
imitate  the  voice,  the  walk,  gestures,  and  human  passions,  as  in  the 
drama  and  in  oratory;  copying  the  appearances  of  Nature  by  the 
painter's  brush  or  sculptor's  chisel;  the  propensity  to  imitate  the 

*.Man  and  Iteast,  Here  and  Hereafter,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  p.  29. 


500 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


dress  and  customs  of  associates,  and  to  "catch  the  manners  living 
;is  they  rise"  of  those  by  whom  surrounded. 

An  excess  of  Imitation  divests  one  of  all  originality,  and,  like 
the  parrot,  causes  one -to  become  the  echo  of  6thcrs. 

A  deficiency  of  imitative  power  makes  one  non-progressive 
and  incapable  of  improvement  by  observation  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  others,  or  by  imitating  superior  methods  in  art,  busi- 
ness, manners,  dress,  literature,  etc. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  pronounced  facial  sign 

for  Mental  Imitation  is 
shown  by  the  downward 
projection  of  the  tip  of  the 
nose,  just  under  the  signs 
for  Ideality  and  Sublimity, 
and  forward  of  Analysis. 

The  signs  for  Physical 
Imitation,  or  the  capacity 
to  imitate  the  voice,  ges- 
ture, position,  and  move- 
ment, such  as  dancing, 
gymnastics,  singing,  acting, 
skating,  and  all  athletics, 
are  shown  by  a  wide 
mouth,  full  lips,  rounding 
limbs,  muscular  and  flex- 
ible hands  and  tapering 
fingers,  together  with  flexi- 
bility of  the  entire  muscu- 
lar system.  These  latter 
signs  denote  that  phase  of 
the  faculty  of  Imitation 
which  assists,  dramatic  ex- 
pression, oratory,  and  ath- 
letics generally,  and  can 
be  instantly  detected  by  the  graceful  attitudes  and  easy  motions 
of  the  body  and  limbs. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  MENTAL  IMITATION. — Close  and  extensive 
observation  of  the  physiognomies  of  the  most  talented,  creative,  and 
original  people  discloses  the  fact  that  the  nose  at  its  lower  part 
about  the  tip  presents  an  appearance  quite  different  from  that 
observed  in  the  noses  of  infants  and  of  undeveloped  races,  and  of 
those  in  civilized  life  who  are  stupid  or  commonplace,  or  wanting 
in  originality  and  literary  and  artistic  ability.  The  logic  to  be 
deduced  from  these  phenomena  is  that  there  is  a  clear  and  distinct 


FIG. 


8. -PETER  CORXEILLE. 
POET.) 


Born  in  France,  1606.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  M en- 
tal  Imitation,  shown  by  development  of  flesh  under  the 
tip  of  the  nose.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 
governs  this  countenance.  The  signs  for  Firmness, 
Conscientiousness.  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Benevo- 
lence, Approliativeness,  Mirthfulness,  Alimentiveness, 
Love  of  Young,  Amativeness,  Friendship,  Color,  and 
Modesty  are  all  conspicuous.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for 
Mental'  Imitation,  Hope,  Analysis,  Human  Nature, 
Ideality,  Accinisitiveness,  Constructiveness,  Sublimity, 
Veneration,  Executiveness,  Self-will,  Form,  and  Size 
are  large ;  while  Observation,  Language,  Memory  of 
Events,  Order,  and  Intuition  are  wfell  denned.  The  hair 
is  in  waves  and  rings, — a  truly  poetic  condition. 


MENTAL    IMITATION. 


501 


relation  between  the  development  of  this  part  of  the  nose  and  the 
grade  of  intellectual  development  of  the  race  or  individuals  among 
whom  these  appearances  are  discovered.  Small,  inferior,  sharp- 
pointed  noses,  without  literary  or  artistic  talent,  and  a  finely- 
developed,  broad-tipped  nose,  with  literary  and  intellectual  endow- 
ments, are  the  indications  by  which  these  two  distinct  formations 
are  known. 

What  is  the  base  of  supply  of  Mental  Imitation  ?  is  the  ques- 
tion which  concerns  us  here  and  now.  The  muscular  and  brain 
systems  are  undoubtedly 
the  origin  of  this  faculty. 
To  assure  ourselves  of  the 
truth  of  this  postulate  we 
have  only  to  look  to  the 
ethnic  peculiarities  of  those 
races  of  men  and  animals 
which  are  lacking  in  Mental 
Imitation,  and  we  shall 
find  absence  of  both  mus- 
cular and  brain  develop- 
ment, as  well  as  sensitive- 
ness of  the  neiVous  system. 
Furthermore,  if  the  tip  of 
the  nose,  for  example,  is 
unusually  developed  in  a 
race  or  individual  it  is 
logical  to  infer  that  it  has 
more  complex  nervous  re- 
lations and  a  more  ex- 
tended nervous  apparatus 
than  are  found  in  noses  that 
are  relatively  small  and 
undeveloped.  I  do  not 
know  that  this  has  been 
demonstrated  by  actual  ex- 
periment by  dissections,  but 

I  do  know  that  it  is  good  physiological  and  anatomical  logic,  for 
Nature  never  evolves  a  feature  without  furnishing  adequate 
nervous  mechanism,  as  well  as  muscular  and  venous  supports, 
when  required  to  perform  a  certain  task.  Every  sign  in  the  face 
has  a  very  long  tale  behind  it, — lias  a  physiological  history,  which 
must  be  read  in  order  to  understand  its  origin.  Now,  development 
of  the  nose,  more  particularly  of  the  point  of  the  nose,  is  revealed 
only  in  those  races  whose  general  development  (by  evolution) 


FIG.    69.-WILKIE 


COLLINS. 
NOVELIST.  ) 


(DRAMATIST    AND 


Born  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Mental 
Imitation.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  gov- 
erns this  physiognomy.  The  appearance  of  the  upper 
portion  of  the  face  gives  us  a  tolerably  good  idea  as  to 
the  formation  of  the  lower  third,  where  are  situated  the 
signs  for  the  moral  and  domestic  traits.  These  arc  all 
well  developed.  The  writings  of  Mr.  Collins  prove  that 
these  sentiments  held  a  large  place  in  his  nature.  The 
mental  signs  in  the  nose  are  most  clearly  defined.  Hope, 
Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality,  Sublimity.  ( 'on- 
structiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration.  Executive- 
ness,  and  Self-will  are  most  decidedly  developed  ;  while 
Prescience,  Form.  Size,  Observation,  Locality,  Lan- 
guage, Music,  Order,  Memory  of  Events,  ainl  Intuition 
combine  to  make  this  mind 'a  first-class  power  in  the 
literature  of  fiction. 


502  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


advanced  to  a  very  high  grade  as  compared  to  the  lowest 
races,  hence  we  are  justified  in  ascribing  the  development  of  the 
power  to  copy  mental  efforts  to,  first,  general  development  of  the 
en  tin1  body  and  mind,  and,  second,  to  a  special  development  of 
this  particular  capacity  for  art,  literature,  etc.  Now,  these  branches 
of  human  knowledge  must  have  not  only  the  assistance  of  sensi- 
tive nerves,  but  also  the  aid  of  well-developed  flexible  muscles  ; 
therefore,  the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation  are  found  located  in  and 
revealing  themselves  by  the  muscles  and  nerves  of  the  point  of  the 
nose,  and  in  the  muscles  rounding  out  at  the  side  of  the  forehead 
and  in  the  orbicularis  oris,  or  the  muscle  around  the  mouth  which 
assists  it  in  opening  and  closing,  together  with  the  levator  zygo- 
maticus  major  and  minor  muscles,  and  muscles  of  the  face  which 
pull  the  orbicularis  up  and  down. 

Here  is  given  in  brief  the  origin  and  physiological  meaning 
of  the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation.  The  signs  in  the  nose  and 
forehead  are  the  indications  of  the  capacity  for  thought,  for  the 
creation  of  mental  imagery,  as  in  plays,  fiction,  essays,  history,  etc.  ; 
while  the  signs  in  the  mouth,  limbs,  and  hand*  are  evidences  of 
the  physical  phase  of  imitative  talent,  and  indicate  the  ability  to 
copy  the  walk,  gesture,  attitude,  and  position,  as  well  as  the  power 
to  reproduce  vocal  effects,  both  human  and  animal. 

The  "singer,  elocutionist,  and  orator  must  have  a  fine  mus- 
cular development  in  order  to  produce  well-modulated,  sonorous, 
and  long-continued  vocality.  They  must  have,  also,  sensitive, 
musical  ears  in  order  to  receive  and  imitate  the  sounds  which  they 
reproduce.  The  ventriloquist  relies  upon  a  peculiar  construc- 
tion of  the  muscles  and  cartilages  of  the  vocal  organs  and  acute- 
ness  of  hearing.  The  best  actors  possess  round  muscles.  These 
are  essential  to  the  expression  of  the  most  graceful  attitudes  and 
gestures.  The  voice  in  its  pitch,  modulation,  and  changes  in  imi- 
tating the  vocal  characteristics  of  various  characters  is  dependent  on 
fine  flexible  muscle  for  its  power.  It  may  be  argued  by  those  who 
are  not  closely  observant  and  highly  analytic  that  Irving,  the  actor, 
is  thin  and  not  muscular.  Now,  the  fact  is  that  he  possesses  long 
and  flat  muscles  and  square  bones.  This  combination  would  seem, 
to  one  not  experienced  in  analyzing  anatomical  differences,  that 
he  was  not  muscular,  as  flat  muscles  never  produce  the  fullness 
and  roundness  of  contour  which  characterize  the  round  form  of 
muscle.  Yet,  the  muscle  in  him  is  relatively  greater  than  the  bony 
structure  ;  hence,  his  power  for  gesture,  vocality,  etc.  The  reader 
may  look  for  the  nasal  sign  for  Mental  Imitation  in  the  physiog- 
nomies .of  Dickens,  Lotta,  Bernhardt,  Ellen  Terry,  Edwin  Booth, 
Uore,  Byron,  Guido,  Reni,  Tom  Taylor,  Tourguienieff,  George 


CENTAL   IMITATION.  503 

Eliot,  Harriet  Martineau,  and  hosts  of  others  of  the  literary  and 
artistic  classes. 

All  features  are  subject  to  the  modifying  action  of  the  law 
of  quality  ;  hence,  in  reading  a  character  the  quality  must  be  taken 
into  account  before  pronouncing  upon  the  capacity  of  any  indi- 
vidual. Then,  too,  the  oilier  traits  in  combination  must  be  noted 
in  order  to  know  which  particular  branch  of  Mental  Imitation  will 
be  manifested  in  a  given  subject.  The  quality  of  Mental  Imitation 
exhibited  by  a  professional  "negro  minstrel,"  for  example,  would 
not  be  comparable  to  the  quality  of  a  Salvini  nor  a  Booth. 
Neither  would  the  writer  of  crude  verses  be  found  equal  in  texture 
to  the  gifted  Mrs.  Hemans.  We  must  study  arid  consider  quality 
as  well  as  size  in  all  cases.  The  man  who  is  mainly  imitative  of 
the  voice,  walk,  and  gesture  of  a  negro  or  Irishman  merely  would 
not  rank  nearly  so  high  as  he  who  could  portray  with  accuracy 
and  fidelity  the  character  of  an  Othello,  a  Hamlet,  or  a  Richelieu. 
Some  persons  possessed  of  a  certain  degree  of  Mental  Imitation 
are  incapable  of  any  higher  form  than  the  merely  physical  part 
of  imitation,  and  exhibit  a  taste  for  athletics,  marksmanship,  rowing, 
ball-playing,  gymnastics,  etc.  In  such  subjects  the  sides  of  the 
forehead  will  be  observed  to  curve  outward,  showing  the  develop- 
ment of  the  round  muscles,  which  are  always  indicative  of  a  more 
sportive  and  playful  character  than  are  the  flat  muscles. 

The  term  Mental  Imitation  as  here  employed  does  not  mean 
that  the  mental  efforts  of  other  individuals  will  be  copied,  but  that 
imitation  will  pursue  those  lines  of  mental  labor  to  which  their 
natural  capacities  are  best  adapted.  They  will  excel  in  descriptions 
by  pen  and  brush  of  Nature's  works,  originate  thoughts  in  regard 
to  character,  government,  science,  and  history.  Yet  the  faculty 
tends  to  the  reproduction  of  the  mental  efforts  of  ancestors  or 
others. 

In  society,  this  form  of  imitation  leads  to  the  copying  after 
and  following  the  manners,  language,  and  dress  of  others.  Teachers 
depend  upon  the  imitative  faculty  in  their  scholars  to  reproduce 
the  mental  efforts  which  they  exhibit  in  teaching.  It  does  not 
necessarily  follow  that  this  imitation  shall  be  a  servile  and  exact 
copy  of  the  teacher's  model.  If  this  were  the  way  in  which 
imitation  showed  itself,  every  child  would  be  the  precise  model 
of  its  teacher.  The  individuality  of  each  person  is  preserved  while 
studying  to  imitate  the  manners  and  expressions  of  others,  and  in 
all  persons  of  any  considerable  degree  of  original  analytic  power 
these  imitations  appear  as  original,  through  the  transmutation 
which  they  have  undergone  while  being  digested  and  wrought  out 
by  other  minds.  All  those  who  are  possessed  of  a  fair  share  of 


504  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

individuality  originate  their  own  style  of  saying  and  doing,  while 
the  very  mediocre  follow  a  set  pattern  and  hecome  mere  copyists  of 
their  teachers  and  those  whom  they  strive  to  imitate.  Genius  creates 
on  so  large  a  scale  and  in  so  distinct  a  manner  as  to  be  worthy  of 
the  term  original.  The  grand  creative  minds  in  all  departments 
of  art,  science,  and  literature  have  served  as  models  for  thousands, 
yet  are  unapproachable.  True  genius  and  talent  are  never  afraid 
of  plagiarism,  for  individuality  is  stamped  so  strongly  upon  the 
works  and  thoughts  of  master-minds  as  to  make  perfect  imitation 
impossible. 

The  signs  for  literary  and  artistic  faculties  are  so  closely 
grouped  together  about  the  tip  of  the  nose  as  to  make  the  task 
of  deciphering  the  mental  hieroglyphics  here  located  a  matter  of 
very  close  observation.  A  life-time  would  scarcely  suffice  to 
describe  all  the  meanings  of  this  one  feature.  Every  person 
presents  a  different  combination  of  traits,  and  close  scrutiny  of 
even  a  dozen  noses  will  soon  show  the  student  of  physiognomy 
that  he  has  a  fine  field  for  Mental  Imitation  and  Analysis  if  he 
would  separate  and  then  put  together  into  one  character  the  traits 
which  this  feature  alone  reveals.  It  would  show  to  the  student 
how  certain  traits  influence  his  actions  and  how  certain  other  traits, 
discernible  in  the  nose,  modify  other  faculties  found  in  combination. 
"Nosology"  alone  is  a  great  science,  and  when  one  wishes  to 
enter  the  field  of  physiognomical  research,  with  the  view  of  teach- 
ing it,  he  must  be  a  stude/nt  of  many  other  sciences  before  attempt- 
ing to  expound  this  one.  A  high  knowledge 'of  anatomy  and 
physiology,  evolution,  hygiene,  and  heredity  must  be  had  before 
the  crowning  study  of  all  sciences  is  attempted.  To  approach 
the  temple  of  human  science  by  any  other  route  will  result  in 
ignorance  and  failure.  I  have  shown  that  every  faculty  has  a  long 
physiological  -story  pertaining  to  its  origin  and  progress,  hence 
every  good  teacher  must  be  conversant  with  such  history  in  order 
to  teach  it  in  its  entirety  and  in  order  to  understand  its  full 
import.  What  is  here  written  is  not  intended  to  discourage 
readers  from  teaching  and  imparting  to  .their  children  and  friends 
what  they  have  learned  and  mastered  of  the  science.  I  am  speak- 
ing more  directly  to  those  who  would  pursue  physiognomy  as  a 
profession.  Little  children  can  and  should  be  taught  the  indica- 
tions of  signs  in  the  face  by  their  parents,  also  the  meaning  of 
outlines,  of  colors,  or  sizes,  and  the  different  characteristics  per- 
taining to  the  several  formations  of  bone,  muscle,  fat,  nerve,  etc. 
A  father  walking  with  his  son  in  the  public  streets  can  utilize  the 
opportunity  and  teach  him  the  meanings  revealed  by  the  several 
shapes  of  the  shoulders,  heads,  limbs,  and  walk  of  those  before 


MENTAL    IMITATION.  505 

him,  and  thus  commence  the  education  of  this  science  in  youth,  in 
order  that  the  child  shall  grow  up  to  man's  estate  armed  with  such 
knowledge  of  his  associates  as  will  enable  him  to  cultivate  those 
characters  most  desirable  and  most  in  harmony  with  himself,  and 
avoid  those  who  would  prove  a  detriment  to  him  in  business,  society, 
or  in  marriage.  In  order  that  children  shall  not  be  slavish  imitators, 
parents  and  teachers  should  instruct  them  to  do  everything  as  nearly 
in  a  spontaneous  manner  as  possible.  They  should  urge  tnem  to 
try  experiments  after  receiving  a  few  hints  or  suggestions  from 
those  more  experienced;  yet,  to  imitate  the  nice  manners,  fine 
conversation,  graceful  walk,  and  appropriate  gestures  of  their 
associates  is  most  commendable. 

This  is  one  of  the  normal  uses  of  Imitation.  It  tends  to  im- 
provement. Reading  biography  and  imitating  the  methods  and 
habits  of  inventors  and  navigators  are  excellent  uses  of  this  pliant 
faculty.  After  reading  the  life  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  I  was  so  stim- 
ulated to  be  as  learned  as  she  in  languages  that  I  learned  in  child- 
hood the  Hebrew  alphabet,  which  I  found  at  the  head  of  the 
Psalms  in  the  book  of  "Common  Prayer;"  the  Greek  letters, 
which  I  discovered  in  a  college  text-book ;  while  the  French  and 
German  alphabets  I  learned  from  children  of  those  nationalities. 
As  I  had  no  teachers,  I  could  not  then  advance  very  far  in  this 
direction,  but  I  have  always  been  stimulated  to  mental  efforts  by 
reading  or  hearing  of  the  labors  of  others ;  hence,  biography  is  an 
excellent  study  and  stimulus  for  children  as  well  as  adults. 

The  successful  writer  of  children's  stories  and  games  must 
have  large  Imitatipn  in  order  to  imitate  and  reproduce  the  feelings, 
language,  and  manners  of  the  young.  Like  the  actor,  he  must  be 
able  to  enter  into  and  sympathize  with  the  feelings  of  those  he 
would  depict.  Imitating  the  facial  expressions,  gestures,  and  walk 
of  any  given  character  will  produce  the  sort  of  feeling  or  senti- 
ment appropriate  to  that  gesture,  walk,  or  expression  of  that  char- 
acter. Let  one  throw  the  face  into  the  expression  adapted  to  the 
representation  of  languor,  joy,  sorrow,  rage,  or  fear,  and  it  will  be 
impossible  for  him  to  divest  himself  entirely  of  each  of  these  feel- 
ings while  thus  engaged.  Sir  Charles  Bell  has  remarked  this, 
and  I  have  often  made  the  experiment  myself  and  can  vouch  for 
its  truth.  Imitation  of  any  passion  or  emotion,  or  of  any  particu- 
lar character,  brings  with  it,  in  a  certain  degree,  the  feelings  of  that 
emotion  or  passion. 

Animals  of  both  high  and  low  grade  possess  the  faculty  of 
Mental  Imitation  as  well  developed  as  that  of  physical  imita- 
tion. Among  the  various  dog  tribes  some  are  trained  to  per- 
form in  public,  and  do  so  with  a  great  deal  of  skill.  Others  are 


506  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

bred  to  the  chase  and  use  a  great  deal  of  reason,  self-denial, 
and  analytical  power  in  adapting  themselves  to  new  conditions 
under  new  circumstances,  and  show  great  fertility  of  mental  re- 
source in  assisting  their  masters.  Birds  are  taught  to  sing  and 
whistle  and  imitate  the  notes  of  other  birds,  while  the  parrot  and 
mocking-bird  arc  wonderful  examples  of  the  power  of  Mental 
Imitation  in  animals.  Dr.  Lindsay  mentions  the  case  of  a  paro- 
quet that  could  speak  several  languages,  and  swear  when  it  was 
enraged  in  both  French  and  English.  Of  ants,  it  has  been  re- 
marked by  Darwin  that  "  so  high  is  their  intelligence  that  in  many 
senses  they  may  be  ranked  with  man."  Elephants  show  a  very 
high  degree  of  both  Mental  and  Physical  Imitation,  being  trained 
to  assist  in  many  mechanical  labors  and  in  warfare,  where  they  show 
great  ingenuity.  Orangs  have  been  trained  to  imitate  human  beings 
at  table,  and  spread  their  napkin  over  their  breast,  sit  upright, 
and  take  the  cup,  fork,  spoon,  and  knife  with  all  the  dexterity  if 
not  the  grace  of  a  gentleman.  Even  fleas  have  been  trained  to 
perform  in  public,  and  small  birds  are  taught  to  draw  up  water  in 
little  shells  attached  to  a  string  when  they  want  to  drink.  The 
fact  that  nearly  every  sort  of  animal  and  insect  possesses  both 
Mental  and  Physical  Imitation  is  well  known  to  all  who  have 
made  any  observation  of  their  habits.  Animals  are  possessed  of 
all  the  traits  which  man  exhibits,  and  surpass  him  in  some  of  them. 

SUBLIMITY. 

"Look,  then,  abroad  through  Nature  to  the  range 
Of  planets,  suns,  and  adamantine  spheres, 
Wheeling  unshaken  through  the  void  immense." — AKENSIDE. 

Definition. — The  sense  of  grandeur  and  magnificence;  no- 
bility and  loftiness  of  character ;  exaltation ;  appreciation  of  im- 
mensity ;  love  and  perception  of  the  grand  and  sublime  in  Nature 
and  character ;  comprehension  of  broad  and  vast  schemes,  plans,  and 
systems,  whether  commercial,  financial,  governmental,  scientific,  or 
artistic;  understanding  of  the  far-reaching  power  of  God's  laws, 
as  evidenced  in  the  immensity  of  Nature.  It  is  large  in  astrono- 
mers, inventors,  mechanicians,  epic  poets,  historical  painters,  great 
orators,  and  talented  composers,  naturalists,  and  scientists. 

Its  excess  is  shown  by  an  inflated  and  extravagant  style  of 
writing  and  speaking.  It  also  leads  to  too  large  plans  in  business 
which,  unless  dominated  by  reason  and  practicality,  end  in  disaster. 

Its  deficiency  tends  to  narrowness  of  thought  and  deed,  and 
divests  the  character  of  a  sense  of  the  grand  and  heroic ;  its 
absence  is  shown  by  low,  petty,  groveling,  and  commonplace 
ideas  and  actions.  This  class  of  minds  have  no  conception  of  the 


SUBLIMITY.  507 

majesty  of  Nature,  nor  can  they  appreciate  and  understand  the 
motives  and  character' of  those  who  move  in  the  higher  realms  of 
life. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  decided  facial  sign  for 
Sublimity  is  seen  in  the  peculiar  development  of  the  tip  of  the 
nose,  causing  the  outer  corners  at  the  tip  to  be  rounded  and  full 
externally  to  the  signs  for  Ideality.  Large,  full  eyes  are  a  sec- 
ondary sign,  while  symmetry  and  general  high  development  of 
the  body  and  mind  are  usually  accompanied  by  a  fair  share  of 
Sublimity. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  SUBLIMITY. — As  we  have  now  advanced  in 
our  investigation  of  faculties  into  the  literary  and  artistic  groupr 
the  facial  signs  for  which  are  situated  in  the  lower  third  of  the 
nose,  at  and  about  the  tip,  and,  as  we  leave  behind  the  study  of  the 
merely  vegetative  or  domestic  sentiments,  we  shall  expect  to  find 
artistic,  scientific,  and  literary  signs  in  the  countenances  of  those 
whose  life-efforts  attest  the  presence  of  the  faculties  best  adapted  to 
the  creation  and  exhibition  of  such  works. 

Undeveloped  persons  and  races  reveal  a  very  slight  degree  of 
the  faculties  the  signs  of  which  are  so  prominent  here,  yet  many 
animals  exhibit  fine,  artistic,  and  mechanical  skill  in  the  building 
of  their  homes  and  nests,  as  witness  the  beaver's  dam,  the  mole's 
burrow,  and  the  wonderfully  ingenious  nests  of  birds,  spiders,, 
ants,  and  bees.  By  comparing  the  talents  and  works  of  developed 
men  and  perfected  animals  with  the  works  of  undeveloped  men 
and  the  lower  animals,  we  shall  find  that  evolution  is  the  force  or 
factor  which"  has  advanced  certain  races  to  such  states  of  physical  or 
physiological  and  anatomical  perfection  as  to  enable  them  to  excel 
in  thought  and  deed,  in  plan  and  performance,  those  who  have 
remained  at  a  much  lower  grade  of  physiological  development. 

Accordingly,  we  find  that  those  fine  constructive  traits,  the 
signs  of  which  are  seen  in  the  noses  of  the  greatest  of  the  human 
race,  are  accompanied  by  bodies  whose  structure  warrants  us  in 
believing  that  function  and  faculty  develop  }>«ri  /HINHK,  and  thus  it 
is  that  in  those  endowed  with  large  Sublimity  we  observe  the  de- 
velopment of  a  fine  quality  of  the  muscles,  also  a  fine  and  sensi- 
tive quality  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system,  and  this  development 
always  makes  its  impress  upon  the  nose  by  creating  greater  breadth 
at  the  tip.  The  more  we  investigate  the  science  of  physiognomy, 
the  more  we  shall  become  cognizant  of  the  fact  that  advance  of 
intelligence  is  always  registered  in  the  nasal  organ,  and  the  M^IIS 
here  displayed  can  be  corroborated  by  reference  to  the  structure 
of  all  parts  of  the  body,  as  well  as  by  observing  the  f/ti<t/i///  of 
the  organism.  Sublimity  being  the  exclusive  faculty  of  the  most 


508 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


developed  minds,  and  being  also  the  trait  that  is  characteristic  of  all 
those  who  are  endowed  with  the  capacity  for  comprehending  and 
reproducing  mental  and  material  pictures  of  the  vast  and  hound- 
less  works  of  Nature,  we  should  naturally  expect  to  find  them 
furnished  with  bodies  and  faces  in  marked  contrast  to  those  who  are 
mean,  sordid,  servile,  miserly,  currish,  narrow,  stupid,  and  obsti- 
nate. That  there  is  a  wide  difference  in  the  nasal  appearance  of 
these  two  classes  can  be  easily  demonstrated.  Let  the  reader  place 

before  him  portraits  of  the 
most  distinguished  poets, 
painters,  actors,  heroes, 
orators,  astronomers,  phi- 
losophers, scientists,  dis- 
coverers, and  inventors  by 
the  side  of  a  similar  number 
of  sneak-thieves,  cowards, 
stupid  and  commonplace 
persons,  and  he  will  find 
that  the  bodies  and  coun- 
tenances of  the  former  are 
quite  different  in  appear- 
ance from  the  latter;  he 
will  find  that  the  structure 
of  the  bodies  of  the  former 
is  more  harmoniously  pro- 
portioned ;  he  will  observe 
that  the  face  is  more  sym- 
metrical, and,  above  all,  he 
will  discover  that  the  nose, 
particularly  at  the  tip,  is 
quite  different  in  appear- 
ance every  way  from  that 
of  the  lower  class.  The 
conclusions  which  we  draw 
from  the  above  in  regard 
to  the  origin  of  Sublimity 

are  that  this  faculty  is  dependent  upon  an  equilibrated  and  per- 
fected development  of  the  mind  and  body.  Now,  I  do  not  use  the 
term  perfected  as  expressing  an  absolute  condition  of  perfection,  but 
in  a  relative  sense :  I  mean  that  one  class  of  those  mentioned  are 
more  advanced  structurally, — are  on  a  higher  plane  of  evolutionary 
progression  than  those  who  are  totally  lacking  in  this  trait. 

The  mental  phase  of  Sublimity  will  now  be  discussed.     One 
of  the  greatest  aids  to  the  scientist,  who  passes  his  time  in  project- 


FIG.  70.— SIR  JOHN  FREDERICK  WILLIAM  HER- 

SCHEL.    (ASTRONOMER.) 

Born  in  England,  1792.  Conspicuous  facial  sign 
Sublimity,  shown  by  roundness  and  width  of  the  tip  of 
the  nose*.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  face.  In  this  great  countenance  we 
observe  general  development,  The  quality  is  very  high. 
The  signs  for  Conscientiousness.  Firmness,  Patriotism, 
Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young,  Benevolence,  Economy, 
Alimentiveness,  Sanativeness,  Self-esteem,  and  Friend- 
ship are  well  defined;  while  the  mental  signs  in  the 
nose,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Hope,  Analysis, 
Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Execu- 
tiveness,  and  Self-will  are  uncommonly  conspicuous. 
The  faculties  which  create  mathematical  and  geometri- 
cal ability  are  also  large.  Observe  the  signs  for  Form. 
Size,  Weight,  Locality,  Calculation,  Order,  Time,  and 
Memory  of  Events  ;  while  Reason  and  Intuition  are  of 
the  highest  order.  The  hair  is  corroborative  of  genius, 
being  luxuriant  and  falling  in  a  unique  and  strongly 
individualized  manner. 


SUBLIMITY. 


509 


ing  his  mental  vision  through  the  regions  of  space,  is  the  faculty 
of  Sublimity,  or  the  appreciation  of  the  grand  in  Nature  and  the 
illimitable  and  infinite  in  eternity.  This  sense  is  as  useful  to  the 
astronomer  as  to  the  poet,  and  imparts  as  much  enjoyment  to  him 
who  revels  in  the  knowledge  of  the  infinitely  great  in  this  world 
as  to  the  prophet  who  foresees  and  foretells  the  glories  of  the 
coming  of  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven.  The  difference  between 
these  two  persons  is  that  one  sees  with  the  natural  eye  through 
the  telescope,  and  the  other 
with  the  eye  of  the  mind, 
through  an  exalted  con- 
dition of  the  faculties  of 
Credenciveness,  Veneration, 
and  Sublimity.  In  the  case 
of  the  scientist  the  eye  will 
be  found  relatively  small, 
exact,  and  sheltered  under 
a  bony  ridge,  as  are  the 
eyes  of  good  mechanics ; 
while  the  eyes  of  prophets 
will  be  found  large,  bright, 
and  in  a  "fine  frenzy  roll- 
ing," as  is  often  seen  in  the 
physiognomies  of  poets  and 


religious  fanatics. 


FIG.  71.— CHARLES  DARWIN.    (NATURALIST, 
DISCOVERER,  AND  AUTHOR.) 

Ijorn  in  England,  1809.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Sublimity.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
curve  governs  this  face.  The  signs  for  the  osseous  sys- 
tem, which  is  one  of  the  dominant  systems  of  this  or- 
ganism, assure  us  that  the  moral  arid  domestic  traits 
are  normal.  The  nose  is  uncommonly  developed,  and 
exhibits  large  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis, 
Ideality,  Sublimity,  Acquisitiveness,  and  Constructive-  . 
ness ;  while  Veneration,  Executiveness.  and  Self-will  are 
only  of  average  size.  Form  and  Size  are  very  large.  Ob- 
servation is  most  uncommonly  developed.  Locality. 
Order,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  of 
the  highest  order.  The  wrinkles  of  the  forehead  reveal 
honesty,  honor,  morality,  and  genius.  Mr.  Darwin's  life 
was  characterized  by  usefulness,  patient  industry,  deep 
research,  love  of  truth  and  purity,  and  a  mild,  well- 
balanced  disposition. 


Sublimity  gives  to  the 
character  the  love  for  the 
grand,  majestic,  and  expan- 
sive in  Nature,  and  the 
capacity  to  appreciate  or  ideality,  su 
enact  the  noble,  heroic,  and 
elevated  in  conduct  and 
sentiment.  It  is  adapted  to 
the  comprehension  of  the 
boundless  range  and  com- 
pass of  Nature's  illimitable  space,  and  this  is  why  it  is  found  large 
in  the  character  of  astronomers,  naturalists,  and  mechanical  in- 
ventors. These  classes  of  beings  must  have  a  trait  which  enables 
them  to  comprehend  vast  and  mighty  systems  of  laws,  and  this  no 
narrow-minded  person  could  do.  Sublimity  is  a  quality  also  of 
the  patriotic  orator,  as  well  as  of  many  of  his  hearers,  whose  feel- 
ings are  aroused  to  action  by  the  sublime  utterances  of  a  Webster, 
a  Calhoun,  a  Patrick  Henry,  or  a  Pitt.  Whenever  the  earnest 
orator  is  warmed  to  his  highest  pitch  he  meets  with  a  ready  response 


510  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

from  his  listeners  and  kindles  like  emotions  in  their  minds.  All 
faculties  have  a  dual  action, — the  one  being  executive  and  exhib- 
ited by  acting  or  doing,  the  other  being  appreciative  and  mani- 
fested by  feeling,  enjoying,  and  criticising.  While  one  can  write 
a  poem,  others  who  cannot  thus  express  their  feelings  often  appre- 
ciate and  enjoy  it  more  than  the  one  who  writes  it. 

Sublimity,  like  Ideality,  is  an  attribute  of  old  and  perfected 
races,  and  its  sign  is  quite  generally  observed  in  the  faces  of  the 
Hebrew  race.  In  them  (as  the  majority  of  them  are  commercial- 
ists)  it  assumes  the  form  of  vast  business  enterprises,  and  when- 
ever commercialists  indicate  the  possession  of  this  faculty  they  will 
invariably  undertake  grand  schemes  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth, 
as  witness  the  Rothschilds  and  Baron  de  Hirsch,  who  have  banking 
houses  in  many  of  the  large  cities  of  Europe,  and  who  deal  on  a  large 
scale  with  governments.  Their  ideas  of  grandeur  will  be  confined, 
of  course,  to  material  things,  yet  when  they  evince  a  taste  for  the 
fine  arts  it  will  show  itself  in  a  love  for  oratory  and  grand  music, 
in  the  building  of  massive  structures,  and  in  the  purchase  of  mag- 
nificent works  of  art,  such  as  colossal  statuary,  paintings  that 
depict  battle-scenes  or  great  tragedies,  etc.  The  prophets  and 
poets  of  the  Hebrew  race,  those  whose  writings  express  in  the 
Psalms  of  the  Old  Testament  the  most  exalted  sentiments,  assure 
us  that  they  possessed  an  appreciation  of  the  glorious  and  stupen- 
dous works  of  God.  The  Hebrew  race  has  given  to  the  world 
some  of  its  sweetest  singers,  its  most  gifted  dramatists  and  actresses, 
its  grandest  composers,  its  noblest  philanthropists,  and  its  most 
princely  and  successful  bankers.  Its  physiognomical  peculiarities 
tell  us  that  it  is  a  developed  race,  and  the  proof  of  this  fact  is 
within  the  reach  of  all  who  can  lay  aside  prejudice  and  put  scien- 
tific demonstration  in  its  place.  Among  the  musical  composers 
of  the  race  I  may  mention  Meyerbeer,  Mendelssohn,  Sir  Julius 
Benedict,  Sir  Michael  Costa,  and  Halevy;  of  its  singers,  Pasta. 
Among  its  tragediennes,  Mdlles.  Rachel  and  Bernharclt  and  Adolphe 
Sonnental ;  of  its  writers,  the  names  of  Grace  Aguilar,  novelist; 
Heinrich  Heine,  Spinoza,  Moses  Mendelssohn,  philosophic  writers ; 
Emma  Lazarus,  poetess ;  Benjamin  D'Israeli,  statesman  and 
novelist;  and  Isaac  Adolphe  Cremieux,  counselor,  are  well  known. 
Among  the  great  philanthropists  the  names  of  Sir  Moses  Monti- 
fiore  and  Baron  de  Hirsch  will  ever  stand  for  all  that  is  sympa- 
thetic and  magnificently  generous.  The  race  has  developed  many 
fine  painters  and  sculptors,  among  them  Toby  Rosenthal,  painter, 
and  Moses  Ezekiel,  sculptor,  are  renowned.  Chief  among  its 
modern  orators  the  fiery  Gambetta  stands  supreme.  Its  princely 
bankers,  the  Rothschilds,  are  world-renowned. 


SUBLIMITY.  5H 

These  modern  names  are  more  than  matched  by  the  host  of 
talented  Hebrews,  gifted  in  every  art  and  science,  who  flourished 
in  Spain  from  the  eleventh  to  the  fourteenth  centuries,  the  true 
"golden  age"  of  Hebrew  intellect. 

Every  true  poet  must  possess  the  sense  of  Sublimity  in  order 
to  bring  his  mind  in  unison  with  the  awful  and  majestic,  as  ex- 
hibited by  Nature  in  her  grandest  and  wildest  moods.  The  roar 
of  the  mighty  ocean,  the  rush  of  the  deadly  cyclone,  the  terrific 
thunder-peal  and  vivid  lightning-flash,  must  arouse  the  poet  to 
that  degree  of  intensity  that  his  soul  is  stimulated  to  pour  forth  in 
grandest  verse  the  exalted  expressions  which  such  scenes  inspire. 
It  is  these  vast  operations  of  Nature  that  have  given  the  impulse 
to  the  inspired  writings  of  Homer,  Hesiod,  Sappho,  Dante,  Shelley, 
and  Byron.  It  was  Sublimity  permeating  every  sense  which  gave 
to  Michael  Angelo  the  power  to  portray  the  sublime  "  Transfigura- 
tion of  Christ"  exhibited  in  the  Vatican.  It  was  the  same  faculty 
which  impelled  Guido  Reni  to  give  to  the  world  the  magnificent 
"Aurora,"  to  be  seen  in  the  Palazzo  Rospigliozi  at  Rome,  and  the 
spirit  of  this  sentiment  can  be  discerned  in  the  message  which  he 
sent'  to  the  Cappucini  at  Rome,  with  his  celebrated  picture  of 
St.  Michael.  He  wrote  thus: — 

I  wish  I  had  had  the  wings  of  an  angel,  to  have  ascended  into  Paradise 
and  there  to  have  beholden  the  forms  of  those  beatified  spirits  from  which 
I  might  have  copied  my  archangel,  but  not  being  able  to  mount  so  high  I 
was  forced  to  make  an  introspection  into  my  own  mind,  and  into  that  idea  of 
beauty  which  I  have  formed  in  my  own  imagination.* 

The  highest  constructive  talent  without  Sublimity  could  never 
have  guided  the  chisel  of  Praxitiles  or  Phidias,  produced  the 
Colossus  of  Rhodes,  nor  left  to  posterity  the  pyramids  and  sphynx 
of  Egypt,  and  other  gigantic  works  of  art  exhibited  in  the  old  world. 

The  sense  of  the  sublime  is  not  by  any  means  confined  to  the 
poet,  prophet,  painter,  and  scientist.  Many  persons  unknown  to 
fame  are  gifted  with  a  sense  of  the  majesty  and  splendor  of  art, 
Nature,  and  human  character.  AVere  it  not  so,  the  poet  would 
sing  for  himself  alone,  the  painter  would  lack  appreciation,  the 
orator  move  no  audience,  and  the  scientist  would  have  solitary 
enjoyment  of  the  grand  truths  of  Nature  which  he  discovers.  All 
through  every  community  there  are  beings  whose  every-day  life  is 
tinctured  with  this  noble  trait,  giving  them  larger  views  of  life,  of 
conduct,  and  of  moral  heroism,  impelling  them  to  act  in  the  large 
and  noble  charities  which  disasters  by  flood,  fire,  and  famine 
originate.  Sublimity  creates  the  desire  to  be  the  largest  merchant 
or  manufacturer,  or  stimulates  the  deathless  ambition  of  some 

*  Painters  and  Sculptors.  Mrs.  Cli-nu-nt.  p.  406.     Boston,  1881. 


512  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

youthful  Edison,  Watt,  or  Fulton,  to  send  his  name  and  inventive 
benefactions  adown  the  stream  of  time. 

Wherever  we  find  large  Sublimity  in  combination  with  large 
intellectual  and  mechanical  faculties,  the  mind  will  be  comprehen- 
sive and  take  a  -tride  r<nige  of  thought.  Such  a  mind  was  Newton's; 
hence  it  was  well  adapted  to  the  comprehension  and  discovery  of 
one  of  the  greatest,  if  not  the  most  important  law  of  Nature, 
viz.,  the  law  of  gravitation. 

In  the  speeches  and  writings  of  those  who  possess  a  large 
measure  of  Sublimity  we  find  often  the  most  exaggerated  and  ex- 
travagant expressions.  In  the  case  of  orators  and  poets  this  is 
quite  appropriate,  but  in  the  every-day  speech  of  private  life  such 
language  tends  to  make  one  bombastic,  inexact,  and  untrustworthy. 
Such  persons  should  endeavor  to  tone  down  their  descriptions  to 
the  plane  of  truth  and  practicality. 

The  cultivation  of  Sublimity,  where  it  is  deficient,  can  be 
attempted  by  visiting  and  viewing  majestic  scenery,  such  as  high 
mountains,  grand  waterfalls,  the  raging  ocean,  spacious  landscapes, 
listening  to  fine  orations,  inspecting  the  noblest  works  of  art,  and 
by  associating  with  those  whose  lives,  conduct,  and  conversation 
illustrate  the  faculty  of  Sublimity.  The  influence  of  locality  has 
much  to  do  with  the  development  of  this  faculty.  It  is  larger 
relatively  in  those  who  occupy  mountainous  regions  than  in  those 
who  live  in  the  plains,  unless  they  live  near  the  ocean  and  feel 
the  influence  of  its  mighty,  rushing  waters.  This  develops  and 
strengthens  the  sense  of  infinitude,  and  imparts  more  expansive 
ideas  than  are  exhibited  by  those  who  live  in  narrow  valleys  or 
flat,  level  spaces. 

Those  who  exhibit  a  large  degree  of  Sublimity  will,  as  a  rule, 
in  selecting  a  site  for'  a  residence,  manifest  it  by  building  on  an 
eminence  where  they  have  a  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 
They  will  be  the  happier  and  more  contented  by  the  indulgence 
of  this  sentiment.  It  will  prevent  loneliness  and  often  supply  the 
place  of  human  companionship.  Where  this  trait  is  small  and 
the  practical  faculties  dominant,  a  convenient  place  will  be  the  one 
most  sought. 

The  combinations  of  traits  found  with  Sublimity  influence 
man  in  many  ways.  With  large  Ideality,  Language,  and  Con- 
structiveness,  a  taste  for  poetic  composition  will  be  exhibited ;  with 
large  Veneration,  he  will  bow  in  adoration  before  the  mighty , 
manifestations  of  God's  power ;  with  large  Locality  added  to  large 
Sublimity,  he  will  enjoy  traveling,  and  will  make  great  efforts 
to  visit  the  most  noted  scenes,  such  as  the  Alps,  the  Yosemite, 
Niagara,  the  Garden  of  the  Gods,  etc.,  and  will  in  communion 


SUBLIMITY.  513 

with  such  scenes  feel  " mightily  lifted  up"  and  overpowered  by  the 
stupendous  architecture  of  God ;  with  Human  Nature  added,  he 
will  love  to  listen  to  heroic  deeds,  and,  with  large  Conscien- 
tiousness and  Veneration,  will  enjoy  the  writings  of  the  great 
moral  and  religious  reformers,  and  will  participate  in  moral  move- 
ments for  the  benefit  of  mankind;  with  a  mechanical  mind  and 
large  Time  and  Calculation,  he  will  display  a  taste  for  astronomy, 
and,  with  Constructiveness  added,  ability  for  invention. 

The  higher  animals,  no  doubt,  share  with  men  in  a  limited 
degree  this  sentiment,  for  surely  the  fleet  deer  and  chamois  occu- 
pying the  mountain  heights  must  possess  a  higher  comprehension 
of  vastness  than  the  cattle  confined  to  a  plain  or  a  barn-yard.  The 
recognition  of  man  as  a  superior  being  on  the  part  of  our  domestic 
animals  imparts  to  them  ideas  of  superiority  akin  to  the  sublimity 
of  feeling  which  actuates  man  in  his  belief  in  a  Deity  and  in 
hero-worship  and  in  his  veneration  for  the  great. 

The  position  of  the  facial  sign  for  Sublimity  is  significant  of 
its  office  in  the  human  mind.  Its  nearest  neighbor  is  Ideality, 
while  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Hope,  and 
Constructiveness  are  in  close  proximity,  thus  showing  the  character 
of  the  company  in  which  Sublimity  is  found.  These  faculties  are 
all  natural  allies,  and  assist  each  other. 

Sublimity  and  Ideality  grace  the  speech  and  writings  of  all 
great  minds,  while  the  orator,  sculptor,  and  painter  are  indebted  to 
them  for  the  beauty  and  grandeur  which  distinguish  their  works, 
and  which  render  them  immortal.  The  inventor,  too,  must  needs 
have  a  large  share  of  Sublimity  in  his  composition  in  order  to  be 
able  to  comprehend  the  vast  and  complex  chain  of  laws  which 
connects  all  departments  of  Nature.  He  must  be  able  to  realize 
the  universality  of  their  application,  and  know  how  to  apply  the 
laws  of  mathematics,  chemistry,  force,  resistance,  motion,  gravity, 
equilibrium,  polarization,  pneumatics,  hydrostatics,  acoustics,  pyro- 
nomics,  magnetism,  and  electricity.  These  sciences  are  vast  and 
complex,  and  governed  by  natural  mechanical  laws,  the  principles 
of  which  must  be  understood  by  the  inventor  and  by  the  intelligent 
mechanic.  The  action  of  these  laws  extends  throughout  space. 
and  the  force  of  gravity,  together  with  the  laws  of  centripetal  and 
centrifugal  motion,  not  only  hold  the  entire  solar  system  true 
in  space,  but  are  the  controlling  principles  in  the  mechanism 
made  by  the  hands  of  man.  It  is  thus  shown  that  in  the  invention 
of  machinery  and  in  the  application  of  the  great  mechanical  forces 
of  Nature  the  discoverer  and  inventor  must  possess  sufficient  of 
the  faculty  of  Sublimity  to  enable  him  to  comprehend  the  far- 
reaching  results  and  action  of  these  laws,  powers,  and  forces. 

33 


514  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

An  examination  of  the  physiognomies  of  the  most  celebrated 
inventors,  discoverers,  architects,  and  mechanics  will  disclose  the 
lower  third  of  the  nose  well  developed  and  the  sign  for  Sublimity 
most  decided.  How  can  it  be  otherwise,  when  we  know  that 
minds  of  the  highest  order  only  are  capable  of  comprehending  and 
applying  the  grand  principles  revealed  in  Nature's  laws'?  For 
this  reason  I  claim  that  the  greatest  minds  of  the  age,  those  most 
conducive  to  a  high  civilization,  are  the  inventors,  mechanics,  and 
scientists.  They  rank  higher  than  artists,  musicians,  sculptors, 
painters,  poets,  and  actors  in  usefulness,  in  breadth  of  intellect,  in 
integrity,  and  in  the  knowledge  of  God's  immutable  and  eternal 
laws.  Their  characters  must  be  based  on  Conscientiousness  in 
order  to  be  in  harmony  with  the  truths  of  Nature,  for  one  with 
small  Conscientiousness  cannot  enter  into  the  spirit  of  the  truths 
of  Nature  to  the  extent  that  one  can  who  has  large  Conscientious- 
ness added  to  large  mechanical  abilities.  Let  the  reader  scan  the 
physiognomies  of  the  following-named  persons  and  he  will  observe 
an  excellent  development  of  the  sign  for  Sublimity,  varying  in  size 
according  to  the  several  systems  of  functions  in  combination.  The 
local  facial  sign  for  Sublimity  may  be  found  in  the  portraits  of  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  architect;  Sebastian  Vauban,  French  civil  engi- 
neer; Benjamin  Franklin,  mechanical  discoverer;  Leonard  Euler, 
astronomer;  also  the  Herschels,  father  and  son,  astronomers; 
James  Watt,  inventor;  Richard  Arkwright,  inventor;  Dr.  Edward 
Jenner,  discoverer;  James  P.  Joule,  chemical  discoverer;  Thomas 
Alva  Edison,  electrician;  Dr.  Louis  Pasteur,  discoverer;  James  B. 
Eadds,  architect;  C.  H.  McCormick,  inventor;  John  A.  Roebling, 
civil  engineer;  Elias  Howe,  inventor  of  the  sewing-machine;  Dr. 
William  Harvey,  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood;  Prof. 
S.  F.  B.  Morse,  inventor  and  discoverer.  I  might  mention  scores 
of  others  whose  portraits  denote  the  presence  of  the  faculty  of 
Sublimity,  all  of  which  serves  to  show  that  this  trait  assists  the 
useful  and  practical  purposes  of  life,  and  is  one  distinguishing 
feature  of  developed  minds  and  bodies. 

IDEALITY. 

Definition. — Imagination,  taste,  love,  and  appreciation  of  the 
beautiful  in  art  and  Nature ;  sense  of  propriety,  neatness,  and  re- 
finement ;  love  of  perfection  ;  capacity  for  improvement  in  assthetic 
tastes ;  desire  for  finish,  completeness,  and  thoroughness. 

Its  excess  makes  one  fastidious,  punctilious,  squeamish,  hyper- 
critical, over-nice, — more  nice  than  wise, — and  causes  loathing, 
disgust,  and  disdain  for  the  low  and  vulgar ;  gives  a  love  for  the 


IDEALITY.  515 

unreal,  creates  an  excess  of  imagination  and  gushing  sentiment, 
and  imparts  a  dislike  for  the  realities  of  life. 

Its  deficiency  is  shown  by  boorishness,  lowness,  vulgarity, 
coarseness  of  language  and  manners,  lack  of  taste  and  imagina- 
tion, and  slight  appreciation  of  the  beauties  of  art  and  Nature. 
Those  greatly  deficient  are  wanting  in  polish  and  refinement,  and 
are  unsuited  to  the  study  of  the  fine  arts.  They  also  take  a  com- 
monplace or  utilitarian  view  of  everything,  and  some  are  charac- 
terized by  an  angularity  of  appearance,  awkwardness  of  manner, 
and  eccentricity  of  conduct. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  most  reliable  and  decisive 
facial  sign  for  Ideality  is  indicated  by  v'ullh  of  the  tip  of  the  nose. 
This  sign  is  relative.  Where  the  quality  of  the  subject  is  fine  and 
the  mental  system  predominant,  the  nose  does  not  present  as  great 
width  as  when  the  muscular  system  is  dominant,  for  fineness  of  the 
brain  and  nerve  system  is  always  accompanied  by  relatively  /c.s.s 
size  of  the  facial  signs,  particularly  of  the  nasal  signs.  Other  and 
secondary  signs  are  known  by  a  straight  outline  of  the  nose;  fine- 
ness of  the  texture  of  the  skin;  finely-arched,  long,  narrow,  and 
-even  eyebrows ;  large,  bright,  clear  eyes ;  graceful  walk ;  elegant 
and  appropriate  gestures;  clear  and  sweet  intonations  of  the  voice; 
fine,  natural  manners ;  aesthetic  taste  in  dress,  furniture,  adorn- 
ments, and  surroundings  ;  ideal,  poetic,  and  imaginative  language  ; 
neatness  and  good  taste  in  domestic  or  other  matters,  and  love  of 
poetry,  flowers,  paintings,  statuary,  etc. 

I3ESCRIPTION  OF  IDEALITY. — The  physiological  basis  of  Ideality 
is  found  (as  are  all  the  faculties  the  signs  of  which  are  situated 
about  the  tip  of  the  nose)  to  be  in  the  general  development  of  the 
quality  of  the  brain  and  nerve  system ;  hence,  it  is  the  distinguish- 
ing characteristic  of  those  persons  and  races  that  have  attained  by 
evolution  to  a  certain  degree  of  fineness  and  Keenness  of  sensation, 
which  puts  them  en  rapport  with  the  finer  aspects  of  the  works  of 
Nature  and  of  Nature's  imitations  in  art. 

The  sign  for  Ideality  has  scarcely  a  rudimentary  appearance 
in  the  noses  of  undeveloped  races,  and  many  persons  in  civilized 
races  manifest  very  little  sense  of  the  ideal,  the  imaginative,  and 
tasteful.  Reference  to  the  noses  of  such  will  show  either  a  sharp, 
gimlet-like  form  at  the  tip,  or,  if  the  end  of  the  nose  be  flat,  blunt, 
and  broad,  as  with  the  negro,  the  inherited  (//in/if//  will  be  seen  at 
a  glance  to  be  of  a  low  order;  the  sldn  and  7m/V  will  be  coarse, 
and  the  voice,  language,  manners,  walk,  and  gestures  will  cor- 
roborate the  face  in  its  indications.  \V<-  are  now  dealing  with  traits 
of  qiitditj/,  and  a  progressed  evolution  always  raises  the  nose  high 
iibove  the  plane  of  the  face ;  therefore,  wherever  the  sign  for 


516 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


Ideahty  is  found  large  the  nose  will  not  only  be  ln-o<«l  at  the  tip, 
but  it  will  be  rc/of/'rr/t/  lin/h.  No  feature  of  the  face  so  marks  the 
presence  of  mentality  of  the  finer  sort  as  a  nose  developed  in  its 
lower  third.  Particularly  is  this  shown  by  height  and  width,  to- 
gether with  that  peculiar  configuration  which  shows  that  the  signs 
for  Mental  Imitation,  Analysis,  Hope,  Sublimity,  and  Constructive- 
ness  are  large.  Some  ideal  noses  present  a  square-cut  appearance, 
while  others  that  have  Sublimity  large  in  combination  exhibit  a 

rounded  appearance  at  the 
sides  of  the  tip.  This  is 
more  particularly  the  form 
of  the  tip  of  the  noses  of 
those  artists  whose  sub- 
lime works  of  art,  inven- 
tion, and  discovery  have 
immortalized  them.  The 
reader  is  referred  to  the 
portraits  of  the  master- 
minds in  all  these  fields 
of  labor. 

A  secondary  base  of 
Ideality  is  to  be  found  in 
that  peculiar,  fine  qua  I  it  i/ 
of  the  muscular  system 
which  gives  fineness,  flexi- 
bility, and  sensitiveness  to 
its  motions,  and  also  that 
degree  of  flexibility  of 
joints  as  well  as  of  muscles 
which  allows  a  free  and 
easy  movement  of  all  parts, 
and  which  has  the  muscu- 
lar sense  so  developed  as  to 
aid  the  automatic  motion* 

impersonation  of  "Juliet"  will  remember  it  as  ""a  thing       \vliir-li  tVm  rmicininn    nninfpv 
of  beauty  and  a  joy  forever."  ltl11 '  Pd        L  r> 

singer,     dancer,     linguist, 

actor,  elocutionist,  orator,  and  inventor  must  have  to  carry  forward 
their  work.  In  each  of  these  classes  the  muscles  must  be  so 
responsive  as  to  become  spontaneously  automatic,  and  respond 
intuitively  and  involuntarily,  as  it  were  (after  a  certain  number 
of  repetitions),  to  the  sensations  which  call  them  forth. 

Another  secondary  base  is  found  in  the  high  development  of 
the  sexual  instinct,  which  in  its  refined  state  creates  love  of  the 
beautiful  of  the  opposite  sex  and  a  desire  to  reproduce  it  physically, 


FlG.  72.—  MISS  ADELAIDE  NEILSON. 

Born  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Ideality, 
shown  by  the  width  of  the  tip  of  the  nose.  The  law  pf 
the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  countenance. 
The  oval  chin,  dramatic  jaw,  and  straight  outline  of  the 
nose  announce  artistic  power  of  a  high  order.  The  do- 
mestic traits  are  well  represented.  The  Love  of  Home, 
Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  of  Young, 


Approbativeuess,  Modesty,  and  Friendship  are  all  ap- 

Rarent.    The  nose  reveals  the  sfigns  of  the  artistic  mind  ; 
ere  are  grouped  in  large  measure  Ideality,  Mental  Imi- 


tation, Analysis,  Hope,  Coustructiveness,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Veneration,  and  Self-will,  all  conspicuous.  Pres- 
cience, Observation.  Form,  Size,  Color,  Locality,  Lan- 
guage, Music,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events,  and 
Intuition  are  large,  and  together  form  a  most  beautiful, 
artistic  face.  Miss  Neilson  was  as  beautiful  as  a  poet's 
dream,  and  whoever  has  witnessed  her  incomparable 


IDEALITY. 


517 


or  mentally,  by  pen,  brush,  or  chisel,  as  in  poetry,  paintings,  or 
statuary,  or  to  enact  beautiful  ideal  characters  upon  the  stage.  The 
fundamental  desire  of  Ideality  is  reproduction  or  duplication  of 
ideal  types  or  images  of  beautiful  men,  women,  birds,  beasts,  or 
characters.  In  this  way  Ideality  is  very  closely  related  to  the 
constructive,  creative  powers  of  the  sexual  system. 

Ideality,  like  all  other  human  faculties,  is  adapted  to  the 
recognition  and  enjoyment  of  the  beautiful  here  in  this  world,  and 
by  imagination  the  mind 
is  able  to  roam  to  other 
spheres  and  sing  in  tones 
of  sweetest  melody  of  the 
glories  and  splendors  of  the 
life  hereafter.  In  fact,  this 
faculty  is  adapted  to  per- 
fection, and  who  can  doubt 
that  ultimate  perfection  is 
the  aim  of  a  progressive 
evolution  ?  The  teachings 
of  science  point  to  this,  and 
show  us  by  myriad  lessons 
that  this  is  the  destiny  of 
the  human  mind  and  body ; 
for  both  rise  or  fall  to- 
gether, as  I  have  shown  in 
these  pages,  and  as  all  the 
sciences  which  treat  of 
human  existence  prove,  if 
rightly  interpreted.  The 
aim  and  office  of  Ideality 
is  to  refine  and  exalt  all  the 
faculties  in  combination, 
hence  it  is  a  faculty  of  high 
quality.  Ideality  can  be 
best  expressed  by  those 
who  are  keenly  sensitive 
and  able  by  virtue  of  their  sensations  to  receive  and  reproduce 
by  voice,  pen,  pencil,  brush,  and  chisel  the  impressions  derived  from 
Nature  and  character.  All  great  poets  depend  upon  the  power  of 
this  trait,  assisted  by  Language  and  Constructiveness,  to  enable 
them  to  write  the  songs  which  arouse  the  heart  of  a  nation  to  pa- 
triotic endeavor ;  to  raise  the  mind  to  loftier  aspirations  for  a  higher 
life ;  to  create  the  most  ecstatic  enjoyment  of  the  beautiful  scenes 
of  Nature  which  the  poet  paints  with  his  pen  when  he  brings  up 


FIG.  73.— MR.  H.  RIDER  HAGGARD.     (NOVELIST.) 

Born  in  England.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Ideality, 
shown  by  width  of  the  tip  of  the  nose.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  The  basis  of 
this  gentleman's  talent,  the  vegetative  system,  is  well 
developed.  Conscience,  Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  of 
Country,  and  of  Young  are  marked.  So,  also,  are  Be- 
nevolence, Economy,  Alimentiveness.  Modesty,  Appro- 
batiyeness,  Friendship,  Self-esteem,  Hospitality,  Pneu- 
mativeness,  and  Color  are  manifest.  In  the  nose  the 
signs  for  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Mental  Imitation,  Analy- 
sis, and  Construction  are  large.  Acquisition,  Venera- 
tion, Executiveness,  Reason,  and  Self-will  are  most 
apparent;  while  Form,  Size,  Observation,  Locality, 
Calculation,  Time,  Order,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Lan- 
guage are  conspicuous.  Prescience  is  noticeable,  and  a 
good  degree  of  Intuition.  It  is  the  presence  of  so  large 
a  development  of  the  faculties  of  Prescience,  Credcn- 
civeness,  and  Ideality  that  gives  to  this  author's  writ- 
ings their  peculiarly  weird  and  strange  character. 
Language  is  most  fluent,  and,  combined  with  the  facul- 
ties of  Form,  Size,  and  Locality  in  excess,  gives  tin- 
writer  power  to  visualize  the  singular  beings  which  he 
portrays  by  his  pen. 


518  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

before  our  mental  vision  the  loveliness  of  glen  and  grove,  the 
grandeur  of  the  lofty  mountain,  the  beauty  of  the  star-decked 
sky,  the  sweet  serenity  of  the  moonlit  vale,  or  the  solemn  hush  of 
thje  early  dawn  when  the  "lark  at  Heaven's  gate  sings."  All  these 
the  poet,  who  is  touched  with  true  Parnassian  fire,  spreads  before 
those  who  are  responsive,  and  with  such  vividness  and  reality  as  to 
bring  these  scenes  out  before  their  enchanted  gaze  in  boldest  relief. 
Those  who  are  capable  of  appreciating  these  ideal  beauties  are  lost 
in  admiration  of  the  skill  and  genius  which,  by  a  few  strokes  of 
the  pen,  can  impart  that  supernal  enjoyment  which  is  derived  from 
the  works  of  Tennyson,  Bryant,  Whittier,  Milton,  Wordsworth, 
Shelley,  and  other  great  poet-painters. 

Combe  very  correctly  expresses  the  true  use  and  function  of 
Ideality  when  he  writes : — 

It  is  a  faculty  purely  of  enjoyment, — one  whose  sole  use  is  to  refine 
and  exalt  and  extend  the  range  of  our  other  powers  ;  to  confer  on  us  higher 
susceptibilities  of  improvement  and  a  keener  relish  for  all  that  is  great 
and  glorious  in  the  universe.* 

Ideality,  like  all  the  higher  traits,  is  not  confined  to  noble* 
or  kings,  but  finds  its  home  in  the  peasant's  cot  and  humble  dwell- 
ing as  well.  It  tells  not  only  that  its  possessor  is  refined,  but  shows 
that  some  of  his  ancestors  belonged  to  the  "  nobility,"  for  traits  of 
quality  are  not  formed  in  a  generation ;  and  so  one  not  only  an- 
nounces his  own  character  by  what  he  says  and  does,  but  at  the 
same  time  discloses  the  prominent  tastes  of  his  ancestors,  near  or 
remote,  for  like  produces  like,  and  our  deeds  do  follow  us  to  even 
the  tenth  generation  and  beyond. 

Great  diversities  of  degree  of  this  faculty  are  exhibited  by 
different  nations.  It  is  not  so  large  in  the  English  as  in  the  French^ 
nor  so  general ;  the  dress  and  manners  of  the  two  races  prove  this. 
It  is  more  universally  characteristic  of  the  Americans  than  of  the 
English,  for  education,  money,  and  opportunities  for  travel  are 
more  accessible  to  the  masses  of  the  former  country,  and  these  are 
all  potent  factors  in  the  culture  of  a3sthetics.  Then,  too,  the  great 
admixture  of  high  races  in  America  gives  more  flexible  muscles, 
and  these  lead  to  and  assist  adaptability  to  new  conditions,  while 
the  strong  bones  combined  with  the  sturdy,  unyielding  muscles  of 
the  English  tell  directly  against  that  flexibility  so  essential  to  ideal 
improvement.  It  is  these  staunch  elements  which  make  the  English 
so  enduring,  hardy,  loyal,  overbearing,  and  immovable,  and  pro- 
duce the  set,  rigid,  brusque,  rude  manner  and  conversation  which 
Emerson  so  aptly  portrays  in  his  u  English  Traits."  These  quali- 

*  Combe's  Lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  219. 


IDEALITY.  519 

ties  which  make  the  glory  of  England  prevent  the  people  from 
being  as  tasteful,  polite,  amiable,  and  art-loving  as  the  French. 
The  national  peculiarity  of  the  structure  of  the  English  he  thus 
describes : — 

It  is  the  fault  of  their  forms  that  they  grow  stocky,  and  the  women 
have  that  disadvantage, — few  tall,  slender  figures  of  flowing  shape,  but 
stunted  and  thick-set  persons.  The  French  say  that  Englishmen  have  two 
left  hands.  They  are  round,  ruddy,  and  handsome, — at  least,  the  whole 
bust  is  well  formed,  and  there  is  a  tendency  to  stout  and  powerful  frames.* 

Of  their  immovability  he  observes: — 

He  has  stamina;  he  has  that  aplomb  which  results  from  a  good  adjust- 
ment of  the  moral  and  physical  nature,  and  the  obedience  of  all  the  powers 
to  the  will,  as  if  the  axes  of  his  eyes  were  united  to  his  backbone  and  only 
moved  with  the  trunk. f 

This  description  discloses  to  us  that  the  peculiar  staunchness, 
tenacity,  integrity,  and  lack  of  Ideality  of  the  English  is  the  result 
of  their  peculiar  conformation,  possessing  short,  square  bones  and 
round  muscles,  with  a  good  development  of  the  vegetative  system ; 
they  lack  the  flexibility  which  long,  round  bones  and  round  muscles 
produce,  together  with  the  creative  and  imaginative  powers  which 
accompany  the  latter  and  which  are  peculiarly  the  endowment  of 
the  French  and  Italian,  as  well  as  common  to  all  the  Celtic  race. 
Yet  the  English  have  their  compensation  for  this  lack  of  imagina- 
tion ;  they  have  the  sturdy  qualities  which  make  a  progressive 
civilization  rapid  and  thorough,  viz.,  veracity,  honor,  mutual  confi- 
dence, loyalty  to  principle,  and  all  the  sterner  traits  which  belong 
to  an  advanced  race.  Emerson  quotes  Madame  De  Stael  as  saying 
that 

The  English  irritated  Napoleon  mainly  because  they  have  found  out 
how  to  unite  success  with  honest}'. J 

The  French  show  by  their  structure  that  the  possession  ot  the 
finer  and  more  ornate  qualities  is  at  the  expense  of  the  more  ster- 
ling and  responsible  ones.  They  possess  a  sensitive  nervous  sys- 
tem; long,  round  bones  and  long,  round  muscles — the  combination 
which  shows  the  right  construction  for  the  fine  arts,  for  poetry, 
acting,  painting,  and  a  passion  for  war,  which  is  led  on  by  one  of 
the  dominant  traits  of  their  structure,  viz.,  Approbativeness,  and, 
this  trait  being  a  natural  one,  the  glory  of  France  is  the  true 
Frenchman's  highest  ambition.  Of  course,  honesty  is  found  among 
the  French  and  poetic  imagination  among  the  English,  but  these 
traits  are  relative,  taste,  politeness,  love  of  ornamentation,  and 

*  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  71.  \  Ibid.,  p.  122. 

t  2bul.,v.  108. 


520  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

imagination  being  more  universally  exhibited  by  the  French,  and 
veracity,  honor,  principle,  conservatism,  rudeness,  bluntness,  and 
practicality  by  the  English  masses. 

The  faculty  of  Ideality,  strange  as  it  may  seem  to  some,  is  a 
great  aid  to  scientists  and  scientific  research,  for  the  mind  that 
would  soar  to  Parnassian  heights  in  poetry,  or  to  celestial  space  in 
astronomy,  must  be  able  with  the  mental  vision  to  see  "apparent 
pictures  of  unapparent  natures."  This  is  the  faculty  which  has 
aided  in  the  discovery  of  many  great  natural  laws,  and  the  physi- 
ognomies of  most  of  the  master-minds  in  invention  and  science 
exhibit  the  sign  for  Ideality  large.  Applicable  to  this  topic 
Emerson  tells  us  that 

Plato  had  signified  the  same  sense  when  he  said  :  UA11  the  great  arts 
require  a  subtle  and  speculative  research  into  the  law  of  Nature,  since  lofti- 
ness of  thought  and  perfect  mastery  over  eveiy  subject  seem  to  be  derived 
from  some  such  source  as  this."* 

All  the  great  scientists  recognize  this  truth,  and  it  is  often 
noted  by  them  in  their  writings,  and  the  result  of  German  imagi- 
nation is  given  us  in  the  works  of  their  great  scientific  discoverers, 
who  are  the  grandest  generalizes  in  scientific  research.  The  ca- 
pacity for  generalizing  is,  as  Emerson  very  justly  observes,  "a  poetic 
sense."  It  is  indebted  to  Sublimity  for  the  vast-ness  of  conception, 
and  of  this  trait  the  insular  English  have  very  little.  Of  their 
science  Emerson  remarks  : — 

But,  for  the  most  part,  the  natural  science  in  England  is  as  void  of 
imagination  and  free  play  of  thought  as  conveyancing.  It  stands  in  strong 
contrast  with  the  genius  of  the  Germans,  those  semi-Greeks  who  love 
analogy,  and  by  means  of  that  height  of  view  preserve  their  enthusiasm  and 
think  for  Europe. f 

The  following  extract  from  the  writings  of  Johannes  Miiller, 
one  of  Germany's  most  gifted  naturalists  and  scientific  discoverers, 
elucidates  the  faculty  which  is  being  discussed.  He  observes 
thus : — 

The  Imagination  is  an  indispensable  faculty,  for  it  is  that  which  In- 
forming new  combinations  occasions  important  discoveries.  The  naturalist 
needs  both  the  discriminating  powers  of  abstract  reason  and  the  generaliz- 
ing power  of  the  imagination,  and  that  the  two  should  be  harmoniously 
inter-related.  If  the  proper  balance  of  these  faculties  is  destroyed  the 
naturalist  is  hurried  into  chimerical  fancies  by  his  imagination,  while  the 
same  gift  leads  the  gifted  naturalist  of  sufficient  strength  of  reason  to  the 
most  important  discoveries. J 


*  English  Traits,  R.  W.  Emerson,  p.  240. 

t  Ibid.,  p.  253. 

t  Quoted  from  the  Evolution  of  Ma-i,  Ernst  Haeckel,  vol.  ii,  p.  107. 


IDEALITY.  521 

This  observation  of  the  great  scientist  is  most  just,  for  where 
there  is  an  excess  of  Ideality  the  individual  imagines  unreal,  im- 
probable, and  often  fearful  as  well  as  beautiful  ideas.  Dante,  in 
his  "Inferno,"  shows  to  what  extent  the  imagination  can  go  in  the 
direction  of  the  horrible.  Milton,  also,  in  his  "Paradise  Lost," 
reveals  to  what  limits  the  unrestrained  exercise  of  the  imagination 
may  lead  one  ;  while  the  paintings  of  the  old  masters  teem  with 
the  representation  of  demons  and  angels,  of  sprites  and  satyrs,  of 
heavens  and  hells — the  lovely  and  hideous  as  well  as  the  damned 
and  demoniacal.  Aside  from  the  immense  importance  of  the 
imagination  when  used  as  an  agent  to  beautify  and  elevate  the 
mind  and  senses,  as  is  done  by  poetry,  pictures,  and  statuary,  it 
forms  the  basis  of  the  refinements  of  our  every-day  life  and  works. 
The  domestic  woman  who  possesses  a  fair  share  of  imagination 
may  not  be  able  to  write  a  poem  nor  paint  a  picture,  yet  will  set  a 
table  with  such  taste  and  prepare  and  serve  a  meal  with  such  neat- 
ness and  fitness  of  decoration  as  will  show  that  a  sense  of  the  ideal 
has  toned  and  softened  her  nature  to  that  degree  that  coarseness 
cannot  enter  into  the  least  detail  of  her  domestic  occupations. 
Every  community  possesses  many  such  characters,  and  their  sense 
of  the  fitness  of  things,  of  propriety,  of  ornamentation,  of  nicety 
and  neatness  throws  a  charm  around  all  their  efforts.  They  are 
most  helpful  in  elevating  commonplace  acts  of  every-day  life,  and 
their  example  sheds  abroad  an  influence  which  is  truly  refining. 

There  are  many  degrees  of  this  faculty,  and  the  being  who 
possesses  little  of  this  useful  sense  is  cut  off  from  most  of  the  en- 
joyments which  Nature  and  art  alike  offer  in  such  abundance.  He 
is  also  less  useful  in  the  practical  walks  of  life,  for  as  imagination 
gives  him  no  assistance  he  must  hence  depend  upon  teachers,  and 
work  by  rule  and  method,  never  discovering  nor  inventing  new 
ways  and  ideas  through  the  operation  of  an  active  imagination. 

The  matter-of-fact  person  is  much  more  helpless  than  he  who 
has  even  a  fair  share  of  ability  to  imagine  how  acts  and  works  arc 
performed  of  which  he  has  had  no  previous  experimental  knowl- 
edge. The  matter-of-fact  person  must  be  tangld  all  that  he  does, 
but  one  with  a  good  imagination  can  comprehend  the  duties  of 
positions  for  which  he  has  never  been  trained,  and  can  fill  them  at 
a  moment's  notice  in  a  very  acceptable  manner. 

Imaginative  children  are  far  more  capable  of  self-amusement 
than  those  who  are  matter-of-fact,  for  they  will  originate  little  games 
and  give  birth  to  characters,  localities,  plots,  and  incidents  in  a 
very  entertaining  manner,  while  the  matter-of-fact  children  must  be 
provided  with  objects  and  assisted  by  the  suggestion  of  others  in 
order  to  make  a  game  pass  off  satisfactorily. 


52*2  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Where  large  Observation  and  other  practical  faculties  are  found 
in  combination  with  a  good  degree  of  Ideality,  the  character  will 
exhibit  a  talent  of  common  sense,  with  capacity  for  filling  many 
diverse  positions  with  readiness  and  completeness.  Many  New 
Englanders  possess  this  combination,  which  the  old  ladies  term 
"faculty," — that  is, a  handiness  which  enables  them  without  prepa- 
ration to  perform  many  diverse  and  important  duties. 

Sharp-pointed,  gimlet-shaped  noses  belong  to  matter-of-fact 
people,  who  possess  little  refinement,  good  sense,  or  artistic  percep- 
tion, and  thus  are  deprived  of  those  enjoyments  of  Nature  and  art 
that  fill  a  large  part  of  the  life  of  the  idealist.  I  regard  such  per- 
sons with  pity,  for  they  are  poor  indeed.  It  requires  a  great  deal 
of  money  and  material  to  satisfy  the  latter  class,  for  they  cannot 
derive  a  moment's  entertainment  from  the  observation  of  the  most 
beautiful  landscape  in  the  world.  Mountains  to  them  are  only  so 
many  dirty  rocks;  the  dewdrops,  glistening  upon  the  lawn,  are 
only  impediments  to  walking ;  Niagara,  foaming  and  dashing  in 
grandeur  down  its  depths,  only  elicits  from  them  the  criticism  of 
the  Englishman  who,  when  taken  by  a  romantic  friend  to  visit  this 
majestic  fall,  remarked:  "What's  to  'inder  it  falling'?"  Such  in- 
sensitive souls  remind  one  of  the  matter-of-fact  Peter  Bell,  of  whom 
the  poet  wrote : — 

"A  primrose  by  the  river's  brim 
A  yellow  primrose  was  to  him — 
And  it  was  nothing  more." 

In  the  case  of  Ideality,  as  with  all  of  the  higher  constructive 
faculties,  there  are  two  ways  of  manifesting  its  presence.  One 
may  be  executive,  and  by  the  help  of  Construe tiveness  be  able 
to  make  or  create  some  work  of  art  or  beauty,  as,  for  example, 
a  poem,  painting,  or  statue ;  or  he  may  be  capable  of  enacting  a 
grand  character,  such  as  Ristori  or  Salvini  impersonates,  while 
others  with  less  Constructiveness  are  capable  only  of  apprernitimj 
the  efforts  of  the  former,  yet  their  enjoyment  of  the  beauties  and 
excellencies  of  these  works  may  be  and  often  is  greater  than  that 
of  those  who  create  them ;  one  has  the  talent  of  creation,  the  other 
the  talent  of  appreciation. 

The  natural  allies  and  assistants  of  Ideality  are  Analysis. 
Constructiveness,  Mental  Imitation,  Sublimity,  and  Acquisitive- 
ness. The  imagination  requires  the  aid  of  Sublimity  to  give 
grandeur  to  the  great  imitations  of  Nature  in  her  most  majestic 
moods.  It  requires  also  the  capacity  for  separating  and  analyzing 
the  constituent  parts  of  everything  which  the  artist  would  imitate 
by  his  mental  concey)tions  of  the  scenes  before  him.  Constructive- 
ness,  too,  is  most  essential,  for,  without  the  skill  of  handicraft,  the 


IDEALITY.  523 

power  of  manipulating  materials  by  the  flexibility  of  the  muscles, 
as  in  acting,  oratory,  singing,  playing,  and  gesture,  the  artist  would 
stop  short  at  appreciation,  and  there  would  be  no  works  of  art  con- 
structed, no  songs  sung,  no  characters  enacted, — hence  no  progress 
made  in  taste  and  refinement. 

Now,  we  find  that  those  who  possess  Ideality  and  Constructive- 
ness  with  Acquisitiveness  are  those  who  construct  the  fine  works 
which  ornament  our  homes  and  add  to  our  elevation  of  mind ; 
while  those  who  possess  Ideality  large,  with  small  Constructive- 
ness  and  Acquisitiveness,  are  the  appreciative  people  who  admire 
and  buy  these  works,  and  who  fill  the  opera,  theatre,  and  forum  to 
see  and  listen  to  the  grand  creations  of  poet,  painter,  actor,  and 
orator.  One  not  understanding  the  significance  of  Acquisitiveness 
might  not  see  its  relation  to  the  art-faculties.  The  artist  must 
have  the  capacity  for  acquiring  materials  and  money  to  carry  on 
his  plans,  else  he  would  make  no  effort  to  procure  money,  but 
pursue  art  without  reference  to  gain.  The  portraits  of  all  the 
great  artists  disclose  this  sign  very  large.  It  is  located  next  to 
Constructiveness  in  the  nose  and  adjoins  Ideality  and  Sublimity,  and 
is  very  near  Human  Nature..  It  is  also  most  decided  in  the  upper 
eyelid.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  portraits  of  Guido  Reni  (who 
WMS  said  by  his  biographers  to  be  very  avaricious  and  a  great 
gambler),  John  Flaxman,  Schiller,  Canova,  Sarah  Siddons,  Mdlle. 
Rachel,  Rembrandt  (who  was  also  very  avaricious),  Claude  Lor- 
raine, Titian,  Rubens,  Raphael,  Beethoven,  Bach,  Weber,  Handel, 
Tennyson,  Byron,  Dickens,  and  also  the  faces  of  all  creative 
geniuses,  and  he  will  find  large  Constructiveness  and  Acquisitive- 
ness. In  some  instances  this  trait  does  not  take  the  form  of  anjinr- 
imj  and  amassing  money,  but  it  shows  its  strength  by  acquiring 
niafryiah  for  the  work  required, — not  only  materials,  but  oppor- 
tunities and  occasions.  The  lover  of  books  seeks  to  acquire  books; 
the  lover  of  art  to  acquire  art-objects;  the  seeker  after  ideas 
searches  far  and  wide  for  them.  Had  I  pursued  dollars  as  indus- 
triously as  I  have  ideas,  and  stored  them  as  well,  I  should  now 
have  a  bank-book  instead  of  a  scientific  book.  I  can  understand 
the  greed  for  gold  by  my  own  greed  for  ideas. 

Biography  is  the  natural  assistant  of  physiognomy,  and  in 
studying  the  faces  of  the  great  and  wise  who  arc  gone  we  can 
account  for  all  the  peculiarities  of  character  noted  by  their  biog- 
raphers. I  advise  my  readers  to  use  this  channel  of  knowledge  in 
connection  with  this  science,  particularly  if  they  can  find  books 
illustrated  with  portraits. 

Savage  races  show  by  their  love  of  rude  decorations  that  they 
possess  at  least  a  germ  of  the  ideal,  personal  decoration  being  one 


524  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

manifestation  of  this  trait.  The  animal  kingdom,  however,  in  every 
department  exhibits  an  affluence  of  the  decorative  phase  of  Ideality 
in  its  show  of  bright  colors  and  beautiful  forms,  and,  as  we  reason 
logically  that  all  physical  appearances  are  accompanied  bjt suitable 
mental  traits,  so  we  must  allow  that  insects,  butterflies,  moths,  etc., 
are  keenly  alive  to  the  beautiful  in  form  and  color,  while  birds 
show  by  their  manners  that  the  color-sense,  love  of  music,  of  form, 
and  of  atmosphere  are  pre-eminent  in  many  species.  Apropos  to 
this,  Darwin  remarks  that 

Xo  doubt  the  perceptive  powers  of  man  and  the  lower  animals  are  so 
constituted  that  brilliant  colors  and  certain  forms.  MS  well  as  harmonious 
and  rh\  thmical  sounds,  give  pleasure  and  are  called  beautiful.* 

The  fact  that  birds  are  possessed  of  a  very  high  sense  of  form 
and  color  is  proved  by  the  methods  which  they  make  use  of 
to  display  to  each  other  their  beauties  of  form,  color,  and 
voice.  Of  this  sense  of  the  beautiful  in  birds  Darwin  observes 
thus : — 

Ornaments  of  all  kinds,  whether  permanently  or  temporarily  gained, 
are  sedulousl}-  displayed  by  the  males,  and  apparently  serve  to  excite  or 
attract  or  charm  the  females.  All  naturalists  who  have  closely  attended  to 
the  habits  of  birds,  whether  in  a  state  of  Nature  or  under  confinement,  are 
unanimously  of  opinion  that  the  males  delight  to  display  their  beauty. 
Audubon  frequently  speaks  of  the  male  as  endeavoring  in  various  ways  to 
charm  the  female.  Mr.  Gould,  after  describing  some  peculiarities  in  a  male 
humming-bird,  says  he  has  no  doubt  that  it  has  the  power  of  displaying 
them  to  the  greatest  advantage  before  the  female.  It  must  be  a  grand  sight 
in  the  forest  of  India  to  come  suddenly  upon  twenty  or  thirty  pea-fowl,  the 
males  displaying  their  gorgeous  trains  and  strutting  about  in  all  the  pomp 
of  pride  before  the  gratified  females.* 

The  above,  not  only  proves  that  the  birds  have  a  high  realiza- 
tion of  beauty,  or  Ideality,  but  that  personal  vanity  or  excessive 
Approbativeness  is  the  peculiar  attribute  of  the  males,  and  is 
shown  by  the  number  and  variety  of  their  numerous  extra  append- 
ages, such  as  wattles,  combs,  tufts,  shafts  of  feathers,  etc.  This 
subject  is  treated  at  length  in  the  discussion  of  "Approbative- 
ness." 

The  dimpled  chin  is  more  commonly  seen  in  man  than  in 
woman.  Nearly  all  the  most  celebrated  poets,  painters,  actors, 
and  sculptors  exhibit  a  dimpled  chin.  This  is  a  secondary  sign 
of  Ideality,  but  a  very  important  significator,  for  it  is  a  sure  indi- 
cation of  the  love  of  the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  and  bears  a 
strong  relation  to  creative  art.  It  assists  the  artist  or  poet  in 
forming  and  selecting  objects  of  loveliness  and  beauty  in  his 
ideals. 

*  Descent  of  Man,  Charles  Darwin,  vol.  ii,  p.  *?7.  \  Ibid.,  p.  83. 


HUMAN    NATURE.  525 

The  straight  outline  of  the  nose  is  another  sign  of  ideal 
beauty,  refinement,  taste,  and  often  of  poetic  feeling.  "Wherever 
exhibited  it  will  take  one  or  the  other  of  these  forms.  Lar<rc, 
bright  eyes,  if  accompanied  by  a  skin  of  fine  texture,  reveal  a  love 
of  beauty  and  taste;  so  also  do  regular,  arched,  narrow,  smooth, 
and  finely-delineated  eyebrows.  All  these  characteristics  are  never 
observed  in  the  faces  of  very  coarse  or  low  people.  I  have  never 
seen  a  dimple  in  the  chin  of  a  Negro,  nor  any  indications  of  one  in 
the  physiognomy  of  a  Tasmanian,  a  Bosjesman,  Papuan,  Fuegean, 
Patagonian,  North  American  Indian,  Caribe,  or  any  of  the  bar- 
barous, undeveloped  races,  proving  conclusively  that  Ideality  is 
farther  advanced  in  many  of  the  animal  tribes,  such  as  birds, 
butterflies,  and  insects,  than  in  the  former.  All  animate  nature 
presents  these  apparent  anomalies,  and  we  find  by  close  investiga- 
tion that  many  specie^  of  animals  exhibit  certain  senses  more  acutely 
than  even  the  most  advanced  races  of  men. 

Ideality  as  shown  by  the  dimpled  chin  is  a  mark  of  beauty  in 
itself,  and  is  caused  by  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  menti  muscle. 
All  art-signs  are  located  in  the  muscular  system,  and  beauty  of  the 
human  form  is  due  mainly  to  the  outlines  caused  by  the  pliable 
and  curving  nature  of  muscular  tissue. 

HUMAN    NATURE. 

Definition. — Intuitive  perception  of  human  character  by  the 
form,  size,  color,  motion,  and  expression  of  man ;  the  physiogno- 
mist; spontaneous  comprehension  of  physical  and  mental  con- 
ditions of  health  and  disease;  the  natural  physician;  capacity  for 
readily  comprehending  the  laws  and  conditions  of  animals,  plants, 
and  all  natural  objects;  one  of  the  chief  faculties  of  the  naturalist, 
chemist,  physiologist,  astronomer,  poet,  painter,  scientist,  novelist, 
actor,  and  detective. 

An  excess  causes  one  to  be  curious,  observing,  acute,  astute, 
and  prying  into  the  habits,  thought,  and  actions  of  men  and 
animals,  and  all  things  which  manifest  character.  With  a  good 
mental  development  it  will  lead  one  to  pass  his  time  in  studying 
metaphysics,  physiognomy,  and  kindred  sciences.  No  restraint  is 
necessary  unless  one  infringes  upon  time  that  should  be  devoted 
to  more  essential  objects.  A  life-long  study,  however,  should  be 
given  to  this  branch  of  knowledge,  according  as  one's  time  and 
circumstances  permit. 

A  deficiency  makes  one  suspicious  of  motives,  and  leads  to 
disastrous  complications  in  business,  love,  and  friendship.  To 
remedy  this  natural  defect  take  lessons  in  physiognomy  of  some 
capable  teacher,  or  read  works  on  this  subject  and  commence  a 


5-21) 


PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


rourse  of  observation  and  analysis;  observe  the  voice  and  compare 
it  with  the  actions  and  walk;  learn  the  meaning  of  the  forms  and 
colors  of  the  human  face,  nose,  eyes,  forehead,  and  chin,  and 
endeavor  to  suspend  judgment  of  character  irhtil  sound,  scientific 
knowledge  reveals  their  significance. 

Fac'xil  and  Bodil;/  Xigiis. — The  most  prominent  sign  for  the 
faculty  of  Human  Nature  is  found  in  the  height  or  elevation  of 
the  tip  of  the  nose  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  causing  it  to  stand 

far  out  and  above  the  sur- 
rounding part.  It  assists 
also  in  giving  width  to  the 
tip  in  conjunction  with 
Ideality  and  Sublimity. 
Each  of  these  traits  adds 
to  the  development  of 
width  at  this  point.  Gen- 
eral size  of  the  entire  nasal 
organ  usually  accompanies 
a  gifted  endowment  of  the 
faculty  of  Human  Nature. 
Fineness  of  the  texture  of 
the  skin  and  brightness  of 
the  eyes  are  also  secondary 
signs. 

Other  signs  of  this 
power  are  shown  by  width 
between  the  eyes  (Form) 
and  fullness  of  the  ethmoid 
bone  at  the  inner  corner 
of  the  eye  (Size).  Exam- 
ine the  phvsiognomies  of 

L         J  O 

Aristotle,    Lavater,    Porta, 

ous;  so  also  are  Form.   Size,    Language.  O'bserva'tion,  Tr»lm      T  r»nl-r>       T VeVinrnllp>« 
Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition,  with  the  color-sense  JOI111     .LiOClvl  ,     .LJCSUcll        Uts, 
sufficiently  developed  to  give  force  and  magnetism  to  TVl«avff>    Tir     Tnlin    TTnn ho- 
lier impersonations.  -ueisdiLe,  .ui.  jo  er, 

and    Dr.  William    Harvey 

for  the  signs  of  a  talented  degree  of  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature. 
DESCRIPTION  OF  HUMAN  NATURE. — Says  Swedenborg: — 

If  we  cannot  read  Nature's  secret  in  her  countenance,  can  we  expect 
to  divine  it  from  her  very  brains  ?* 

Dissections  of  all  the  brains  in  the  universe  would  afford  us 
but  little  knowledge  of  character.  Neither  would  the  u-eighing  of 
all  these  brains  reveal  any  natural  gifts  or  tendencies;  nor  does 

*  Animal  Kingdom,  Swedenborg,  p.  342. 


FIG.  74.— MARY  ANDERSON.     (TRAGIC  ACTRESS.) 

Born  in  California,  1859.  Principal  facial  sign, 
Human  Nature,  shown  by  height  of  trie  point  of  the 
nose  above  the  plane  of  the  face.  The  law  of  the  curve 
governs  this  face.  Keenness  of  sensation  is  one  of  the 
leading  factors  in  this  character.  The  talent  for  tragedy 
is  shown  by  the  curving  lower  jaw.  The  signs  for  Firm- 
ness, Conscientiousness,  Pneuinativeness,Love  of  Home, 
and  Patriotism  are  marked.  Amativeness  and  Modesty 
in  the  upper  lip  are  large.  Approbativeness  .and  Friencl- 
ship  in  the  cheeks  well  defined,  while  the  signs  in  the 
nose  of  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Ideality,  Hope,  Analysis.  Sublimity,  Veneration, 
Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  remarkably  conspicu- 


HUMAN    NATURE. 


527 


the  exterior  form  of  the  skull  give  us  a  complete  knowledge  of 
character.  The  human  mind  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  faculties 
having  their  base  and  ground  of  action  in  physical  functions. 
When  these  functions  are  destroyed  partially  or  completely, 
the  mental  faculties  derived  from  them  are  partially  or  entirely 
destroyed;  hence,  it  must  be  patent  to  all  unprejudiced  minds 
that  in  order  to  fully  comprehend  all  the  different  phases  of 
human  character  we  must  examine  every  part  of  the  anatomy  and 
every  part  of  the  mechan- 
ism through  which  Mind 
is  alone  able  to  manifest  its 
powers. 

A  high  degree  of  the 
capacity  for  comprehending 
Human  Nature  is  found 
only  in  the  most  developed 
persons  of  the  most  ad- 
vanced races.  This  faculty 
is  one  of  quality,  and  be- 
longs to  a  progressed  evo- 
lution. Although  a  cer- 
tain degree  of  this  trait  is 
found  in  all  races  and 
peoples,  yet  its  highest 
manifestations  are  exhib- 
ited by  such  persons  as 
Aristotle,  Porta,  Lavatcr, 
iSocrates,  Desbarolles,  Del- 
sarte,  and  other  gifted 
physiognomists.  Their 
countenances,  as  well  as 
their  writings,  corroborate 
the  signs  for  Human  Na- 
ture, which  in  the  in- 
stances named  are  very 
prominent  and  noticeable. 
This  faculty,  then,  being  the  special  gift  of  highly-organized 
beings,  we  shall  naturally  look  to  a  development  of  that  feature' 
which  is  the  most  distinctively  human,  viz.,  the  nose,  for  our 
proofs  of  its  existence.  Not  only  should  we  examine  this  feature 
as  a  whole,  but  we  should  closely  scrutinize  the  portion  which  is 
most  developed  in  developed  people.  Now,  the  lower  third 
of  the  nose  is  this  part,  and  in  the  physiognomies  of  all  the 
great  character-readers  of  the  world  we  tind  that  the  point  of  the 


FIG.  75.— WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE.   (DRAMATIST, 
POET,  ACTOR.) 

Bom  in  England,  1564.  Quality  of  the  highest. 
Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Human  Nature,  shown  by  the 
height  of  the  tip  of  the  nose  from  the  plane  of  the  face. 
The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this 
physiognomy.  The  lower  third  of  this  face  is  well 
developed  ;  the  chin  is  rounded,  the  lower  jaw  curved, — 
thus  showing  the  dominance  of  dramatic  power.  Ama- 
tiveness.  Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Young, 
Friendship,  Approbativeness,  Color,  and  Sanativcm-ss 
are  well  donned.  The  mental  signs  in  the  nose  are  all 
large.  Human  Nature,  Mental  Imitation,  Ideality, 
Sublimity,  Hope,  Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Acquisi- 
tiveness, veneration,  Execntiveness,  and  Self-will  unite 
to  form  a  nose,  of  the  highest  class.  The  outline  of  the 
nose  is  straight,— sign  of  poetic  or  aesthetic  capacity. 
The  signs  of  Prescience,  observation,  Calculation, 
Form,  and  Size  are  uncommonly  developed,  while 
Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  take  on  a 
sublime  cast. 


528  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

nose  extends  high  above  the  plane  of  the  face,  and,  as  there  is  a 
concurrence  of  this  peculiarity  in  this  class  of  minds,  we  are  j  usti- 
fied  in  stating  that  this  is  the  most  decided  and  primary  sign  for 
this  capacity.  The  neighborhood,  too,  in  which  this  sign  is  situated 
is  another  proof  of  its  high  origin,  for  in  its  immediate  vicinity 
are  found  all  of  the  most  highly-developed  signs  of  character,  such 
as  Analysis,  Ideality,  Sublimity,  Constructiveness,  and  Mental 
Imitation.  The  logic  to  be  deduced  from  this  combination  of 
physiognomical  evidence  is  that  the  faculty  of  Human  Nature  is 
derived  from  a  high  development  of  mind  and  body;  in  other 
words,  from  a  finely-organized  condition  of  Ilie  entire  mental 
iiu'rhanifnn,  particularty  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system.  The 
tip  of  the  nose  is  composed  of  cartilaginous  or  muscular  fibres, 
and  is  supplied  with  nerves  from  the  second  division  of  the  fifth 
pair  of  the  cranial  nerves,  which  is,  as  Dalton  states,  "the  most 
acutely  sensitive  nerve  in  the  whole  body,"*  and  uncommon  sensi- 
tiveness of  any  part  denotes  high  organization ;  in  other  words,  it 
indicates  superior  intelligence. 

Now  that  the  physiological  base  of  this  faculty  has  been  traced 
and  described,  I  shall  proceed  to  expound  some  of  its  leading 
mental  uses  and  manifestations. 

In  defining  the  scope  and  meaning  of  Human  Nature,  I 
understand  it  to  be  a  faculty  which  gives  the  power  of  discerning 
not  only  the  character  of  human  beings,  but  also  the  character 
and  condition  of  all  natural  objects,  laws,  and  truths.  It  is  mani- 
fested in  different  ways  and  degrees  by  the  various  minds  who 
exhibit  its  presence.  The  physician,  divine,  teacher,  lawyer, 
statesman,  actor,  merchant,  painter,  and  muse  all  depend  upon  its 
power  for  their  success.  The  animal-trainer  has  great  need  of  its 
power  in  training  animals  either  for  domestic  service  or  for  exhi- 
bitions. The  same  faculty  is  brought  to  bear  upon  dogs,  horses, 
camels,  elephants,  monkeys,  and  other  brutes  useful  to  man.  All 
the  higher  animals  are  good  natural  readers  of  human  character, 
as  well  as  of  animal  character ;  while  trained  domestic  animals, 
birds,  insects,  and  reptiles  even  evince  great  capacity  in  this  direc- 
tion when  trained  and  permitted  to  be  the  companion  of  man. 
On  this  subject  Dr.  Lindsay  observes  thus: — 

The  dog  becomes  also  a  very  keen  and  successful  student  of  man's 
physiognomy.  It  carefully  scans  his  countenance  in  order  to  the  detection 
of  its  earliest  clouds  or  sunshine.  If  it  sees  its  master's  face  covered  with 
frowns,  it  infers  anger  and  expects  kicks, — an  inference  and  anticipation 
that  lead  it  quietly  to  get  out  of  the  waj-.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  it  meets 
smiles  or  laughs,  it  greets  its  master  joyously,  in  its  own  way  reflecting  and 

Dalton's  Treatise  on  Human  Physiology,  p.  453. 


HUMAN    NATURE. 


529 


reciprocating  his  good  humor.  Should  tears  unexpectedly  appear,  it  offers 
sympathy  and  condolence  in  forms  as  eloquent  and  unmistakable  as  man 
himself  can  use  to  brother-man.  In  coming  by  such  means  to  a  conclusion 
how  far  it  has  reason  to  fear  or  to  trust  man,  the  dog  is  very  much  on  a 
footing  with  the  child  (Darwin).* 

All  great  discoverers,  inventors,  naturalists,  musicians,  actors, 
and  dramatists  have  this  sign  well  defined,  and  find  great  need  and 
use  for  the  power  which  intuitive  knowledge  of  human  nature 
gives.  This  sign,  like  all  the  others  which  cluster  about  the  tip 
of  the  nose,  belongs  to 
perfected  races  and  people. 
The  undeveloped  races 
and  undeveloped  persons 
among  the  developed  races 
are  lacking  in  this  faculty, 
and  hence  they  use  Sus- 
picion, Jealousy,  Conceit, 
and  other  animal  -  like 
traits  in  place  of  this 
accurate  character-reading 
power.  All  things  in  Na- 
ture carry  their  signs  "  of 
character  along  with  them, 
and  show  by  their  form, 
shape,  size,  color,  and  qual- 
ity what  they  are,  the 
rank  they  hold  in  the 
world,  and  their  ability  for 

USefulneSS  Or  lOr  destrUC-  ;are  well  deflnea.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Human 
firm  ATofinvi  TIPVF>V  lir>«  Nature,  Ideality,  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation,  and  Con- 

'"•         -L^c  c"5       structiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will 

are  very  large.  The  signs  for  Observation,  Form,  Size, 
Langua'ge,  Calculation,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intui- 
tion are  conspicuous.  The  logical  or  reasoning  capacity 


FIG.  76.— JOHANN  KASPAR  LAVATER.    (DIVINE, 
POET,  AUTHOR,  PATRIOT,  PHYSIOGNOMIST.) 

Born  in  Switzerland,  17-11.  The  law  of  the  straight 
line,  curve,  and  square  governs  this  face.  Principal 
facial  sign.  Human  Nature.  The  signs  for  Conscience, 
Firmness,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of  Young.  Patriotism, 
Benevolence,  Self-esteem,  Amativeness,  Modesty,  Ap- 
probativeness,  Economy,  Sanativeness,  and  Friendship 
h 


is  not  great.  It  is  the  face  of  an  artist,  not  a  scientist ; 
hence  his  works  treat  of  physiognomy  as  an  art,  not  as 
a  science.  The  above  portrait  discloses  a  mild,  modest, 
earnest,  conscientious,  humane,  religious,  awl  literary 
character. 


and  if  we  fail  to  read 
correctly  it  is  owing  to 
our  want  of  observation 
and  acuteness,  and  no  fault 
of  Nature's.  As  soon  as 

we  have  become  fully  satisfied  that  all  things  in  Nature  proclaim 
their  character  by  their  appearance,  just  so  soon  shall  we  commence 
to  understand  her  at  her  work.  We  have  been  blessed  with  the 
faculties  of  Observation,  Reflection,  Form,  Color,  Size,  Order, 
Imagination,  Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  and  Acquisitiveness,  and 
we  find  -in  Nature's  works  the  principles  of  Form,  Size,  Color, 
Beauty,  and  Sublimity  to  be  understood.  Is  there  no  meaning  and 
proof  in  this  adaptation  of  these  conditions  of  Nature  to  the 

*Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  p.  352. 
34 


i>30  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

mental  and  moral  faculties  of  man?  If  we  can  discover  the  char- 
acter of  minerals  as  seen  in  Nature  by  their  forms,  sizes,  and  colors, 
do  you  think  that  it  was  intended  that  Man's  natural  knowledge 
of  natural  laws  and  conditions  should  stop  there"?  Prof.  Dana, 
the  celebrated  mineralogist,  discoursing  on  the  knowledge  of  char- 
acter as  exhibited  in  the  mineral  kingdom,  remarked  thus: — 

The  earth  may  be  said  to  have  costal  foundations,  and  if  there  is  not 
the  beauty  of  external  form  there  -is  the  interior,  profounder  beauty  of 
universal  law.  Each  mineral,  with  but  few  exceptions,  has  its  definite  form 
by  which  it  may  be  known,  and  as  truly  as  a  cat  or  dog. 

The  proof  of  this  sign  and  its  accompanying  faculty  is  easily 
found,  for  if  we  investigate  the  lives  and  scan  the  faces  of  all  who 
discern  the  truths,  laws,  and  principles  of  Nature  we  shall  find 
the  signs  before  mentioned  quite  prominent,  and  where  we  observe 
these  signs  we  shall  find  those  who  possess  them  to  be  lovers  and 
investigators  of  the  natural  sciences — lovers  of  truth,  hence 
enabled  to  comprehend  universal  truth,  and  with  an  insatiable 
desire  to  know  the  facts  of  Nature  as  they  exist.  This  sign 
occupies  the  most  prominent  place  in  the  face,  and  its  position 
shows  its  importance.  It  is  adapted  to  the  welfare  of  humanity, 
and  those  who  possess  this  faculty  in  a  talented  degree  are  found 
in  those  pursuits  which  tend  to  elevate  the  race  or  to  relieve  its 
distress, — such,  for  example,  as  physicians,  inventors,  reformers, 
poets,  painters,  sculptors,  actors,  naturalists  and  scientists,  physi- 
ognomists, hygienists,  and  physiologists. 

Those  who  possess  a  large  share  of  this  faculty  can  not  only 
discern  those  who  are  most  fit  to  be  the  progenitors  of  an  im- 
proved race,  but  are  also  themselves  capable  of  reproducing  superior 
types  by  reason  of  the  excess  of  this  faculty,  which  denotes  a  de- 
gree of  perfection  not  observed  in  those  who  exhibit  only  a  very 
small  amount  of  this  trait.  The  physiognomist  and  hygienist, 
physician  and  scientist  must  be  endowed  with  a  large  measure  of 
Human  Nature  in  order  to  comprehend  the  facts  and  conditions 
appertaining  to  their  various  departments  of  research.  Doubtless  the 
primary  use  of  this  knowledge  is  for  the  purpose  of  selecting-  right 
partners  in  marriage,  for  we  know  that  all  primary  faculties  are 
for  the  sustentation  and  preservation  of  the  race,  while  the  primary 
use  of  all  the  more  developed  and  perfected  faculties  is  for  the  devel- 
opment of  mankind.  The  secondary  use  of  the  later  acquisitions  to 
the  human  mind  is  for  the  further  perfection  of  the  race  by  trans- 
mission, and  we  know  that  the  talents  and  moral  and  intellectual 
virtues  which  have  been  cultivated  from  one  generation  to  another 
are  aggregated  and  intensified  by  several  generations  of  culture, 


HUMAN    NATURE.  531 

and  are  then  transmitted  in  that  highly  specialized  condition.  It 
is  by  such  course  of  action  (which  is  carried  on  in  most  cases  with- 
out reference  to  this  end)  that  races  of  singers,  actors,  judges,  and 
even  giants  and  dwarfs  are  created  as  distinct  types. 

It  is  a  historical  fact  that  there  were  fifty-seven  eminent  musicians  of 
the  Bach  family  in  German}'  in  the  course  of  eight  generations, -and  hun- 
dreds of  good  musicians  who  did  not  take  rank  as  eminent.  We  find  in 
history,  also,  a  record  of  th,e  race  of  giants  which  Frederick  William  and 
William  II  created  by  marrying  the  tallest  women  in  the  kingdom  to  their 
guardsmen, — men  who  had  been  selected  for  their  height.* 

This  method  of  scientific  selection  is  but  rarely  attempted, 
yet  such  a  plan  for  the  improvement  of  the  race  by  design  should 
be  put  in  practice  by  all  intending  marriage.  The  advice  of  a 
good  physiognomist  or  physician  should  be  had.  The  reason  why 
we  find  so  many  perverted  specimens  of  humanity  is  explained  in 
the  following1  extract : — 

In  most  cases,  however,  man  does  not  use  his  reason  and  observation 
in  a  positive  manner  for  improving  the  race,  but  the  process  which  we  call 
evolution,  or  progressive  development  in  man,  animal,  and  plant,  is  carried 
forward  by  what  is  denominated  "  natural  selection."  This  is  a  sort  of 
blind,  instinctive,  unconscious  manner  of  selecting  mates,  and  in  this  slow 
method  the  races  of  all  the  departments  of  Nature  have  progressed  through 
the  ages  that  have  passed. f 

When  we  observe  so  many  vicious,  weak,  sickly-looking 
parents  endeavoring  to  rear  offspring  we  often  think  that  the  race 
must  surely  become  extinct,  and  were  it  not  for  another  circumstance 
which  we  may  say  really  acts  as  a  law  the  extinction  of  the  human 
race  would  ensue.  The  "  survival  of  the  fittest  "  is  a  term  that  the 
late  Mr.  Darwin  has  made  popular,  and  it  is  by  the  survival  of 
the  fittest  that  the  race  is  carried  forward  slowly,  yet  surely,  by 
that  progressive  development  which  naturalists  and  physiologists 
know  to  be  an  undeniable  fact  in  Nature.  When  the  laws  of  our 
physiology  have  been  so  outraged  as  to  produce  types  too  weak  to 
survive  the  period  of  childhood,  they  die  off  and  leave  only  those 
who  have  sufficient  vitality  to  become  the  progenitors  of  a  superior 
race  or  type.  This  weediny-out  process,  which  acts  naturally  and 
unconsciously,  is  the  salvation  of  humanity,  and  we  shall  find,  if 
we  observe  with  the  eyes  of  science,  that  in  Nature  outraged  law 
executes  its  own  penalties.  "  The  man  who  sinneth  he  shall  die  " 
says  the  Scripture,  and  we  know  that  men  do  not  have  to  w;dt 
until  life  is  extinct  to  suffer  for  their  own  transgression  as  well  ns 
for  the  transgressions  of  their  forefathers.  We  are  not  living  for 

*  Hereditary  Genius,  Francis  (Jalton,  p.  '289. 
t  The  Human  Species.  Quatrefages,  p.  253. 


532  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

ourselves  exclusively,  but  really  and  truly  for  eternity.     It  is  a 

if  *  J  »•  •/ 

duty — a  religious  duty — to  study  tlie  physiology,  anatomy,  and  hy- 
giene, as  well  as  the  physiognomy,  both  of  animals  and  men.  In 
this  way  our  knowledge  of  Human  Nature  will  be  perfected,  and 
thus  we  shall  be  able  to  assist  in  selecting  suitable  persons  to 
become  the  progenitors  of  a  higher  race,  morally,  mentally,  and 
physiologically  ;  and,  since  all  experiences  are  transmitted,  our  own 
perfection  in  character-reading  may  descend  to  children  and  chil- 
dren's children  unto  many  generations.  This  is  another  use  to 
which  we  can  put  our  knowledge  of  Human  Nature.  Common 
sense,  like  Human  Nature,  is  only  inherited  experience. 

Children  while  yet  in  the  stage  of  animal  instinct  evince  a 
large  share  of  this  faculty,  as  all  mothers  can  testify  when  tjiey 
find  their  infants,  even,  taking  advantage  of  their  love  as  well  as  of 
their  weakness  of  mind,  playing  upon  their  feelings  as  skillfully  as 
a  professor  upon  the  piano.  Now,  I  do  not  use  the  term  "  instinct " 
in  a  degraded  or  ignoble  sense,  for  it  is  in  many  ways  superior  to 
reason,  and  it  is  the  faculty  most  relied  upon  by  animals  in  their 
intercourse  with  men.  The  infant  also  relies  upon  it  entirely  until 
education  and  training  modify  it,  and  he  then  looks  to  rules,  laws, 
and  precepts  for  his  guidance  in  place  of  his  inherited  perceptions 
or  instincts;  while  partial  idiots  are  much  lower  than  infants  in 
this  sense  and  not  so  high  as  dogs  or  horses.  Savages,  too,  rely  in 
a  great  measure  upon  their  feelings  in  regard  to  approaching  others, 
while  all  the  higher  domestic  animals  possess  and  exhibit  an  in- 
stinctive perception  of  character  of  a  high  order.  Dogs  seldom 
approach  or  endeavor  to  make  friends  with  one  who  does  not 
like  animals. 

Of  the  manifold  and  beneficial  uses  of  the  faculty  of  Human 
Nature  I  have  scarcely  space  to  speak.  Its  possession  in  a  large  de- 
gree robs  one  of  suspicion  and  of  the  hatred  and  jealousies  founded 
on  misinterpretation  of  character  and  motives.  A  good,  true  physi- 
ognomist, one  born  such,  has  neither  jealousy  nor  suspicion  in  his 
composition.  Were  this  the  case  he  could  not  give  a  correct  ren- 
dering of  character,  for  he  would  substitute  his  suspicions  for  truths 
and  thus  falsities  and  errors  would  mark  his  renderings  of  character. 
A  lack  of  this  faculty  makes  one  narrow-minded,  and  such  persons 
are  ill-fitted  to  comprehend  the  infinite  opulence  of  Nature  or  to 
decipher  her  ethnic  hieroglyphics,  as  observed  in  the  faces  and 
forms  of  savage  races,  idiots,  and  criminals,  for  the  laws  of  unde- 
velopment  must  be  understood  as  well  as  the  laws  of  development. 
"Nature's  speaking  marvels"  in  the  characters  of  man  and  beast 
are  truly  wonderful,  yet  can  be  comprehended  by  those  who  pos- 
sess the  right  equipments  of  character,  and  no  shadowy  sophisms 


HUMAN    NATURE.  533 

will  deceive  the  naturalist  who  has  an  eye  for  truth  and  who  is  at 
once  "  a  devotee  to  facts  and  a  master  of  the  highest  abstractions," 
— such,  for  example,  as  Aristotle,  Newton,  or  Bacon.  The  graphic 
methods  which  Nature  uses  to  reveal  the  characteristics  of  plant, 
animal,  and  mineral  are  as  correct  as  numerous.  It  is  the  duty 
and  province  of  such  as  heredity  and  evolution  have  furnished  with 
natural  gifts  to  make  known  to  those  less  favored  the  signals,  em- 
blems, and  significations  of  form,  size,  color,  and  quality  which  are 
the1  distinguishing  features  of  every  separate  atom,  organized  object, 
and  being  in  existence.  These  high  gifts  should  be  cultivated  and 
devoted  to  the  service  of  humanity  in  a  religious  spirit.  It  is  in 
this  spirit — the  spirit  of  truth — that  such  men  as  the  Herschels, 
Darwin,  Spencer,  Cuvier,  Linnaeus,  Lavoisier,  Count  Rumford, 
Joseph  Black,  Descartes,  Agricola,  Paracelsus,  Tycho  Brahe,  Wol- 
laston,  Faraday,  Fraunhofer,  and  the  rest  of  the  grand  army  of 
truth-seekers  have  proceeded  to  enlighten  the  world  with  the  truths 
of  God's  laws,  which  are  at  once  both  gospel  and  revelation.  The 
moral  character  of  the  scientific  classes  stands  head  and  shoulders 
above  that  of  almost  all  other  classes,  and  this  results  from  the  fact 
that  a  true  scientist's  character  must  be  built  on  truth, — on  Con- 
scientiousness,— else  he  would  be  as  incapable  of  discerning  and 
discovering  truths  as  an  artist  would  be  of  using  colors  were  he 
naturally  colorless  and  pallid.  The  principles  which  ona  deals  with 
most  successfully  in  his  trade  or  profession  must  be  largely  repre- 
sented in  liis  own  organism. 

The  direction  Which  Human  Nature  will  take  in  its  manifesta- 
tions depends  upon  the  faculties  in  combination.  Where  the 
practical  faculties  are  dominant  and  Human  Nature  large,  the 
individual  is  capable  of  becoming  a  physician,  physiognomist, 
or  anatomist,  and,  with  large  reflective  faculties,  an  inventor. 
Those  with  Agreeability,  Language,  and  Human  Nature  large  are 
adepts  in  managing  people  ;  they  are  plausible  and  persuasive,  and 
make  good  salesmen.  With  large  Approbativeness  added,  they 
have  the  combination  for  political  life ;  with  large  Locality  com- 
bined, they  evince  a  love  of  travel  and  discovery.  The  signs  for 
Human  Nature  and  Locality  are  very  conspicuous  in  the  faces  of 
Captain  Cook  and  Marco  Polo. 

All  great  artists,  orators,  poets,  and  actors  possess  large  Human 
Nature  and  Amativeness.  This  gives  the  combination  for  creative 
efforts,  especially  in  the  delineations  and  descriptions  of  human 
characters,  forms,  figures,  etc.  The  celebrated  detectives,  Fouche 
and  Pinkerton,  disclose  Human  Nature  most  decidedly.  Talleyrand 
also  exhibits  several  of  the  signs  for  this  faculty,  and  history  tells 
us  that  he  was  an  adept  not  only  in  reading  character,  in  discerning 


534  PRACTICA'L  AND  SCIENTIFIC  PHYSIOGNOMY. 

motives,  but  also  that  he  had  that  most  rare  faculty, — the  capacity 
for  managing  and  using  men  at  his  will. 

The  science  of  Human  Nature  is  yet  in  its  infancy.  My  own 
contribution  gives  a  foundation-system  based  on  natural  laws.  The 
superstructure  of  accumulated  facts  must  be  the  work  of  gener- 
ations of  observers.  The  scope  of  this  science  is  not  second  to  the 
solar  system,  and  as  each  astronomer  adds  to  our  knowledge  of  its 
vastness,  so  must  good,  observing  physiognomists  leave  to  posterity 
well-demonstrated  truths  which  are  incontrovertible  and  corrobo- 
rated by  all  the  other  departments  of  science,  and  thus  rescue 
this,  the  grandest  and  noblest  of  all  sciences,  from  the  hands  of 
the  charlatan,  ignoramus,  quack,  and  pretender.  No  profession 
demands  more  purity  of  life,  loftier  principles,  greater  knowledge 
of  God's  eternal  laws,  than  that  of  physiognomy.  No  profession 
demands  a  more  reverent,  devout,  and  religious  spirit,  nor  one 
more  devoted  to  absolute  truth  than  this;  hence,  it  becomes  its 
professors  to  hold  the  standard  of  character  high,  and  be  their  own 
exemplars  of  the  highest  coiiscientioiisness  and  of  demonstrable 
truths. 

ACQUISITIVENESS. 

Definition. — The  desire  to  gain,  obtain,  earn,  or  win  money, 
property,  fame,  ability,  learning,  applause,  knowledge,  or  power; 
the  provider  and  commercialist.  The  direction  which  Acquisitive- 
ness will  take  depends  upon  the  other  faculties  in  combination  in 
each  individual.  . 

An  excess  causes  one  to  be  frugal,  stingy,  and  small  in  savings ; 
perverted,  it  imparts  a  love  for  gambling  and  games  of  chance, 
and  when  unrestrained  shows  by  dishonest  methods  of  business. 
It  gives  an  insatiable  desire  for  the  acquisition  of  property,  knowl- 
edge, power,  position,  fame,  reputation,  friends,  or  whatever  the 
dominating  traits  call  for. 

A  deficiency  causes  one  to  be  careless  of  money  or  possessions, 
and  tends  to  prodigality,  improvidence,  poverty,  ignorance,  loss  of 
reputation,  and  no  desire  for  power  and  its  advantages. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — In  the  human  face  the  most  de- 
cisive signs  for  Acquisitiveness  are  found  in  the  head,  eye,  ear, 
nose,  jaw,  and  mouth.  A  thick,  heavy  upper  eyelid,  which  discloses 
a  large  surface  while  the  eye  is  open,  giving  a  sleepy  look,  is  a 
very  noticeable  sign  of  this  trait.  This  sign  is  observed  mainly 
in  Oriental  races.  Another  sign  is  shown  by  a  fullness  and  breadth 
of  the  sides  of  the  nose  just  above  the  nostril.  The  high-arched, 
convex,  or  hooked  nose,  resembling  the  beak  of  the  bird  of  prey,  is 
another  sign  of  commercial  rapacity,  as  well  as  of  the  love  of  over- 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  535 

coming  one's  enemy  or  of  removing  obstacles  in  the  way  of  glory, 
fame,  or  learning.  Wide,  predaceous  jaws  and  large  mouth,  and 
head  wide  above  the  ears,  are  also  evidences  of  commercial  Acquisi- 
tiveness. Most  of  the  great  bankers,  financiers,  and  money-kings 
have  very  large  ears ;  full,  round  foreheads,  and  large,  round,  stocky 
frames.  Misers,  whose  sole  aim  is  accumulation,  exhibit  a  pallid, 
thin,  dry,  wrinkled  under-lip,  and  body  bent  forward,  the  countenance 
sometimes  covered  with  fine  wrinkles,  falling  in  every  direction. 
Numerous  small  and  fine  wrinkles  all  over  the  face  and  lips  disclose 
a  life  of  petty  cares  and  small  earnings.  The  hands  of  misers,  as 
George  Combe  observes,  "go  out  at  the  sides  as  if  grasping  some- 
thing." This  is  caused  by  the  constant  effort  of  the  extensor 
muscles  of  the  hand  and  arm  in  reaching  forward  as  if  to  seize 
something.  This  movement  arises  from  the  dominant  idea  of 
getting,  and  all  the  outward  shapes  which  the  body  and  limbs 
assume,  if  long  continued,  reveal  the  dominant  impulse  within. 

In  animals,  Acquisitiveness  is  shown  by  prominence  of  the 
middle  incisor  teeth,  narrow  mouth,  and  flexibility  of  the  muscles, 
particularly  of  the  flexor  muscles  of  the  fore- paws.  This  descrip- 
tion applies  to  the  rodents,  such  as  the  squirrel,  rat,  etc.,  while 
predaceous  energy  is  shown  in  the  carnivorous  class  by  width 
of  jaw,  breadth  and  roundness  of  the  head,  prominence  of  the 
muscles,  broad  nose  and  nostrils,  capacious  chest,  and  strong  digest- 
ive powers.  In  the  bird  of  prey  it  is  shown  by  the  convexity  of  the 
beak,  thick  neck,  and  arching  of  the  claws,  and  powerful  muscular 
system. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  ACQUISITIVENESS. — The  physiological  base 
of  Acquisitiveness  is  derived  from  the  nutritive  functions;  its 
signs  in  the  mouth  and  nose  are  proofs  of  this  statement.  Its 
animal  manifestations  are  another  proof,  while  its  sign  in  the  nose, 
situated  next  to  Constructiveness,  and  assisting  to  form  the  sign 
for  the  stomach  (width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose),  is  still  further 
evidence  of  its  purpose  and  power  in  the  human  organism.  The 
reader  will  naturally  ask  what  right  Acquisitiveness  has  to  settle 
itself  in  the  artistic  and  literary  group.  He  will  naturally  conclude 
that  this  trait  has  strayed  away  from  its  position  in  the  vegetative 
division,  and  settled  in  a  territory  not  at  all  suitable  to  such  a 
grasping,  foraging  creature  as  this  Mr.  Acquisitiveness  appears  to 
be.  On  the  face  of  it  this  would  seem  to  be  a  correct  way  to  look 
at  this  faculty,  but  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the 
primary,  use  of  nearly  all  the  mental  faculties  relates  to  our  bodily 
wants,  and  that  their  secondary  aspect  leads  to  the  improvement 
and  advancement  of  the  race.  Ideality  tends  to  the  evolution  of 
the  race  by  giving  man  a  love  of  the  beautiful,  and  thus  leads  him 


536 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


primarily  to  select  for  marriage  those  whom  he  conceives  to  be  the 
most  beautiful  in  order  to  reproduce  the  same  types.  This  is  the 
physical  aspect  of  this  so-called  poetic  trait.  Now,  Acquisitiveness 
in  its  primary  use,  both  in  man  and  animal,  is  devoted  to  getting, 
first,  food  for  sustenance;  second,  materials  for  clothes  and  shelter 
— necessaries  of  life;  hence,  in  man  the  signs  for  this  faculty  are 
found  in  the  mouth  and  teeth  and  in  the  grasping  flexor  muscles, 

denoting  its  animal  use  and 
purpose.  From  this  expo- 
sition of  the  primary  use  of 
the  faculty  of  Acquisitive- 
ness we  are  forced  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  visceral 
organization  is  its  primitive 
physical  base.  This  logic 
is  emphasized  by  the  fact 
that  those  men  and  ani- 
mals which  exhibit  the  most 
Acquisitiveness,  and  who 
are  most  successful  in  ac- 
quisition on  a  large  scale, 
are  those  who  possess  great 
visceral  vigor;  for  large 
mouth,  jaws,  nose,  and 
nostrils  announce  the  pres- 
ence of  great  digestive, 

while   broad,  flat 
and  round  muscles 
us  of  predaceous   en- 
hooked    noses,    of 

v_/  •/     • 

grasping  rapacity ;  and 
these  signs  point  to  similar 
characteristics,  whether 
found  in  rodentia,  birds  of 
prey,  or  in  the  carnivorous 
classes  of  animals. 
Its  more  developed  mental  signs  are  found  above  the  mouth, 
in  the  eyes  and  nose,  that  purely  human  feature  adjoining  Con- 
structiveness  and  in  close  proximity  to  other  well-known  char- 
acteristic and  literary  traits ;  for  the  man  who  would  build  a 
home  or  erect  a  temple,  write  a  sermon,  paint  a  picture,  construct 
a  play,  or  deliver  an  oration,  must  first  have  the  desire  to  acquire 
sufficient  material  to  carry  forward  his  project  to  a  practical  com- 


FlG.    77.— MATTHEW    VASSAR. 
VASSAR  COLLEGE   FOR   WOMEN. 
GUISHED  COMMERCIALIST  ) 


(FOUNDER     OF 
ALSO,    DlSTIN- 


Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Acquisitiveness,  shown  by 
fullness  of  the  nose  at  the  side  just  above  the  nostril, 
wide  jaws,  large  and  broad  ears,  wide  chest,  head  broad 
just  above  the  ears.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and 
cube  governs  this  countenance.  This  face  denotes  Com- 
mercial Capacity  and  Benevolence  about  equally  devel- 
oped. The  soliil  expression  of  the  entire  face  is  most 
striking.  The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness, 
Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Economy,  Bibativeness,  Ali- 
mentiveness,  Mirthfulness,  Benevolence,  Friendship, 
Hospitality,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty  are  well  defined. 
Amativeness  and  Love  of  Young  do  not  appear  very 
large,  for  the  reason  that  the  month  has  been  habitually 
drawn  together  in  the  act  of  profound  thought,  yet  both 
these  traits  are  normally  developed.  The  signs  of  Human 
Nature,  Sublimity.  Mental  Imitation,  Acquisitiveness, 
Constructiveness,"  Veneration.  Executiyeness.  and  Self- 
will  are  most  apparent ;  Observation  is  most  decided, 
while  Language,  Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  Reason, 
and  Intuition  are  large.  Altogether  forming  the  picture 
of  an  exceedingly  well-balanced,  capable,  and  kindly 
nature. 


tell 
ersrv 


ACQUISITIVENESS. 


537 


pletion,  and  this  desire  for  acquiring  materials  relates  to  Construct-      * 
iveriess ;  hence,  its  sign  in  the  nose  is  placed  next  to  the  sign  for 
building  or  constructing.     It  also  adjoins  the  sign  for  the  stomach, 
which  is  a  muscular-constructive  organ  that  assists  by  its  power 
and  action  to  build  the  body  upon  strong  and  firm  foundations, 
and  thus  adds  to  man's  capacity  for  constructive  works  of  art  and 
literature.     The  idea  of  the  intimate  relation  between  Alimentive- 
ness,  Constructiveness,  and 
Acquisitiveness    has    been 
noticed      by      J.     Stanley 
Grimes,  the  most  original 
of  all  the  early  phrenolo- 
gists.    He  says : — 

It  is  remarkable  that  all 
the  animals  that  acquire  prop- 
erty first  make  use  of  their 
Constructiveness  to  prepare  a 
proper  store  in  which  to  de- 
posit and  preserve  it  for  future 
use.  The  beaver,  for  instance, 
makes  use  of  his  Constructive- 
ness  to  gnaw  down  trees  and 
build  a  convenient  hut,  and 
afterward  acquires  bark  to 
gratify  his  Alimentiveness 
during  winter.  The  rat,  also, 
that  notoriously  thievish  ani- 
mal, first  prepares  a  nest  or 
hiding-place  by  gnawing  and 
digging  in  a  manner  nearly  as 
ingenious  as  the  beaver,  and 
then  begins  to  acquire  p"rovis- 
ions  for  the  winter.  The  same 
is  true  of  nearly  all  the  ro- 
dentia.  It  is  interesting  thus 
to  trace  the  connection  between 
the  propensities  of  Alimentive- 
ness,  Constructiveness,  and 
Acquisitiveness,  and  at  the 
same  time  observe  the  manner 
in  which  they  are  chained 
together  in  the  brain.* 


FIG.  78.— JAY  GOULD.    (FINANCIER.) 

Born  in  America.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Ac- 
quisitiveness, shown  by  fullness  of  the  sides  of  the  nose, 
large  ears,  wide  jaws,  adjoining  the  sign  for  Construct- 
iveness. The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs 
this  face.  The  indications  of  the  upper  part  of  this 
physiognomy  teach  us  that  most  of  the  domestic  traits 
are  normally  developed.  The  signs  in  the  nose  show 
Sublimity,  Human  Nature,  Constrnctiyeness,  and  Ac- 
quisitiveness to  he  large.  This  combination  enables 
him  to  form  plans  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth.  The 
deep  color  of  the  eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  shows 
power  and  intensity  of  all  the  faculties.  The  signs  for 
Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  very  pro- 
nounced;  Observation,  Form,  Size.  Locality,  and  Calcu- 
lation are  well  defined;  Language  normally  developed; 
Memory  of  Events  and  Reason  are  uncommonly  promi- 
nent. The  peculiarities  of  this  mind  are  similar  to  those 
of  a  chess-player,  and  it  is  this  construction  and  com- 
bination of  traits,  quality,  and  color  which  give  the 
power  for  devising  schemes  for  large  acquisition.  The 
formation  and  luxuriance  of  the  hair  denote  great 
vitality,  and  the  nose  shows  descent  from  long-lived 
ancestry.  Were  the  lower  part  of  the  face  v  sible,  the 
signs  for  Secretiveness,  for  which  Mr.  (inuld  is  noted, 
would  be  easily  seen.  A  good  physiognomist  would  be 
quite  able  to  discern  them  were  he  to  see  the  subject 
face  to  face. 


Some  of  the  animals  which  possess  both  large  Constructive- 
ness  and  large  Acquisitiveness  are  noted  for  building  most  inge- 
nious and  artistic  structures  for  dwellings  and  for  defense,  such  as 
dams  and  fortifications.. 


These  dwellings  cannot  be  said  to  be 


*  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  pp.  57,  58.    Chicago. 


538  PRACTICAL   AND   SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 


built  by  htxfiiirt,  as  is  claimed  for  tbo  works  of  certain  insects,  but 
show  great  originality  and  adaptation  of  new  ideas  and  plans  ta 
new  and  unforeseen  circumstances,  as,  for  example,  the  beaver's 
lodges  and  dams,  of  which  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  remarks  thus  :  — 

The  beaver  lives  in  societies  varying  considerably  in  number  and 
united  together  in  the  formation  of  works  which  may  be  considered  as 
belonging  to  the  profession  of  the  engineer.* 

Among  other  animals  that  exhibit  the  acquisitive-constructive 
phase  of  life,  and  whose  mouth  and  teeth  present  an  appearance 
similar  to  that  seen  in  many  human  beings,  I  may  mention  the 
mouse,  rat,  lemming,  mole,  musk-rat,  porcupine,  urson,  coendoo, 
capybara,  hare,  rabbit,  jerboa,  springhaas,  chinchilla,  long-eared 
squirrel,  marmot,  prairie-dog,  and  gopher.  All  of  these  animals 
are  constructive,  many  of  them  most  artistic,  as,  for  example,  the 
mole.  They  are  also  great  feeders,  with  large  Alimentiveness,  and 
very  Acquisitive,  —  the  rat,  for  example,  stealing  and  hoarding 
many  things  which  he  cannot  use.  Many  of  the  class  of  birds 
termed  "raptores,"  or  rapacious  birds,  among  which  are  the  mag- 
pie, owl,  vulture,  eagle,  condor,  osprey,  tailor-bird,  rifle-bird,  and 
poe-bird,  show  their  rapacious,  constructive,  and  acquisitive  traits 
by  their  hooked  beaks,  arched  claws,  and  wide  mouths,  while  the 
parrot  is  a  fine  sample  of  Constructiveness,  Alimentiveness,  and 
Acquisitiveness,  for  his  gormandizing  requires  that  he  should  lay 
claws  and  beak  on  everything  eatable  in  his  native  haunts.  His 
Constructiveness  is  of  the  highest  order,  for  his  linguistic  powers- 
extend  to  the  acquirement  of  several  languages  or  portions  of 
them. 

This  exposition  of  signs  in  the  animal  **leads  us  to  infer  that 
men  built  upon  the  broad  and  muscular  plan  are  the  most  ac- 
quisitive and  constructive.  Men  who  can  eat  well  and  digest 
easily  keep  up  that  degree  of  strength  and  animal  spirits  necessary 
for  the  carrying  forward  of  great  commercial  enterprises  as  well 
as  large  architectural  projects.  De  Lesseps  at  eighty  years  of  age, 
planning  and  executing  the  immense  work  of  the  Panama  Canal, 
is  a  fine  example  of  what  good  feeding  powers  will  do  toward  the 
acquisition  and  exercise  of  great  mental  powers.  He  is  a  round 
man,  made  so  by  round  muscles. 

In  different  classes  of  persons  we  shall  find  distributed  the 
various  signs  for  Acquisitiveness.  The  commercial  classes  are  dis- 
tinguished generally  by  large  noses,  broad  and  high,  and  of  an 
even  thickness  the  whole  length,  as  is  seen  in  Elliot  C.  Cowdin, 
Matthew  Vassar,  James  Harper,  and  Samuel  Appleton,  together 

*  Wood's  Nc\v  Illustrated  History,  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,  p.  156. 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  539 

with  wide,  predaceous  jaws,  or  a  large,  high,  hooked  nose,  such  as  is 
often  seen  in  the  countenance  of  the  Hebrew  merchant  and  banker. 
All  successful  commercialists  are  good  feeders  and  have  good  diges- 
tion. Many  of  the  Oriental  commercialists,  as  the  Turk,  Persian, 
and  Mongolian,  exhibit  the  heavy,  sleepy-looking  eyelid  in  combi- 
nation with  other  signs,  such  as  the  hooked  nose,  which  looks  as  if 
ready  to  "  hook  into"  the  unsuspecting  victim,  as  do  the  eagle,  falcon, 
and  hawk  when  descending  upon  their  prey.  All  through  Nature 
we  are  met  with  the  most  incontestable  evidences  that  similarity  of 
form  denotes  similarity  of  faculty ;  hence,  wherever  we  observe  in 
man  or  animal  the  broad  and  arched  nose  we  shall  find  large  digest- 
ive power  giving  strength  and  desire  for  overcoming.  All  carnivo- 
rous animals,  those  who  spring  upon  and  devour  weaker  creatures, 
are  distinguished  by  wide  jaws;  thick,  compact  muscles;  social  and 
domestic  natures,  wide  noses  and  nostrils  (the  nostrils  and  nose 
of  the  lion  and  tiger  are  very  broad),  and  arched  claws  and  paws. 
Poets  and  literary  characters  usually  exhibit  Acquisitiveness 
by  a  fullness  of  the  nose  adjoining  Constructiveness,  yet  artists  and 
actors  show  the  sign  for  this  trait  both  in  the  eyelid  and  nose. 
Guido  Reni's  physiognomy  shows  both  these  signs  very  prominent. 
Benjamin  Franklin's  physiognomy  discloses  the  signs  for  Acquisi- 
tiveness in  the  upper  eyelid  and  nose,  and  in  the  general  strength 
and  well-nourished  appearance  of  the  body;  the  sign  for  strong 
stomach  (width  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose)  is  well  marked,  while 
frugality  and  economy,  for  which  he  was  noted,  are  indicated 
by  the  sign  for  Economy,  below  the  chin,  as  in  the  "dewlap" 
noted  in  the  sign  for  Economy.  In  the  portraits  of  literary  char- 
acters several  signs  for  Acquisitiveness  are  often  exhibited.  Some 
of  these  signs  show  possession  of  the  desire  to  acquire  money  and 
property;  others  signify  a  stronger  love  for  the  materials  of  litera- 
ture ;  others  still,  the  accumulation  of  ideas  or  other  necessities  of 
the  profession.  De  Foe,  author  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe,"  had  a  nose 
convex  in  its  outlines  and  full  at  the  sides,  thus  displaying  two 
sorts  of  Acquisitiveness.  In  Halley,  the  astronomer,  the  sign  in 
the  nose  is  large.  In  William  Penn,  also  in  John  Locke,  and  Bos- 
suet,  the  orator,  it  is  full.  Blaise  Pascal,  the  divine  and  orator,  re- 
veals three  signs,  viz.,  in  the  eyelid,  convex  nose,  and  side  of  the 
nose.  Let  the  reader  examine  the  portraits  of  Milton,  Comoille, 
Rembrandt  (who  was  noted  for  his  avarice),  Cromwell,  Lord  Chat- 
ham, Richard  Wagner,  Mdlle.  Rachel,  Wendell  Phillips,  W.  II. 
Vanderbilt,  Cyrus  Field,  Jay  Gould,  Perrier  (French  financier), 
and  Henry  Villard,  and  all  who  have  gained  fame,  fortune,  po- 
sition, and  learning.  In  all  such  he  will  find  some  of  the  signs  for 
Acouisitiveness.  The  faces  of  all  the  most  learned  Hebrew  divines 


540  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

and  scholars  exhibit  one  or  more  signs  for  this  trait  very  decidedly. 
In  them  the  well-known  Acquisitiveness  of  their  race  is  turned  to  the 
acquirement  of  knowledge,  hence  we  must  expect  that  such  energy 
as  this  force  sets  in  action  will  result  in  extraordinary  acquirements 
of  learning.  The  works  of  Josephus,  the  ancient  historian,  and 
of  Spinoza,  modern  German  litterateur,  are  evidences  of  the  ac- 
quisitive power  of  the  Hebrew  race.  One  very  decisive  and  char- 
acteristic sign  of  Acquisitiveness  observed  in  the  attitude  of  ob- 
serving, thoughtful,  and  literary  persons,  such  as  naturalists  and 
scientists,  is  the  forward  carriage  of  the  head.  This  position  facili- 
tates observation,  and  is  the  unconscious  and  involuntary  movement 
forward  which  enables  them  to  see  and  hear  whatever  attracts  their 
attention.  So  pronounced  is  this  attitude  in  this  class  that  the 
portraits  of  many  of  them  have  been  taken  in  this  position,  show- 
ing that  it  has  become  habitual.  Observe  the  pictures  of  Sir 
Joseph  Banks  and  Captain  Cook.  This  attitude  is  probably  a 
combination  of  attention  and  Acquisitiveness,  and  signifies  both. 
Dr.  Cross  has  noticed  this  peculiarity  and  writes  of  it  thus : — 

Bending  forward  of  the  neck  indicates  earnestness  or  keenness  in 
whatever  pursuit.  Accordingly,  in  all  those  emotions  and  affections  of 
which  attention  or  concern  forms  an  ingredient,  the  neck  is  bent  forward. 
The  earnestness  represented  by  the  neck  bent  forward  is  liable  to  degen- 
erate into  cunning  and  meanness  [through  excess  of  avarice,  he  should  have 
added].  All  truly  great  men  who  have  acted  distinguished  parts,  whether 
glorious  or  infamous,  in  the  great  drama  of  human  life,  have  the  neck  with 
all  the  senses  at  its  extremity  stretched  forward  in  all  the  eagerness  of  a 
hound  in  pursuit  of  its  prey.* 

It  will  be  noticed  that  mental  acquirement  has  some  signs 
distinct  from  those  which  denote  material  acquisition  merely. 
Now,  all  the  signs  for  mental  acquisition  are  in  the  eye  and  nose, 
and  are  accompanied  by  many  diverse  outlines  of  the  head,  while 
the  signs  for  material  acquisition  are  shown  by  a  relatively  broad, 
low  head;  wide,  predaceous  jaws;  large  mouth  and  large  ears; 
broad  nose,  often  lacking  the  development  about  the  tip  observable 
in  the  noses  of  poets  and  imaginative  characters ;  while  the  lowest, 
meanest,  and  smallest  manifestation  of  this  faculty  is  found  in 
petty  bodily  indications,  such  as  fine  wrinkles  upon  the  face  and 
hands;  a  stooping,  bent  posture ;  small,  impoverished  body ;  hands 
flexed,  shriveled,  pallid,  and  wrinkled  ;  thin  lips,  etc.  This  latter 
class  of  signs  is  found  most  prominent  in  the  2>ei'sonnel  of  those 
who  are  acquisitive  on  a  small  scale, — petty  housewives,  small 
dealers,  misers,  or  those  whose  capacities  for  acquiring  are  not  so 
great  that  they  can  expend  money  on  a  large  scale,  as  this  requires 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  John  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  143.    1817. 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  541 

higher  traits  than  they  possess  ;  for  a  man  who  expends  large  sums 
must  have  taste  and  judgment  in  art,  science,  or  literature,  or  he 
must  possess  social  and  domestic  faculties  on  a  large  scale,  and 
thus  love  to  put  out  money  in  these  directions.  The  character  of 
these  petty  savers  is  lacking  either  in  the  mental  or  emotional  de- 
partment ;  hence,  they  evince  but  little  desire  for  sociality,  domestic 
comforts,  or  the  refinements  of  art,  etc.,  and  they  are  thus  ahle  to 
add  half-pence  to  pence,  and  dispense  with  the  comforts  of  life 
without  a  pang ;  the  latter  sort  are  most  aptly  described  by  Mr.  J. 
Stanley  Grimes,  who  speaks  of  them  as  follows : — 

In  some  extreme  cases  of  voluntary  littleness  the  character  is  strongly 
marked  in  the  personal  appearance.  AHrnentiveness  is  made  to  suffer  ;  the 
lean,  gaunt  body  is  contracted  with  threadbare  garments  which  are  too 
small  in  all  directions;  the  shriveled  features  sharpened  to  a  point;  the 
upper  lip  drawn  toward  the  nose  exposes  the  incisor  teeth ;  the  fingers 
crooked  to  resemble  claws ;  the  body  bent  forward,  and  the  whole  figure 
and  expression  resembling  a  rat  in  a  sitting  posture.* 

Many  of  the  great  accumulators  of  the  world  are  large,  broad, 
social,  and  amative  men,  full  of  life,  with  love  of  music  and  society, 
while  nearly,  if  not  all,  of  the  petty  accumulators  and  misers  are 
small,  shriveled,  wrinkled  specimens  of  humanity,  and  exercise 
their  domestic  sentiments  in  a  very  restricted  manner  where  they 
use  them  at  all ;  they  avoid  society  for  the  reason  that  they  cannot 
warm  toward  any  one,  for  their  shriveled,  pinched,  and  parched 
lips  tell  us  that  the  juices  of  the  body  are  very  deficient,  and  that 
the  glands  are  lacking  in  functional  activity.  So  surely  does  each 
feature,  wrinkle,  and  attitude,  as  well  as  the  walk  and  hand,  reveal 
the  internal  condition  of  the  physiology  of  the  mind.  All  appear- 
ances in  connection  witli  the  human  body  form  a  criteria  of  pin  Bi- 
ological truth,  and  Nature  is  prodigal  of  the  signs,  signals,  and 
ethnic  characters  suited  to  the  scansorial  capabilities  of  all  grades 
and  shades  of  minds,  from  the  infant  up  to  the  genius. 

The  geometric  outline  of  the  body  and  form  of  each  feature 
and  limb  reveals  the  entire  man.  It  should  be  our  first  duty  to 
understand  thoroughly  these  signs  which  God  has  set  before  us  in 
every  department  of  Nature  in  the  most  affluent  manner.  Let 
the  reader  take,  for  example,  the  lower  lip  of  the  miser,  dry,  white, 
parched,  thin,  and  wrinkled,  and  compare  it  with  the  full,  moist, 
red,  juicy  lip  of  the  normal  or  generous  person,  and  he  will  soon 
be  convinced  that  the  comparison  of  resemblances  and  diversities 
is  an  excellent  method  for  the  study  of  physiognomy. 

Tall,  narrow-headed  people  have  relatively  less  Acquisition 
than  the  short,  round,  and  squat.  The  latter  are  given  up  to  the 

s  *  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  p.  60.    Chicago. 


542  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

pursuit  of  mater 'ml  tilings,  while  the  former  are  more  aspiring  and 
lead  in  moral  reform,  sympathy,  benevolence,  etc.  There  is  a  great 
resemblance  between  the  beasts  of  prey,  such  as  the  tiger  and 
panther,  and  the  forms  of  many  of  the  great  financiers, — Jim 
Fiske,  of  Erie  Railroad  notoriety,  for  example.  He  was  short  and 
round,  with  wide  jaws,  large  mouth;  broad,  low  forehead;  heavy, 
drooping  upper  eyelid ;  broad  through  the  head  above  the  ears,  and 
had  the  expression  of  a  bull-dog.  The  Rothschilds,  the  celebrated 
Hebrew  bankers  of  Europe,  are  rather  short  and  broad,  with  capa- 
cious abdomens  and  wide  heads ;  low,  full  foreheads ;  large  and 
bright  eyes,  and  short,  muscular  limbs  and  hands.  This  build 
always  indicates  predaceous  energy.  All  successful  merchants  have 
a  large  share  of  muscle,  and  the  chief  characteristic  of  muscle  in 
both  man  and  animal  is  to  grasp  and  hold  on.  This  grasping  pro- 
pensity shows  in  the  human  family  by  love  of  trade  in  which  one 
profits  by  the  industry  of  another  without  himself  producing  any- 
thing^ preying  alike  upon  the  necessities  of  producer  and  consumer, 
and  this  is  the  basis  of  the  present  commercial  system.  It  is  pre- 
cisely what  the  bird  of  prey  does  when  he  swoops  down  upon  the 
toiling  king-fisher  and  takes  from  him  by  force  the  fish  he  has 
wrested  from  the  waves  by  the  exercise  of  his  strength  and  talents. 
The  present  commercial  system  is  animal-like  and  based  on  dis- 
honesty, oppression,  and  robbery.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  "en- 
lightened self-interest"  of  the  people  coupled  with  high  ideas  of 
justice  will  sweep  away  this  system  of  injustice,  and  regulate 
the  exchange  of  products  in  such  manner  as  will  insure  the  right 
reward  to  the  producer  and  a  just  price  for  the  consumer.  The 
present  revolt  of  the  laboring  classes  tends  in  this  direction,  and 
doubtless  a  radical  change  will  blot  this  and  kindred  evils  out  of 
existence. 

Acquisitiveness  is  a  most  useful  faculty  when  not  excessive  or 
perverted.  The  Oriental  races — the  Hindoo,  the  Arab,  the  Turk, 
the  Hebrew,  and  Mongolian — possess  a  large  share  of  Acquisitive- 
ness, and  in  them  the  muscular  system  is  in  the  ascendency,  as  it 
is  in  all  the  beasts  and  birds  of  prey.  They  are  fond  of  trading 
and  gaming,  speculating,  and  lotteries.  Many  of  them  possess 
most  avaricious  dispositions,  and  prefer  to  gain  at  the  expense  of 
others'  toil. 

Many  eminent  men  exhibit  the  signs  for  Acquisitiveness. 
George  Washington's  eye  and  nose  are  both  evidences  of  the  pres- 
ence of  this  trait,  but  in  him  it  was  balanced  by  Reason,  Conscience, 
and  Benevolence  ;  hence  it  was  exhibited  in  his  character  by  a 
wise  and  prudent  administration  of  property  and  resources.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin's  "Poor  Richard's  Maxims"  relating  to  economy 


ACQUISITIVENESS.  543 

are  known  the  world  over,  and  in  his  case  Acquisitiveness  was 
balanced  by  other  high  traits, — Reason  and  Benevolence. 

Many  of  the  most  eminent  artists,  poets,  painters,  singers,  and 
writers  have  been  noted  for  large  Acquisitiveness, — not  only  for  a 
•desire  to  acquire  fame  and  popularity,  but  for  a  desire  to  earn  and 
retain  money  and  property.  The  celebrated  French  actress,  Mdlle. 
Rachel,  in  her  last  illness,  it  is  said,  would  entertain  herself  for 
hours  by  tossing  up  oranges  and  gold  pieces  for  toys,  so  great  was 
her  pleasure  in  handling  gold.  Others  of  the  poetic  brotherhood 
have  shown  themselves  quite  impractical  in  money  matters ;  yet, 
as  a  rule,  all  of  the  artistic  classes  possess  a  large  degree  of  Ac- 
quisitiveness. Whether  they  make  good  use  of  their  gains  or 
invest  them  judiciously  depends  upon  other  traits  in  combination. 
Jenny  Lind  and  Patti  have  amassed  fortunes  and  invested  them 
with  prudence,  while  many  eminent  poets  have  used  their  means, 
•either  inherited  or  earned,  with  care  and  forethought, — Tennyson, 
for  example, — and  the  sign  for  Acquisitiveness  is  quite  large  in  his 
nose. 

Where  Approbativeness  is  large  in  combination,  fame,  repu- 
tation, and  adulation  will  be  most  desired.  Those  with  small 
Caution,  large  Acquisitiveness,  and  small  Conscientiousness  will 
pursue  dishonest  plans  and  exhibit  a  love  of  gaming,  betting,  and 
lotteries ;  with  large  Friendship,  Acquisition,  Benevolence,  and 
small  Cautiousness  they  will  do  a  great  deal  for  friends  and  often 
go  beyond  their  depths,  and  by  signing  notes  for  friends  become 
bankrupt  and  impoverished ;  with  a  large  mental  system  and 
Ideality  they  will  accumulate  books,  objects  of  art,  etc  ;  with  large 
Veneration  added  they  will  collect  old  coins,  ancient  books,  and 
antiquities  of  all  sorts ;  with  large  domestic  traits  and  small  social 
faculties  they  will  do  and  expend  more  for  the  family  and  very  little 
for  society,  and  with  large  Secretivcness  and  Caution  in  combination 
they  will  manifest  great  prudence,  care,  and  foresight  in  business. 

Acquisitiveness  is  the  distinguishing  trait  of  development. 
Children  and  undeveloped  races  seldom  lay  up  anything  for  future 
use.  Many  animals  are  more  prudent  and  thoughtful  for  the 
future  than  many  men  among  the  civili/ed  races,  for  the  squirrel, 
bee,  beaver,  rat,  and  dog  lay  by  supplies  for  the  sustentation  of 
themselves  and  their  offspring,  thus  teaching  us  that  we  are  not 
entirely  superior  to  the  lowly  beasts  and  insects,  and  that  we  share 
with  them  the  development  of  all  mental  traits,  differing  in  degree 
but  not  in  kind.  The  more  comparisons  we  institute  among  all 
departments  of  animate  nature,  the  more  evidence  we  shall  accumu- 
late of  the  fact  that  one  mind,  one  life,  and  one  spirit  animate  the 
entire  circle  of  what  we  understand  as  existence. 


544 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Definition. — The  faculty  which  gives  the  artist,  mechanic,  and 
inventor  the  capacity  for  building,  modeling,  drawing,  running 
machinery,  and  also  bestows  originality,  skill,  deftness,  knack,  mid 
versatility,  and  gives  flexibility  to  the  muscular  system.  Large 
Constructiveness  gives  a  sense  of  weight  and  an  innate  percep- 
tion of  the  laws  and  operation  of  natural  mechanical  forces; 

assists  the  musician,  sculp- 
tor, painter,  athlete,  chess- 
player, actor,  novelist,  and 
scientist. 

An  excess,  when  not 
balanced  by  reason  and  the 
practical  faculties,  leads  to 
chimerical  and  impractical 
inventions, — "motors"  that 
never  move, — and  to  use- 
less and  foolish  mechanical 
contrivances. 

A  deficiency  is  shown 
by  singular  awkwardness 
in  the  handling  of  tools 
and  in  all  constructive 
work.  With  Constructive- 
ness  small,  the  character 
lacks  originality  and  spon- 
taneity, and  shows  very 
little  ability  to  write  well, 
draw,  model,  form,  outline, 
operate  machinery,  or  to 
learn  readily  the  mechan- 
ism of  the  keyboard  of  the 
piano,  or  other  musical  in- 

The  quality  is  of  the  highest  order.  strument,  or  any  mechan- 

ical  principles ;  its  absence 

makes  one  very  unskillful  in  playing  ball,  in  marksmanship,  or 
in  athletics. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs.'- — The  sign  for  Constructiveness  in 
the  nose  is  shown  by  fullness  of  that  feature  just  above  Acquisi- 
tiveness, causing  it  to  be  well  rounded  out  at  the  sides  or  alse,  just 
below  the  "  bridge."  Noses  having  an  indentation  at  this  part  be- 
token a  lack  of  artistic  mechanism.  Many  other  signs  there  are 
for  this  faculty ;  as  it  is  a  muscular  trait,  signs  of  its  presence  will 


FIG.  79.— JOHN  ERICSSON.    (EMINENT 
MECHANICIAN.) 

Born  in  Sweden,  1803.  Principal  facial  sign,  Con- 
structiveness, shown  by  fullness  of  the  sides  of  the 
nose,  general  form  and  size  of  the  nose,  size  and  shape 
of  the  forehead,  and  rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the 
forehead.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,' curve,  and  cube 

§overns  this  countenance.  The  vegetative  svstem  is 
ere  well  represented.  Conscientiousness,  Firmness, 
Love  of  Home,  Patriotism,  Friendship,  Economy,  Love 
of  Young,  Sanativeness,  and  Benevolence  are  all  well 
defined. "  Amativeness  is  normal,  while  Self-esteem  is 
most  uncommonly  lartje,  showing  the  thorough  inde- 
pendence and  dignity  of  the  man.  The  nose  is  broad  in 
the  back  the  entire  length,  and  short  relative  t  the 
length  of  the  face,  thus  showing  the  dominance  of  mus- 
cular structure.  The  signs  for  Sublimity,  Acquisitive- 
ness, Constrnctiveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness.  and 
Self-will  are  exceedingly  well  developed.  The  signs  for 
Form,  Size,  Observation,  Weight,  Locality,  and  Calcula- 
tion are  very  large,  and  show  the  mechanical  capacities 
of  this  mind.  In  the  upper  third  of  the  face  the  signs 
for  Order,  Time,  Reason,  and  Intuition  are  immense. 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 


545 


be  found  all  over  the  body, — in  the  head  and  limbs,  in  the  walk, 
voice,  and  gesture.  Its  basis  being  the  muscular  system,  the 
rounded  and  curved  individual  is  its  best  representative.  Con- 
structiveness may  be  known  by  a  rounding  out  of  the  temples,  erro- 
neously described  by  phrenology  as  an  "  organ"  at  this  point,  but 
really  caused  by  round  bones  and  round  muscles, — the  combination 
that  gives  the  highest  capacity  for  construction.  Other  and  second- 
ary signs  are  seen  in  the  large,  full  eyes ;  arched  eyebrows,  round 
ears,  oval  face,  round  head ; 
tapering,  flexible  fingers ; 
small,  rounded  wrists  and 
joints,  with  the  bones  rela-. 
tively  small  and  well  cov- 
ered by  muscle ;  easy, 
graceful  walk ;  beautiful, 
curved  gestures ;  mellow, 
sonorous  voice  and  playful 
disposition  ;  short  and  thick 
feet,  and  arched  instep. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CON- 
STRUCTIVENESS. —  The  fac- 
ulty for  artistic  construction 
is  of  the  highest  order  only 
where  the  muscular  system 
predominates  over  the  bony 
system,  together  with  a 
brain  system  of  fine  qual- 
ity. Mechanical  skill  is 
of  the  highest  order  only 
where  the  bony  system  is 
in  the  ascendency.  For 
the  purposes  of  art  the  flex- 
ibility of  the  muscles  must 
be  perfect,  and,  as  bones  are 
not  flexible,  we  find  in  all 
the  artistic  classes  the  domi- 
nance of  the  muscular  system  in  conjunction  with  a  suitable  brain 
and  nervous  system.  The  great  masters  of  art,  the  most  eminent 
actors,  poets,  orators,  and  writers,  must  possess,  of  course,  more 
highly-specialized  brains  than  the  lower  classes  of  muscular  people. 
The  mere  athletes,  dancers,  singers,  musicians,  oarsmen,  riflemen, 
and  other  professional  sportsmen  do  not  require  so  well-developed 
a  brain  nor  so  sensitive  a  nervous  system  as  the  higher  classes  of 
artists,  although  many  of  them  are  men  of  intelligence.  Many 


FIG.  80.— JOHN    Bt'NYAN.     (TINKER,   PREACHER, 
AUTHOR.) 

Principal  facial  sign.  Constructiveness,  shown  by  full- 
ness of  the  sides  of  the  nose,  form  of  the  nose,  and 
rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the  forehead.  The  law  of 
the  straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  This  sub- 
ject worked  at  a  mechanical  trade  in  early  life,  yet 
could  neither  read  nor  write  until  he  arrived  at  manhood. 
This  nose  shows  more  literary  than  mechanical  con- 
structiveness.  The  domestic  sentiments  are  well  repre- 
sented. Love  of  the  beautiful  in  the  opposite  sex  is 
shown  by  the  dimpled  chin,  while  Firmness,  Conscien- 
tiousness, Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Amativeness.  Love 
of  Young,  Mirthf  illness,  Modesty.  Approbativeness, 
Friendship,  and  Color  are  most  apparent.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  for  Mental  Imitation,  Human  Nature.  Hope, 
Analysis,  Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Venera- 
tion, Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are  conspicuous. 
Form,  Size,  Prescience,  Credenciveness,  Calculation, 
Order,  Locality,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are 
large.  The  extraordinary  face  of  an  extraordinary  num. 


54()  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

singers  and  instrumental  musicians  have  a  fine  and  sensitive  nerv- 
ous system,  yet,  as  a  rule,  not  very  high  intellectual  gifts,  their 
work  requiring  mainly  only  the  use  of  powers  drawn  from  the  mu>- 
cular  system.  But  to  whichever  class  these  several  varieties  of 
artists  belong,  the  nose  will  be  rounded  at  Constructiveness ;  the 
sides  of  the  head  will  round  out,  the  fingers  will  be  tapering  and 
flexible,  and  the  entire  organism  constructed  on  the  plan  that  best 
favors  gracefulness,  ease  of  motion,  imitation,  imagination,  enthusi- 
asm, sociality,  sportiveness,  and  vocal  capacity,  and  which,  in  short, 
is  adapted  to  the  production  of  carved  motions.  Upon  due  exam- 
ination and  analysis,  we  shall  find  that  the  foundation  of  ever}  art 
is  the  curve,  whether  it  be  painting,  musical  instrumentation,  sing- 
ing, constructing  the  musical  cadence  of  poetry,  or  the  use  of  the 
voice  in  oratory,  elocution,  or  singing  (for  vocal  sounds  cause 
curved  waves  of  the  atmosphere  to  impinge  upon  the  ear,  which  is 
also  constructed  upon  the  circular  plan,  both  without  and  within)  ; 
or  the  curved  motion  of  gestures,  or  the  graceful  poses  and  atti- 
tudes of  the  actor  and  orator.  Whatever  the  nature  of  the  art, 
the  ability  to  produce  curves  must  come  from  the  flexibility  of  the 
muscular  system,  for  they  cannot  be  produced  by  any  other  system. 
The  finest  intellect  in  the  world,  if  destitute  of  a  suitable  muscular 
development,  could  not  sing  an  air,  play  a  sonata,  paint  a  picture, 
deliver  an  oration,  nor  delineate  a  play  properly.  The  brain  of  the 
person  whose  muscles  dominate  the  bones,  it  is  logical  to  infer,  is 
composed  of  different  proportions  of  brain-elements  from  those  of 
the  brain  of  one  whose  osseous  system  is  in  the  ascendency ;  for, 
inasmuch  as  his  entire  structure — his  bones  as  well  as  his  muscles — 
is  more  flexible,  it  follows  that  there  must  be  more  anima /ingredi- 
ents than  mineral  in  his  entire  organism.  Every  portion  of  his 
frame  proves  this ;  even  the  hair  of  the  muscular  individual  is 
softer,  more  flexible,  and  more  easily  curled  than  that  of  a  bony 
person.  Curly  or  wavy  hair  is  rarely  or  never  seen  on  the  head 
of  an  osseous  individual,  his  hair  being,  as  a  rule,  very  straight  and 
difficult  to  wave  or  curl,  while  the  hair  and  beards  of  muscular  peo- 
ple incline  to  curl  and  wave,  and  are  singularly  lustrous,  proving 
the  presence  of  animal,  oily  secretion,  while  the  hair  of  the  osseous 
subject  is  dryer  and  not  so  glossy.  The  finger-nails,  too,  of  the 
constructive  individual  are  thinner  and  more  pliable,  while  every- 
thing connected  with  this  class  of  persons  points  to  the  greater  de- 
velopment of  gelatinous  material  rather  than  of  the  mineral.  The 
analysis  of  muscle  shows  a  large  proportion  of  gelatin, — animal 
substance, — while  a  chemical  analysis  of  bone  discloses  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  phosphates  of  lime, — a  mineral  matter  which  gives 
to  the  bones  as  well  as  to  the  tissues  their  solidity  and  consistency. 


CONSTRUCTIYENESS.  547 

Now,  small,  round  bones  and  large,  round  muscles  (the  combina- 
tion most  frequently  observed  in  the  higher  classes  of  artists)  would 
naturally  possess  more  flexibility  than  large,  square  bones  and  flat 
muscles, — the  combination  which  characterizes  those  who  possess 
relatively  less  original  artistic  constructive  skill ;  hence  it  is  that  the 
bones  of  the  skull  of  this  class  are  more  rounding  and  the  joints  of 
the  muscular  individual  more  flexible  than  those  of  the  purely  osse- 
ous subject.  The  rounding  out  of  the  sides  of  the  head,  which  our 
phrenological  friends  would  have  us  believe  is  caused  by  brain 
development,  termed  by  them  an  "  organ,"  is,  I  think,  conclu- 
sively proved  to  be  nothing  more  than  the  bulge  produced  by  the 
combination  of  round  bones  and  round  muscles. 

There  is  a  long  physiological  history  attached  to  every  mental 
faculty,  and,  at  the  risk  of  being  considered  dry  and  prolix,  I 
introduce  in  this  chapter  a  short  physiological  and  anatomical 
description  of  the  base  of  each  separate  mental  manifestation, 
deeming  it  only  just  to  my  readers  and  to  the  science  that  this 
should  be  intelligently  understood.  The  "Basic  Principles  of 
Form"  are  elaborated  in  the  chapter  of  that  name,  yet  it  is 
impossible  to  describe  Constructiveness  without  trenching  'con- 
siderably upon  the  subject  matter  of  that  chapter.  This,  I  think, 
will  not  be  a  disadvantage  to  the  student,  as  these  principles  cannot 
be  injured  by  repetition. 

The  construction  and  operation  of  the  muscular  system  have 
been  fully  discussed  elsewhere,  yet  it  is  apropos  to  the  present 
topic  that  a  short  description  of  the  mechanical  powers  inherent 
in  the  muscular  system  should  be  given.  It  includes  in  its  action 
the  arch,  the  pulley,  the  wedge,  the  several  lever  powers,  the  ball- 
and-socket  joint,  the  hinge, and  valve;  joints  with  a  lateral  motion, 
also  with  a  gliding  motion,  mixed  joints,  together  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  hydrostatics,  gravity,  capillary  attraction,  magnetism, 
optics,  pneumatics,  acoustics,  chemical  action,  and  mechanical 
action.  This  exposition  of  the  inherent  powers  of  the  muscular 
system  explains  icliy  those  who  possess  a  fine  endowment  of 
muscles  are  enabled  to  construct,  form,  and  fashion  whatever  has 
for  its  leading  principles  these  several  powers.  The  human 
body  is  the  highest  expression  of  architectural  skill, — the  most 
perfectly  constructed, — and  in  its  operation  combines  nearly  all  of 
the  principles  of  natural  forces,  and  these  are  nearly  all  mani- 
fested by  means  of  bones  and  muscles;  and,  although  we  cannot 
possibly  comprehend  a  tithe  of  the  complex  operations  of  the 
systems  within  the  body,  even  with  the  aid  of  the  microscope,  we 
yet  know  that  it  is  the  perfection  of  harmony,  and  the  type  of  all 
creative,  constructive  energy. 


548  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Before  passing  on  to  the  consideration  of  the  mental  aspects 
of  Constructiveness,  I  may  mention  that  round-built,  muscular 
races  of  men  and  animals  are  more  prolific,  more  creative  plii/xi- 
m////,  than  the  square-built,  bony  men  and  animals.  To  those 
who  have  imbibed  the  notion  that  the  brain  is  all  powerful,  and 
that  it  is  the  organ  of  the  mind  exclusively, — the  organ  by  which 
men  are  able  to  carry  forward  artistic  works  of  all  kinds, — I 
would  say  that  every  different  formation  of  man  has  undoubtedly 
a  different  construction  of  brain,  not  only  as  regards  its  form  or 
shape,  but  in  regard  to  its  component  particles  and  proportions. 
Most  great  artists  have  such  a  combination  of  brain  and  muscle 
as  to  lead  us  to  say  of  them  that  they  are  "  brain-and-muscle 
men."  Other  lower  types  of  artists,  such  as  those  who  are 
athletes  merely,  without  sufficient  brain  development  in  combi- 
nation with  their  muscular  system  to  enable  them  to  plan  fortifi- 
cations, pictures,  statuary,  etc.,  may  be  considered  as  "muscular 
men"  solely;  or,  if  the  thoracic  system  is  equal  in  development, 
as  it  often  is  in  oarsmen,  ball-players,  gymnasts,  etc.,  they  may  be 
denominated  "  muscle-and-lung  men,"  for  this  method  of  termi- 
nology gives  in  a  sentence  the  dominating  forces  of  the  mind  of 
the  individual  thus  characterized ;  and  after  one  has  become  con- 
versant with  the  leading  traits  which  inhere  in  the  different 
functions,  he  will  be  able  to  say  what  are  the  mental  and  physical 
capacities  of  any  given  subject  without  even  seeing  the  person. 
By  having  a  description  of  the  dominant  functions  a  physiognomist 
would  be  able  to  read  most  of  the  character.  To  say  to  one  who 
has  read  this  work  attentively  that  a  certain  person  is  a  "  brain- 
and-bone  man,"  or  a  "  brain-and-muscle  man,"  or  a  "  vegetative 
man,"  or  of  a  purely  "muscular  type,"  is  to 'unfold  directly  a 
great  share  of  the  character  of  the  person  thus  designated. 
Beginners,  in  investigating  the  differences  observed  in  the  several 
organ  systems  of  men  and  animals,  will  find  that  their  powers 
of  observation  and  comparison  will  be  taxed  to  the  uttermost  in 
order  to  render  a  true  and  correct  judgment.  Comparative 
anatomy  is  a  science  which  will  aid  us  in  this  most  important 
branch  of  physiognomy.  By  it  the  student  will  learn  to  dis- 
tinguish the  difference  between  the  vegetative,  the  muscular,  the 
bony,  and  the  thoracic  systems  of  men  and  animals.  Not  only 
will  he  observe  these  differences,  but  he  will  soon  learn  to  estimate 
the  degree  of  development  of  each  of  these  systems  found  in 
combination  in  each  subject.  All  these  differences  must  be 
comprehended  and  the  relativity  of  these  functions  understood 
almost  at  a  glance. 

All  persons  in  whom  the  muscular  system  predominates  can 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS.  549 

sing,  play  upon  musical  instruments,  dance,  write,  model,  draw, 
and  paint  better  than  those  whose  bones  are  large  and  square. 
There  are  many  persons  of  fine  intellectual  endowments  and 
acquirements  who  cannot  be  taught  to  practice  successfully  any 
mechanical  or  artistic  profession,  because  the  brain  system  domi- 
nates and  the  muscles  and  bones  are  not  sufficiently  developed  to 
assist  these  mechanical  efforts.  This  fact  proves  that  each  combi- 
nation of  functions  has  a  brain  which  works  in  harmony  with  its 
physiological  and  anatomical  structure.  The  mechanical  body  and 
hand  are  accompanied  by  a  square-built  mechanical  brain,  and  the 
body,  hands,  and  feet  of  an  artist  are  provided  with  the  rounding 
head  of  an  artist.  These  harmoniously  constructive  principles 
inhere  in  every  department  of  Nature's  works. 

In  the  mineral  kingdom  this  principle  is  most  wonderfully 
and  beautifully  exemplified  in  the  various  crystallizations  of  gems 
and  stones,  and  every  different  mineral  or  gem  always  assumes  a 
certain  and  definite  shape  and  color  by  which  it  is  known  from 
all  other  formations.  In  the  vegetable  kingdom,  not  a  blade  of 
grass,  or  leaf,  or  blossom,  but  testifies  to  the  creative  and  construct- 
ive power  of  the  great  Architect  of  all.  In  the  insect  world  we 
can  but  admire  the  constructive  energy  of  the  spider,  bee,  and  ant. 
These  creatures  are  all  endowed  with  a  muscular  system  which 
dominates  all  the  other  functions  in  their  organism,  and  they 
•exhibit  precisely  the  same  traits  which  characterize  human  beings 
whose  muscular  systems  are  in  the  ascendency.  They  are 
ingenious,  constructive,  mathematical,  and  geometrical,  as  witness 
the  hexagonal  cell  of  the  ant,  the  -geometrically-arranged  web 
of  the  spider,  and  the  fine  adaptation  of  the  hinge-principle  in 
the  door  of  the  dwellings  of  certain  species ;  while  the  architectural 
skill  displayed  by  the  ant  is  most  wonderful,  and  is  not,  as  many 
believe,  altogether  a  matter  of  instinct,  but  is  original,  ingenious, 
and  inventive,  adapting  means  to  new  and  unforeseen  circum- 
stances. The  ant  is  in  disposition  like  muscular  men,  being  pro- 
lific, social,  domestic,  graceful,  strong,  often  cruel  or  unfeeling, 
and  fond  of  domination,  as  exhibited  in  his  slave-holding 
customs. 

The  same  constructive  talent  is  shown  by  birds,  some  of 
which  build  the  most  ingeniously-contrived  nests.  Among  animals, 
constructive  aesthetic  talent  is  disclosed  by  those  species  that 
exhibit  relatively  the  most  muscle.  The  mole  and  beaver  are  not 
so  large  as  the  dog  and  horse,  but  are  more  muscular  relatively ; 
that  is  to  say,  their  muscular  system  is  in  excess  of  the  bony. 
The  mole  constructs  a  beautiful  little  home,  built  with  five  circular 
galleries,  with  ingeniously-contrived  modes  of  ingress  and  egress. 


550  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

All  animals  that  burrow,  build,  and  construct  have  relatively  more 
muscle  than  bone.  The  movements  of  these  creatures  are  graceful, 
and  their  forms  rounded ;  the  paws  are  soft,  flexible,  round,  and 
rapid  in  movement, — quite  different  from  the  bony  limbs  and  feet 
of  the  dog  and  horse.  The  latter  are  more  moral  and  intelligent 
than  (in a  imixridar  animal,  for  the  bony  system  is  a  higher  and 
more  substantial  system  than  the  muscular.  Mechanics  and  scien- 
tists, in  whom  the  bone  and  brain  systems  are  supreme,  are  more 
moral  than  artists,  as  a  class.  Where  muscles  predominate  we 
find  the  emotions,  particularly  the  amative  propensity,  excess!  \<-. 
and  this  does  not  tend  to  the  same  degree  of  moral  control  that  is 
exhibited  by  the  dominance  of  the  bony  system.  I  have  shown 
that  the  round  form  is  the  artistic  build ;  it  is  therefore  the  most 
suitable  formation  for  artistic  effort;  it  also  denotes  generative 
capacity,  and  love,  ardor,  enthusiasm,  imagination,  credenciveness, 
imitation,  and  constructiveness,  which  in  combination,  and  in 
excess,  are  opposed  to  that  coolness  and  self-control  which  the 
highest  morality  requires. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  as  well  as  the  most  difficult 
studies  of  physiognomy  is  found  in  the  endeavor  to  analyze  the 
combinations  of  systems  of  functions  observed  in  each  individual, 
and  especially  in  gifted  persons,  for  here  we  find  the  best  field 
for  discovery,  analysis,  and  verification.  The  physiognomy  of  a 
perfected  character  offers  more  to  the  mind,  and  presents  such 
arrangement  and  development  of  facial  features  as  to  delight  the 
physiognomist.  When  I  meet  with  a  countenance  which  reveals 
to  me  the  character  of  a  highly-gifted  person,  whether  in  art, 
science,  or  domestic  traits,  I  think  I  experience  all  the  gratification 
which  an  artist  would  feel  were  he  suddenly  to  come  upon  one  of 
the  works  of  the  old  masters  in  some  unexpected  nook  or  garret. 
An  expressive  face  speaks  to  the  beholder  in  most  unmistakable 
language.  After  one  has  acquired  a  knowledge  of  scientific 
physiognomy  he  can  never  mistake  a  knave  for  an  honest  man, 
nor  a  common-faced  person  for  a  genius.  Neither  will  talent  and 
goodness  pass  him  unnoticed.  And  the  face  which  in  his  days  of 
physiognomic  ignorance  he  might  have  considered  as  plain  or 
homely  may,  under  the  full  blaze  of  physiognomical  law,  reveal 
traits  of  beauty  and  power.  Art-standards  cannot  be  relied  upon 
to  express  scientific  truths.  The  faces  of  many  of  the  most  highly 
gifted  persons  do  not  exhibit  the  sort  of  expressions  that  art  would 
term  "beautiful."  Only  the  height  of  science  and  an  application 
of  her  laws  can  unfold  to  us  the  true,  inner,  and  hidden  meaning 
of  every  thing  in  Nature.  Form  and  function,  and  function  and 
faculty,  are  synonymous  and  convertible  terms.  Given  a  certain 


CONSTRUCTIVENESS.  551 

form,  and  the  physiognomist  can  describe  the  physical  functions 
and  mental  faculties  which  belong  to  it,  and  which  are  always 
associated  with  it. 

I  designate  the  muscular  system  the  "artistic"  system,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  "mechanical"  system,  which  is  best  ex- 
hibited where  the  bones  are  slightly  in  excess  of  the  muscles.  The 
fact  is,  that  art  and  mechanism  are  both  influenced  by  some  of 
the  same  laws  and  principles,  but  artistic  construction  depends 
mainly  upon  the  flexibility  of  muscle  and  the  curves  produced  by 
muscular  movement,  together  with  the  sort  of  pressure  or  touch 
imparted  by  its  action.  The  touch  of  the  fingers  of  the  finely-organ- 
ized muscular  person  upon  the  keys  of  the  piano,  upon  the  bow  of  the 
violin,  or  upon  other  stringed  or  wind  instruments,  is  far  more  mellow, 
rich,  melting,  and  harmonious  than  that  produced  by  the  large, 
square-boned  fingers  of  the  mechanic  or  scientist.  The  voices  of 
these  two  classes  exhibit  just  the  same  differences;  the  more  muscle, 
the  more  mellifluous,  sweet,  and  soothing  the  voice,  and  if  to  this 
is  added  a  good  degree  of  the  vegetative  system,  as  seen  in  the 
portraits  of  Parepa  Rosa,  for  example,  the  voice  will  give  forth  a 
quality  of  sympathy  most  touching.  The  peculiarity  of  the  curving 
nature  of  muscle  is  also  influential  in  the  rhythmic  lines  of  the 
poet  and  the  waves  of  sound  produced  by  the  voice  in  oratory  and 
singing;  also  in  the  motions  caused  by  the  gestures  of  the  actors. 
Moreover,  many  artists  work  with  tools  and  machinery  of  a  circular 
form,  and  depend  upon  mechanism  of  this  conformation  to  produce 
like  effects  in  external  works.  Now,  the  mechanic,  having  the  bones 
slightly  in  excess  of  the  muscles,  presents  a  more  angular  appear- 
ance, and  externally  produces  work  which  is  characterized  by 
angles,  as  exhibited  in  house,  furniture,  buildings,  and  all  mechan- 
ical objects  presenting  plane  surfaces,  angles,  and  cuboid  forms.  It 
is  true  that  the  mechanical  principles  inherent  in  the  human 
organism  are  connected  mainly  with  the  muscular  and  osseous 
systems;  yet  a  preponderance  of  muscle  over  bone  makes  a  man 
an  artist,  while  different  proportions  of  these  two  systems  giving 
the  supremacy  to  the  bone  create  mechanical  ability. 

The  constructiveness  which  accompanies  an  excess  of  muscle 
gives  capacity  for  setting  up  and  running  machinery,  talent  for 
playing  and  comprehending  the  mechanism  of  the  piano,  violin, 
harp,  organ,  etc;  also,  for  becoming  expert  and  dexterous  in  the 
use  of  the  sewing-machine  or  other  running  machinery.  Where 
there  is  a  good  brain  development  in  combination  with  the  muscular 
system,  the  mechanical  principles  will  show  in  the  construction  of 
ingenious  and  complicated  stories,  characterized  by  skill  in  the  plot, 
as  witnessed  in  the  fictions  of  Shakespeare,  Dickens,  and  Wilkie 


552  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Collins,  and  in  the  plays  of  Tom  Taylor  and  Dion  Boucicault. 
Thus  these  brain-and-muscle  men  are  artists  with  the  pen.  This 
class  of  minds  comprehend  mental  constructiveness,  and  practice  it 
externally  by  ingenious  writings.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  and  other 
good  orators  and  divines  of  the  artistic  build  show  the  dominance 
of  this  system  by  the  fine  literary  construction  of  their  speeches 
and  sermons. 

A  slight  difference  in  the  iiroportions  of  these  two  systems, 
and  a  slight  difference  of  degree  in  the  brain  development,  gives  us 
an  organ-player  like  the  celebrated  Bowman,  of  Boston,  or  a  com- 
poser like  Handel,  while  other  differences  of  degree  produce  a 
Stephenson,  a  Watt,  a  Fulton,  or  an  Edison.  These  differences 
are  easily  understood  by  the  observing  physiognomist,  and  each 
individual  is  assigned  his  own  proper  place  in  art  or  mechanism 
upon  a  close  scrutiny  of  the  face,  form,  hand,  etc;  for  I  hold 
that  the  hand  is  a  mental  feature,  and  must  be  examined  in  order 
to  give  the  most  complete  reading  of  character.  The  human  hand 
and  the  human  nose  are  more  purely  mental  than  animal  fea- 
tures, for  the  reason  that  no  animal  has  either  a  hand  or  nose  at 
all  comparable  to  the  human  hand  and  nose.  They  are  both  found 
in  a  state  of  greatest  perfection  with  the  most  perfected  persons 
and  races,  hence  entirely  distinct  from  those  of  the  savage,  idiot, 
infant,  and  undeveloped  people  generally.  The  hand  performs  the 
nicest  and  most  skillful  work  that  the  mind  can  invent,  and  with- 
out the  deft,  flexible,  and  perfect  hand  the  tine  mechanical  and 
artistic  plans  of  the  most  ingenious  mind  would  end  in  abstractions, 
and  man  would  be  entirely  unable,  except  by  speech,  to  prove  his 
superiority  to  the  brute  creation. 

When  the  faculties  of  Size  and  Form  are  treated  in  the  pages 
which  follow,  the  subject  of  mechanical  principles  in  their  relation 
to  inherited  forms  will  be  explained.  Although  Form  is  the  basis 
of  art  as  well  as  of  mechanism,  it  is  differently  used,  and  different 
in  its  applications  in  each  case,  as  has  been  shown. 

The  combination  of  Constructiveness  with  Language  and 
Imagination  gives  poetic  talent;  with  large  Language,  Love  of 
Young,  Ideality,  Form  and  Size,  Self-esteem,  Firmness,  Sublimity, 
Locality,  and  Calculation,  will  give  constructive  talent  on  a  lari>e 
scale,  such  as  engineering,  building  fortifications,  bridges,  aque- 
ducts, etc.  The  face  of  John  A.  Roebling,  engineer  and  builder 
of  the  Brooklyn  bridge,  New  York,  is  an  excellent  illustration  of 
this  combination  of  artistic-mechanical  talent. 

I  term  the  group  about  the  point  of  the  nose  the  "  artistic," 
using  it  in  its  broadest  and  most  comprehensive  sense,  including  in 
this  division  the  signs  for  Literature,  Art,  Artistic  Mechanism,  and 


VENERATION.  553 

some  of  the  faculties  used  in  the  artistic  department  of  Science,  as 
in  Analysis  and  Mental  Imitation,  Constructiveness,  etc. 

VENERATION. 

Definition. — Respect  for  all  persons,  places,  and  principles 
entitled  to  respect;  regard  for  the  laws  of  Nature;  submission; 
religiously  cultivated,  it  leads  to  devotion  to  God,  to  prayer,  praise, 
and  religious  observances ;  when  combined  with  literary  faculties 
it  creates  a  taste  and  respect  for  ancient  history  and  antiquities ;  it 
gives  a  tender  regard  for  the  aged  and  deference  to  long-estab- 
lished customs,  forms  of  government,  etc. ;  those  with  large  Ven- 
eration readily  submit  to  law,  order,  customs,  proprieties,  arid  offer 
reverent  and  respectful  deference  to  the  wishes  and  opinions  of 
others ;  it  assists  self-control,  and  forms  the  basis  of  the  taste  for 
collecting  old  coins,  ancient  literary  and  art  relics,  and  imparts  a 
desire  for  visiting  monuments,  pyramids,  ancient  lands,  and  races. 

An  excess  leads  to  religious  bigotry  and  fanaticism  and  im- 
moderate indulgence  in  religious  rites,  such  as  fasting  and  penance, 
and  tends  to  morbid  devotion  and  religious  mania. 

A  deficiency  makes  one  impudent,  irreverent,  disrespectful,  and 
defiant ;  creates  contempt  for  law,  custom,  propriety,  and  old  age, 
with  slight  power  for  self-control  and  inability  to  control  others ; 
makes  the  bully  and  creates  low  character,  and  leads  to  disregard 
of  sacred  subjects. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — Height  of  the  nasal  bones  at 
the  part  just  below  the  bridge  is  the  most  decided  sign  for  Ven- 
eration. Width  combined  with  height  discloses  the  possession  of 
the  highest  degree  of  Veneration.  High,  thin  noses  show  less  of 
Veneration  than  those  that  are  broad  as  well  as  high.  Secondary 
signs  are  found  wherever  the  bony  system  is  dominant,  as  shown 
in  the  squareness  of  the  face,  the  bones  of  the  fingers,  and  large 
joints  generally.  Veneration  is  exhibited  by  respectful  demeanor 
and  deferential  manner  in  the  presence  of  elders  or  officials.  It 
bows  the  head  in  sacred  edifices  and  in  listening  to  excellent  dis- 
course. 

A  short,  round,  muscular  nose,  depressed  at  the  centre  and 
slightly  "pugged,"  is  the  perfect  type  of  an  impudent,  saucy,  and 
disrespectful  character.  Large,  projecting,  staring,  convex  ovr* 
show  the  absence  of  Veneration. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  VENERATION. — In  proceeding  to  the  consider- 
ation of  the  group  of  signs  which  cluster  about  the  ridge  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  nose,  we  find  that  a  great  advance  in  strength  of 
character  is  made  where  this  portion  of  the  physiognomy  is  well 
developed.  The  principal  sign  for  Veneration  is  caused  by  the 


554 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


development  of  the  nasal  bones.  Its  location,  being  between  the 
executive  faculties  and  the  aesthetic  and  literary,  is  most  suggestive. 
The  philosophy  of  its  action  offers  additional  proof  of  its  osseous 
origin.  Add  to  this  the  vast  amount  of  evidence  derived  from  the 
comparison  of  low-nosed  people  with  those  having  this  sign  large. 
and  we  shall  complete  a  very  extended  chain  of  evidence,  most 
conclusive  and  utterly  incontrovertible  by  metaphysician  or  phreno- 
logian. 

Where  the  bony  system  dominates  the  bones  are  inclined  to 

be  long  and  often  square. 
the  joints  large,  and  the 
head  will  present  a  more 
angular  appearance  than 
where  the  muscular  system 
prevails.  The  head  will 
also  stand  high  above  the 
ears,  at  the  place  where 
phrenology  locates  the  "or- 
gan of  Veneration."  This 
height  is  caused  bv  the 

• 

supremacy  of  the  osseous 
system,  which  tends  to 
height,  length,  and  square- 
ness,  and  not  to  round- 
ness. Veneration  is  the 
attribute  of  mechanical  and 
scientific  characters  rather 
than  of  the  artistic  classes; 
hence,  the  head  in  these 
classes  is  higher  in  propor- 
tion to  its  size  and  more 
angular  in  form,  while  the 
nasal  bones  are  more  prom- 
inent and  the  muscles  of 
the  nose  smaller  relatively, 

— all  of  which  goes  to  prove  that  the  supremacy  of  the  bony 
system  produces  the  most  Veneration.  An  examination  of  those 
animals  in  which  are  found  the  most  submissive,  deferential,  and 
respectful  traits  of  character  shows  that  the  osseous  system  is  in 
the  ascendency,  and  proves  that  the  bony  races  of  animals  are 
more  submissive  to  law  and  more  respectful  than  those  in  which 
the  muscular  system  prevails.  Compare,  for  example,  the  horse. 
the  dog,  and  the  camel,  with  their  angular,  homely,  bony,  mechani- 
cal construction  of  form,  with  the  sleek,  little  muscular  ape,  or  with 


FIG.  81.— RT.  REV.  BENJAMIN  MOORE,  D.D.  (Au- 
THOR,  BISHOP  OF  THE  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL 
CHURCH  OF  NEW  YORK.) 

Born  in  New  York,  1748.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Veneration.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  square 
governs  this  face.  The  signs  of  the  domestic  and  moral 
traits  :uv  very  pronounced.  Conscientiousness,  Firm- 
iies>.  Patriotism.  Benevolence,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of 
Young,  Self-esteem,  and  Modesty  are  large,*  Amative- 
ness  and  Friendship  normal,  while  the  mental  and  ex- 
ecutive powers  are  uncommonly  developed  in  the  nose. 
Mental  Imitation.  Analysis,  Hope,  Sublimity,  Construct- 
1  iveness,  Veneration,  Executiveness,  and  Self-will  are 
all  very  conspicuous.  Form.  Size,  Language.  Memory 
of  Events,  and  Credemnveness  are  most  apparent. 
Altogether  a  pure  and  high-minded  and  intellectual 
character. 


VENERATION. 


555 


the  larger  tiger,  panther,  and  lion,  and  you  will  be  able  to  prove 
the  presence  of  a  large  degree  of  Veneration  in  the  former  and  none 
whatever  in  the  latter.  In  one  class  there  is  beauty  of  form  and 
movement,  with  irreverence,  defiance,  and  disrespect,  and  in  the 
other  less  beauty,  according  to  recognized  ideals,  but  more  re- 
spect and  submission ;  hence  more  capacity  for  in*lrn<-tion  and 
l>ro<jres*,  both  in  knowledge  and  structure,  as  witness  the  high 
grade  of  skill,  speed,  and  intellectual  attainments  manifested  by 
race-horses,  hunting  and  trick  dogs,  trained  camels,  and  elephants. 
The  noses  of  the  bony  ani- 
mals are  relatively  long  and 
high  as  compared  to  the 
noses  of  the  muscular  crea- 
tures. Compare,  for  .ex- 
ample, the  noses  of  all  the 
carnivorous  classes,  includ- 
ing the  panther,  the  tiger, 
the  jaguar,  the  leopard, 
and  the  smaller  carnivora, 
with  the  horse,  the  dog,  the 
camel,  the  deer,  the  gazelle, 
the  springbok, .  the  sheep, 
and  the  reindeer,  and  it 
will  be  observed  that  the 
noses  of  the  former  are 
relatively  shorter  and  more 
depressed  than  those  of  the 
latter.  The  eyes,  too,  of 
the  carnivora  are  larger, 
more  prominent,  bolder, 
and  more  defiant  in  expres- 
sion than  those  of  the  do- 
mestic and  herbivorous 
classes.  Veneration  in  the 


animal  kingdom  is  shown 


FIG.  82.— THOMAS  PAINE.     (MECHANIC.  AUTHOR, 

PATRIOT,  STATESMAN,  PHILANTHROPIST.) 
Born  in  England,  1737.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Ven- 
eration. The  law  ol  the  straight  line,  square,  and  curve 
governs  this  face.  This  noble  countenance  is  an  excel- 
lent illustration  of  the  active  and  humane  mind  which 
Thomas  Paine  exhibited  in  his  life-works.  The  sign  for 
the  domestic  traits  are  manifestlv  large.  Conscience, 
Firmness,  Economy,  Patriotism.  Benevolence,  Friend- 
ship, and  Self-esteem  are  very  conspicuous.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  for  Human  Nature.  Mental  Imitation, Venera- 
tion, and  Executiveness,  are  very  prominent.  Self-will  is 
only  average.  language  is  excellent.  Observation.  Cal- 
culation, Reason,  Memory  of  Events,  and  Intuition  are 
pre-eminent.  Historv  furnishes  few  characters  as  un- 
selfish and  as  broadly  benevolent  as  Thomas  Paine.  In  re- 
ligion he  would  now  be  styled  a  conservative  I'nitarian. 
for  he  wrote  "  1  believe  iii  one  (Jod  and  no  more."  As 
Americans  we  are  greatly  indebted  to  him  for  hi- 
anee  in  Founding  the  Republic.  Congress  justly  rewarded 
him  for  his  magnificent  services  by  heaping  honors  upon 
him  while  alive. 


by  recognition  of  man  as  a 
superior  being,  in  teachableness  and  submission  to  man's  laws, 
rules,  and  habits;  also,  by  consideration  and  respect  for  the  nature 
and  rights  of  their  own  class  of  beings. 

In  analyzing  the  location  and  nature  of  Veneration  in  the 
human  character  we  cannot  fail  to  be  impressed  witli  its  position 
in  the  physiognomy,  and  this  will  lead  us  to  examine  with  interest 
its  philosophy  and  use  in  the  human  economy.  The  faculty  of 
Veneration  belongs  to  the  most  perfected  races,  as  its  principal 


556  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sign  shows.  What  passes  for  Veneration  in  undeveloped  races  is 
not  such  at  all,  lor  they  are  incapable  of  so  elevated  a  feeling. 
Their  religious  beliefs  are  the  outcome  of  fear  and  Credenciveness, 
the  latter  trait  belonging  to  the  muscular  system,  and  exhibited 
principally  by  the  muscular  races,  as  evidenced  by  the  arched  eye- 
brows and  wide-open  eyes  of  the  "believer"  in  every  monstrous 
and  fantastic  theory  which  passes  for  religion  among  different 
races.  Credenciveness  is  the  faculty  which  breeds  wonder,  marvel- 
ousness,  and  superstition,  and  even, in  civilized  persons,  in  excess, 
leads  to  gross  superstition,  as  we  shall  find  later,  when  we  come  to 
consider  its  nature. 

Veneration,  as  the  description  shows,  has  a  wide  scope,  and 
enables  different  persons  to  exhibit  it  in  varying  degrees  and  in 
very  diverse  ways.  It  leads  one  to  listen  respectfully  to  ideas  and 
principles  expounded,  and  accords  respect  according  to  the  merit 
each  possesses.  It  leads  another  to  submit  by  self-control  to 
authority  and  governmental  regulations.  It  causes  another  to  be 
tender  to  the  aged  and  considerate  to  his  associates.  It  is  large  in 
nearly  all  eminent  divines  and  commanders.  If  it  is  a  sign  of 
submission  you  will  naturally  ask  why  it  is  a  marked  trait  in  the 
character  of  commanders.  The  principle  of  command  as  well  as 
of  obedience  is  founded  in  the  comprehension  of  law,  and  he  who 
can  best  obey  can  best  command,  for  command  implies  self -restraint, 
and  this  is  the  very  basis  of  ability  to  control  others.  Scooped- 
nosed  persons  are  unable  to  control  themselves  and  to  behave 
with  strict  propriety.  They  must,  therefore,  be  compelled  by  the 
enforcement  of  laws  and  rules  to  behave  decorously,  and  penalties 
should  be  imposed  until  experience  has  taught  them  to  fear  the 
consequences.  Children  whose  noses  at  the  centre  remain  perma* 
nentltj  depressed  are  saucy  and  impudent,  and  need  the  restraining 
power  of  discipline.  I  once  knew  such  a  child,  who  at  three  years 
of  age  was  a  terror  to  the  neighborhood  ;  he  was  disrespectful  to  his 
parents,  grandparents,  and  friends,  often  slapping  them  and  showing 
an  utter  disregard  for  the  rights  and  opinions  of  his  superiors.  The 
mother,  an  exceedingly  lovely  and  intelligent  lady,  had  conceived 
the  romantic  idea  that  children  should  and  could  be  brought  up 
on  the  "  love  principle,"  as  she  termed  it.  There  are  doubtless  a 
few  children  who  can  be  thus  raised,  but  the  majority  of  human 
beings  must  be  so  trained  as  to  develop  every  faculty  of  mind,  and 
if  they  possess  much  vigor  or  force  of  character  will  need  disci- 
pline and  training.  This  must  be  done,  first,  by  playing  upon  one 
faculty  and  then  upon  another,  until  every  trait  is  touched  in  turn 
and  molded  by  the  creative  skill  of  the  mother.  The  boy  in 
question  at  last  became  so  unruly,  even  at  this  tender  age,  that  his 


VENERATION.  557 

conduct  was  insupportable.  His  parents  applied  to  me  for  advice 
and  I  soon  convinced  them  that  he  was  not  the  sort  of  child  that 
could  be  brought  up  on  love  alone ;  that  such  a  course  with  such 
a  nature  produced  contempt,  and  that  irreverent  characters  respected 
law  and  force  above  all  things.  I  advised  them  to  commence  a 
judicious  course  of  discipline  and  dismiss  their  sentimental  and 
impractical  notions  in  regard  to  training  children,  inasmuch  as 
they  had  proved  the  worthlessness  of  their  theory  after  a  fair  trial 
at  the  most  susceptible  age.  This  they  did,  and  at  seven  years  of 
age,  the  last  time  I  saw  the  boy,  he  was  gentle  in  his  manner, 
deferential  to  his  elders,  and  every  way  an  excellent  child.  In  his 
case  love  alone  would  have  ruined  him,  and  probably  would  have 
led  him  to  the  penitentiary ;  yet  he  was  conscientious,  truthful, 
and  very  intelligent,  but  the  lack  of  Veneration  if  not  remedied 
would  have  neutralized  all  his  other  good  qualities. 

Adults  who  possess  a  "scooped"  or  pug  nose,  or  even  a  short 
nose,  are  unconsciously  impertinent,  and  :  make  rude,  blunt,  and 
impudent  remarks  without  intending  to  hurt  the  feelings  of  others. 
Parents  who  have  children  with  this  form  of  nose  should  take  espe- 
cial pains  to  make  them  polite  and  deferential.  Indeed,  they 
should  go  to  the  extreme  in  such  matters  in  order  to  /Hi/m/cr  ///> 
this  deficiency. 

All  infants  and  young  children  exhibit  a  nose  more  or  less 
depressed  at  the  centre,  but  if  it  is  going  to  develop  upon  the 
ridge  it  will  begin  quite  early  to  rise  and  the  bones  to  harden.  But 
where  this  depression  remains  after  three  or  four  years  of  age  and 
the  character  shows  out  in  impudence  and  defiance,  a  wise  and 
rational  discipline  alone  will  correct  it.  Reasoning  with  such  as 
possess  a  fair  share  of  reflection  is  an  excellent  way.  Appeals  to 
the  affections  is  another  good  method  to  pursue  with  those  who 
are  emotional.  But  punishment  must  be  inflicted  and  force  used 
when  all  else  fails. 

There  is  no  more  useful  trait  in  the  mind  when  rightly  bal- 
anced than  Veneration,  for  it  is  the  basis  of  good  government,  law. 
order,  propriety,  politeness,  and  deference  for  those  in  authority, 
and  for  the  opinions  of  those  who  are  experienced.  It  leads  to  the 
recognition  of  superior  excellence  in  others,  and  causes  the  young 
to  defer  to  parents,  teachers,  and  to  imitate  great  characters.  It  is 
the  foundation  of  religious  worship ;  yet  many  men  with  large 
Veneration  are  devoid  of  belief  in  sectarian  creeds.  Voltaire  was 
such  a  one.  The  sign  for  Veneration  in  his  nose  was  very  large. 
George  Combe  says  of  him  that 

Voltaire's  veneration  was  manifested  in  his  sycophancy  to  kings  and 
persons  of  high  rank ;  also  in  his  sense  of  natural  religion.  He  was  called 


558  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

in  liis  own  age  and  country  a  fanatic  for  erecting  a  church  at  Ferne3r,  which 
stands  to  this  day,  with  the  following  inscription  upon  it:  u  Erected  to  God 
by  Voltaire."* 

There  are  many  excellent  characters  who,  like  Voltaire,  pos- 
sess a  large  share  of  nature/  /v//V//o/>, — that  is  to  say,  who  are 
devout  in  their  pursuit  of  what  is  moral,  and  with  a  reverence  for 
the  truths  of  Nature,  but  not  for  man-made  creeds.  I  have  known 
many  persons  of  excellent  character,  with  large  Veneration,  who 
did  not  attend  church  nor  respect  the  opinions  of  pope,  bishop,  or 
priest,  yet  in  their  lives  were  correct  and  moral,  good  citizens  and 
parents.  Some  of  them  exhibited  the  possession  of  the  loftiest 
traits  of  character,  and  lived  up  to  very  exalted  standards. 

The  uses  of  Veneration  are  manifold.  It  is  essential  that  the 
teacher,  preacher,  foreman,  boss,  superintendent,  governor,  com- 
mander, and  civil  officer  should  possess  a  normal  degree  of  this 
elevated  trait.  Unbalanced  and  in  excess  it  creates  bigots  and 
fanatics,  causes  undue  respect  for  kings  and  conformity  to  conserva- 
tive governments,  traditions,  and  ancient  observances,  and  leads  to 
a  slavish  adoration  of  a  Supreme  Being.  Such  people  are  lacking 
in  reflection,  else  they  would  know  that  God  does  not  desire  to 
enslave  his  children,  but  rather  wishes  them  to  be  freemen — made 
such  by  knowledge  of  His  laws,  which  alone  can  free  us  from 
error  and  vice.  Veneration  is  not,  as  some  imagine,  a  slavish 
adoration  of  a  deity  or  of  a  plurality  of  deities.  That  is  a  perver- 
sion of  the  true  use  of  this  noble  faculty,  or  rather  its  use  without 
reason.  Veneration  should  always  be  moderated  by  reason  or 
subordinated  to  it,  for  without  it  it  degenerates  into  many  gross 
errors  and  superstitions.  Lecky,  in  his  "  History  of  European 
Morals,"  says : — 

Reverence  is  one  of  those  feelings  which  in  utilitarian  systems  would 
occupy  at  best  a  very  ambiguous  position,  for  it  is  extremely  questionable 
whether  the  great  ends  that  have  grown  out  of  it  in  the  form  of  religious 
superstition  and  political  servitude  have  not  made  it  a  source  of  more  un- 
happiness  than  happiness. 

This  idea  shows  that  it  can  be  turned  from  its  legitimate  use 
and  work  injury  to  whole  nations.  Still,  no  character  is  truly 
noble  or  beautiful  without  a  fair  share  of  Veneration. 

Negroes,  as  a  class,  have  little  Veneration,  and  this  gives 
them  that  ready  and  spontaneous  "sauce"  with  which  they  are  so 
generous.  Their  noses  are  exceedingly  depressed  at  the  centre, 
proving  that  the  bony  system  is  not  a  dominant  one  in  them. 
Their  religious  feelings  proceed  almost  entirely  from  an  over- 
development of  Credenciveness,  and  this  makes  them  grossly  super- 
stitious through  not  having  reason  with  which  to  balance  it.  The 

*  Combe's  Lectures  on  Phrenology,  p.  269. 


VENERATION.  559 

Mongolian  races  are,  if  possible,  more  superstitious  than  the  Negro. 
Their  noses  are  depressed  at  the  centre,  and  in  them  the  muscular 
system  dominates,  hence  they  are  more  emotional  than  reflective, 
more  changeable  than  stable,  and  show  the  predominance  of  all 
the  lower  muscular  traits.  Veneration  is  small  in  many  of  the 
Oriental  races,  or  dominated  by  the  faculty  of  Credenciveness. 
They  are  all  great  "  believers,"  great  in  "  faith,"  in  the  marvelous 
and  wonderful.  Their  large,  wide-open  eyes  show  that  they  have 
the  muscular  system  in  the  ascendency,  and  also  show  that  they 
have  for  ages  been  listening  to  the  recital  of  wonderful  and  im- 
probable stories  and  legends.  Their  religions  are  based  on  dogmas, 
traditions,  and  fables  as  unreal  and  improbable  as  the  "Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments."  It  is  from  the  East  and  Orientalists 
that  our  religions,  as  well  as  most  of  our  ideas  of  fairies,  witches, 
spirits,  genii,  and  demons,  have  come ;  and  their  poems,  stories,  and 
legends  are  filled  with  descriptions  of  gorgons,  gnomes,  sprites, 
and  demons.  Color  here,  as  elsewhere  in  Nature,  shows  power. 
Accordingly,  we  find  many  Oriental  races  cruel  and  revengeful,  as 
well  as  superstitious,  amative,  imaginative,  and  licentious,  the  deep 
color  of  their  hair,  eyes,  and  complexion  intensifying  all  the  pas- 
sions and  emotions. 

In  all  undeveloped  people  and  races  an  excess  of  Credencive- 
ness, or  faith,  is  thought  to  be  a  religious  faculty,  whereas  it  is  only 
a  mark  of  an  unbalanced  mind  and  absence  of  practicality.  True 
religion  is  shown  where  reason  and  morality  hold  the  balance. 

The  ability  for  logical  argument  is  one  attribute  of  this  faculty, 
and  where  the  nose  is  broad  as  well  as  high  at  this  sign  large 
reasoning  powers  may  be  inferred,  as  well  as  capacity  for  logical 
ratiocination.  Where  the  nose  is  high  and  thin,  like  a  knife- 
blade,  the  ability  for  reasoning  is  only  moderate;  breadth  here,  as 
elsewhere,  makes  known  its  character.  The  portraits  of  Plato, 
Wickliffe,  Luther,  Swedenborg,  Kant,  Calvin,  Newton,  Kepler. 
John  Locke,  Benjamin  Franklin,  George  Herbert,  and  George  and 
John  Stephenson  exhibit  this  faculty  in  a  remarkable  degree.  The 
love  and  ability  for  debating  upon  laws  and  principles  are  also  the 
accompaniments  of  breadth  of  the  nose  at  the  centre.  In  the 
physiognomies  of  all  the  great  judicial  minds  of  the  world  the 
width  of  this  part  of  the  nose,  as  well  as  of  the  entire  nose,  is 
most  remarkable.  The  general  breadth  of  body  of  all  compre- 
hensive minds,  such  as  jurists,  naturalists,  statesmen,  inventors, 
scientists,  engineers,  and  astronomers,  proceeds  from  the  perfection 
of  their  digestive  capacity,  and  the  breadth  of  the  nose  at  the 
centre  of  the  bridge  is  the  sign  for  a  strong  stomach, — one  which 
digests  well  and  easily.  Most  of  the  above-named  classes  are 


•")()()  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

large  (Biters,  and  are  thus  able  to  assist  the  mental  processes  by 
creating  a  sound  physical  base  from  which  to  draw  their  mental 
strength.  The  consideration  of  great  and  broad  subjects  involves 
immense  mental  efforts,  and  sickly,  spindling,  big-headed,  thin- 
bodied  men  could  not  come  up  to  the  requirements  of  such  ques- 
tions. Accordingly,  we  observe  in  the  conformations  of  talented 
jurists  and  men  who  reason  broadly  and  profoundly  great  breadth 
of  body  and  height  and  breadth  of  nose.  Look,  for  example,  at 
the  portraits  of  Lord  Chatham,  eminent  statesman;  Lord  Mans- 
field, grand  jurist;  Buffon,  naturalist;  Liebnitz,  chemist;  Thomas 
Sydenham,  celebrated  physician;  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Claren- 
don, statesman ;  Lord  Brougham,  statesman ;  John  Quincy  Adams, 
statesman  and  orator;  Rufus  Choate,  jurist  and  orator;  Daniel 
Webster,  statesman  and  orator,  and  Richard  Proctor,  astronomer. 
In  all  of  these  men  the  facial  and  bodily  signs  for  Veneration  will 
be  found  highly  developed. 

The  religious  beliefs  and  ceremonies  of  a  race  mark  its  grade 
of  development  mentally  as  well  as  physically.  The  highest  form 
of  religion  is  exhibited  where  morality  and  reason  hold  the  balance. 
A  correct  theology  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  humanity,  for 
the  vast  majority  of  people  must  have  laws  to  control  them,  and 
any  system  of  ethics  which  is  founded  on  the  right  and  intelligent 
use  of  the  body  and  mind  will  tend  to  the  preservation  of  humanity 
and  to  the  perpetuation  of  an  improved  race.  Virtue  protects  while 
vice  destroys  character.  Veneration  will  teach  the  respect  due  to 
virtue.  Among  the  religious  faculties  Veneration  will  ever  hold  a 
controlling  influence.  We  must  remember  that  religion  is  a  com- 
ponent of  man  by  Nature,  and  if  we  obey  its  laws  and  cultivate 
its  sentiments  we  shall  transmit  to  offspring  a  talent  for  true 
religion ;  but  let  us  not  forget  that  compliance  with  physiological 
and  hygienic  law  is  the  only  sound  basis  upon  which  true  religion 
can  rest.  Religion  is  exhibited  by  acts,  not  disclosed  by  beliefs. 
Sickly  sentimentalists  will  give  us  no  improved  types  of  humanity. 
The  study  of  the  natural  sciences  is  an  excellent  way  to  improve 
Veneration,  for  the  laws  of  God  are  in  these  studies  revealed  to 
the  student  in  a  most  wonderful  and  convincing  manner.  It  is  not 
possible  to  investigate  natural  laws  in  a  comprehensive  spirit  with- 
out becoming  convinced  that  there  is  a  great  and  wonderful  power 
guiding  and  controlling  everything. 

There  are  vast  numbers  of  persons  who  could  not  be  happy 
nor  brought  to  do  right  without  the  idea  of  a  controlling  power. 
Others  there  are  in  whom  the  osseous  and  brain  systems  are  in  the 
ascendency, — in  whom  the  faculties  of  Conscientiousness,  Venera- 
tion, and  Reason  are  paramount, — who  would  do  right  if  all  existing 


EXECUTIVENESS.  561 

laws  on  the  statute-books  were  swept  out  of  existence.  Yet  this 
class  owe  to  their  ancestors  a  developed  mental  and  moral  nature, 
who,  by  the  laws  of  evolution  and  natural  selection  have  first  built 
up  and  then  transmitted  to  their  offspring  uncommon  integrity, 
reason,  and  veneration. 

EXECUTIVENESS. 

Definition. — Capacity  for  governing;  love  of  domination;  de- 
cision, mental  force;  ability  to  perform,  consummate,  and  achieve 
plans,  purposes,  and  duties;  sense  of  thoroughness;  mental  cour- 
age, resolution.  The  jurist,  commander,  presiding  officer,  captain, 
and  superintendent  all  rely  upon  this  faculty  for  their  ability  to 
execute  and  enforce  law.  It  is  the  base  of  enterprise,  reform,  and 
vigorous  action,  and  makes  the  natural  leader. 

An  excess  causes  despotism,  undue  harshness,  and  severity  in 
executing  laws ;  and  makes  the  parent,  teacher,  and  superintendent 
too  exacting  and  overbearing. 

A  deficiency  creates  weakness  of  character,  with  no  ability 
for  self-control,  and  no  power  to  fill  executive  positions.  When 
quite  marked,  the  character  will  be  noted  for  inertia,  feebleness  of 
mind,  lack  of  energy  and  enterprise. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  sign  for  Executiveness  is 
found  in  the  bridge  of  the  nose  just  above  Veneration.  It  is 
known  by  height  and  breadth  of  the  nasal  bones  and  development 
of  the  pyramidalis  nasi  muscle.  The  most  executive  noses  are 
long  and  broad  as  well  as  high,  with  large  nostrils,  large  mouth, 
and  large  eyes  (not  projecting). 

Secondary  signs  are  strong  :  plentiful  supply  of  hair,  luxuriant 
beard,  squareness  of  the  bones;  strong,  large  hands  and  feet; 
bushy  eyebrows  and  hair. 

Lack  of  Executiveness  is  shown  by  a  small  nose  depressed  at 
this  point,  or  by  a  small,  straight  nose  and  small  mouth,  small 
hands  and  feet,  deficient  muscles,  feeble  digestion,  and  small  lungs. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  EXECUTIVENESS. — The  physiological  base  of 
Executiveness  is  traced  to  the  osseous  and  muscular  systems. 
The  location  of  its  local  sign  in  the  bony  ridge  of  the  nose  is  one 
proof.  Its  curved  shape  where  it  is  prominent  is  evidence  of  its 
muscular  origin.  Observation  of  the  forms  of  the  most  executive 
persons  in  every  "department  of  action  reveals  the  fact  that  in  them 
there  is  such  a  combination  of  bone  and  muscle  as  to  facilitate  the 
operation  of  this  faculty.  Again,  other  evidence  is  afforded  by 
the  large  size  of  the  mouth  and  nostrils.  These  two  signs  show 
visceral  vigor,  and  strength  of  the  lungs,  stomach,  and  heart  gives 
force  and  power  to  all  the  mental  operations.  Most  particularly  is 

36 


562 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


tliis  assistance  needed  by  those  who  take  command  of  perilous  and 
arduous  enterprises  and  vast  and  immense  plans  for  warfare,  com- 
merce, and  government,  or  in  engineering,  architecture,  etc. 

The  principal  facial  sign  for  Executiveness  adjoins  the  sign 
for  the  stomach,  and  hence  shows  its  near  relationship  to  that 
organ,  while  it  forms  the  highest  point  of  the  nose  and  thus  dis- 
closes  its  relationship  to  the  function  of  breathing  and  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  thorax.  Nov.'. 
the  stomach  and  heart  arc 
muscular  organs,  and  to  the 
high  development  of  these 
organs  and  the  integrity  of 
the  bony  system  the  execu- 
tive individual  is  indebted 
for  his  physical  power.  A 
man  with  a  large,  high,  and 
broad  nose  shows  that  all 
of  these  organs  are  strong 
arid  powerful.  He  there- 
fore gets  his  activity  and 
energy  from  the  develop- 
ment of  these  muscular  or- 
gans as  well  as  from  the 
entire  muscular  system,  and 
he  gets  his  stability  from 
large  and  strong  bones, 
while  his  directive  power 
and  intelligence  are  derived 
from  a  brain  that  is  the 
manifesting  organ  of  this 
peculiar  structure.  This 
analysis  simplifies  very  ma- 
terially the  prOCeSS  Of  read- 
^-§  C  118.1  aCtei.  EOimtllJ 

fU^    rrmfhrirl    wnc    tr»    nonrilip 
ttte    metnOQ   Was    lO    aSCllDt 

all  power  to  the  brain,  but 
the  largest  and  most  powerful  brain  in  the  world,  unsupported  by 
powerful  muscles  and  a  good  bony  framework,  could  not  take  com- 
mand of  a  steamship  in  a  hurricane  nor  quell  a*  dangerous  mob, 
nor  perform  any  act  requiring  prompt  and  heroic  conduct  or  long- 
sustained  mental  and  physical  efforts.  A  strong  visceral  organiza- 
tion is  also  essential  to  supply  the  force,  resolution,  and  courage 
which  commanders  require.  Accordingly,  we  find  that  men  who 
hold  important  positions,  where  courage,  decision  and  authority 


FIG.  83.— MISS  CLARA  BARTON  (PHILANTHRO- 
PIST, REFORMER,  AND  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  ORDER 
OF  THE  RED  CROSS  IN  AMERICA.) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Executiveness.  The  law 
of  the  straight  line,  angle,  and  curve  govern/s  this  coun- 
tenance. The  signs  for  Conscientiousness,  Firmness, 
Benevolence,  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Love  of 
Young,  AmativenesSj  Economy,  Sanativeness,  Self- 
esteem,  and  Friendship  are  well  developed.  In  the  nose 
the  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Veneration,  Executive- 
ness,  and  Self-will  are  most  decided.  Language  is  large ; 
so  also  are  Order,  Form,  Size.Reason, Memory  of  Events, 
and  Intuition.  The  life-work  of  this  benevolent  woman 
Las  an  international  fame.  Her  principal  work  in  time 
of  ^var  was  on  the  battle-field,  caring  for  the  wounded 
soldiers.  Miss  Barton  has  proved  that  women  citizens 
will  not  shirk  the  duties  of  citizenship  on  the  battle- 
field. She  is  an  ardent  champion  of  woman's  rights,  and 
lives  up  to  her  professions  in  this  direction  as  far  as  the 
law  permits.  The  wide,  straight  mouth  and  bright  eyes 
indicate  eloquence.  The  face  as  a  whole  denotes  Integ- 
rity, Benevolence,  Sympathy,  Energy,  Ability  to  Com- 
mand, Logic,  and  Practicality. 


EXECUTIVENESS. 


563 


arc  required,  are  broad-chested,  broad-shouldered,  and  have  a 
capacious  abdominal  system.  The  head  is  broad,  and  they  are 
altogether  built  upon  the  broad  [>l«n.  A  large-brained  man  with 
narrow  shoulders,  flat  abdomen,  small,  spindling  limbs  and  small 
hands  and  feet  could  not  command  a  steamship  nor  put  down  a 
riot,  nor  sit  for  months  in  a  crowded  court-room  passing  upon  the 
judicial  questions  involved  in  important  lawsuits.  Neither  could 
such  a  one  lead  a  vast 
pioneering  scheme  nor  com- 
mand an  army  in  the  field, 
nor  pass  hours  in  the  labo- 
ratory experimenting.  No, 
my  readers,  brain  alone  is 
not  competent  for  any  of 
these  mighty  works ;  and 
when  the  eminent  meta- 
physician, Sir  W.  Hamil- 
ton, wrote 

"On  Earth  there  is  nothing  great 

but  man, 

In  man  there  is  nothing  great  but 
mind," 

he  spoke  from  the  old  meta- 
physical stand-point,  and 
not  from  a  scientific  under- 
standing of  man.  Man's 
mind  is  truly  great  only 
when  he  has  a  grand  body 
to  sustain  it.  The  men  of 
action  in  the  world, — those 
who  have  advanced  the  in- 
terests of  humanity,— who  ^|,rt,j2f  b<re-"  acknowledsed  in  th5  four  iuarteis  of 
have  assisted  most  in  the 

attainment  of  a  high  civilization,  have  possessed  good  feeding  and 
breathing  powers,  large  bones,  and  strong  muscles.  Look,  for 
example,  at  the  fine  bodily  structures  of  Hippocrates,  Aristotle, 
Socrates,  Agricola,  Francis  Bacon,  Baron  Cuvier,  Baron  Hum- 
boldt,  Count  Rumford,  Sir  Moses  Montifiore,  Father  Mathew. 
John  Howard,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Farragut,  George  Washington, 
Daniel  Webster,  John  Bright,  D'Alembert,  Dr.  William  Harvey. 
Martin  Luther,  John  Bunyan,  and  Charles  Darwin,  and  observe  in 
each  case  that  the  signs  for  good  breathing  and  sound  digestion 
are  prominent.  Men  of  action  must  first  be  good  animals,  and 
then,  with  the  assistance  of  the  brain  and  nerves,  may  arrive  at 
distinction. 


FIG.    84.— WILLIAM    H.     REWARD.        (TEACHER, 
AUTHOR,  LAWYER,  STATESMAN,  AND  ORATOR.) 

Born  in  New  York,  1801.  Conspicuous  facial  sign, 
Executiveness.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve 
governs  this  face.  The  dominant  expression  of  the  face 
is  Energy.  The  signs  for  Firmness,  Conscientiousness, 
Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  and  of  Young  are  well 
defined.  The  nose  announces  a  mind  of  the  first 
magnitude.  The  sign  for  Unman  Nature  is  most 
extraordinarily  apparent,  while  Mental  Imitation,  Hope, 
Analysis,  Sublimity,  Ideality,  Constriictivenes>.  Ac- 
quisitiveness, Veneration,  Kxecntivt'iiess,  Self-will,  and 
Observation  are  very  prominent.  Language.  Reason, 
Order,  Time,  and  Practicality  are  also  well  developed, 
forming  altogether  the  lace  of  a  great  man,  whose 


564  I'KACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

In  all  departments  of  life's  activities  the  power  and  ability  to 
command  and  control  is  required,  and,  as  in  civilized  countries  law 
and  order  are  the  most  desirable  conditions,  the  ability  to  execute 
law  and  tixiintuin  order  must  be  considered  one  of  the  most  useful 
as  well  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  traits  in  the  human  character. 
In  the  savage  races  force  or  fear  is  the  means  by  which  compli- 
ance to  rule  or  law  is  obtained,  and  very  little,  if  any.  pure  intellect 
enters  into  the  actions  of  those  who  govern ;  hence,  we  know  that 
Executiveness  is  a  faculty  of  highly-developed  character.  All  of 
the  signs  of  character  found  upon  the  ridge  of  the  nose  are  the  signs 
of  perfected  evolution,  and  he  who  is  able  to  govern  a  state,  com- 
mand an  army,  direct  a  large  body  of  workers,  or  lead  a  great 
enterprise  must  possess  the  faculty  of  self-control  in  a  large 
measure,  and  this  enables  him  to  control  others.  The  local  sign 
for  Executiveness  lies  adjacent  to  the  sign  for  Veneration,  and  its 
upper  side  joins  the  local  facial  sign  for  Self-will, — a  faculty  which 
assists  in  commanding. 

Where  the  sign  for  Executiveness  is  large  it  forms  the  sort 
of  nose  denominated  the  "Roman  nose,"  from  its  resemblance  to 
those  noses  observed  in  the  portraits  of  many  Roman  generals, 
statesmen,  and  orators.  There  are  many  different  degrees  of  this 
form.  Some  present  a  scarcely  noticeable  rise  above  the  straight 
outline  of  the  ridge  of  the  nose.  Where  this  slight  rise  in  its 
outline  is  present  the  disposition  is  inclined  more  to  self-control 
than  to  command  others,  and  gives  to  the  character  nobility 
and  high  aspiration,  and  shows  it  to  be  above  low  and  vulgar 
methods  of  thought  and  action.  Where  the  rise  is  still  higher 
and  broad  the  governing  ability  is  quite  apparent,  and  exhibits  the 
power  of  command  required  by  the  leader,  teacher,  foreman,  super- 
intendent, judge,  or  general.  The  ability  to  execute  law  and  to 
command  men  makes  one  bold,  resolute,  daring,  prompt,  decisive, 
and  cool  in  time  of  danger.  It  often  assumes  the  aggressive  form,  es- 
pecially when  found  in  the  physiognomies  of  military  leaders  and  of 
discoverers.  We  see  this  sign  most  conspicuously  displayed  in  the 
portraits  and  busts  of  Hannibal,  Julius  Cresar,  Charlemagne,  the 
Duke  of  Wellington,  John  Sobieski,  Amerigo  Vespucci,  l)e  Soto, 
Henry  Hudson,  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  in  the  faces  of  all  who 
have  become  known  to  history  for  their  ability  to  lead  large  bodies 
of  men  in  aggressive  movements  or  in  difficult  and  dangerous 
enterprises.  Many  great  naval  commanders  exhibit  this  sign  of 
character  and  possess  its  accompanying  characteristics.  In  natural 
superintendents,  foremen,  and  managers  this  trait  will  manifest 
its  presence  by  some  modification  of  this  sign,  either  small  or  large. 
Men  whose  noses  present  the  opposite  appearance,  and  are  low 


EXECUTIVENESS.  565 

and  depressed  in  the  centre,  will  never  succeed  in  positions  of 
authority.  The  physiognomy  of  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier  is  an 
admirable  illustration  of  Executiveness,  and  is  most  suggestive  of 
a  lion  in  its  expression.  All  of  the  courageous  and  powerful 
animals  of  the  carnivora  have  a  strong  visceral  structure  and  their 
wide  noses  ar>d  broad,  open  nostrils  announce  great  breathing 
power,  while  their  wide  mouths  tell  us  of  fine  digestive  capacity 
and  the  large  joints  betoken  strong  bones  and  compact  muscles. 

The  more  timid  animals  are  less  powerfully  organized  in 
these  departments  of  their  natures.  Comparing  the  form  of  the 
bull-dog  with  that  of  the  greyhound  and  their  relative  courage  and 
endurance,  we  observe  that  in  the  case  of  the  bull-dog  a  physiology 
suited  to  his  disposition  is  the  cause  of  his  aggressive  spirit,  and 
that  a  lack  of  the  same  power  in  the  greyhound  is  the  cause  of  his 
timidity  and  peaceful  character.  In  one,  the  width  of  the  body 
and  nose  reveals  power,  endurance,  courage,  and  force;  in  the 
other,  the  long,  slim  body  and  long,  narrow  nose  announce  a 
peaceful,  timid  disposition,  without  aggressive  force  of  any  kind. 

A  popular  error  ascribes  to  the  brain  nearly  all  of  the  powers 
of  the  body  and  mind,  and  conveys  the  idea  that  if  one  possess 
a  large  head  with  a  high  forehead  he  will  be  capable  of  almost 
any  mental  effort.  The  truth  is  that  a  person  with  a  large  brain, 
small  lungs,  weak  stomach,  small  abdomen,  and  small  hands  and 
feet  is  about  as  useful  as  a  "  last  year's  butterfly,"  and  heavily 
weighted  in  life's  struggle  for  existence.  I  do  not  care  how  large 
the  brain  is  or  how  high  its  quality,  a  much  smaller  brain  with 
a  good  physiological  structure  will  show  a  far  more  useful  char- 
acter. It  takes  a  good  digestion,  a  strong  heart,  active  lungs, 
and  a  fair  quality  of  bone  and  muscle  to  make  a  large  brain 
effective,  otherwise  it  is  a  positive  detriment  when  great  decision, 
valor,  energy,  and  intrepidity  are  required.  A  large  brain  is  less 
useful  than  a  large  body  with  a  small  brain.  I  do  not  mean  a  fat 
body,  but  a  strong-boned,  well-knit,  muscular  one,  with  sufficient 
adipose  tissue  to  give  warmth  and  heat,  and  this  assists  in  produc- 
ing force.  Steam  cannot  be  created  without  fire,  and  carbon  in 
the  human  body  creates  force  and  energy.  The  forms  of  nearly 
all  steamship  commanders  are  characterized  by  a  large  bony  system, 
powerful  muscles,  a  round  and  solid  body  of  medium  weight,  and 
a  medium-sized,  broad  brain.  The  engineers  of  steamships  are 
nearly  all  short,  broad  men,  with  broad  heads ;  short,  thick  necks ; 
large,  high,  and  broad  noses,  with  broad  chins;  and  here  we  have 
the  build  for  coolness,  intrepidity,  courage,  instant  decision,  and 
constancy, — the  best  form  to  stay  a  panic  or  put  down  a  mutiny. 
Men  of  this  formation  of  body  are  unflinching  in  the  discharge  of 


566  PRACTICAL   AND    SCII.MIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

duty,  and  are  most  reliable,  trustworthy,  and  enduring.  The  con- 
tour of  their  heads  and  bodies  indicates  intelligence  and  resolution. 
Such  a  one  is  Captain  Murrell,  who  rescued  over  seven  hundred 
persons  in  mid-ocean  from  a  ship  which  had  become  disabled  in  a 
storm.  He  received  them  into  his  own  ship  and  cared  for  them 
until  his  arrival  at  the  port  of  Philadelphia.  His  bodily  build 
corresponds  to  the  above  description,  except  that  he  is  tall  as  well 
as  broad.  To  large  Executiveness  he  adds  large  Friendship,  and 
is  chivalrous  and  tender  to  women  and  children.  He  is  a  fine  type 
of  his  class.  There  are  many  more  in  his  profession  who  present 
precisely  the  same  characteristics  of  mind  and  body.  (See  his 
portrait  in  Chapter  IV,  vol.  ii.) 

In  choosing  persons  to  act  as  superintendents  in  mines,  fac- 
tories, or  railroads,  or  for  business,  a  different  form  and  another 
sort  of  Executiveness  are  required.  For  these  purposes  tall,  active 
men  having  the  practical  faculties  dominant  should  be  selected, 
with  a  mechanical  taste  and  capacity  for  criticising  machinery,  but 
not  so  large  as  to  preclude  activity;  with  moderate-sized  brain, 
good,  large  lungs,  and  strong  digestion,  and  with  the  signs  for 
Veneration  and  Executiveness  full.  A  noteworthy  appearance,  and 
one  that  I  have  often  observed,  is  that  a  large  number  of  superin- 
tendents and  foremen  have  red  or  sandy  hair.  This  appearance  in 
such  men  is  in  accord  with  physiognomical  law.  Red-haired  people 
(if  the  hair  be  fine)  are  aspiring  and  ambitious,  as  well  as  active 
and  approbative ;  hence,  they  naturally  seek  to  be  first  in  the  occu- 
pations best  suited  to  their  peculiar  mental  and  physical  organiza- 
tion. Water  always  seeks  its  level,  according  to  a  natural  law,  and 
human  beings,  impelled  by  the  force  and  direction  of  their  leading 
traits,  gravitate  to  their  own  place  in  the  social  scale.  Men  of 
commanding  intellect  and  force  of  character  (even  in  monarchical 
countries)  will  break  through  all  trammels,  and,  surmounting 
every  obstacle  with  the  transcending  power  of  their  genius,  leap  at. 
once  to  the  highest  pinnacle  of  fame.  Such  a  man  was  Michael 
Faraday,  the  physicist.  Although  born  in  poverty,  and  striving 
against  the  most  adverse  circumstances,  he  lived  to  become  the 
benefactor  of  society,  and  by  force,  fortitude,  and  industry  made  for 
himself  a  brilliant  and  lasting  fame.  Talent  and  industry  accom- 
plish marvels,  and  prolonged  industry  merely  without  great  talent 
will  achieve  great  things.  The  history  of  many  men  who  have  by 
their  own  efforts  risen  to  eminence  proves  that  plodding  and  un- 
ceasing efforts  in  one  channel  often  lead  to  great  results.  There  is 
not  a  genius  known  to  fame  who  would  have  been  recognized  as 
such  had  he  not  added  industry  to  talent.  Read  the  life  of  Michael 
Angelo,  who  studied  anatomy  eighteen  years;  of  Titian,  who 


EXECUTIVENESS.  567 

painted  industriously  until  his  ninety-ninth  year ;  of  Mozart,  who 
died  of  overwork  at  thirty-five  years  of  age;  of  Sebastian  Bach, 
who  became  blind  from  overstudy  and  died  aged  sixty-five  years; 
and  of  Beethoven,  the  greatest  of  all  musical  geniuses,  who  labored 
all  his  life  most  industriously.  Without  extended  and  consecutive 
efforts  these  men  Avould  never  have  been  known  to  the  world. 
Men  and  women  possessed  of  musical,  literary,  and  artistic  tastes 
require  only  leisure  to  pursue  their  studies  and  prepare  themselves 
for  greatness,  but  the  great  aggressive  geniuses  of  the  world,  such 
as  military  commanders,  founders  of  new  forms  of  government,  and 
great  inventors,  must  have  a  ivill  to  force  circumstances  to  give 
them  the  necessary  opportunity  to  make  their  talent  conspicuous. 
The  energy  and  executiveness  which  men  of  great  mechanical 
talent  exhibit  in  order  to  open  the  way  for  their  inventions  are 
sometimes  greater  than  the  inventive  ability  displayed  by  their 
genius.  In  listening  to  the  recital  of  the  efforts  which  Captain 
James  B.  Eadds  made  in  striving  to  influence  legislation  and  public 
men,  in  order  to  get  his  great  improvments  and  inventions  in  en- 
gineering before  the  people,  I  was  struck  with  the  perfectly  hercu- 
lean powers  of  the  man's  will  and  executiveness.  His  physiognomy 
corroborates  all  that  my  informant  related.  All  readers  of  biogra- 
phy will  certainly  form  the  opinion  that  geniuses  and  men  of  great 
talent  owe  as  much  to  their  unflagging  energy  and  habits  of  cease- 
less industry  as  they  do  to  their  creative  powers.  From  biography 
we  learn  that  many  if  not  most  of  the  greatest  minds  of  all  ages 
have  sprung  from  extreme  poverty,  and  have  conquered  circum- 
stances by  the  exercise  of  a  dauntless  will.  There  are  some  men 
who,  having  a  taste  or  love  for  science,  art,  and  mechanism,  believe 
that  if  circumstances  had  favored  their  youth  they  might  have 
brought  forth  some  great  invention,  poem,  painting,  or  musical 
composition,  but,  their  youth  having  passed  without  such  oppoiv 
tunity,  they  see  no  future  in  this  direction  for  them.  Of  this  class 
Francis  Galton  remarks  thus : — 

A  prodigal  nature  commonly  so  prolongs  the  period  when  a  man's 
receptive  faculties  are  at  their  keenest  that  a  faulty  education  in  youth  is 
readily  repaired  in  after  life.  The  education  of  Watt,  the  great  mechani- 
cian, was  of  a  merely  elementary  character.  During  his  youth  and  manhood 
he  was  engrossed  with  mechanical  specialties.  It  was  not  until  he  became 
advanced  in  years  that  he  had  leisure  to  educate  himself,  and  yet  by  the 
time  he  was  an  old  man  he  had  become  singularly  well  read  and  widely  and 
accurately  informed.  The  scholar  who,  in  the  eyes  of  his  contemporaries 
and  immediate  successors,  made  one  of  the  greatest  reputations  as  such  that 
any  man  has  ever  made  was  Julius  Ca>sar  Scaliger.  His  youth  was,  I  be- 
lieve, entirely  unlettered.  He  was  in  the  army  until  he  was  twenty -nine, 
and  then  he  led  a  vagrant  professional  life,  trying  everything  and  sticking 
to  nothing.  At  length  he  fixed  himself  upon  Greek.  His  first  publications 


568  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

\\riv  ut  forty -seven,  and  between  th:it  time  and  the  period  of  a  somewhat 
CM  rl  v  death  he  earned  his  remarkable  reputation, — only  exceeded  by  that  of 
lii-  son.  People  are  too  apt  to  complain  of  their  imperfect  education, 
insinuating  that  they  "  would  have  done  great  things  "  if  they  had  been 
more  favorably  circumstanced  in  3'outh.  But  if  their  power  of  learning  is 
materially  diminished  by  the  time  they  have  discovered  their  want  of  knowl- 
edge, it  is  very  probable  that  their  abilities  are  not  of  a  very  high  order, 
and  that  however  well  they  might  have  been  educated  they  would  have 
succeeded  but  little  better.* 

In  the  amount  of  energy  displayed  in  the  character  of  different 
individuals  we  see  the  moving  cause  of  their  success  or  non-success. 
One  great  adjunct  to  Executiveness  is  found  in  a  vigorous  thoracic 
system.  The  man  who  can  breathe  deeply  and  strongly  is  better 
equipped  for  the  race  in  life  than  one  whose  breathing  and  circu- 
lation are  feeble.  The  great  breathers  of  the  world — men  with 
large,  round  bodies — are  those  who  carry  off  the  prizes  in  all  active 
pursuits.  Energy,  Executiveness,  and  Force  are  derived  from  good 
eating  and  good  breathing  powers,  and  they  materially  assist  deep 
tit  i it  king,  as  I  have  shown ;  and  those  parents  who  would  assist  the 
th ink-in ( i  powers  of  a  child  must  take  steps  to  improve  his  breath- 
ing powers.  If  parents  would  have  their  sons  and  daughters 
executive,  let  them  endeavor  to  add  a  couple  of  inches  to  their 
chest-measure  instead  of  trying  to  increase  the  size  of  the  brain  by 
study,  even  supposing  that  this  method  could  accomplish  that 
result.  I  prefer  the  gymnastic  apparatus  as  a  means  to  this  end. 
My  opinion  is  that  this  apparatus  should  be  the  most  important 
accessory  to  all  schools,  particularly  of  girls'  schools.  The  mothers 
of  the  race  have  greater  need  of  deep  breathing  and  energy  than 
the  fathers,  although  each  should  try  to  improve  the  quality  of 
both  lungs  and  muscle. 

Mr.  Galton  tells  us  that 

*  Each  generation  has  enormous  power  over  the  natural  gifts  of  those 
that  follow,  and  I  maintain  that  it  is  a  duty  we  owe  to  humanity  to  inves- 
tigate the  range  of  that  power  and  to  exercise  it  in  a  way  that,  without  be- 
ing unwise  to  ourselves,  shall  be  most  advantageous  to  future  inhabitants 
of  the  earth. f 

In  order,  then,  to  become  the  progenitors  of  executive,  ener- 
getic children  intending  parents  should  commence  a  course  of 
gymnastic  training,  develop  the  muscles  and  muscular  organs, — 
the  heart,  the  lungs,  and  stomach, — as  well  as  the  digestive  powers 
by  hygienic  diet.  In  this  manner  it  is  possible  for  a  mother 
with  a  comparatively  low  nose  to  expand  her  lungs  and  nos- 
trils considerably,  and  thus  be  able  to  produce  children  whose 
lungs  and  nose  shall  be  an  improvement  on  her  own,  and  whose 

*  Hereditary  Genius,  Francis  Galton,  pp.  44,  45. 
t  Ibid.,  p.  1.' 


SELF-WILL.  569 

minds  shall  be  far  more  aspiring,  ambitious,  executive,  and  com- 
manding. Form  and  function  are  allied  forces,  and  if  we  would 
possess  high  faculties  we  must  have  suitable  forms,  made  such  by 
high  functional  activity. 

Executiveness,  or  the  capacity  for  leadership,  is  not  confined 
to  man.  Many  classes  of  animals  evince  a  great  deal  of  this 
faculty.  Goats,  sheep,  deer,  antelopes,  and  elephants  have  their 
leaders. 

Among  children  the  born  leader  soon  makes  his  talent  known, 
for  he  is  "captain,"  "teacher,"  or  "umpire"  of  the  games  by  gen- 
eral consent,  while  the  meek,  "sheepish"  children  follow  their 
leader  as  readily  as  does  the  duck  or  goose. 

The  capacity  to  lead,  command,  and  execute  is  natural  or  in- 
herited when  exhibited  in  early  life.  It  can  be  cultivated,  as  I 
have  shown,  by  exercise  of  the  muscles  and  muscular  organs. 
Its  highest  manifestation  in  combination  is  found  when  Self- 
will,  Conscientiousness,  and  Veneration  are  large.  Associated 
with  large  practical  faculties,  it  gives  taste  and  capacity  for  super- 
intending mechanical  enterprises.  In  com  pain  with  literary  or 
art  faculties,  it  gives  the  disposition  to  dominate  and  enforce  ideas, 
plans,  and  purposes.  Executiveness,  in  those  possessed  of  large 
oratorical  powers,  gives  expression  to  bold,  resolute,  and  magnani- 
mous ideas  ;  combined  with  large  reasoning  powers,  Force,  and 
Constractiveness,  it  creates  the  aggressive,  strategic,  and  military 
commander.  It  is  always  more  powerful  in  those  who  possess  a 
good  degree  of  color  in  the  system.  Those  who  exhibit  bright 
eyes,  pale  complexions,  and  light  hair,  even  with  the  sign  of  Ex- 
ecutiveness large,  will  not  be  as  forcible  and  vigorous  in  action  as 

the  darker-colored. 

SELF-WILL. 

Definition. — Volition,  spontaneous  decision,  application,  am- 
plification ;  power  for  concentrated  attention ;  self-government  by 
force  of  will;  self-confidence;  the  power  of  choosing  for  one's  self; 
strength  of  opinions;  s])onf(n/r<>iix  r./v /v/.svoi'  one's  own  desires; 
strength  of  will  and  ability  to  execute  it.  Distinguished  from 
Firmness  by  its  not  necessarily  being  consecutive.  Self-will  is  able 
to  bring  all  its  force  to  bear  upon  a  given  object  or  train  of  thought, 
and  as  readily  turn  all  its  power  in  another  direction.  It  also  slum  s 
by  force  brought  to  bear  upon  the  wills  of  others  or  externally  upon 
works  of  art,  literature,  mechanism,  or  other  muscular  pursuits. 
Firmness  is  more  of  an  individual  trait,  serving  to  keep  one  firmly, 
perseveringly,  and  continuously  at  one  plan  or  course  of  conduct. 

An  excess  leads  to  selfishness,  contrariness,  opposition,  dis- 
regard of  others'  rights  and  comfort,  to  tyranny  and  overbearing 


570 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


conduct.     In  work  its  excess  leads   to  prolixity  and  unnecessary 
amplification,  circumlocution,  and  detail. 

A  deficiency  causes  irresolution,  timidity,  cowardice,  vacilla- 
tion, lack  of  confidence  in  one's  own  powers,  with  no  settled  or 
strong  opinions,  beliefs,  or  convictions. 

Facial  ami  />%/////  Signs. — The  principal  facial  sign  for  Self- 
will  is  fullness  of  the  muscle  at  the  root  of  the  nose  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  forehead.  It  is  caused  by  the  development  of 
muscle. 

Other  and  secondary  signs  are  found  in  the  general  develop- 
ment of  the  muscular  sys- 
tem, causing  fullness  of  the 
muscles  of  the  back  of  the 
neck  ;  a  curved  lower  jaw, 
as  is  seen  in  creative  artists  ; 
rounding  out  of  the  sides 
of  the  forehead  ;  large,  full, 
convex  eyes ;  short,  round- 
ing ear  ;  thick,  round  nose ; 
short,  thick,  muscular  hands 
and  muscular,  tapering 
fingers. 

Where  pure  Self-will 
is  lacking  the  nose  will  be 
depressed  and  narrow  at  the 
FIG.  8.5.— EX-QUEEN  NATALIE  OF  sERviA.        root,  and  the  entire  system 

Born  in   Russia.      Principal    facial    sign,   Self-will,  will    ovViiKif    ft     rnlnfivo  lnr»k 
shown  by  height  of  the  nose  at  its  junction  with  the  CAUJ  cjv 

forehead.    The  law  of  the  curve  and  straight  line  gov-  /-vf   mnsplp 
ems  this  face.    In  the  lower  part  of  the  countenance 

are  observed  the  signs  for  Firmness,  fonscience.  Love  Tii?cr1iJTr>TTmvr     r»p     QIPT  v 

of  Home,  Patriotism,  Benevolence,  Amativeness,  Love  1/JKSUlUi  &KLf~ 

of  Young,  and  Self-esteem  well  developed.    The  nose  4  WTT  T   TVif»  mn«f  r»rm«rm'ii 

is  long,  high,  and  bony,  showing  a  very  positive  and  UiLi* 

strong  intellect.  The  signs  for  Human  Nature,  Ideality,  rm<3  fnriol    sicrn   fnv    Slp>lf' \\ill 

Sublimity,  Analysis.  Constnictiveness,  Acquisitiveness, 

Veneration,    Executiveness,    and    Self-will    are    most  i0  ovViiKiforl    V»-«r  VioirrVif    nnrl 

prominent.     Language.  Music,  Calculation,  and  Obser-  IS  eXIllOULU     O^    Iieigllt     ail 

vation  are  well  defined.     Credenciveness,    Form,   and  xiri/lfVi    r»f    if-lio    nr»ca     of     fV»r- 

Size  are  marked,  while  the  deep  color  of  the  eyes,  hair.  vviUUl    Ul      Hie 

and  complexion  gives  force,  intensity,  and  power  to  all  rr,r»f    nv  •  innpfirm     \vifli     rliA 

the  social,  domestic,  and  mental  manifestations.  l    J  ul 

forehead.    Inasmuch  as  the 

principal  facial  signs  for  decision  and  self-assertion  are  found  situ- 
ated in  the  muscles,  and  as  all  the  behests  of  the  will  are  operated 
mainly  by  means  of  the  muscular  system,  and  as  the  stronger  pas- 
sions and  emotions  are  performed  by  the  exercise  of  the  muscles 
and  exhibited  in  the  face  by  muscular  expression,  I  feel  justified  in 
stating  that  the  physiological  and  anatomical  base  of  this  faculty  is 
to  be  found  in  the  muscular  system.  When  we  come  to  consider 
that  the  structure  of  the  brain  is  mainly  of  a  fibroid  nature,  we  have 
in  this  circumstance  additional  evidence  of  the' large  representation 


SELF-WILL. 


571 


which  the  muscular  system  has  in  the  cerebral  organization.  When 
it  is  considered  how  many  beautiful  and  useful  traits  are  expressed 
by  the  use  of  this  system,  it  is  not  at  all  singular  that  so  large  a 
portion  of  the  brain  should  be  composed  of  muscular  fibres,  and 
that  some  of  the  fibrous  portion  of  the  brain  should  stand  repre- 
sentative of  the  function  of  Vocality,  as  in  language  and  singing, 
as  well  as  in  the  sense  of  Weight, — the  sense  of  pressure  and 
resistance, — faculties  which  are  entirely  dependent  upon  a  fine  en- 
dowment of  muscular  or  cartilaginous  structure.  In  order  to  trace 
the  origin  of  pure  Sell-will  we  must  go  far  down  the  scale  of  organi- 
zation, and  in  the  purposive 
movements  of  the  amoeba  we 
shall  find  that  this  struc- 
tureless creature  has  the 
power  of  changing  its  shape 
at  ivill,  its  exciting  stimuli 
being  external  impressions 
only.  It  is  certain  that  all 
of  the  "potencies  and  pos- 
sibilities" of  the  will  are 
latent  in  the  minute  speck 
of  protoplasmic  material 
which  forms  the  human 
germ,  and  those  naturalists 
who  have,  busied  them- 
selves with  tracing  the 
course  of  the  evolution  of 
the  tissues  will  find  that  all 
the  animals  and  insects 
which  have  evolved  the 
best  muscular  systems  ex- 
hibit greater  will-power, 
self-assertion,  and  more 
spontaneous  and  ut*f<nif«- 
neous  movements  and  deci- 
sion than  those  less  well 
endowed  with  this  tissue.  The  activity  and  energy  of  several 
species  of  ants,  for  example,  are  perfectly  wonderful,  and  their 
governmental  and  architectural  skill  is  due  entirely  to  their  high 
grade  and  fine  development  of  their  muscular  systems,  wliidi 
dominate  the  other  functions.  Of  the  white  ants  it  is  observed 
that  they  possess  power  for  the  organization  of  ranks,  including 
military  fighting  squadrons,  while  their  edifices  or  constructive 
works  include  galleries  and  corridors,  magazines,  nurseries,  royal 


FIG.  86.— JOSEPH  GARIBALDI.     (STATESMAN, 
PATRIOT,  GENERAL.) 

Born  in  Italy.  1807.  Conspicuous  facial  sign.  Self- 
will,  shown  by  height  of  the  nose  at  its  junction  \\  ith 
the  forehead.  The  law  of  the  straight  line,  square,  and 
cube  governs  this  countenance.  The  appearance  <>t'  the 
upper  part  of  the  face  is  assurance  to  the  scientific 
physiognomist  that  the  domestic  facultie*  arc  \vell  devel- 
oped, albeit  they  are  concealed  by  the  beard.  The  nose 
is  an  extraordinary  one,  and  by  its  length,  firmness,  and 
width  its  entire  length  and  general  height  above  the 
plane  of  the  face  announces  a  powerful  character.  The 
signs  for  Analysis,  Mental  Imitation.  Sublimity.  Con- 
structiveness,  and  Acquisitiveness  are  most  conspicu- 
ous, while  the  signs  for  Veneration,  Kxecutiveness, 
Self-will.  Observation,  Form.  Size,  Order.  Locality. 
Weight.  Memory  of  Events,  Reason,  and  Intuition  show 
the  highest,  degree  of  power.  . 


572  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

chambers  and  halls,  offices,  ordinary  rooms  and  egg  rooms,  floors 
and  ceilings,  pillars,  and' other  appurtenances.* 

Among  the  higher  classes  of  animals  the  capacity  for  prompt 
decision  and  action  is  found  the  best-developed  among  the  car- 
nivora,  whose  muscular  systems  are  dominant.  The  action  of 
/>i-<>//i/tt  and  decisive  Self-will  is  manifested  by  the  higher  classes 
of  carnivorous  birds,  the  eagle,  condor,  and  falcon,  for  example, 
and  in  all  of  these  creatures  the  muscular  system  is  dominant. 
The  projecting  convex  eye,  the  curved  beak  and  talons,  the  keel- 
like  breast-bone,  and  the  curved  back  alike  denote  the  supremacy 
of  the  muscles  and  the  will.  These  birds  have  the  power  for 
intense  concentration  of  all  the  faculties  at  one  time.  They  will 
hover  over  a  lake  or  field,  watching  with  all  the  intensity  of  their 
minds,  and  finally  at  a  favorable  moment  swoop  down  with  a  tre- 
mendous rush  and  seize  their  prey.  Such  spontaneous  concentra- 
tion requires  something  more  than  brain  or  nerves,  bones  or  lungs. 
Nothing  but  the  muscles  could  manifest  such  force,  promptness, 
concentration,  and  spontaneity. 

The  knowledge  which  can  be  gained  from  a  comparison  of 
animal  and  human  physiognomies  as  to  the  origin  of  the  "  will  " 
exceeds  in  practicality  all  of  the  numerous  and  labored  metaphysi- 
cal essays  on  the  subject  which  have  been  written.  A  comparison 
of  the  signs  of  Self-will  in  the  faces  of  the  most  refined  races  witli 
those  of  the  uncivilized  will  prove  that  a  high  grade  of  Self-will  is 
more  characteristic  of  the  higher  races  than  of  the  lower.  Its  de- 
velopment in  them  is  attended  usually  with  a  great  deal  of  mei/fti/ 
force.  In  some  instances  so  great  is  this  power  for  decision  and 
self-assertion  as  to  entitle  it  to  rank  as  a  talent.  The  lowest  races 
of  human  beings  do  not  exhibit  that  development  of  the  nose  where 
the  principal  sign  for  Self-will  is  situated.  On  the  contrary,  the 
noses  of  the  aboriginal  Australians,  the  Tahitians,  many  African 
tribes,  and  many  Mongolians  and  others  disclose  very  great  depres- 
sion of  this  portion  of  the  nose.  This  comparison  of  the  civilized 
with  the  uncivilized  races  reveals  to  us  the  fact  that  Self-will  is  a 
high  faculty,  and  related  to  and  influencing  the  most  important 
traits  of  character.  Its  situation  being  between  the  executive  and 
mechanical  faculties  shows  that  it  is  the  pivot,  so  to  speak,  around 
which  all  these  conspicuous  traits  cluster,  and  upon  which  they  are 
dependent  for  their  power  to  illustrate  most  effectively  their 
activity.  Decision  and  self-assertion  are  among  the  most  com- 
manding powers  of  the  mind.  Look,  for  example,  at  the  portraits 
of  Garibaldi,  Julius  Csesar,  Mazzini,  Ericsson,  Humboldt,  Talley- 
rand, Tasso,  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,  Marco  Polo,  David  Living- 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol  i,  p.  59. 


SELF-WILL.  573 

stone,  Charlotte  Bronte,  Mrs.  Hemans,  Catherine  II  of  Russia, 
Elizabeth  Barret  Browning,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and  hundreds  of 
others  known  to  fame,  and  you  will  become  convinced  that  this 
is  a  trait  of  superiority. 

There  are  many  men  and  women,  whose  facial  records  prove 
them  to  be  possessed  of  large  Self-will,  whose  successful  career 
demonstrates  that  this  one  faculty  alone  has  served  to  make  their 
other  traits  conspicuous,  which,  without  the  aid  of  a  talented  degree 
of  Self-will  would  never  have  given  their  acts  and  works  the  atten- 
tion which  they  have  gained. 

Self-will  is  a  mental  faculty,  and  belongs  to  the  mind  of 
the  muscles.  The  plan  of  this  system  ascribes  to  each  faculty  a 
representation  in  the  brain,  but  disagrees  somewhat  with  the 
phrenological  method  of  localizing  signs  of  character  upon  the 
bones  of  the  cranium,  as  well  as  with  the  restricted  view  that  the 
entire  mind  is  shut  up  in  the  skull,  and  mainly  discoverable  by 
the  conformation  of  the  tymes  of  the  head. 

Many  of  the  secondary  signs  of  Self-will  are  discovered  in  the 
several  muscles  of  the  body,  most  particularly  in  the  muscles  of 
the  neck.  All  sorts  of  corroborative  signs  are  found  scattered  all 
over  the  self-willed  individual  or  animal,  for  wherever  the  back  of 
the  neck  is  full — developed  in  muscle — the  eyes  are  found  to  be 
convex  and  large,  and  this  is  a  sign  of  muscular  power,  as  observed 
in  the  bull,  whose  thick  neck  and  bulging  eyes  are  indicative  of 
strength  and  blind,  unreasoning  will.  Of  the  characteristics  which 
may  be  discerned  in  necks  of  the  opposite  conformation,  Dr.  Cross 
tells  us  that 

The  slender  neck  bespeaks  not  only  weakness  and  timidity,  but  also 
all  the  other  qualities  which  follow  in  their  train.  The  thick  neck,  on  the 
contrary,  bespeaks  not  only  strength  and  courage,  but  also  all  the  other 
qualities  which  flow  from  them.  The  former  is  pliable,  alert,  and  calculated 
for  obedience.  The  latter  is  stiff  to  a  proverb,  imperious,  and  destined  to 
command.* 

An  excellent  comparison  may  be  instituted  between  the  thick 
neck  of  the  bull  and  the  long,  slim  neck  of  the  giraffe.  The 
former,  secure  in  his  abundant  strength,  makes  his  presence  known 
by  fearful  bellowings;  while  the  latter,  timid  as  a  hare,  "has  never 
been  known  to  utter  a  sound"  (Rev.  J.  G.  Wood).  Silence  is 
one  of  the  methods  Nature  uses  to  compensate  the  giraffe  for  lack 
of  strength  and  fleetness,  silence  in  its  case  serving  to  conceal  its 
proximity  to  dangerous  neighbors.  This  correlation  of  silence 
with  weakness  will  illustrate  my  theory  of  the  law  of  compensation. 

The  facial  sign  for  Self-will  is  more  rare  in  the  physiognomies 

*  An  Attempt  to  Establish  Physiognomy  on  Scientific  Principles,  J.  Cross,  M.D.,  p.  115. 


574  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

of  females  than  in  the  masculine  countenance.  Their  changeful  pur- 
suits and  long-continued  subjection  to  man  have  together  prevented 
the  development  of  any  general  and  marked  degree  of  prompt 
decision  and  self-assertion.  This  long-continued  repression  of 
Self-will  has  resulted  in  an  arrest  of  development  of  this  trait. 
Then,  too,  the  life  of  woman  in  general  is  made  up  of  constant 
changes, — of  small  occupations  or  trivialities  ;  very  few,  compara- 
tively, have  the  opportunity  to  pursue  one  grand  and  continuous 
occupation.  Domestic  life,  which  occupies  the  attention  of  the 
majority  of  women,  is  made  up  of  as  many  as  twenty  different  and 
distinct  trades,  hence  it  subjects  women  to  constant  changes  of 
occupations  and  constant  variations  of  mental  states. 

In  the  countenances  of  those  persons  who  have  for  many 
years  made  concentrated  efforts  of  the  will  in  a  given  direction 
two  horizontal  wrinkles  across  the  facial  sign  for  Self-will  often 
appear.  Many  eminent  commanders,  both  military  and  naval,  as 
well  as  superintendents,  teachers,  and  workers  in  art,  science,  etc., 
exhibit  these  wrinkles.  In  some  they  are  quite  deep ;  in  others, 
less  so;  but  wherever  observed  they  have  been  caused  by  the 
concentrated  effort  of  the  will,  and  thus  show  this  effort  in  the 
muscles  which  contribute  their  facial  record.  Phrenologians  term 
this  faculty  " Concentrativeness "  and  "Continuity,"  neither  of 
which  expresses  the  action.  It  is  true  that  it  enables  one  who  has 
it  largely  developed  to  place  his  thoughts  and  feelings  for  a  certain 
length  of  time  with  great  force  in  a  given  direction,  but  it  does 
not  give  that  continuity  of  action  and  purpose  exhibited  by  the 
faculty  of  Firmness.  This  latter  faculty,  although  drawn  many 
times  from  the  pursuit  of  its  object,  returns  again  and  again,  and 
never  withdraws  from  its  aim  until  it  is  achieved. 

Those  who  are  wanting  in  Self-will  are  measurably  deficient 
in  the  power  to  concentrate  with  force  all  their  thoughts  upon  a 
given  subject,  and  in  writing  or  speaking  wander  away  from  what 
they  had  intended  to  express.  It  is  the  same  with  the  speaker 
who,  with  perhaps  large  intellectual  acquirements  but  with  small 
Self-will,  fails  to  hold  before  his  mind  all  that  he  desires  to  express, 
simply  because  he  lacks  the  ready  force  of  will  to  use  at  that 
moment.  And  this  explanation  serves  to  show  how  Self-will  is  so 
essential  a  component  of  the  character  of  great  actors. 

This  sign  (of  wrinkles)  is  never  observed  in  childhood.  The 
former  sign  of  height  of  the  muscle  where  it  joins  the  forehead  is 
indicated  in  childhood  where  there  is  a  large  degree  of  inherited 
Self-will. 

Those  persons  who  have  been  successful  in  carrying  forward 
great  commercial  and  architectural  enterprises,  such  as  building 


SELF-WILL.  575 

railroads,  laying  cables,  erecting  bridges,  aqueducts,  and  cathedrals, 
founding  and  managing  communities  and  governments,  and  in  all 
undertakings  in  art  and  inventions  requiring  persistent  exercise  of 
the  will,  disclose  height  at  the  root  of  the  nose.  In  many  faces  in 
which  this  sign  is  large,  the  sign  for  Firmness  (another  sort  of 
will)  is  often  small  or  only  average,  and  the  chin  in  this  case  will  be 
somewhat  receding.  In  rare  instances  both  of  these  will  be  large 
in  the  same  face,  and  this  combination  gives  an  exceedingly  set, 
willful,  and  obdurate  character.  A  proper  distinction  must  be 
made  between  the  action  of  Self-will  and  Firmness,  both  of  which 
express  a  personal  force  and  reveal  a  great  deal  of  selfltood, — not 
selfishness  necessarily,  for  whether  these  traits  will  result  in  selfish- 
ness depends  upon  other  faculties  in  combination.  Now,  Firmness 
is  evolved  from  the  bony  system  and  operated  by  its  action.  Will 
is  changeable,  shifting,  and  spontaneous  in  its  action  and  movement ; 
one  moment  in  pursuit  of  an  object,  now  against  it,  according  to 
the  impulse  received ;  while  bone  is  immovable  and  contributes  by 
its  solidity  of  structure  and  reliability  to  resist  and  overcome  by  a 
steady,  firm  pressure,  or  rather  by  its  capacity  for  quiet,  persistent 
action  to  accomplish  its  purpose.  It  is,  hence,  better  adapted  to 
the  investigation  and  expression  of  law,  rule,  and  the  truths  of 
Nature,  while  muscle  is,  by  virtue  of  its  flexibility  and  curving 
nature,  better  adapted  to  work  in  art  and  to  express  emotions,  as 
in  acting  and  oratory,  or  to  delineate  them  with  the  pen,  as  in 
dramatic  writing,  fiction,  and  poetry.  One  must  be  able  to  feel 
or  imagine  the  faculties  of  rage,  love,  sorrow,  or  destruction  in 
order  to  depict  them,  and  bony  people  are  not  as  emotional  and 
passionate  as  are  the  muscular  classes,  neither  have  they  as  nice 
an  apparatus  for  illustrating  passions.  Self-will,  pure  and  simple, 
does  not  re.quire  that  one  consistent  and  persistent  course  of  action, 
either  mental  or  manual,  should  be  pursued.  It  may  be  exercised 
one  hundred  times  a  day  in  opposition  or  in  many  diverse  pursuits 
or  parts  of  a  pursuit, — now,  in  a  tempestuous  burst  of  anger; 
again,  in  as  vehement  an  expression  of  love;  now,  in  a  sublime 
flight  of  oratory,  or,  again,  in  a  long-sustained,  five-act  tragedy, 
where  all  the  passions  are  in  turn  "torn  to  tatters."  These  varied 
states  of  mind  require  muscular  force,  enthusiasm,  heat,  and  cer- 
tainly great  changeability,  for  any  dominating  passion  long  sus- 
tained would,  by  its  intensity,  wreck  the  constitution  of  the  one 
thus  exercising  it.  The  reason  why  actors  do  not  thus  make  havoc 
with  their  constitutions  is  because  they  do  not  really  and  fully  feel 
the  emotions  which  they  endeavor  to  represent.  They  only  simu- 
late the  feeling.  Then,  too,  muscle  is  not  sensitive  like  nerves;  in 
fact,  muscle  is  to  a  degree  unfeeling. 


576  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC   PHYSIOGNOMY. 

It  is  only  by  closely  analyzing  every  quality  and  condition  of 
a  tissue  that  we  can  arrive  at  a  true  basis  of  mind  and  mental 
action.  Each  mental  trait  has  its  own  personal  force  and  manner 
of  expressing  itself.  Selfishness  is  more  apt  to  be  revealed  by 
those  in  whom  the  vegetative  system  is  dominant,  for  the  reason 
that  this  system  is  one  of  negative  self-indulgence  and  does  not 
bring  into  action  any  of  the  animal  powers,  such  as  the  use  of  the 
bones  and  muscles,  except  in  a  most  limited  degree,  as  in  the 
use  of  the  hands  in  reaching  for  food,  etc.;  while  the  love  of 
motion  which  inheres  in  the  muscular  system  expresses  itself  in 
art  in  some  form  or  other.  In  the  characters  of  all  the  great 
creative  artists  and  actors  Self-will  is  one  of  their  most  prominent 
traits ;  being  endowed  with  a  fine  quality  and  quantity  of  muscle, 
they  exhibit  in  their  countenances  all  the  signs  of  character 
which  muscle  creates,  and  if  one  make  an  examination  of  a 
score  or  more  of  the  physiognomies  or  portraits  of  the  greatest 
artists  and  actors,  he  will  find  the  sign  for  Self-will  most  con- 
spicuously developed,  as  well  as  all  the  other  signs  which  are 
caused  by  the  presence  of  muscle.  Actors  most  especially  need 
the  reactive  power  of  the  muscles  to  enable  them  to  sustain  by 
a  supreme  effort  of  the  will  a  character  foreign  to  their  own 
through  the  long  plays  of  the  great  masters  of  the  drama;  and, 
when  the  long-sustained  part  is  concluded,  the  actor  must  be  able 
by  the  same  muscular  power  to  relieve  the  tension  of  one  set  of 
muscles  by  calling  into  action  quite  another  set,  and  herein  lies 
the  secret  of  the  actor's  skill. 

If  the  brain  and  nervous  system  were  called  into  play  in 
acting  to  the  extent  that  the  muscles  are,  and  the  burden  of  the 
emotions  expressed  fell  upon  the  brain  and  nerves  (supposing  the 
brain  and  nerves  competent  to  express  emotion),  the  actor  would 
scarcely  survive  the  representation  of  one  grand  drama  like 
"Elizabeth,"  "Marie  Stuart,"  "Richelieu,"  or  "Julius  Csesar." 
The  current  idea  that  the  brain  is  all-powerful  in  promoting  artistic 
effort  is  wholly  erroneous,  for  without  a  fine  quality  of  the  muscles 
no  form  of  art  could  be  manifested.  It  is  true  that  a  suitable 
brain  for  judging  of  art-work  must  be  one  attribute  of  an  artist, 
but  a  love  and  appreciation  of  art  merely  may  and  often  does  exist 
with  little  capacity  for  executing  art.  Such  people  may  make 
good  art-critics,  but  cannot  carry  on  art-works  through  absence  of 
the  necessary  muscular  mechanism. 

Now,  although  muscle  gives  to  the  character  its  power  for 
exhibiting  will,  a  suitable  brain-and-bone  system  must  be  had, 
when  consecution,  imagination,  completeness,  and  amplification  are 
required;  and  this  we  observe  in  the  physiognomies  of  those  who 


SELF-WILL.  577 

have  led  the  world  in  creative  art,  invention,  and  literature,  in 
grand  material  enterprises,  and  in  scientific  discovery.  I  offer  as 
proofs  of  this  statement  the  faces  and  biographies  of  all  such 
characters  in  ancient  and  modern  times.  Physiognomy  is  rich  in 
proofs  of  its  hasic  principles  and  theories. 

Self-will  is  so  useful  a  faculty  that  I  can  but  recommend  its 
cultivation  (when  deficient)  by  the  same  methods  which  were  used 
by  the  Greeks,  viz.,  by  gymnastic  exercises.  A  thorough  course 
of  physical  culture  will  transform  a  timid,  weak-willed  child  into  a 
character  possessed  of  a  fair  degree  of  will,  resolution,  and 
decision,  and  give  the  necessary  courage  to  say  No!  to  vicious 
companions.  Oratory  and  elocution  were  special  studies  with 
the  Greeks,  and  are  of  infinite  service  in  developing  will.  In  a 
timid  child  or  adult  a  great  deal  of  self-assertion  can  be  aroused 
by  these  studies;  besides,  they  act  as  a  stimulus  to  the  brain, 
carrying  a  great  deal  of  blood  to  the  head  by  the  practice  of  loud 
tones  and  the  development  of  the  lungs  by  the  several  processes  of 
physical  culture.  The  sign  for  Sell- will  is  one  of  the  most  marked 
facial  peculiarities  of  the  Greek  physiognomy.  Appeals  to  the  timid 
to  "brace  up"  and  "speak  out"  are  of  slight  avail,  but  with  the 
assistance  of  a  well-trained  muscular  system  the  vacillating,  irreso- 
lute child  will  exhibit  quite  an  improvement  on  his  original  state. 
.  I  think  a  great  deal  of  wickedness  is  committed  through 
weakness  of  will — more  perhaps  through  weakness  of  some  one 
facility  than  by  a, positively  r/VvVm.s-  f/'n/'t.  A  child  or  adult  (whose 
will  is  so  defective  as  to  be  overpowered  by  the  will  of  a  vicious 
companion)  may  not  incline  to  sin  or  vice,  but  will  often  consent 
to  it  through  the  influence  of  a  stronger  will. 

The  habitual  abuse  of  Self-will,  like  all  other  abnormal  mani- 
festations, leaves  its  impress  upon  the  physiognomy.  A  permanent 
scowl  is  one  mark  often  seen  in  willful  children  and  adults ; 
glaring,  disrespectful  looks,  another  mark;  drawing  down  the  cor- 
ners of  the  lower  lip  like  a  carnivorous  animal  is  yet  another  sign 
of  unbalanced  and  unbridled  Self-will.  Self-will  may  manifest 
itself  as  seljixh  /o'//,  or  destructive,  revengeful  will  (when  revenge, 
vindictiveness,  malice,  and  spite  are  inherited) ;  these  signs  are 
found  in  the  peculiar  appearance  of  the  outline  of  the  nostril, 
causing  it  to  turn  upward,  either  rounding  up  as  though  a  piece 
had  been  bitten  out,  and  exposing  the  interior  of  the  nostril  as  is 
the  case  in  vicious  animals,  or  else  describing  an  acute  angle  or 
acute  arch  in  the  lower  outline  of  the  wing  between  the  tip  of  the 
nose  and  the  place  of  junction  with  the  cheek.  These  several 
formations  will  be  found  figured  in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Human 
Face,"  under  "  Criminal  Noses." 


578  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

These  peculiar  nasal  forms  denote  varying  degrees  of  selfish 
will,  force,  and  resistance,  and  prove  their  presence  by  acts  of.  spite, 
malice,  vindictiveness,  or  deep  revenge.  These  acts  will  exhibit 
the  more  spontaneous  and  desperate  phases  where  the  color  of 
eyes,  hair,  and  complexion  is  deepest,  but  will  partake  more  of  the 
nature  of  spite  and  malice  where  the  color  is  lightest. 

In  the  race  of  life  a  good  share  of  Self-will  is  required,  yet  ;m 
excess  is  dangerous  and  will  defeat  all  one's  good  intentions.  In 
cases  where  there  is  too  little  the  remedy  has  been  pointed  out: 
In  order  to  check  an  excessive  manifestation  of  will  it  is  highly 
essential  that  parents  should  commence  in  early  life,  and  endeavor 
by  a  suitable  diet  to  neutralize  selfishly-willful  tendencies.  Then, 
too,  the  other  traits  in  combination  must  be  leveled  up  to  balance 
this  excess.  The  affections  must  be  cultivated,  and,  above  all,  the 
conscience  stimulated  and  reason  developed,  and  thus  by  brunj'nnj 
up  other  good  faculties  to  a  higher  activity  Self-will  will  sink  into 
the  background  and  become  a  useful  instead  of  a  dangerous  force. 
Children  who  are  allowed  to  indulge  their  will  too  much  may 
become  criminals  of  the  deepest  dye. 

In  Nature's  great  pharmacopoeia  there  is  a  sovereign  remedy 
for  nearly  all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to.  Air,  water,  diet,  rest, 
exercise,  and  self-control  are  the  physicians  that  can  heal  the 
world.  Add  to  these  the  knowledge  of  the  scientific  propagation 
of  the  race,  and  we  should  soon  have  a  world  so  delightful  to  live 
in  that  we  would  prefer  to  remain  here  rather  than  risk  the 
chances  of  existence  elsewhere. 

CREDENCIVENESS. 
"Let  us  have  truth  for  authority,  not  authority  for  truth." 

Definition. — Belief  in  hearsay  evidence,  history,  tradition, 
receptivity,  biography,  and  in  the  laws  of  Nature  ;  love  of  novelty, 
and  a  desire  to  hear  the  "  news." 

An  excess  of  Credenciveness  creates  childish  credulity,  gross 
superstition,  belief  in  the  impossible,  unreal,  and  imaginary,  and 
gives  a  taste  for  fables  and  works  of  imagination ;  begets  belief 
in  dreams,  ghosts,  witches,  fairies,  demons,  sprites,  omens,  charms, 
spells,  fortune-telling,  and  incantations.  It  makes  one  a  prey  to 
frauds  and  impostors,  and  gives  rise  to  belief  in  the  supernatural 
power  of  priest,  pope,  and  prophet,  which  in  the  Indian  is  shown 
by  his  confidence  in  the  "  medicine-man,"  and  in  undeveloped  races 
is  manifested  by  their  childish  and  unreasonable  beliefs  in  the 
sanctity  and  power  of  certain  objects,  animals,  and  images. 

A  deficiency  causes  skepticism  and  unbelief,  and  makes  one 
doubt  or  reject  all  evidence,  even  of  the  most  unimpeachable  sort; 


CREDENCIVJiNESS.  579 

it  destroys  confidence  among  friends  and  associates,  and  causes  one 
to  be  non-progressive. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — A  conspicuous  facial  record  of 
Credenciveness  is  found  in  the  height  of  the  eyebrow  above  the  eye 
at  its  inner  terminus,  also  by  a  high  arching  of  the  brow  at  this 
point.  In  the  Mongolian  race,  and  in  other  superstitious  races, 
the  eyebrow  at  its  inner  terminus  stands  so  far  away  from  the  eye 
as  to  leave  a  wide  space  between  it  and  the  eye,  and  seems  to  divide? 
the  forehead  in  half.  Another  sign  is  the  wide-open  eye,  wide- 
open  hands,  and  ears  stretching  forward.  The  mouth  in  children, 
undeveloped  persons,  rustics,  and  uncultivated  people  opens  in  as- 
tonishment and  wonder  at  anything  new  or  strange.  Wonder, 
amazement,  and  astonishment  relax  the  muscles,  as  evidenced  by 
opening  of  the  eyes,  etc. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CREDENCIVENESS. — This  trait  has  been  named 
"Wonder,"  "Spirituality,"  "  Marvelousness,"  and  "Faith,"  none 
of  which  express  its  real  office  and  normal  action.  Its  real  use, 
unperverted,  is  to  give  confidence  in  what  is  written  and  spoken, 
as,  for  example,  in  history,  tradition,  teaching,  oratory,  preaching, 
and  current  news.  It  is  found  most  largely  developed  in  Oriental 
races,  such  as  the  Chinese,  Turks,  Persians,  Arabs,  and  Hindoos, 
as  well  as  among  other  uncivilized  tribes.  It  is  a  muscular 
trait  and  is  found  dominant  in  the  muscular  races  of  people,  as 
above  mentioned.  The  arching  of  the  eyebrow,  as  is  seen  in  poets, 
painters,  prophets,  seers,  and  dreamers,  is  added  proof  of  its  mus- 
cular origin.  The  wide-open  eye  is  another  sign,  for  where  the 
muscular  system  dominates,  or  is  one  of  the  controlling  systems  of 
the  body,  arching  of  the  brow  and  fullness  of  the  eye  is  observa- 
ble. Its  action  and  appearance  are  just  the  opposite  to  that  of  Ob- 
servation. This  faculty  draws  down  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye- 
brow, and  instead  of  relying  upon  hearsay  evidence  observes  for 
itself,  and  thus  substitutes  a  practical  demonstration  for  recorded 
or  verbal  description.  The  development  of  the  eye-bones  causes 
the  eyebrows  to  assume  a  horizontal  appearance,  and  this  is  the 
form  most  commonly  observed  in  practical  characters,  such  as  me- 
chanics and  scientists,  who  are  so  constituted  as  to  demand  proof 
before  belief,  or  who  insist  upon  having  reasonable  evidence  of 
everything.  Where  Credenciveness  is  uncommonly  developed,  or 
where  it  overbalances  the  reason  and  practical  traits,  it  begets  a 
love  of  the  wonderful  and  superstitious,  and  those  in  whom  it  is 
large  will  place  implicit  reliance  in  all  wonderful  and  improbable 
narrations,  such  as  relate  to  ghosts,  spirits,  and  "great-snake" 
stories.  Many  persons  of  good  judgment  in  all  the  affairs  of 
every-day  life  will  accept  as  a  religious  belief  statements  founded 


580 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


upon    the  impossible,  and  which   truth  and   reason   show  to  be 
such. 

This  faculty  is  universal,  and  is  found  in  degrees  ranging  all 
the  way  from  its  legitimate  action,  viz.,  a  belief  in  history  and  well- 
authenticated  facts,  to  childish  credulity  and  belief  in  the  impossi- 
ble, in  fairies,  ghosts,  genii,  and  dragons.  Those  who  possess  a 
very  large  degree  of  this  trait  rely  upon  the  power  of  charms, 

omens,  incantations,  and 
lucky  and  unlucky  num- 
bers and  days;  or  believe 
in  the  sanctity  of  certain 
birds,  beasts,  and  insects. 
"  Plain  sense  will  influence 
half  a  score  of  people  at 
most,  while  mystery  will 
lead  millions  by  the  nose," 
said  Lord  Bolingbroke. 

The  facial  signs  for 
this  faculty  are  conspicuous 
in  the  physiognomies  of 
Joan  of  Arc,  Bajazet,  Igna- 
tius Loyola,  and  Schamyl,  a 
prophet  and  military  leader 
of  the  Circassian  s ;  also  Pope 
Alexander,  Swedenborg, 
Mohammed,  and  other 
great "  believers"  and  super- 
stitious leaders.  In  the 
faces  of  scientists  the  sign 
for  Credenciveness  ^  is  so 
small  as  not  to  be  percep- 
tible. Why  should  we  be- 
lieve anything  without  rea- 
sonable evidence  when  the 


FIG.  87.— JOANNA  SOUTHCOTT.  (FOUNDER  OF  A 
RELIGIOUS  SHCT,  FANATIC,  PROPHETESS,  AND 
IMPOSTOR.) 

Born  in  England,  1750.  Principal  facial  sign,  Creden- 
civeness,  shown  by  height  of  the  inner  end  of  the  eye- 
brow from  the  eye.  The  law  of  the  curve  governs  this 
face.  The  domestic  faculties  are  well  defined.  Love  of 
Home,  Benevolence,  and  Patriotism  are  marked  ;  Love 
of  Young  very  large  ;  Amativeness  normal ;  Conscien- 
tiousness hardly  average.  There  is  too  much  soft  tissue 
and  too  little  bone  in  this  organism  to  create  great  in- 
tegrity. Friendship,  Self-esteem,  Hospitality,  and  Ap- 
probativeness  are  large.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Human 
Nature,  Ideality,  Analvs's,  Mental  Imitation,  Venera- 
tion, and  Self-will  are  well  defined.  The  region  about  the 
eyes  is  verv  peculiar.  Form  and  Size  are  wonderfully  de- 
veloped. Credenciveness  is  very  apparent.  It  was  these 
traits  which  enabled  her  to  see  visions,  which  she 
palmed  off  upon  her  followers  as  coming  from  God. 
The  curve  of  the  upper  eyelid  is  abnormal  and  shows 
agreeable  deceit.  Her  Memory  of  Events  and  Language 

were  large     All  this  added  to  a  very  magnetic  presence       nvnnf*  i«  <ir»  pnsil  v 
made  her  the  successful  leader  of  a  mystic  religion.  *"-J 

The  world  is  full  of  truths 

and  is  founded  on  truth.  Were  not  the  laws  of  Nature  regulated 
by  mathematical  precision  the  world  could  not  remain  in  its 
orbit  one  minute.  If  one  make  the  pursuit  of  truths — of  demon- 
strable facts — his  great  aim,  he  will  gather  an  immense  amount 
of  the  most  interesting  knowledge;  but  if,  on  the  contrary,  he 
pursues  myths,  fictions,  falsities,  and  fables,  his  mind  will  resemble 
a  dust-heap, — nothing  of  any  value  will  be  found  in  it.  Truth  is 
good  enough  for  anybody  and  needs  no  spicing,  but  to  those  with 


CREDENCIVENESS. 


581 


large  Oedenciveness  a  wonderful  narration  without  a  grain  of  truth 
in  it  is  more  attractive  than  the  most  demonstrable  circumstance. 

Credenciveness  has  its  uses  in  the  artistic  mind,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  works  of  poets,  artists,  and  painters,  as  it  lends  to  a 
love  of  the  wonderful  as  distinguished  from  the  beautiful  and  sub- 
lime. It  is  a  species  of  imagination  devoted  to  the  creation  and 
representation  of  a  class  of  ideas  resulting  in  such  works  as  Dante's 
"Inferno,"  Dore's  illustra- 
tion of  the  same,  and  Foe's 
"  Raven."  It  influenced 
largely  the  works  of  Mil- 
ton, Tasso,  and  Shakes- 
peare. The  pictures  painted 


by  some  of  the  great  mas- 
ters of  art  prove  Creden- 
civeness to  be  one  element 
in  the  characters  of  artistic 
genius.  It  is  well  wrought 
out  in  the  following  great 
paintings :  "  St.  George 
and  the  Dragon,"  by  Ra- 
phael; "St.  Michael  Slay- 
ing Satan,"  by  Schoen ; 
"The  Vision  of  St.  Ber- 
nard," by  Murillo;  "  Pro- 
phecy of  the  Sybil,"  by 
Peruzzi ;  and  in  the  classic 
works  representing  "  Bel- 
lerophon  Slaying  the  Chi- 
mera," "  Hercules  and 
Cerberus,"  and  the  "  Lao- 
coon."  The  age  of  art  was 
replete  with  paintings,  stat- 
uary, poems,  plays,  and 
books  devoted  to  the  expo- 
sition of -the  weird,  grotesque,  miraculous,  and  impossible  acts  of 
saints  and  sinners,  as  well  as  of  satyrs,  gorgons,  and  other  unreal 
beings,  which  have  been  believed  in  by  millions  of  people.  The 
age  of  art  was  a  muscular  age  and  produced  numerous  singular 
faiths,  and  these  led  to  universal  superstition,  which  the  science  of 
the  nineteenth  century  is  slowly  yet  surely  dispelling.  We  are 
coming  up  into  the  l>ony  age, — the  age  of  science,  truth,  integrity, 
and  actuality ;  hence,  squareness,  solidity,  and  angularity  are 
required  instead  of  curves  and  flexibility.  Bony  races  have  less 


FIG.  88.— ROBERT  SOUTHEY.   (LiTEUATOR  AND 
POET  LAUREATE.) 

Born  in  England,  1774.  Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Cre- 
denciveness, shown  by  high  arching  of  the  inner  end  of 
the  eyebrow.  The  law  of  the  curve  governs  this  coun- 
tenance. All  of  the  signs  of  artistic  talent  are  im- 
pressed in  the  numerous  curves  of  this  countenance. 
The  dimpled  chin,  the  curvilinear  lips,  the  peculiarities 
of  the  tip  of  the  nose,  the  convex  eyes,  curved  eye- 
brows, dramatic  jaw,  and  curly  hair  announce  the 
artist.  The  signs  for  Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Be- 
nevolence, Amativeness,  I.ove  of  Young,  Approbative- 
ness,  Modesty,  and  Self-esteem  are  well  defined.  The 
nose  exhibits  great  intellectual  powers.  The  sipns  for 
Hope,  Analysis,  Mental  limitation.  Ideality,  Sublimity, 


Constructiveness,  Acquisitiveness,  Veneration,  Kxecu- 
tiveness.  and  Self-will  are  all  prominent;  while  Pres- 
cience, Credenciveness,  Color,  Form,  Size,  Memory  of 


Events,  Music,  Mental  Order,  and  Intuition  are  pre- 
eminent. The  outline  of  the  face  taken  as  a  whole  and 
of  each  feature  separately  suggests  great  originality  and 
literary  talent. 


582  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Credenciveness  than  the  muscular  races,  which  are  the  most  credu- 
lous and  confiding,  and  most  easily  imposed  upon,  especially  by  any- 
thing that  lias  a  flavor  of  the  wonderful,  romantic,  and  improbable. 
A  beggar  who  presents  himself  to  such  characters  is  always  more 
sure  of  success  if  he  relate  an  improbable,  untruthful,  or  marvelous 
account  of  himself;  while  one  with  a  true,  plain,  matter-of-fact 
story  would  fail  entirely  to  enlist  their  sympathies.  The  muscular 
races  exhibit  the  very  height  and  intensity  of  this  faculty.  It  shows 
in  their  mysterious,  incomprehensible,  and  impracticable  religious 
theories;  in  their  belief  in  charms,  incantations,  spells,  omens, 
oracles,  visions,  prophecies,  and  miraculous  occurrences ;  and  by 
their  love  of  the  weird,  grotesque,  romantic,  sentimental,  and  im- 
aginative in  art  and  literature.  They  are  correspondingly  distin- 
guished by  the  absence  of  scientific  thought  or  mechanical  ability, 
of  practicality  and  accurate  observation,  and  of  all  the  faculties 
which  are  present  with  the  bony  system  ;  hence,  they  are  one  grade 
lower  in  evolution  than  the  bony  races.  Their  literature  is  charac- 
terized by  symbolism,  by  metaphoric  and  mystic  language,  such  as 
only  the  imaginative  and  superstitious  can  enjoy,  for  comprehend 
it  they  cannot.  It  is  so  overladen  with  monstrous  and  mystical 
ideas  that  no  mind  can  fathom  it,  as,  for  example,  the  Vedas  of 
the  Brahmin,  the  Zend  Avesta  of  the  Persian,  the  Koran  of  the 
Mohammedan,  and  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks,  not  to  mention 
later  literatures  and  religious  theories  which  contain  much  of  the 
mysterious,  absurd,  and  impossible,  borrowed  from  the  old  pagan 
religions.  This  class  of  literature  does  not  obtain  to  any  great 
extent  among  the  bony  races;  neither  do  they  believe  in  miracles, 
as  formerly ;  for  science  is  fast  explaining  by  law  what  has  long 
seemed  to  be  miraculous,  and  "  miracles,"  Renan  tells  us,  "  are 
never  performed  in  a  country  where  people  do  not  believe  in 
miracles."  As  evolution  brings  humanity  up  to  a  higher  grade 
"  Earth  outgrows  the  mvstic  fancies  sunar  beside  her  in  her  youth." 

V  *l 

Nearly  all  religious  theories  of  the  Orient,  as  well  as  a  large  part 
of  its  literature,  are  simply  stupendous  and  barbaric  nonsense,  or  a 
"  license  of  imagination  "  which  logic  and  the  laws  of  Nature  can 
disprove  and  will  dispel. 

The  best  use  to  which  we  can  put  our  Credenciveness  is  to 
have  faith  in  ourselves  and  in  the  laws  of  God  as  shown  through 
the  laws  of  Nature,  for  these  laws  are  infallible,  and  Nature  has 
labeled  everything  so  plainly  that  if  we  will  but  use  our  powers  of 
observation  instead  of  faith  and  Credenciveness  we  shall  be  able  to 
demonstrate  all  that  we  need  to  know,  and  thus  we  shall  be  spared 
the  vague  uncertainties  of  the  overcredulous.  Children  who  have 
inherited  this  faculty  in  a  large  degree  will  be  fond  of  fairy  tales 


CREDENCIVENESS.  583 

and  descriptions  of  the  wonders  of  Nature.  Where  this  trait  is 
excessive  it  should  be  led  and  trained  to  a  useful  purpose,  and  his- 
tory, biography,  and  accounts  of  natural  phenomena  should  be 
substituted  for  the  wonders  that  these  minds  crave.  Teach  them 
facts,  but  let  them  be  presented  in  an  entertaining  manner.  I  am 
sure  that  an  investigation  of  Nature's  works  will  afford  sufficient 
scope  for  all  the  marvelousness  in  a  child's  mind.  Teach  them  the 
growth  of  the  sponge,  coral,  and  polyp ;  unfold  to  them  the  mar- 
vels and  beauties  of  the  sea-anemone,  sea-urchin,  octopus,  and 
argonaut.  Furnish  them  with  a  magic-lantern,  a  Horoscope,  and  a 
microscope,  and  allow  their  youthful  minds  to  expand  in  the  light 
of  Nature's  truths,  which  are  as  marvelous  and  wonderful  as  the 
fables  of  old,  and  which  can  be  presented  to  the  minds  of  children 
in  a  manner  as  fascinating  as  are  the  fairy  tales  and  novels,  which, 
if  read  unrestrainedly  in  youth,  will  surely  bear  the  fruits  of  im- 
practicality  and  disappointment  in  age.  The  hope  of  the  world  is 
in  our  youth,  and  just  "as  the  twig  is  bent  the  tree  is  inclined;  " 
hence,  I  say,  give  to  our  youth  the  marvels  and  wonders  of  Nature 
upon  which  to  feed  the  taste  for  the  marvelous,  and  we  shall  soon 
have  a  race  of  trained  scientists  and  naturalists.  This  course, 
adopted  in  youth,  will  produce  innocent,  truthful,  and  pure-minded 
men  and  women.  I  know  of  nothing  which  so  cultivates  the  moral 
sense,  purity,  and  truth  as  the  study  of  the  natural  sciences,  and 
as  now  written  for  children  by  our  talented  authors  they  are  sim- 
plified and  made  interesting  to  any  child  not  already  corrupted  and 
vitiated  by  a  course  of  novels  and  fairy  tales.  It  is  a  notable  cir- 
cumstance that  the  great  naturalists  and  scientists  of  the  world, 
such  as  Newton,  Humboldt,  Herschel,  Mrs.  Somerville,  Darwin, 
and  others  of  the  same  pursuits,  have  led  lives  of  such  innocence 
and  purity,  truth  and  integrity,  as  will  bear  comparison  with  the 
best  of  the  earth.  They  are  examples  worthy  of  imitation.  A  life- 
long study  of  the  laws  and  truths  of  God  as  shown  in  Nature 
would  seem  best  adapted  to  develop  the  sense  of  truth  and  mwaltiy 
in  the  human  mind.  Scientists  and  mechanicians  present  in  their 
moral  characters  a  grade  of  integrity  not  surpassed  by  any  class. 

The  Oriental  religions  have  fostered  a  love  for  the  marvel- 
ous, and  a  perusal  of  many  of  their  dogmas,  doctrines,  and 
beliefs  is  enough  to  turn  the  head  of  a  sane  and  common-sense 
person.  The  Romish  church  was  the  great  patron  of  art  during 
its  supremacy,  and  thus  it  is  that  most  of  the  works  of  the  great 
masters  are  representations  of  its  legends,  traditions,  and  miracles, 
which  are  firmly  believed  in  by  the  devotees  of  that  faith.-  Faitli, 
not  evidence,  is  the  crowning  virtue  of  all  religions.  It  is  unfor- 
tunate for  the  human  family  that  demonstrable  truth  is  not  the 


584  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIK.NTIFK'    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

groundwork  of  all  religions,  more  ('specially  as  the  works  of  God 
are  teeming  with  truth.  A  certain  decree  of  faith  and  credence  is 
essential  in  our  intercourse  with  each  other.  The  child  ought  to 
believe  in  his  parents  and  teachers,  the  citizen  in  his  rulers,  and  the 
people  in  their  moral  guides,  but  all  these  classes  should  he  able  to 
prove  and  show  by  conscientious  conduct  that  this  confidence  is  not 
misplaced.  Fortune-tellers,  astrologers,  and  so-called  prophets  de- 
pend upon  an  unbalanced  condition  of  Credenciveness  for  their 
success.  No  class  of  people  is  more  easily  duped  and  cheated  than 
they,  for  they  are  very  responsive  to  the  dominant  faculty  of 
their  own  nature.  It  is  a  law  of  human  nature  that  one  is  most 
easily  influenced  by  the  action  in  others  of  the  traits  which  are 
strongest  in  himself,  and  no  impostor,  fortune-teller,  or  prophet 
could  long  succeed  who  was  lacking  in  the  elements  of  superstition 
and  credulity.  Sir  Walter  Scott  remarked  that 

No  man  ever  succeeded  in  imposing  upon  the  public  us  a  supernatural 
personage -who  was  not,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  dupe  of  his  own  imposture. 

This  exposition  of  the  rationale  of  Credenciveness  instructs  us 
how  essential  it  is  that  we  should  possess  faculties  which  are  in 
themselves  true, — that  is  to  say,  eyes  which  are  perfect  in  their 
mechanical  construction,  possessing  the  capacity  for  correct  vision, 
and  set  straight  in  their  orbits ;  ears  whose  structure  is  such 
as  to  receive  accurately  the  impressions  made  upon  them ;  and  a 
clear  skin,  sensitive  to  all  external  sensations  of  touch  and  tem- 
perature,— in  order  that  this  extensive  mental  sense  shall  conduce 
to  correct  feelings.  The  senses  of  scent  and  taste,  when  normal, 
assist  in  distinguishing  odors  and  flavors,  and  thus  all  of  the  so- 
called  five  senses  contribute  to  integrity,  or  wholeness  and  sound- 
ness ;  in  other  words,  triteness  of  all  the  sense-organs,  and  trueness, 
straightness,  and  rectitude  (from  the  Latin  word  rectus,  right)  must 
be  the  condition  of  all  the  senses  of  the  mind  and  body  in  order  to 
gain  correct  impressions  and  right  ideas  of  all  subjects.  Now,  these 
straight  and  true  sensations  and  ideas  proceed  naturally  and  spon- 
taneously from  straight  and  true  bodies,  and  not  from  crooked  or 
warped  bodies  or  features.  Hence,  education  as  to  trueness,  up- 
rightness, and  straightness  of  conduct  and  thought  will  not  eradi- 
cate inherited  crookedness,  but  will  no  doubt  modify  considerably 
the  tendencies  to  crooked  and  erratic  action  and  speech.  When 
one  is  able  to  perceive  and  hear  everything  correctly,  he  is  most 
liable  to  repeat  in  his  works  and  language  the  same  true  principles, 
and,  as  truth  and  straightness  are  underlying  principles  in  Nature's 
laws,  the  straighter  the  body  and  features,  the  more  nearly  correct 
will  be  his  conceptions  of  duty,  religion,  and  science.  Crooked 
muscles,  or  even  the  tendency  to  curve  easily,  is  a  childish  condi- 


CREDENCIVENESS.  585 

tion  relatively,  and  those  nations,  races,  and  individuals  who  are 
"believers"  in  very  marvelous  religions  are  those  that  curve  easily, 
hence  are  liable  to  have  ideas  which  are  curved,  warped,  or  askew, 
as  compared  to  the  straight  and  true  ideas  of  those  more  rectan- 
gular in  form  and  more  solid  and  reliable  in  structure,  as  are 
the  osseous  races  and  individuals.  "  As  a  man  thinketh,  so  is  he  " 
is  true  as  regards  his  mind  and  body.  As  a  man  is  formed,  so  will 
his  thought  and  morals  partake  of  the  same  conformation.  For 
example,  an  analysis  of  the  forms  of  different  poets  and  a  com- 
parison of  their  works  corroborate  the  theory  of  straightness  and 
curvativeness.  Contrast  the  writings  and  form  of  Whittier  with 
the  writings  and  form  of  Dante.  The  former  gives  us  truthful 
yet  charming  descriptions  of  life  and  rural  scenery,  clothed -in 
rhythmic  and  melodious  language,  while  his  descriptions  are  so 
true  to  Nature  that  one  can  see  the  winding  of  the  brook,  hear  the 
song  of  the  sky-lark,  inhale  the  odor  of  the  new-mown  hay,  per- 
ceive the  glistening  dewdrops,  and  hear  the  murmuring  of  the 
insect  world  as  he  pictures  them  with  his  pen.  But  all  are  true, 
yet  made  ideal  and  vivid  by  the  touch  of  his  genius.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  descriptions  of  Dante,  in  his  "Vision  of  Hell,  Purgatory, 
and  Paradise,"  are  most  false  and  exaggerated,  and  deal  with  all 
sorts  of  supernatural  personages  and  conditions.  It  is  rather  re- 
markable that  the  faculty  of  Credenciveness,  as  developed  in  most 
poets  and  painters,  outworks  in  descriptions  of  the  horrible  and 
grotesque  rather  than  of  the  beautiful  and  supernal.  The  following 
portraiture  of  a  character  in  Dante's  "Hell"  will  illustrate  his 
peculiar  phase  of  the  marvellous  or  Credenciveness  in  excess: — 

"Oh  !  what  a  sight ! 

How  passing  strange  it  seemed  to  me  when  I  did  spy 
Upon  his  head  three  faces,  one  in  front 
Of  hue  vermilion,  th'  other  two  with  this 
Midway  each  shoulder  joined,  and  at  the  crest 
Two  mighty  wings,  enormous  as  became 
A  bird  go  vast.     Sails  never  such  I  saw 
Outstretch'd  on  the  wide  sea.     No  plumes  had  they, 
But  were  textured  like  a  bat,  and  there 
He  flapped  i'  the  air  that  from  him  issued  still 
Three  wings  wherewith  Cocytus  to  its  depth 
Was  frozen.     At  six  eyes  he  wept !    The  tears 
Adown  three  chins  distilled  with  bloody  foam. 
At  every  mouth  his  teeth  a  sinner  champed, 
Bruised  as  with  ponderous  engine,  so  that  three 
Were  in  this  guise  tormented."* 

A  mind  that  could  conceive  and  externalize  in  verse  such  a 
horrible  being  as  this  must  surely  possess  a  face  quite  different 
in  its  aspect  from  that  of  the  mild  and  serene  Quaker-poet.  AM  i  it- 
tier,  to  whom  hell,  devils,  and  monsters  are  perfectly  abhorrent. 

*The  Vision,  Alighieri  Dante,  p.  118. 


586  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

A  comparison  of  the  laces  of  Dante  and  Whittier  by  the  student 
of  physiognomy  will  disclose  the  sources  of  the  different  kinds  of 
talent  exhibited  by  each. 

The  physiognomy  of  Thomas  Carlyle  contrasted  with  that  of 
John  William  Draper  is  a  study,  and  corroborates  the  wildness 
and  originality  of  Carlyle's  curious  intellect,  as  well  as  the  truth- 
loving  disposition  of  Draper.  It  quite  justifies  Mr.  Ruskin's 
criticism  of  Carlyle  that  he  was  "  born  in  the  clouds  and  struck  by 
lightning." 

A  normal  or  balanced  amount  of  Credenciveness  enables  one 
to  receive  and  discuss  new  ideas  and  methods,  hence  is  allied  to 
progress.  Adventurers,  navigators,  and  investigators  of  new  and 
untried  principles  are  assisted  greatly  by  the  receptivity  of  their 
natures.  Announcement  of  the  discovery  of  vast  quantities  of  gold 
in  California  led  thousands  of  wonder-loving  and  adventurous  spirits 
to  that  country.  The  result  is  a  community  in  which  the  love  of  the 
marvelous  and  sentimental  is  one  very  noticeable  trait,  for  fortune- 
tellers, mediums,  patent-medicine  venders,  and  astrologers  abound, 
and  all  sorts  of  mystic  philosophies  are  entertained,  their  chief 
claim  to  consideration  being  that  they  are  novel  and  mysterious. 
Many,  too,  having  tired  of  the  mysteries  of  orthodox  faiths,  search 
about  constantly  for  some  new  and  novel  mystery. 

Mr.  J.  Stanley  Grimes  says: — 

We  frequently  see  a  spiritualist  who  does  not  believe  in  Christ,  but 
believes  in  A.  J.  Davis  ;  he  does  not  believe  in  the  Virgin  Mary,  but  he 
believes  in  Kate  Fox ;  he  does  not  believe  in  the  Apostles,  but  he  believes 
in  the  Davenport  boys  ;  he  does  not  believe  that  the  omnipotent  God  could 
assume  the  human  form  to  make  communications  to  man,  but  he  believes 
that  Katie  King,  John  King,  and  any  number  of  dead  savages  can  become 
incarnate,  and  exhibit  themselves  to  believers  !* 

In  cases  of  this  sort,  the  man  who  changes  from  any  super- 
stitious religion  to  another  one  still  more  so  only  proves  that  the 
strongest  faculties  gain  strength  with  age,  and  exhibit  themselves 
accordingly. 

As  receptivity  is  one  of  the  supreme  conditions  of  childhood, 
so  is  it  one  of  the  elements  of  Credenciveness  ;  hence,  adapted  to 
the  reception  and  belief  of  what  is  heard  or  taught  in  tlie 
home,  school,  or  church.  The  ancient  Greeks  were  a  wonderfully 
receptive  people,  and  their  mythology  is  replete  with  wonders, 
miracles,  and  impossible  and  mystic  narrations.  They  were  also 
a  muscular  and  an  artistic  people.  Sculpture  and  oratory  reached 
their  acme  in  that  era.  They  were  a  philosophic  people,  and  phi- 
losophy is  the  childhood  of  science.  It  precedes  scientific  discovery, 

*  Mysteries  of  the  Head  and  Heart,  J.  Stanley  Grimes,  p.  120.    Chicago. 


CREDENCIVENESS.  587 

and  when  it  is  based  upon  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  laws  of 
Nature  it  is  of  great  use  in  illustrating  and  expounding  principles; 
but,  like  the  infant,  it  cannot  stand  alone,  for  philosophy  without  a 
basis  of  truth  may  be  the  merest  nonsense :  yet  Greek  philosophy 
was  the  forerunner  of  modern  science ;  astrology  of  astronomy  ; 
alchemy  of  chemistry.  These  infantile  developments  had  their 
use  to  humanity,  and  while  their  devotees  were  looking  for  si«-ns 

•i  J  O 

and  wonders — for  the  "philosopher's  stone"  and  the  "elixir  of 
youth  " — they  stumbled  upon  many  a  truth  which  the  scientific 
spirit  of  this  age  has  wrought  into  a  practical  result. 

Certain  animals  possess  and  exhibit  a  sense  of  the  marvelous, 
and  are  superstitious  in  their  own  fashion.  Dr.  Lindsay  remarks 
on  this  point  that 

Such  animals  as  the  clog  unquestionably  possess  superstition.  It  ex- 
hibits practically  a  belief  in  the  supernatural  or  preternatural.  It  expresses 
alarm  at  apparitions,  spectres,  ghosts  ;  thus,  it  has  been  described  as  regard- 
ing an  owl  as  a  ghost,  and  the  same  kind  of  ghosts  that  are  made  use  of  ii* 
practical  joking  or  for  more  serious  ends — for  the  intimidation  of  man,  and 
that  frighten  him — produce  the  same  effect  sometimes,  at  least,  on  the  dog. 
A  fertile  imagination  frequently  leads  the  horse  as  well  as  the  dog  to  be 
terrified  at  the  first  sight  of  perfectly  harmless  objects,  animate  or  inani- 
mate, especially  when  seen  in  a  state  of  motion  and  in  comparative  dark- 
ness,— objects,  that  is,  which  are  simply  for  the  moment  new.  not  f:nuiliar, 
not  understood,  and  which,  therefore,  being  associated  with  supposed  dan- 
ger, inspire  timidity  or  terror  as  well  as  possibly  a  sense  of  the  mysterious 
or  supernatural.  Bartlett  speaks  of  a  sense  of  mystery  or  of  mysterious 
dread  in  certain  animal  inmates  of  the  London  Zoological  Gardens.  In 
many  animals  under  certain  circumstances  awe  or  dread  of  the  unseen,  un- 
known, untried,  unheard  really  gives  birth  not  only  to  a  feeling  of  mystery, 
but,  as  is  pointed  out  in  another  chapter,  to  genuine  delusion.* 

The  position  of  the  facial  sign  for  Credenciveness  is  most 
significant.  In  its  appearance  it  is  precisely  the  opposite  of  Ob- 
servation,— a  most  practical  faculty ;  the  former  drawing  up  the 
muscles  away  from  the  eye  in  awe  and  wonder,  and  the  latter 
bringing  the  brow  down  close  to  the  eye  in  order  that  it  may  focus 
readily  upon  the  object  under  inspection  and  thus  assist  uc<-ur<i<-i/ 
of  vision.  A  wide-open  eye  will  undoubtedly  take  in  a  n-i</<  /•  ex- 
panse, but  will  not  take  as  accurate  and  precise  a  view  as  the  small 
eye  with  the  eyebrow  drawn  down  to  shade  it.  Where  the  e}es 
are  extremely  large  and  protruding,  the  character  exhibits  initnr«l 
exaggeration  in  describing  scenes,  conversations,  etc.  Hence,  those 
thus  characterized  are  not  the  most  reliable  witnesses.  They  are 
given  to  gush  and  emotional  "sentimentality"  in  which  there  is 
little  reality,  and  this  gushing  emotion  ought  to  warn  us  not  to 
give  too  much  credence  to  these  wonder-eyed  believers  in  mystery. 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D.,  vol.  i,  p.  223. 


588  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

The  following  beautiful  comparison  between  superstition  and 
science  is  quite  apropos  to  our  present  subject.  I  append  it,  hoping 
it  may  give  my  readers  as  much  pleasure  as  I  have  received  from 
it:— 

Superstition  is  the  vague  dream  of  a  might}'  mind  half  awakened  from 
its  midnight  slumbers.  Science  is  the  perception  of  that  same  mind  awake 
to  all  the  realities  of  noonday.  Superstition  is  a  giant,  naked  and  ignorant, 
struggling  in  a  darkened  cavern  amid  enemies  and  friends,  whose  forms  are 
but  imperfectly  seen  and  whose  powers  and  designs  are  dreaded  but  not 
understood.  Science  is  the  same  giant,  clothed  in  modern  refinement,  amid 
the  full  blaze  of  knowledge,  with  the  press,  the  steam-engine,  and  the  tele- 
graph at  his  command,  and  clearly  perceiving  that  God  is  his  father  and  all 
mankind  his  brethren.* 

PRESCIENCE. 

"  Who  taught  the  nations  of  the  field  and  wood, 
Prescient,  the  tides  or  tempests  to  withstand?" — POPE. 

Definition. — Knowledge  of  eVents  prior  to  their  occurrence ; 
Capacity  for  foreseeing,  foreknowing,  and  "sensing"  events,  phe- 
nomena, and  transactions ;  the  spirit  of  prophecy,  forejudging  and 
anticipating  the  future.  It  gives  a  taste  for  discussing  a  future 
life  and  divests  one  of  the  fear  of  leaving  this  world. 

An  excess  of  this  trait  in  an  uncultivated  person  might  lead 
to  a  superstitious  belief  in  occult  or  supernatural  powers,  fortune- 
telling,  etc.  In  this  case  it  should  be  repressed.  It  is,  however,  a 
rare  gift,  and  usually  found  only  with  great  intellects  or  pure- 
minded  and  elevated  characters ;  hence,  it  is  seldom  misapplied. 
Many  claim  these  powers  who  do  not  possess  them,  and  practice 
fraud  and  trickery  for  gain. 

A  deficiency  is  not  to  be  regretted,  for  it  requires  great 
Conscientiousness  and  rare  judgment  to  make  the  highest  use  of 
prevision. 

Facial  and  Bodily  Signs. — The  region  about  the  eye  is  the 
locality  where  signs  for  seeing,  foreseeing,  insight,  intuition,  won- 
der, credenciveness,  and  all  that  class  of  traits  which  have  physical 
sight  as  their  basis  are  to  be  found.  Where  Prescience  is  large 
the  eye  at  its  inner  corner  sets  very  far  back  under  its  bony  encase- 
ment, and  the  subject  seems  to  be  looking  far  forward  at  something 
in  the  distance,  while  the  expression  of  the  eye  is  dreamy  and 
contemplative,  together  with  a  wistful,  mild,  and  amiable  expres- 
sion. The  faculty  of  Prescience  is  more  frequently  observed  in 
those  whose  bodies  are  spare,  skin  fine  and  clear,  limbs  thin  and 
relatively  long,  their  hands  and  fingers  thin  and  sometimes  deli- 
cately pointed.  It  is  also  found  in  varying  degrees  in  other  for- 
mations, yet  wherever  it  exists  the  sign  near  the  eye  will  declare  its 
presence. 

*  rhreno-Gcology,  J.  S.  Grimes,  p.  183.    1851. 


PRESCIENCE.  589 

DESCRIPTION  OF  PRESCIENCE. — Prescience  is  not  Spirituality, 
Credenciveness,  nor  Intuition,  although  partaking  somewhat  of  the 
nature  of  each.  It  is  an  ele vated  and  refined  trait,  never  seen  in 
the  coarse  and  brutal.  It  is  one  of  the  rare  faculties  and  not  a 
common  endowment,  for  some  possess  scarcely  a  germ  of  it,  while 
in  very  rare  instances  a  genius  in  this  direction  is  observed, — scarcely 
one  in  a  century,  however.  It  is  pre-eminently  a  poetic  trait.  (See 
the  portraits  of  Dante  and  Longfellow.) 

The  action  of  this  faculty  is  the  least  understood  of  any,  but 
sufficient  is  known  to  teach  us  that  it  is  evolved  from  a  peculiarly 
fine  organization  of  brain  and  nerves.  It  is  not  always  accom- 
panied by  large  reasoning  and  observing  powers,  yet  when  it  is  we 
have  a  first-class  scientific  mind,  such  as  Charles  Darwin  and 
Alexander  Humboldt,  or  an  artistic  one,  such  as  Milton,  Dante,  Mrs. 
Browning,  or  Raphael.  I  have  observed  its  action  in  many  indi- 
viduals in  private  life  not  noted  specially  for  any  talent,  yet  always 
refined  and  of  pure  and  noble  traits,  unspoiled  and  untainted  by 
the  world.  I  have  also  found  it  co-existent  with  ordinary  minds 
in  every  nationality,  yet  more  frequently  among  the  Scotch  or  their 
descendants  in  other  lands ;  also  among  the  Scandinavians. 

There  are,  doubtless,  many  grades  of  power  and  development 
of  the  foreknowing  faculty,  and,  like  all  the  other  traits,  it  is  influ- 
enced by  those  associated  with  it.  The  shape  of  the  ethmoid  bone 
and  superciliary  ridge  gives  it  its  peculiar  appearance,  which  is 
quite  different  from  the  appearance  caused  by  a  predominance  of 
the  signs  for  Locality  and  Observation.  Prescience  is  thus  shown 
to  be  exhibited  by  form  and  governed  by  quality  in  its  manifesta- 
tions in  divers  persons.  Its  principal  facial  sign  is  a  little  difficult 
to  find  by  a  mere  written  description  or  by  a  picture,  yet  after 
once  seeing  its  location  and  appearance  in  the  living  subject  it  can 
be  always  readily  discerned. 

The  action  of  Prescience  is  best  observed  in  the  aged  subject, 
for  long-continued  use  of  a  faculty  makes  a  decided  impression 
upon  the  face  and  imparts  judgment  in  comprehending  it  and  in 
using  its  powers ;  to  the  aged  this  faculty  is  particularly  satisfying, 
as  it  relates  them  to  a  future  state  of  existence  as  well  as  affords 
them  glimpses  of  the  coming  of  events  before  they  occur/  It  is  thus 
a  species  of  mental  meteorology  which  can  foresee  and  predict  the 
future  occurrence  and  recurrence  of  affairs  and  events  without 
having  to  rely  upon  the  observation  of  signs,  as  does  the  meteor- 
ologist. 

The  direction  which  Prescience  will  take  depends  upon  (lie 
force  or  development  of  the  other  traits  in  combination.  If  the 
domestic  traits  are  dominant  or  decided  in  one  who  possesses  this 


590 


PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 


power,  IK-  will  be  warned  by  presentiment  of  changes  in  his 
domestic  affairs  and  occurrences,  and  will  be  able  to  prognosticate 
the  death,  sickness,  mental  disturbances,  or  suffering  of  members 
of  the  family  at  a  distance.  If  Friendship  is  active  he  will  fore- 
,know  what  is  going  to  transpire  among  friends.  Where  the 
scientific  traits  are  supreme  Prescience  will  lead  to  the  discovery 
of  principles,  and  enable  one  to  predict  with  certainty  the  appear- 
ance of  scientific  discoveries  and  occurrences.  With  large  in- 
tellectual powers  and  large  patriotism  combined,  it  will  lead 

to  precognition  and  almost 
to  omniscience  in  foreca  st- 
ing great  national  events. 
With  a  large  and  culti- 
vated intellect,  large  Cre- 
denciveness,  and  large  Lan- 
guage, the  individual  will 
write  and  prophesy  in 
spiritual  subjects,  and  fore- 
cast the  future  state  of  mind 
and  spirit,  as  did  Sweden- 
borg,  Ann  Lee,  and  other 
seers.  If  the  poetical  nature 
is  exhibited,  Prescience  will 
show  in  poetic  numbers,  as 
in  the  following  from  Long- 
fellow : — 

"  Othou  whose  daily  life  anticipates 
The  thought  to  come,  and  in 

whose  life  and  round 
The    spiritual   world  preponder- 
ates,— 
Hermit  of  Amesbury  !  thou  too 

hast  heard 

Voices    and  melodies   from    be- 
yond the  gates, 

And  speakest  only  when   thy 
soul  is  stirred." 

Almost  every  person  is  acquainted  with  some  dear  old  lady 
who  foresees  and  predicts  domestic  events,  such  as  change  of 
weather,  sickness,  death,  or  disturbances  among  family  or  friends, 
just  at  or  before  the  time  of  their  occurrence,  and  later  finds 
that  those  events  transpired  just  as  she  had  stated.  It  is  remarked 
that  the  gift  of  Prescience  is  more  common  to  woman  than  to  man. 
This  is  owing  probably  to  her  higher  quality;  yet  there  have 
been  men  of  commanding  intellect,  combined  with  large  Prescience, 
who  have  excelled  in  predicting  and  forecasting  the  future,  and  in 
anticipating  great  events;  such  a  one  was  Alexander  Humboldt, 


FIG.  89.— ALICE  CARY.    (REFORMER,  POETESS.) 

Conspicuous  facial  sign,  Prescience,  shown  by  ver- 
tical depth  of  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye.  The  law  of  the 
straight  line  and  curve  governs  this  face.  Firmness  and 
Conscientiousnem  are  well  defined;  so,  also,  are  Pa- 
triotism, Love  of  Home,  Benevolence,  Mirthfuluess, 
Self-esteem,  Modesty,  Friendship,  Amativeness,  and 
Color.  In  the  nose  the  signs  for  Pneumativeness. 
Ideality,  Human  Nature,  Constructiveness,  Acquisi- 
tiveness, Veneration,  and  Self-will  are  most  apparent. 
Language  is  highly  developed  ;  while  Form,  Size,  Lo- 
^ality,  Memory  of  Events,  Credenciveness,  and  Intuition 
are  quite  noticeable.  This  lady's  poetic  talent  was  of  a 
higlrbrder.  Her  labors  for  woman's  advancement  and 
equality  are  lovingly  and  gratefully  remembered  by  the 
women  of  America. 


PRESCIENCE. 


591 


author  of  "Kosmos,  a  Physical  Description  of  the  Universe."  who 
also  foretold  the  day  and  hour  of  his  death.  Swedenborg  was 
another  gifted  in  this  direction.  Charles  Wesley  also  exhibited 
previsive  power  in  a  religious  way. 

Many  accurate  predictions  in  regard  to  the  weather  are  made? 
by  those  who  possess  this  gift,  and  some  have  forebodings  of 
something  sad  or  calamitous  about  to  happen,  yet  cannot  state 
what  it  will  be.  Others,  with  a  more  previsive  perspicacity, 
can  detail  accurately  the  course  of  coming  events,  which  are 
justified  by  their  occurrence. 

As  humanity  emerges 
from  its  infantile  condition 
it  parts  with  many  of  its 
youthful  traits  and  takes 
on  a  more  mature  endow- 
ment. The  race,  as  a  whole, 
has  progressed  rapidly  since 
media?  val  times ;  hence, 
all  those  traits  and  powers 
which  were  then  dominant, 
such  as  credenciveness, 
faith,  prescience,  prophecy, 
foreknowing,  foretelling, 
and  prevision  are  not  now 
as  general  as  formerly. 
Science  has  given  to  the 
world  such  positive  and 
demonstrable  methods  of 
arriving  at  results  that  the 
former  methods  have  .by 
disuse  become  weakened 
and  have  gradually  ceased 
to  attract  the  attention  and 
command  the  same  con- 
sideration as  formerly. 

Prescience,  like  Intu- 
ition and  Instinct,  has  in 
some  respects  both  an  infantile  and  a  matured  nature.  It  is 
not  always  clear  in  its  foreknowledge  and  not  always  sure,  henrc 
it  is  not  unerring;  yet  in  some  instances  its  predictions  and  proph- 
ecies are  scientifically  correct.  I  have  known  those  who  could 
foretell  the  result  of  an  election  or  a  trial  by  jury  with  considerable 
accuracy,  also  the  result  of  a  battle  or  campaign.  Their  predic- 
tions were  looked  upon  with  more  or  less  respect,  and  if  they 


FIG.  90.— JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER.    (POET, 
REFORMER,  PHILANTHROPIST.) 

Born  in  Massachusetts.  Principal  facial  sign,  Pre- 
science, shown  by  vertical  depth  of  the  eye  at  its  inner 
corner.  The  law  of  the  straight  line  and  curve  governs 
this  face.  The  brain,  bone,  and  muscular  systems  in  the 
order  named  are  highly  developed  in  this  subject.  The 
signs  for  Firmness,  Conscientiousm^s.  Benevolence, 
Patriotism,  Love  of  Home,  Self-esteem,  and  Mmloty 
are  all  well  defined.  In  the  nose  the  sifjns  for  Mental 
Imitation,  Sublimity. Ideality, < 'onstruetiveness.  Human 
Nature,  Cautiousness,  and  Acquisitiveness  arc  very 
pronounced;  while  Veneration,  Exeeutiveness.  Self- 
will,  Observation.  Form,  Size,  Language, Color.  Locality, 
Order,  Prescience,  Memory  of  Events.  Reason,  and  In- 
tuition are  large.  Credenclveneae,  Aliment  iveue.->.  I'.i 
bativeness,  Amativeness,  and  Love  of  Younp  are  below 
the  average.  An  expression  of  purity,  serenity,  benevo- 
lence, and  of  mental  and  moral  power  is  stamped  unmis- 
takably upon  the  rountenani-e  of  this  philosophic  poet, 
whose  pen  has  been  over  bravely  used  in  the  cau:-e  of 
the  oppressed. 


592  PRACTICAL    AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

coincided  with  the  results  of  the  event  predicted  they  were  looked 
upon  as  "shrewd  guessers."  Relying  too  much  upon  those 
methods  of  anticipating  events  leads  to  fraud,  trickery,  and  delu- 
sion, for,  unless  one  knows  the  physiognomical  signs  for  this  power 
he  may  be  misled  and  humbugged  by  those  frauds  and  charlatans 
termed  "  fortune-tellers,"  "clairvoyants,"  etc.,  who  infest  all  large 
cities  and  thrive  off  the  too-credulous  portion  of  the  public.  The 
application  of  the  laws  of  scientific  physiognomy  in  their  case 
shows  that  science  is  for  the  purpose  of  prevision  or  fore- 
knowing, for,  by  applying  its  principles  to  the  physiognomy 
of  rogues  one  may,  with  certainty,  predict  that  they  are  going  to 
cheat  and  deceive, — an  instance  of  previsive  power  not  excelled  by 
any  exhibition  of  the  faculty  of  Prescience. 

August  Comte,  in  his  "  Philosophic  Positive,"  observes  that 
science  is  previsive,  and  that  by  a  knowledge  of  various  sciences 
we  can  foreknow,  foresee,  and  avert  dangers,  death,  and  calamities. 
This  is  a  strong  assertion,  yet  a  true  one.  We  now  have  the 
facilities  in  most  large  cities,  and  at  other  points,  for  foreknowing 
the  approach  of  a  storm,  sometimes  two  or  three  days  in  advance 
of  its  appearance;  also  from  which  direction  it  will  come,  and 
thus  mariners  and  others  may  take  advantage  of  these  prognostica- 
tions and  avert  disaster  and  losses. 

Our  present  knowledge  of  sanitary  science  teaches  us  how  to 
avert  epidemics  by  well-devised  systems  of  cleansing  great  cities  by 
'drainage  and  the  use  of  disinfectants.  All  these  methods  are  pre- 
visive. By  a  scientific  knowledge  of  a  man's  face  one  can  say 
with  certainty  (if  in  that  face  he  observes  the  signs  for  Friendship 
large),  "  This  man  will  always  have  friends," — a  previsive  knowl- 
edge of  character  to  be  known  only  by  the  laws  of  Scientific 
Physiognomy.  It  is  a  settled  law  of  human  nature  that  we  re- 
ceive in  kind  that  which  we  give.  If  one  continually  extends 
friendly  offices,  hospitality,  kindness,  love,  and  amiability,  he  will, 
in  the  long  run,  receive  the  same  treatment;  but  if,  on  the  con- 
trary, he  deals  out  hatred,  malice,  deceit,  slyness,  and  treachery, 
lie  will  find  those  who  will  mete  out  to  him  a  good  share  of  the 
same,  and  some  even  who  will  be  ambitious  of  excelling  him  in 
this  direction. 

As  science  advances  in  its  upward  progress,  and  discovers  laws 
and  principles  in  regard  to  mind  and  matter  heretofore  unknown. 
we  enlarge  our  ideas  of  the  possibilities  of  mental  powers,  and 
thus  many  things  which  have  appeared  "supernatural,"  the  "works 
of  the  devil,"  or  operations  of  the  "black  art,"  are  now  referred  to 
as  mental  or  psychological  phenomena;  and,  although  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  occult  powers  of  the  mind  is  in  its  infancy,  yet  we  are 


PRESCIENCE.  593 

gradually  arriving  at  a  more  comprehensive  and  liberal  view  of 
what  is  obscure,  mysterious,  or  unusual  in  connection  with  the 
mental  powers  of  man.  The  liberal  and  scientific  spirit  of  the  age 
encourages  the  examination  and  discussion  of  all  subjects,  unhin- 
dered by  persecution  and  legal  penalties,  hence  it  is  probable  that 
great  light  in  the  direction  of  psychology  will  be  attained  in  this 
century.  Such  knowledge  can  come  only  by  thorough  investiga- 
tion and  research,  not  by  ignoring  phenomena,  nor  by  ascribing 
them  to  the  "devil"  or  other  suppositions  characters  and  powers; 
and,  if  we  cannot  immediately  solve  every  riddle  and  unfold  every 
mystery,  we  can  at  least  be  candid,  and  suspend  judgment  until 
the  facts  and  evidence  are  all  in  and  the  related  laws  discovered 
and  connected.  No  one  can  say  a  thing  is  impossible  until  he 
can  prove  that  it  is  so.  Arago,  the  eminent  mathematician, 
conscious  of  many  mysterious  appearances  in  Nature,  exclaimed: 
"He  who  outside  of  pure  mathematics  pronounces  the  word 
impossible  lacks  prudence"  and  I  may  add  that  he  would  also  lack 
conscientiousness,  for  to  deny  what  one  cannot  disprove  is  evidence 
of  a  total  lack  of  both  truth  and  logic.  While  not  ignoring  sin- 
gular appearances,  nor  ascribing  all  mysteries  to  fraud  or  delusion, 
one  should  beware  of  accepting  as  truths  the  many  singular  phe- 
nomena put  forth  as  such  by  ignorant,  vicious,  or  deluded  persons. 
"Try  all  things;  hold  fast  that  which  is  good,"  is  an  excellent 
maxim. 

Prescience,  like  all  other  mental  faculties,  is  a  fallible  trait, 
and  cannot  be  trusted  implicitly  in  every  one ;  yet  when  one's  pre- 
dictions, prophecies,  or  forewarnings  have  proven  true  in  the 
majority  of  cases  much  stress  may  be  laid  upon  them,  and  credence 
given  to  their  prognostications.  There  are  many  and  varied  ways 
in  which  the  prescient  faculty  manifests  itself.  In  some  it  appears 
in  warning  dreams,  yet  not  all  the  dreams  of  such  are  to  be  relied 
upon ;  in  others,  foreknowledge  and  predictions  of  the  approach 
of  death  are  often  found  to  be  correct.  Some  are  forewarned  of 
approaching  death  or  disasters  to  themselves  or  friends  by  appa- 
ritions, while  others,  still,  see  in  a  trance  or  in  a  cataleptic  state 
events  that  are  occurring,  or  foresee  that  which  will  occur  in  distant 
places,  and  the  results  often  confirm  their  visions. 

The  evidence  bearing  upon  the  existence  of  so-called  occult 
powers  in  large  numbers  of  persons  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  condi- 
tions is  incontrovertible,  and  I  shall  not  deny  the  existence  of  surli 
mental  powers  simply  because  I  cannot  state  their  laws  nor  clearly 
analyze  their  origin  and  operation.  I  leave  this  for  time  and  more 
fortuitous  circumstances  to  reveal.  The  history  of  all  nations, 
ancient  and  modern,  are  replete  with  accounts  of  the  prophecies, 

38 


594  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

sibylline  utterances,  trance-visions,  and  forewarn  ings  of  seers, 
prophets,  poets,  clairvoyants,  spirit-mediums,  etc.,  and  these  phe- 
nomena form  so  great  a  part  of  modern  knowledge  that  he  would 
ho  a  hard-headed  skeptic  who  would  doubt  the  reality  of  powers 
which  are  as  mysterious  as  they  are  abundant.  A  vast  literature 
has  been  elaborated  in  these  days  upon  the  occult  powers  of  the 
mind,  and  societies  for  the  purpose  of  psychical  research  are  to  be 
found  in  all  civilized  lands.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  associ- 
ations in  connection  with  scientific  instrumentalities  will  be  enabled 
to  throw  some  intelligence  upon  this  somewhat  obscure  subject, 
and  that  some  well-understood  laws  in  relation  to  this  entire  class 
of  phenomena  will  be  elaborated. 

The  possession  of  the  prescient  faculty  gives  to  its  possessor  a 
love  and  desire  for  a  future  life,  and  thus  robs  death  of  its  terrors. 
I  have  a  dear  friend  who  exhibits  this  trait  in  a  wonderful  manner. 
She  is  unusually  cognizant  of  any  great  suffering,  mental  trouble, 
or  sickness  and  death  in  any  member  of  her  family  at  a  distance. 
Sometimes  this  knowledge  comes  in  dreams;  sometimes  she  "feels 
it,"  as  she  says, -when  awake.  This  lady  on  one  occasion  was  very 
ill,  and  given  up  to  die.  She  derived  great  happiness  from  the  pros- 
pect, and  prepared  for  her  laying  out  and  her  funeral  services. 
She  selected  the  dresses  of  every  member  of  the  family,  the  position 
of  her  coffin  in  the  parlor,  and  named  the  hymns  to  be  sung  at  her 
funeral.  All  this  gave  her  as  much  satisfaction  as  some  would 
derive  from  the  preparations  for  a  wedding.  She  spoke  with  im- 
patience and  longing  for  the  meeting  with  friends  and  relatives 
who  had  gone  before,  and  said  to  me  that  she  was  just  going  into 
another  state,  and  felt  as  contented  about  it  as  if  she  were  prepar- 
ing to  travel  to  a  distant  part  of  the  land  to  visit  her  relatives 
there.  Every  article  for  her  entombment  was  submitted  to  her, 
and  chosen  with  taste,  and  made  up  and  laid  aside  for  her  expected 
demise ;  but  she  recovered,  and  still  keeps  all  these  articles  in  order 
that  the  same  preparations  will  not  have  to  be  again  made.  This 
aged  lady  possessed  a  most  beautiful  character,  and  one  might  well 
believe  that  such  a  character  would  not  be  afraid  of  any  fate  in 
the  future  which  destiny  might  have  in  store  for  her.  This  lady 
was  not  a  professing  Christian,  hence  her  longing  for  the  future 
life  did  not  come  from  a  belief  in  those  doctrines,  but  was  the 
offspring  of  the  action  of  the  faculty  of  Prescience,  which  was 
manifested  all  through  her  life  in  many  ways,  although  in  her  own 
case  they  were  not  accurate. 

The  manifestations  of  Prescience  are  different  in  each  indi- 
vidual; not  only  does  it  differ  in  its  mode  of  manifestation,  but 
also  in  the  degree  of  power  which  it  exhibits,  just  as  with  every 


PRESCIENCE.  595 

other  trait.  Some  have  scarcely  a  germ  of  prescient  power,  and 
such  characters  are  not  able  to  comprehend  it  in  others.  I  was  for 
many  years  a  disbeliever  in  the  reality  of  its  existence,  believing 
that  honest  people  who  professed  a  belief  in  it  werte  dreadfully 
deluded ;  but  years  of  research,  aided  by  discoveries  in  Physiog- 
nomy, revealed  its  presence  in  the  human  mind,  and  by  comparison 
of  those  who  were  gifted  in  this  respect  I  was  able  to  locate  and 
describe  its  most  salient  features  and  signs  in  the  face. 

The  most  common  manifestation  of  this  trait  is  in  the  form  of 
presentiments ;  in  some  instances  they  are  faint  and  obscure,  in 
others  clear,  distinct,  and  profound.  Some  persons  are  continually 
forewarned  by  presentiments,  and  by  acting  upon  information  thus 
obtained  trouble  and  danger  are  averted.  There  are  many  persons 
who  have  never  had  a  presentiment  of  coming  events,  nor  been 
warned  in  dreams,  nor  seen  visions  nor  spirits,  nor  ever  experienced 
any  form  of  so-called  supernatural  phenomena.  Such  characters 
are  usually  very  practical  persons,  hence  assistance  of  this  sort  is 
not  necessary  to  their  well-being. 

Where  the  gift  of  Prescience  is  excessively  exhibited,  it  will 
be  found  upon  analysis  to  be  the  compensation  for  the  absence  of 
some  other  trait  or  traits,  as,  for  example,  deficient  practicality  or 
keen  powers  of  observation ;  or  it  may  be  the  lack  of  the  elements 
of  self-defense,  and  previsive  knowledge  steps  in  and  protects  its 
possessors  from  threatened  dangers ;  it  may  compensate  for  too 
great  delicacy  of  body. 

The  faculty  of  Prescience  is  exhibited  in  various  animal  races 
in  as  many  modes  as  in  the  human  family.  Their  foreknowledge 
of  approaching  storms  and  weather-changes  has  always  been  ob- 
served. It  is  suggested  that  they  have  some  peculiarity  of  the 
senses  which  is  so  acute  as  to  give  them  notice  of  slight  variations 
in  the  temperature, — too  slight  for  man's  observation.  In  regard 
to  this  peculiarity,  Dr.  Lindsay  tells  us — 

Many  animals  are  so  susceptible  to  atmospheric  influences  that  they 
are  sometimes  supposed  to  be  gifted  with  a  sort  of  Prescience  of  coming 
weather-changes,  such  as  rain,  wind,  cold,  heat,  or  thunder.  They  are  popu- 
larly regarded  as  a  kind  of  weather-prophets,  forecasters,  or  prognosti- 
cators,  superior  in  some  cases,  it  is  averred,  to  the  barometer  itself.  Among 
sensitive  animals  of  this  kind  are  to  be  mentioned  the  common  crow,  the 
robin  of  England  and  Canada,  and  the  blackbird  of  England ;  the  porcupine, 
South  American  cattle,  dolphins,  and  spiders  ;  the  swallow,  duck,  sea-mew, 
heron,  common  fowl,  and  other  birds;  the  cat,  tortoise,  dog,  swine,  and 
monkeys.  The  prairie-dog,  Gilmore  assures  us,  is  superior  to.a  barometer.* 

Again,  he  speaks  of  another  sort  of  Prescience  exhibited  by 
animals.  He  observes : — 

*  Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  M.D. ,  p.  307. 


596  PRACTICAL   AND    SCIENTIFIC    PHYSIOGNOMY. 

Many  animals  show  a  singular  Prescience  of  certain  classes  of  coming 
events.  Thus,  certain  birds  and  other  animals  appear  to  know  when  a  given 
district  or  country  is  becoming  infected  with  epidemic  disease,  in  which 
case  they  leave  or  avoid  the  infected  district  or  country  till  the  epidemic 
has  disappeared.  This  has  been  especially  noticed  prior  to  outbreaks  of 
such  diseases  as  cholera  in  man.  In  the  autumn  of  1874  a  paragraph  taken 
from  a  German  journal  called  the  "Jardin  Zoologique,"  and  relating  to 
supposed  or  alleged  foresight  in  birds,  went  the  round  of  British  medical 
journals  and  newspapers.  It  stated  that  u  a  few  days  previous  to  the  terrible 
ravages  of  cholera  in  Galicia  in  1872  all  the  sparrows  suddenly  quitted  the 
town  of  Przernysl,  and  not  a  single  bird  returned  until  the  end  of  November, 
when  the  disease  had  entirely  disappeared.  The  same  circumstance  was 
remarked  in  Munich  and  Nuremberg.  During  the  attacks  of  cholera  at  St. 
Petersburg!!  and  Riga  in  1848,  in  Western  Prussia  in  1849,  and  in  Hanover 
in  1850,  every  swallow  and  sparrow  forsook  the  towns,  and  remained  absent 
until  the  eradication  of  the  scourge."  Other  illustrations,  varying  greatly 
in  their  character  of  apparent  foresight  or  prescience  in  the  lower  animals, 
are  to  be  found  :  1.  The  discovery  of  a  master's  thoughts  or  intentions  by 
the  dog  or  cat,  including,  for  instance,  the  discovery  of  intended  murders  or 
robberies.  2.  The  discovery  of  water-supply  in  the  desert,  steppe,  or  prairie 
by  horses,  cattle,  camels,  frogs,  baboons,  as  well  as  by  the  blacks  in  the 
central  deserts  of  Australia.  Here,  again,  the  so-called  instinct  of  the  lower 
animals  or  savage  accomplishes  that  which  too  often  baffles  all  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  white  man.  3.  The  coming  of  ships  long  before  they  are 
sighted  by  man.  Thus,  long  before  a  ship  is  sighted  off  the  coast  of  Tahiti 
she  is  signalled  by  the  simultaneous  crowing  of  all  the  cocks  in  the  island. 
It  is  next  to  impossible  to  attribute  the  fact  to  a  fortuitous  coincidence,  as 
it  reproduces  itself  regularly  without  any  exception, — so  regularty,  indeed, 
that  pilots,  both  French  and  native,  act  upon  this  species  of  signal  by 
putting  off  to  sea  in  their  canoes  in  search  of  the  coming  vessels.  4.  Pre- 
monitions or  presentiments  of  death,  danger,  or  misfortune,  especially  by 
the  dog,  cat,  and  horse.  These  premonitions  include  a  forewarning  of 
coming  earthquakes  on  the  part  of  the  ox,  sheep,  and  horse,  which  take 
alarm  and  betake  themselves  to  flight  and  safety.  * 

Many  animals  show  the  presence  of  various  sorts  of  prescient 
instinct,  thus  proving  that  a  faculty  which  many  suppose  to  be 
superhuman  or  spiritual  is  possessed  in  nearly  all  its  phases  by 
some  species  of  animals.  This  should  teach  us  that  in  this  phase 
of  existence  every  faculty  is  material  and  exhibited  by  means  of  a 
material  medium,  viz.,  by  our  senses. 

In  all  ages  of  the  world  there  have  been  sibyls,  prophets, 
diviners,  seers,  and  in  these  days  they  are  termed  clairvoyants, 
spirit-mediums,  etc.  Some  are  pretenders  and  impostors.  Others 
doubtless  have  the  gift  of  seeing  and  foreseeing  what  is  hid  from 
the  less-developed  senses  of  the  majority.  It  is  the  same  with  all 
mental  gifts.  Some  have  the  faculties  of  Music,  Number,  Color,  or 
Construction  in  a  wonderful  degree,  while  othejs  are  greatly  lacking 
in  these  directions.  We  are  not  to  infer  that  because  some  are 
deficient  in  Prescience  all  others  are  equally  so.  This  method  of 

*Mind  in  the  Lower  Animals,  J.  L.  Lindsay,  pp.  152, 153. 


PRESCIENCE.  597 

thinking  is  illogical,  and  not  warranted  by  fact.  It  would  be  just 
as  reasonable  for  a  man  who  could  iiot  distinguish  one  tune  from 
another,  and  who  disliked  music,  to  say  that  because  he  could  not 
sing  no  one  else  could,  and  that  all  the  so-called  music  was  nothing 
but  noise.  I  have  known  persons  so  destitute  of  musical  ears  as  to 
hate  music,  and  to  consider  all  singing  "  squalling "  and  piano- 
playing  "banging,"  yet  this  was  not  proof  of  the  absence  of  melody 
in  others  nor  want  of  harmony  in  the  science  and  art  of  music. 

While  recognizing  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  the  faculty  of 
Prescience  we  should  be  on  our  guard  against  the  pretensions  of 
would-be  diviners,  for  all  obscure  phases  of  character  present  a 
wide  field  for  the  operations  of  pretenders.  It  is  just  the  same  in 
the  remedial  science ;  there  are  quacks  and  pretenders  without 
number.  Were  it  not  for  the  aid  of  scientific  physiognomy  they 
might  continue  to  pass  for  true  physicians ;  but  science,  which  is 
unveiling,  discovering,  and  enlightening  us  in  every  direction,  will 
strip  the  mask  off  these  charlatans,  and  the  full  light  of  its  bril- 
liancy will  unfold  the  character  of  every  one  of  them  to  our  gaze. 


INDEX  TO  VOL.  I. 


Acquisitive  constructiveness  in  animals, 

537 
Acquisitiveness,  definition  of,  534 

description  of,  535 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  534 
•     faculty  of,  534 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
543 

in  different  classes  of  people,  538 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 136,  534 
Action  of  certain  traits,  theories  of  the 

mode  of,  239 
Actors  and  singers,  Approbativeness  in, 

245 
Air,  pure,  the  best  cosmetic  and  medicine, 

127,  142,  400 
Albinos,  color  in,  253 
Alimentiveness,  or  digestion,  348 

definition  of,  348 

dependent  upon  the  intestinal  system, 
165 

description  of,  348 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  348 

faculty  of,  348 

in  animals,  349 

the  mouth  an  indicator,  351 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 348 
Amativeness,  or  love  of  the  sexes,  177 

analysis  of,  243 

children  should  be  trained  to  a  right 
knowledge  of,  359 

definition  of,  355 

description  of,  355 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  355 

faculty  of,  355 

in   connection   with   other   faculties, 
242,  361 

the  eye  an  indicator,  358 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 355 
Analysis,  definition  of,  493 

dependent  upon    the   action   of  the 
liver,  189 

description  of,  493 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  493 

faculty  of,  493 

in  animals,  499 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
498 

of  the  glandular  system  and  olfactory 
ganglion,  191 


Analysis,  what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of, 

indicates,  493 

Ancient  methods  of  studying  the  mind,  8 
Anger,  analysis  of,  255 

effect  of,  upon  the  system,  257 
Animal  development,  order  observed  in 
the  lowest  forms  of,  84 

kingdom,  form  in  the,  123 

world,  law  of  color  in  the,  130 
Animals,  acquisitive-constructiveness  in, 
537 

Alimentiveness  or  digestion  in,  349 

Analysis  in,  499 

Approbativeness  in,  382 

Cautiousness  in,  481 

comparison    between    the  bony  and 
vegetative  system  in,  88 

compensatory  structure  of,  144 

Conscientiousness  in,  311 

Economy  in,  323 

Firmness  in,  313 

Form  and  Size  in,  101 

Friendship  in,  391 

Human  Nature  in,  528 

Jealousy  in,  245 

Mental  and  Physical  Imitation  in,  505 

Modesty  in,  449 

Prescience  in,  595 

Resistance  in,  467 

Sanativeness  in,  434 

Secretiveness  in,  470 

Self-esteem  in,  440 

signs  for  Quality  in,  the  same  as  in 

human  beings,  114 
Approbativeness,  definition  of,  378 

description  of,  379 

facial  and  bodily  siirris,  379 

faculty  of,  378 

in  actors  and  singers,  245 

in  animals,  :',S-J 

per  version  of,  382 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 

dicates, :>7!t 
Architectural  division  of  the  face,  15-21 

faculties  in  the,  division  of  the  face, 

92 

Arterial  and  glandular  system,  faculties 
in  the,  408 

system  (see  the  glandular  and  arterial 


Artists,  advice  to.  4!><> 

creative  features  of,  444 
imitative  features  of,  44:> 


(A) 


B 


1NDKX    TO    VOL.    I. 


Artists  should  possess  a  fine  quality  of 

muscles,  78 
Author's  theory  or  philosophy  of  mind, 

151 

Basic  principles  of  Form,  27 

of  scientific  physiognomy,  7 
Basilar  laws  of  all   lower  creations  find 
illustration  in  man  and  his  face,  14 
Benevolence,  definition  of,  335 

dependent  upon  the  glandularsystem, 

169 

description  of,  335 
different  kinds  of,  338 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  335 
faculty  of,  335 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

337 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  leads 

to,  335 

Bibativeness,  definition  of,  339 
description  of,  341 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  340 
faculty  of,  339 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 340 
Birds,  color  in,  413 
Ideality  in,  524 
Self-will  in,  572 
Blushing,  449 
Body  and  mind  indivisible,  152 

fluid  system  of  the,  343 
Bone,  remedy  for  an  excess  of,  92 
Bones,  an  indication  of  honesty,  102 
composition  of,  86 
classification  of  the,  86 
kind  of  food  necessary  for  good,  87 
necessary  for  honest  work,  89 
Bony  system,  characteristics  of  the,  85 
diseases  which  attack  the,  92 
evolution  of  the,  83 
faculties  in  the,  91 
in  the  animal  world,  88 
prominent  men  in  which  the,  predom- 
inated, 90 
signs  for  the,  91 
Brain  and  muscular  system  (see  muscular 

and  brain  system) 
and  nervous  system,  94 
diseases  incident  to  the,  99 
evolution  of  the,  95 
faculties  derived  from  the,  209-233 
Intuition  dependent  upon  the,  234 
Mental  Order  dependent  upon  the, 

209 
signs  for  a  predominance  of  the,  98, 

285 

composition  of  the,  98 
not  the  only  mental  organ,  22 
system,  faculties  derived  from  the,  227 
Brains,  celebrated  people  with  small,  106 
large  and  heavy,  104 
weight  of,  105 

Calculation  dependent  upon  the  muscular 
system,  213 


'  Calculation,  why  the  muscular  system  is 

the  base  of,  21(5 
Causality  derived  from  the  brain  system, 

227 

Cautiousness,  definition  of,  479 
description  of,  479 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  479 
fuwulty  of,  191,  479" 
in  animals,  481 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

483 

its  connection  with  the  liver,  191 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 135,  479 

Character,  gestures  significant  in  disclos- 
ing, 299 
location  and  description  of  signs  of, 

in  the  face,  297 
voice  an  indicator  of,  299 
Chemical  division  of  the  face,  15 
Children,  correct  ways  of  training,  483 
gymnastic  training  for,  460,  568 
hygienic  remarks  for,  353 
precocious,  139 
Self-esteem  in,  441 
sensitive,  nervous,  140 
should  be  trained  in  sexual  morality, 

359 

training  of,  370-372 
Chin,  dimples  in  the,  363 

what  the,  indicates,  315 
Classification  of  the  bones,  86 
Coffee  and  tea,  injurious  effect  of,  345 
Color,  125 

aids  toward  cultivating  the  sense  of, 

413 

analysis  of,  206 
and  heat  synonymous,  127 
blindness,  129 

causes  of  a  deficiency  of,  416 
cultivation  of,  a  religious  duty,  253 
definition  of,  408 
description  of,  409 
designation   and  classification  of,  of 

the  several  complexions,  413 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  409 
faculty  of,  408 

how  it  is  received  into  the  system,  207 
in  albinos,  253 
in  birds,  412 
lack  of,  128 

law  of,  in  the  animal  world,  130 
of  service  in  determining  what  degree 

force  will  be  exhibited,  461 
original  source  of,  125 
peculiarities  of    people    of    varying 
shades  of,  414  , 

primary  uses  of,  126 
shows  power,  419 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 409-416 

what  the  combinations  of,  in  the  hu- 
man form  indicate,  420 
Comparison  between  the  bony  and  vege- 
tative system  in  animals,  88 
derived  from  the  brain  system,  227 


INDEX   TO   VOL.    I. 


c 


Compensation,  144 

law  of,  as  regards  the  human  organ- 
ism physiologically,  145 

of  faculties,  145 

Compensatory  structure  of  animals,  144 
Complexion,  designation  and  classification 

of  the  colors  of  the,  413 
Conscientiousness,  analysis  of,  158 

definition  of,  302 

dependent  upon  the  kidneys,  158 

description  of,  305 

facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  303 

faculty  of,  302 

in  animals,  311 

in  connection  with  other  faculties,  311 

indicates  the  condition  of  the  kidneys, 
158 

large  in  bony  people,  306 

located  in  the  vegetative  system,  71 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 302-306 
Constructiveness,  definition  of,  544 

description  of,  545 

facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  544 

faculty  of,  544 

in  connection  with  other  faculties,  552 
Contempt  and  scorn,  analysis  of,  265 
Contrariness,  analysis  of,  269 
Correlation  of  organs,  14 
Cosmetic,  pure  air  the  best,  127 
Cranium,  no  proper  race  form  of  the,  106 
Credenciveness,  definition  of,  578 

derived  from  the   muscular  system, 
198 

description  of,  197,  579 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  579 

faculty  of,  578 

great  works  that  this  faculty  has  in- 
fluenced, 581 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 578 

Digestion,  faculty  of  (see  Alimentiveness) 
Digestive  apparatus,  mental  power  of  the 

nerves  of  the,  166 
Dimples  in  the  chin,  363 
Disease,  a  temporary  return  of  abnormal 

or  perverted  types,  51 
Dishonest  people  can  never  appear  honest, 

310 
Disproportions,  way  to  reduce,  of  various 

kinds,  134 
Drink,  intoxicating,  effect  of,  upon  the 

system,  161 
Drug  medication,  142 

Ear,  the,  an  exponent  of  the  muscular 

system,  284 
Eccentricity,  53 
Economy,  Acquisitiveness  not,  322 

analysis  of,  171 

definition  of,  318 

description  of,  319 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  318 

faculty  of,  318 

in  animals,  323 


Economy  in  combination  with  other  fac- 
ulties, 323 
of  Nature,  319 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 318 
Egotism,  264 

Enthusiasm,  analysis  of,  267 
Evolution  of  the  bony  system,  83 
Executiveness,  definition  of,  561 
description  of,  561 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  561 
faculty  of,  561 

in  connection  with  other  faculties,  569 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 561 

Eye  and  hair,  what  the  color  of  the,  in- 
dicates, 423 
brightness  of  the,   an   indicator  of 

quality,  96,  113 
the,  an  indicator  of  Amativeness,  357 

of  muscular  development,  78 
Eyes,  the,  show  the  condition  of  the  fluid 

system,  347 
what  they  indicate,  273 

Face,  five  practical  subdivisions  of  the, 

275-287 
location  and  description  of  signs  of 

character  in  the,  297 
mental  signs  of  character  in  the,  287 
summary  to  the  five   practical  sub- 
divisions of  the,  292 
the,  combines  and  illustrates  all  the 

primary  elements  of  Form,  18 
indicative  of  the  condition  of  the 

internal  organs,  276 
Greek,  or  profile,  131 
three  grand  divisions  of  the,  15 
three  natural  and  primitive  divisions 

of  the,  273 
what  the  color  of  the,  indicates,  414- 

420 
Facial  features,  how  the  visceral  organs 

shape  the,  281 
signs  for  lactation,  78 
for  the  brain  and  nerve  system,  285 
for  the  glands,  278 
for  the  kidneys,  279 
for  the  liver,  280 
for  the  lungs  and  heart,  280 
for   the   muscular  or  motive   sys- 
tems, 283 

for  the  nervous  system,  283 
for  the  osseous  system,  284 
for  the  reproductive  system.  278 
for  the  visceral  organs,  277 
for  truth t'ul ness,  304 
of  a  good  physician  or  surgeon,  435 
Faculties  dependent  upon  the    thoracic 

system,  77 

derived  from  the  intestinal  system,  165 
in  the  architectural  division,  21 

mathematical  division  of  the  face,  21 
vegetative  division,  21 
mental,  organs   from  which  the,  de- 
rive their  powers,  236 


D 


INDEX   TO   VOL.    I. 


Fat  in  excess  not  honest,  89 
Finger-nails  an  indicator  of  quality,  117 
Firmness,  analysis  of,  164 

difference  between,  and  Self-will,  575 

definition  of,  312 

description  of,  312 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  312 

faculty  of,  312 

in  animals,  313 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 312 

Fluid  system  of  the  body,  343 
Force,   color  of  service  in  determining 
what  degree  of,  will  be  exhibited, 
461 

definition  of,  454 

description  of,  454 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  454 

faculty  of,  454 

gives  to  the  voice  clearness,  461 

in  combination  with  other  faculties, 
463 

mental  uses  of,  456 

should  be  cultivated  in  children,  459 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 454 
Form,  119 

all,  has  meaning  and  character,  11 

among  the  animals,  101 

an  indicator  of  character,  60,  120 

and  being,  normal  factors  in  nature, 
art,  and  science,  57 

and  Size,  101 

basic  principles  of,  27 

basilar  or  primitive,  122 

crookedness  of,  indicative  of  slyness, 
124 

fundamental  principles  of,  301 

in  the  vegetative  and  animal  kingdom, 
123 

laws  of,  17 

motion  the  basis  of,  27 

number  basis  of,  35 
Friendship,  definition  of,  385 

dependent  upon  the  intestinal  system, 
185 

description  of,  186,  386 

different  modes  of  action,  388 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  385 

faculty  of,  385 

in  animals,  391 

in  connection   with   other  faculties, 
390 

selfish  and  unselfish  action  of,  386 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 385 
Functions,  five  different  systems  of,  20 

Generation,  of  the  race,  right,  26 
Glands,  facial  signs  for  the,  278 
Glandular  and  arterial  systems,  faculties 

derived  from  the,  206,  408 
power  of  the  entire  system,  the  lower 

lip  the  facial  index  of  the,  169 
system,  analysis  of  the,  and  olfactory 
ganglion,  191 


Glandular  system,  Benevolence  depend- 
ent upon  the,  169 
.  Economy  derived  from  the,  171 
faculties  derived  from  the,  169 
Hospitality  derived  from  the,  173 
Love  of  Home  dependent  upon,  175 
Mirthfulness  derived  from  the,  181 
Patriotism  derived  from  the,  176 
Greek  face,  the,  or  profile,  131 
Gymnastics, children  should  be  thoroughly 
trained  in,  460,  568 

Hair  and  eyes,  what  the  color  of  the,  in- 
dicates, 423 

Head,  large  versus  small,  108 
people  of  large,  104 
size  no  indication  of  superior  intelli- 
gence, 103 
Health,  basis  of  good  character  must  be 

founded  upon,  137 
Hearing,  284 

Heart  and  lungs,  facial  signs  for  the,  280 
Heat  and  color  synonymous,  127 
Hebrews,  Sublimity  very  strong  in,  510 
Home,  Love  of  (see  Love  of  Home) 
Hope,  connection  between  liver  and,  489 
definition  of,  486 

dependent  upon  the  liver,  154,  182 
description  of,  487 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  486 
faculty  of,  486 

how  to  cultivate  this  faculty,  486 
in  connection  with  other  faculties,  492 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 486 

Human  face  the  index  of  all  Nature,  15 
Nature,  beneficial  uses  of  this  faculty, 

532 

definition  of,  525 
description  of,  525 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  526 
faculty  of,  525 
in  animals,  528 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

533 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 525 
organization  composed  principally  of 

water,  341 
law  of  compensation  as  regards  the, 

145 
race,  right  way  of  regenerating  the, 

240 

Hospitality,  analysis  of,  173 
definition  of,  392 
dependent  upon  the  glandular  system, 

173 

description  of,  393 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  392 
faculty  of,  392 

its  connection  with  other  faculties,  174 
its  relation  to  other  faculties,  393 
ways  in  which,  will  be  exercised  de- 
pend upon  quality,  396 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 392 


INDEX   TO   VOL.    I. 


E 


Ideality,  definition  of,  514 
description  of,  515 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  515 
faculty  of,  514 
natural  allies  of,  522 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 514 

Insane  people,  a  knowledge  of  undevel- 
oped or  weak-minded  and,  not  to 
be  ignored  in  the  study  of  mental 
science,  9 
Intestinal  system,  digestion  or  Aliment- 

iveness  derived  from  the,  165 
faculties    derived    from    the,    165- 

185 
Friendship    dependent    upon    the, 

185 

Intuition  dependent  upon  the  brain  and 
nervous  system,  233 

Jealousy,  analysis  of,  244 
in  animals,  245 

Kidney  system,  the,  158 

effect  of  intoxicating  drinks  upon 

the,  161 

faculty  of  Conscientiousness  indi- 
cates the  condition  of  the,  158 
Kidneys,  facial  signs  for  the,  219 

Lactation,  signs  for,  278 
Language,  analysis  of  form  of  develop- 
ment of,  224 
dependent  upon  the  muscular  system, 

220   ' 

description  of,  223 
Lavater  not  a  scientific  physiognomist, 

10 
•    restored   physiognomy  to  its   former 

rank,  11 

Laws  of  physiognomy,  established,  146 
Laziness,  analysis  of,  269 
Legs,  crooked,  121 

Lips,  the  lower,  the  facial  index  of  the 
irlandular  power  of  the  entire  sys- 
tem, 169 
Liver,  the,  182 

analysis  dependent  upon  the,  187 
condition  of,  indicated  by  the  faculty 

of  Hope,  183 
facial  sisiis  for  the,  280 
Hope  dependent  upon  the,  154,182,489 
influence  of,  over  mental  states,  184 
Locality  dependent  upon  the  muscular 

system,  206 
Locke's  method  of,  in  investigating  the 

mind,  9 
Logical    reasoning  should  be   taught   to 

children, '232 

Love  of  Home,  definition  of,  324 
description  of,  324 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  324 
faculty  of,  :?24 

how  it  can  be  cultivated,  328 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 324 


Love  of  Young  (see  Young,  Love  of) 
Lungs  and  heart,  facial  signs  for  the,  280 

keenness  of  scent    and  activity  de- 
pendent upon  large,  404 

large,  create  cheerfulness,  403 

Man  not  more  intellectual  than  woman, 

298 

the  dominant  systems  of,   organism 
control  his  acts  and  capacities,  81 
Mathematical  division  of  the  face,  15-21 

faculties  in  the,  21 
Memory  of  Events,  200 

a  great,  no  indication  of  superior  in- 
tellect, 202 
cultivation  of,  202 
dependent  upon   the    muscular    and 

brain  systems,  201 
Men,  prominent,  in  which  the  bony  sys- 

teih  predominated,  90 
Mental  faculties,  rationale  of,  and  physical 
functions  and  their  signs  in  the 
face,  149 

local  signs  for  the,  288 
imitation,  definition  of,  499 
description  of,  511 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  500 
faculty  of,  499 
in  animals,  505 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 500 
power  of  the  nerves  of  the  digestive 

apparatus,  166 
quality,  texture  of  the  skin  significant 

of,  96  . 

science,  a  knowledge  of  undeveloped 

or  weak-minded  and  in  sane  people 

not  to  be  ignored  in  the  study  of,  9 

science,  our  knowledge  of  the  history 

of,  8 

signs  of  character  in  the  face,  287 
status,  influence  of  the  liver  over,  184 
Metaphysical  theories,  relation  between, 

and  physiognomy,  8 
Mind,  ancient  methods  of  studying  the, 

or  physiognomy,  8 
and  body  indivisible.  l.VJ 

adheres  in  the  whole  organism,  62 
author's  theory  or  philosophy  of,  151 
locale  of  the,  23 

Locke's  manner  of  in  vest!  gat  ing  the,  9 
physical  basis  of  the,  23 
progress  made  in  the  knowledge  of, 

150 
Mineral  forms,  17   1!) 

each,  has  a  distinct  shape  of  its  own, 

18 

Minerals,  properties  of,  18 
shapo  of,  -JS 

the  original  source  of  color,  l'J."> 
Mirthfulness,  definition  of.  157:'. 

dependent  upon  the  srlandular  system, 

181 

description  of,  :!74 
facial  and  bodily  si-ins  of,  373 
faculty  of.  :'.7:5 


INDEX   TO   VOL.    I. 


Mirthfulness,  mental  uses  of,  377 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 373 

Modesty,  blushing  not  a  sign  of,  449 
definition  of,  445 
dependent  upon  the   nerves-  of  the 

skin,  190 

description  of,  190,  445 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  445 
faculty  of,  445 
in  animals,  449 

•what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 445 

Morality  and  organic  perfection,  connec- 
tion between,  138 
dependent  upon  a  healthy  organism, 

156-159 
mode  of  discerning  the  grade  of  sexual, 

308 

observations  concerning,  365 
sexual,  training  in,  359 
Motion,  283 

centre  of  the    primitive    system    of 

functions,  273 
the  basis  of  Form,  27 
Mouth,  centre  of  the  primitive  system  of 

functions,  273 
the,  an  indicator  of  the  quality  of  a 

person,  352 
Muscles,  combinations  of,  76 

two  general  divisions  of  the,  75 
Muscular  and  brain  systems,  faculties  de- 
rived from  the,  200 
and  osseous  system  (see  osseous  and 

muscular  system) 
system,  75 

Calculation   dependent   upon    the, 

213-216 
Credenciveness  derived  from    the, 

196 

diseases  which  assail  the,  81 
faculties  that  depend  upon  the,  89, 

195 

Language  dependent  upon  the,  220 
Locality  dependent  upon  the,  206 
Magnetism  a  part  of  the,  89 
mechanical  and  artistic   principles 

in  the  action  of  the,  79,  547 
Memory  of  Events  dependent  upon 

the,  201 

Music  dependent  upon  the,  216 
or  motive  system,  facial  signs  for 

the,  383 

Self-will  derived  from  the,  195 
signs  for  the,  75 

weight  dependent  upon  the,  204 
Music,  analysis  of,  217 

derived  from  the  muscular  system, 

216 
musical  forms  of,  description  of,  218 

Nature,    finest    products     of,    relatively 

small,  110 

the  human  face  the  index  of  all,  15 
Nerve  and  brain  system  (see  the  brain  and 

nerve  system) 


Nerves  of  the  digestive  apparatus,  mental 

power  of  the,  166 

of  the  skin,  faculties  derived  from,  190 
modesty  dependent  upon,  190 
Nervous  and   osseous  systems   (see   the 

osseous  and  nervous  systems) 
system,  facial  signs  for  the,  283 
Nose,  the,  405 

acts  as  a  sentry,  479 

an  exponent  of  character,  289-294 

an  indicator  of  power,  110 

crooked  or  convex,  121 

indicates  the  condition  of  the  stomach, 

193 

indicative  of  the  condition  of  the  in- 
ternal organs,  273 
Number,  basis  of  Form,  35 

science  of,  related  to  logic  or  reason, 
46 

Observation,  dependent  upon  the  osseous 

and  nervous  systems,  199 
Obstinacy,  analysis  of,  269 
Olfactory  ganglion,  analysis  of  the,  and 

glandular  system,  191 
Order,  Mental,  dependent  upon  the  brain 

and  nervous  system,  209 
Physical,  209 
Organ  systems,  the  five,  which  create  form 

and  character,  59-61 
Organic   perfection,   connection  between 

morality  and,  138 

Organism,  mind  inheres  in  the  entire,  62 
Organized  bodies,  the  structure  of,  62 
Organs  and  functions  from  which  mental 
faculties  derive  their  powers,  236 
Osseous,  or  bony  system,  83 

and  muscular  system,  Executiveness 

derived  from  the,  194 
faculties  derived  from  the,  194 
and  nervous  system,  faculties  derived 

from  the,  199 

observation  dependent  upon  the,  199 
facial  signs  for  the,  284 
faculties  derived  from  the,  192 
Veneration  dependent  upon  the,  192 

Patriotism,  definition  of,  329 

derived  from  the  glandular  system,  176 

description  of,  330 

facial  and  bodily  signs,  330 

faculty  of,  329 

in   connection    with   other   faculties, 

323 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 329 

People,  young,  selecting  trades  for,  91 
Perversion,  the  law  of  scalenism,  or,  50 
Phrenologists    are    physiognomists  to  a 

large  degree,  115 

Physical  functions,  rationale  of,  and  men- 
tal faculties  and  their  signs  in  the 
face,  149 

Physician,  facial  signs  of  a  good,  435 
Physiognomical     sensation    common    to 
people,  300 


INDEX   TO   VOL.    I. 


G 


Physiognomy,  ancient  methods  of  study- 
ing, 8 

basic  principles  of  scientific,  7 
definition  of,  7 
established  laws  of,  146 
how  the  discoveries  in  scientific,  were 

made,  13 
practical,  273 
relation  between,  and  metaphysical 

theories,  8 
restored  to  its  former  rank  by  Lavater, 

11 

sub-basic  principles  of,  101 
teaches  us  to  live  in  accord  with  hy- 
gienic law,  488 

theory  of  practical  and  scientific,  11 
what  a  study  of,  reveals,  11,  136,  157 
Physiognomists,    phrenologists  are,  to  a 

large  degree,  115 
Physiological  organs  and  functions,  facial 

signs  of  the,  276 

Pneumativeness,  definition  of,  397 
description  of,  398 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  398 
faculty  of,  397 

how  to  remedy  defective,  408 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 397 

Precocious  children,  139 
Prescience,  definition  of,  588 
description  of,  589 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  588 
faculty  of,  588 
in  animals,  595 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 588 

Principles,   basic,   of  scientific  physiog- 
nomy, 7 

Proportion,  law  of,  or  harmonious  devel- 
opment, 131,  132 

Quality,  112 

the  eye  an  exponent  of,  113 

the  finger-nails  an  indicator  of,  117 

the  skin  an  indicator  of,  113 

Rationale  of  physical  functions  and  men- 
tal faculties,  and  their  signs  in  the 
face,  149 
Reason,  dependent  upon  the  brain  system, 

227 
Reasoning,  logical,  should  be  taught  to 

children,  232 

Regeneration  of  the  race,  right  way  of,  240 
Reproduction,    scientific,    among  human  , 

beings,  55 
Reproductive  system,  278 

Amativeness  dependent  upon  the,  177  ; 

faculties  derived  from  the,  177 

Love  of  Young  dependent  upon  the, 

179 

Resistance,  definition  of,  463 
description  of,  463 
facial  and  bodily  signs  of,  463 
faculty  of,  it'.:: 
in  animals,  467 


Resistance,  what  an  excess  or  deficiency 

of,  indicates,  463 
Revenge,  analysis  of,  247. 

Sanativeness,  a  primitive  function,  429 
definition  of,  427 
description  of,  428 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  427-435 
faculty  of,  427 
in  animals,  434 

what  a  deficiency  of,  leads  to,  427 
Scalenism  or  perversion,  law  of,  50 
Scent,  acuteness  of,  dependent  upon  large 

lungs.  414 
Science,   mental,  our  knowledge  of  the 

history  of,  8 
Scientific  physiognomy,   basic  principles 

of,  7 
how  the  discoveries  in,  were  made, 

13 

theory  of  practical  and,  11 
reproduction  among  human  beings, 

55 

Scorn  and  contempt,  analysis  of,  265 
Secretiveness,      analysis     of,     249,     263, 

437 

definition  of,  469 
description  of,  470 
facial  and  bodily  sitjus,  469 
faculty  of,  469 
in  animals,  470 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 469-472 

Self-conceit,  analysis  of,  263 
Self-esteem,  analysis  of  437 
definition  of,  436 
description  of,  437 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  436 
faculty  of,  436 
in  animals,  440 
in  children,  441 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

442 

in  creative  artists,  444 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 135,  436 
Selfishness,  anatysis  of,  259 

etlect  of,  on  the  system,  261 
Self-will,  difference  between,  and  Firm- 
ness, 575 
definition  of,  569 
derived  from  the  muscular  system, 

195 

description  of,  570 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  571 
faculty  of,  569 
how  to  cultivate,  577 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 569 
Sensation  not  limited  to  the  action  of  the 

special  senses,  12 
Sensitive,  nervous,  children,  140 
Shyness,  484 
Si/e  of  the  head,  103 

Skin,    texture  of,   significant  of  mental 
quality,  96,  113 


H 


INDEX    TO   VOL.    I. 


Stomach,  condition  of  the,  indicated  by 

the  nose,  193 
facial  signs  for  the,  282 
Structure  of  organ  i/od  bodies,  62 
Strength,  deficiency  of  color  indicates  a 

lack  of,  128 

Sub-basic  principles  of  physiognomy,  101 
Sublimity,  definition  of,  507 
description  of,  507 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  507 
faculty  of,  506 
in  combination  with  other  faculties, 

512 

very  strong  in  Hebrews,  510 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 506 

Surgeon,  facial  signs  of  a  good,  435 
Suspicion,  theory  of,  252 
Systems,  faculty  derived  from    the    five 

superior,  210 
Time  dependent  upon  the,  210 

Tea  and  coffee,  injurious  effects  of,  345 
Temper,  analysis  of,  255 

effect  of,  upon  the  body,  257 
Texture  of  the  skin  significant  of  mental 

quality,  96 

Theories  of  the  mode  of  action  of  certain 
traits,  239 
metaphysical,  relation  between,  and 

physiognomy,  8 

Theory  of  practical  and  scientific  physi- 
ognomy, 11 

Thoracic  system,  description  of  the,  71 
diseases  which  assail  the,  73 
faculties  dependent  upon  the,  72 
peculiarities  of  people  in  which  the, 

is  dominant,  72 
signs  for  the,  72 
Time,  different  kinds  of,  210 

derived  from  the  five  superior  systems, 

210 

Touch,  287 

Trades,  selecting,  for  young  people,  91 
Truthfulness,  facial  signs  for,  304 


Vegetative  division,  signs  for  the  organ 

systems  within  the,  70 
kingdom,  form  in  the,  123 
state,  description  of  the,  68 
system,  67 
Conscientiousness  located   in   the, 

71 

diseases  incident  to  the,  69 
functions  in  the,  21 
how  to  reduce  the,  69 
productive  of  certain  faculties,  21 
Veneration,  definition  of,  553 

derived  from  the  osseous  and  muscu- 
lar systems,  124 
description  of,  553 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  553 
faculty  of,  553 

its  connection  with  the  stomach,  192 
uses  of,  558 

what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  indi- 
cates, 553 

Ventilation  of  buildings,  74 
Visceral  organs,  facial  signs  for  the,  277 
how  the  facial  features  are  shaped 
-  by  the,  281 
Vision,  283 

Voice,  a  large  degree  of  force  gives  clear- 
ness to  the,  461 

significant    in    disclosing    character, 
299 

Water,  the  human  organization  composed 
principally  of,  341 

Weight  dependent  upon  the  muscular  sys- 
tem, 204 

Will,  analysis  of,  255 

effect  of,  upon  the  system,  257 

Woman  as  intellectual  as  man,  298 

Young,  Love  of,  faculty  of,  367 
analysis  of,  179 
definition  of,  367 
description  of,  368 
facial  and  bodily  signs,  367 
what  an  excess  or  deficiency  of,  in- 
dicates, 367 


000  718  553 


A  m 


